Intern
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
urn
a
l
o
f
P
u
b
lic Hea
l
th Science (IJ
P
HS)
V
o
l.4
,
No
.1
, Mar
c
h 201
5,
p
p
.
5
0
~
57
I
S
SN
: 225
2-8
8
0
6
50
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJPHS
Mood Change of
English,
French and Chinese Speaking
Immigrants in Ottawa an
d Gatin
e
au, Can
a
da
Ning Ta
ng
, Co
lin Ma
cDouga
ll
Discipline
of
Public
Heal
th,
F
lin
ders Universit
y
,
Australia
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received Nov 30, 2014
Rev
i
sed
D
ec 29
, 20
14
Accepte
d
Ja
n 26, 2015
This m
u
lticu
ltur
a
l stud
y
aim
e
d at exam
ining
m
oodchange of En
glish, French
and Chin
es
e s
p
eaking
im
m
i
grants
in Ot
tawa
and Gat
i
ne
au,
Canada
,
and
identif
y
i
ng dem
ographic f
a
ctors that
impact the change. 810
immigrants of
English, French and Chinese speak
ing sub-groupswere recruited
b
y
purposive-sampling. Using self
-reports
, respon
dents answered
questions
regarding
moodchange (moodstatus ch
a
nge
an
d mood belief
change)
and
dem
ograph
y
in
Multicu
ltural Lifest
y
l
e Chang
e
Questionnaire of English
,
F
r
ench or Chines
e vers
ion. Data
were anal
yz
ed s
t
atis
ti
cal
l
y
fo
r the differe
n
t
immigrant sub-groups. Immigr
ants of
differ
e
nt gender
,
lan
guage and
categor
y
sub-gr
oups exhibited
diffe
ren
t
Mo
od Change Rates, Mood
Improving Rates, Mood Declin
ing Rate
s and
MoodBelief Ch
ange R
a
tes
.
There w
a
s
no s
t
atis
ti
cal
diff
er
ence b
e
twe
e
n t
h
e rat
e
s
o
f im
m
i
grant s
ub-
groups.Mood Change (MoodStatus Cha
nge + MoodBelief C
h
ange) was
correlated
positively
with Moth
er T
ongue
and
negatively
with Speaking
Languag
e
s. Mo
odStatusChange was ne
g
a
tiv
ely
correlated w
ith Mar
ital
Status and
High
est Level of
Edu
cati
on. Moth
er
Tongue, Speaking
Langu
ages
and Highest Level of Education
significantly
impacted
MoodChange
(MoodStatus Change + MoodBelief Cha
nge)
.
Marital Status and Highest
Level of
Education signifi
cantly
influen
ced
Moo
d
Status
Change. Immigrants
of differ
e
nt sub-
groups in Canad
a
e
xper
i
en
ceddif
f
erentm
oodchan
g
es.Marital
Status and
Highest
Level of
Educationwerem
ain f
actor
s
impactingMood
Status Change. Moth
er Tongue and Speaking
Languages
wereprincipal f
actors inf
l
uencingM
oodBelief
Change. Cu
ltur
e
was an
important facto
r
contributing
M
oodC
hange.
Accultur
a
tion could impact
MoodStatus Change
andMood Belief
Ch
ange. Data of
immigrant moo
d
change can provide evid
ence for
health
policy
-
making and policy
-
revising in
Canada.
Keyword:
Accu
lturation
Cu
ltu
re
I
mmig
r
atio
n
Im
pact
i
ng Fact
ors
Mo
od
C
h
ang
e
Copyright ©
201
5 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
N
i
ng
Tang
,
Discip
lin
e o
f
Pu
b
lic Health
,
Flin
d
e
rs Un
i
v
ersity,
St
urt
R
o
ad
, B
e
df
or
d
Par
k
,
S
o
ut
h
A
u
st
ral
i
a
5
0
4
2
,
A
u
st
ral
i
a
.
Em
ail: tang0139@flinde
rs.e
du
.a
u; nt
920000@yahoo.com
1.
INTRODUCTION
Im
m
i
grant
s
fa
ce great
e
r
m
ood
cha
n
ge,
hi
g
h
er l
e
vel
s
o
f
s
t
ress an
d a
n
xi
et
y
associ
at
ed
wi
t
h
l
eavi
n
g
t
h
ei
r n
a
t
i
v
e c
o
unt
ry
[
1
]
.
H
o
w
e
ver
,
di
ffe
rent
im
m
i
grant
gr
o
ups
o
r
s
u
b-
gr
o
ups
can
ex
pe
ri
ence
di
ffe
re
nt
m
ood
chan
ge
or h
a
v
e
di
ffe
rent
l
e
v
e
l
s
of st
ress a
n
d an
xi
et
y
[2]
.
For e
x
am
pl
e, Asi
a
n i
m
m
i
grant
s
i
n
C
a
na
da had t
h
e
lowest rates
of stress and de
pression [2]. Am
ongst ot
he
r groups or sub-groups, st
ress
re
lated to acculturation
can be m
u
ch h
i
ghe
r. F
o
r i
n
st
ance, Pa
ki
st
an
im
m
i
grant
w
o
m
e
n sho
w
e
d
h
i
ghe
r st
ress a
n
d an
xi
et
y
l
e
vel
s
aft
e
r
arri
val
i
n
C
a
n
a
da d
u
e t
o
i
n
a
ccessi
bl
eness
of
hi
g
h
ex
pect
at
i
ons a
nd
goa
l
s
(bet
t
e
r q
u
al
i
t
y
of l
i
f
e an
d
bet
t
e
r
fut
u
res
)
o
f
i
m
m
i
grat
i
on [
3
]
,
whi
l
e
C
a
na
di
a
n
C
h
i
n
e
s
e st
u
d
ent
s
e
xpe
ri
en
ced hi
ghe
r an
xi
et
y
or g
r
eat
e
r
m
ood
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PH
S I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
0
6
Moo
d
Cha
n
g
e
o
f
En
g
lish, Fren
ch and
C
h
in
ese Sp
ea
king
Imm
i
g
r
a
n
t
s in
O
tta
wa and
… (Nin
g Ta
ng
)
51
chan
ge c
o
m
p
ared t
o
C
a
na
di
a
n
E
ngl
i
s
h
st
u
d
e
nt
s an
d C
a
na
di
an F
r
e
n
ch
st
ude
nt
s [
4
]
.
M
a
ny
st
u
d
i
e
s i
n
C
a
nada
showthatelderl
y Chinese immi
grants had
highe
r level of
stress and a
nxi
ety because
of languageand
cultural
b
a
rriers asso
ciated
with
th
e n
e
w so
cial en
viron
m
en
t [5
]-
[7
]. Neverth
e
less, th
ere is no
literatu
re th
at d
i
rectly
com
p
areChine
se, English and Frenc
h
speaki
ng im
m
i
grants
in term
s of
m
ood c
h
ange
. Littleresearc
h
has
taken
into account
specifically cultural
and a
cculturate
d expressi
ons of
depresse
d or anxi
ous m
ood, but
m
a
ni
fest
at
i
on
of c
r
oss-c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
di
ffe
ren
ces i
n
psy
c
h
o
l
o
gi
cal
di
st
ressi
n
g
or
an
xi
o
u
s m
ood
m
a
y
be val
u
a
b
l
e
f
o
r
health
researc
h
and asse
ssm
ent [8],[9].
En
gl
i
s
h s
p
eaki
n
g
i
m
m
i
grant
s
rep
r
ese
n
t
o
n
e
of
t
h
e l
a
r
g
est
im
m
i
grant
s
u
b-
gr
o
ups
i
n
C
a
nada
[
10]
,
whi
l
e
F
r
enc
h
s
p
eaki
n
g
i
m
m
i
gra
n
t
s
a
r
e
one
o
f
pri
n
ci
pal
i
m
m
i
grant
su
b-
gr
o
ups
i
n
Q
u
é
b
ec a
n
d t
h
e
s
econ
d
larg
estimmig
r
an
tsub
-group
fo
llo
wi
n
g
Eng
l
ish
speak
i
n
g
i
mmig
r
an
tsin
th
e
Ottawa
(On
t
ario) –
Gatin
eau
(Qu
é
b
ec)
reg
i
o
n
[1
0
]
,[11
],[12
]
. Ch
i
n
ese speak
ing
i
mmig
r
an
ts
h
a
v
e
constitu
ted
th
e larg
est immig
r
ant su
b-
gr
o
up e
n
t
e
ri
ng
C
a
nada
, o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
fast
est
-
g
r
owi
ng et
hn
o
or
cul
t
u
ral
s
u
b-
g
r
o
u
p
s i
n
C
a
nad
a
si
nce 1
9
8
7
a
nd t
h
e
fou
r
t
h
larg
est su
b-g
r
o
u
p
fo
llowing
Arab
icspeak
ing
immi
grant
s
i
n
t
h
e
Ot
t
a
wa-
G
at
i
n
ea
u re
gi
o
n
[
1
2]
,[
13]
,
[
14]
.
The m
a
i
n
obje
c
t
i
v
es of t
h
i
s
st
udy
were t
o
e
xpl
ore t
h
e di
ff
erences i
n
M
o
odC
ha
nge am
ong
di
ffe
ren
t
sub
-
gr
ou
ps
of
im
m
i
grant
s
as wel
l
as t
o
expl
ore t
h
e
c
o
r
r
el
at
i
ons an
d rel
a
t
i
ons
hi
ps bet
w
e
e
n M
o
od
Depe
nde
n
t
Vari
a
b
l
e
s (M
o
o
d
S
t
a
t
u
s C
h
an
ge a
n
d
M
o
od
B
e
l
i
e
f C
h
an
ge)
an
d Dem
o
g
r
a
phi
c
In
de
pe
nd
ent
Va
ri
abl
e
s
(
M
ot
her
To
ng
ue,
Spea
k
i
ng La
n
gua
ges
,
Gen
d
e
r
, M
a
ri
t
a
l
St
at
us, C
a
t
e
go
ry
o
f
Im
m
i
grat
i
o
n
,
Hi
ghe
st
Level
of E
d
uc
at
i
on,
Em
pl
oym
ent
St
at
us an
d
I
n
co
m
e
). T
h
e e
xpl
orat
i
o
ns
sh
o
w
far
-re
achi
n
g
s
i
gni
fi
ca
nce i
n
m
u
lt
i
c
ul
t
u
ral
h
eal
t
h
researc
h
,
heal
t
h
ca
re,
heal
t
h
p
o
l
i
c
y
-
m
a
ki
ng a
n
d
heal
t
h
p
r
om
ot
i
n
g
p
r
og
ram
i
n
C
a
na
da.
2.
R
E
SEARC
H M
ETHOD
2.
1.
Surve
y Me
th
o
d
En
gl
i
s
h,
Fre
n
c
h
a
nd C
h
i
n
ese
spea
ki
n
g
i
m
mi
gra
n
t
s
at
A
dul
t
Educat
i
onal
C
e
nt
res/
Sc
ho
ol
s, C
h
ri
st
i
a
n
Co
mm
u
n
ity C
h
urch
es an
d R
e
sid
e
n
tial Co
m
m
u
n
ities in
tw
o
ad
j
a
cen
t
cities in
Can
a
d
a
– Ottawa, On
tario
and
Gatin
eau, Qu
éb
ec, were id
en
t
i
fied
as th
e targ
et p
opu
la
tio
n
o
f
th
is m
u
lticu
ltu
ral cro
s
s-sectio
n
a
l stu
d
y
.Ran
do
m
sam
p
l
i
ng was
deem
edim
pract
i
cabl
e
for t
h
e
st
udy
an
d c
oul
d
bring greater bias beca
use i
mmigrant status of t
h
e
three ethnic sub-groups c
o
uld not
be identified effective
l
y according to
the sam
p
ling criteria. Purposi
v
e
-
sam
p
lin
g
m
e
th
o
d
was th
ereforeapp
lied
in
the
m
u
lticu
ltu
ra
l stu
d
y
to
recruit q
u
a
lified
i
mmig
r
an
t p
a
rtici
p
an
ts
[1
5]
. Part
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
m
u
st
have been
18
y
ears
or
ol
der
,
ha
ve
resi
de
d i
n
Ot
t
a
wa
or
Gat
i
n
ea
u
o
n
e y
ear o
r
m
o
re
,
and
ha
d
bee
n
16
y
ears
o
r
ol
der
w
h
e
n
t
h
ey
arri
ved
i
n
C
a
nada
.
In
t
o
t
a
l
,
8
1
0
q
u
al
i
f
i
e
d
En
gl
i
s
h,
F
r
en
ch
a
n
d
Ch
in
ese sp
eak
i
ng
vo
lun
t
eeri
n
g
immig
r
an
t
p
a
rticip
an
ts
were recru
ited
to
th
e mu
lticu
ltu
ral stu
d
y
.All
p
a
rticip
an
tsan
swered
qu
estion
s
o
f
Mood
C
h
ang
e
an
d
Dem
o
g
r
aph
y
in
a trilin
gu
al (Eng
lish
,
French
and
Ch
in
ese) Mu
lt
icu
ltu
ral Lifestyle Ch
ang
e
Qu
estion
n
a
ire
dev
e
lop
e
d
b
y
th
e au
tho
r
s,
wi
th
all resp
on
ses self-
repo
rted
.Th
e
Mu
lticu
ltu
ral Lifestyle Ch
an
g
e
Qu
estio
nnair
ewas d
e
m
o
n
s
trated
b
y
a p
ilo
t-test in
the th
ree
im
m
i
grant
s
u
b
-
g
r
o
u
p
s t
o
ha
v
e
hi
gh
val
i
d
i
t
y
(Pea
rs
on
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
on c
o
ef
fi
c
i
ent
r=
0
.
4
3
5
˃
satisfactory
v
a
lu
e
0
.
4
0
)[16
],and
r
eliab
ility (alp
h
a
co
efficien
t
α
=0.754
˃
satisfacto
r
y
valu
e0
.70
)
b
e
fo
re th
e m
u
lti
cu
ltu
ral
st
udy
[
1
7]
.
Mo
od
C
h
ang
e
in
clu
d
e
d Moo
d
Statu
s
C
h
an
g
e
and
M
o
od
Bel
i
ef
Ch
ang
e
(d
ep
end
e
n
t
v
a
r
i
ables)
. M
ood
Im
provem
e
nt
R
a
t
e
and M
o
o
d
Decl
i
n
e R
a
t
e
i
n
M
o
o
d
St
at
us C
h
a
nge
we
r
ecom
put
ered
r
e
spect
i
v
el
y
ba
sed o
n
response c
h
oices of two m
ood questions i
n
the
Mu
lticul
tural Lifestyle
Cha
nge
Ques
tionnai
r
e - “B
efore
arri
val
i
n
C
a
n
a
da,
ho
w
wo
ul
d y
o
u
d
e
scri
be
y
o
u
r
o
v
eral
l
m
o
o
d
st
at
us
?
”
(
que
st
i
on
o
n
e)
and “
S
i
n
ce a
r
r
i
val
i
n
Canada
, how
would y
ou
de
scribeyourov
erall
m
ood status” (question
two).T
hesam
e
alternatives
of two
que
st
i
ons
were
“A. Very
rel
a
xed”
, “B
. R
e
l
a
xed”
, “C
.
Som
e
what
rel
a
xed”
, “D. Ne
ut
ral
(
n
ei
t
h
er rel
a
xe
d
nor
anxi
ou
s)”, “
E
.
Som
e
what
an
x
i
ous”
,
“F.
An
xi
ous
”, “G
.Ve
r
y
anxi
ou
s”, a
nd
“H.
Do
n
o
t
k
n
o
w”
. Th
e res
p
on
de
nt
was i
d
ent
i
f
i
e
d expe
ri
enci
ng
M
o
o
d
C
h
a
ngei
f
t
h
ere we
re di
ffe
rent
ch
oi
ces
i
n
t
h
e al
t
e
rnat
i
v
es of t
w
o q
u
e
st
i
ons
except alternat
ive “H”
(i.e
. pi
cking “
A
” int
h
e alternatives
of question
one
an
d choo
sing
“B” in
th
e alternativ
es
of
q
u
est
i
o
n t
w
o)
. M
ean
w
h
i
l
e
, t
h
e
res
p
on
de
nt
wa
s i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
e
d e
x
peri
enci
n
g
M
o
o
d
Im
pro
v
em
ent
i
f
pi
c
k
i
ng“C
”
i
n
t
h
e al
t
e
r
n
at
i
v
es o
f
quest
i
o
n
one
an
d c
h
oosi
ng“B
”
o
r
“
A
” i
n
th
e altern
atives of
q
u
e
stion
t
w
o.
On
t
h
e co
ntrary,
th
e respo
n
d
e
n
t
was id
en
tified exp
e
rien
cing
Mo
od
Declin
e if
p
i
ck
ing
“C
” in
th
e altern
at
iv
es
o
f
qu
estion
o
n
e
and choosing“
D
”
or “E” int
h
e a
ltern
ativ
es of
q
u
e
stion
t
w
o.
M
o
o
d
B
e
l
i
e
f C
h
an
ge
was i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
e
d acc
or
di
ng t
o
res
p
o
n
se
choi
ces
of t
w
o M
o
od B
e
l
i
e
f
quest
i
o
ns
i
n
th
e Qu
estionnair
e -
“Bef
or
e ar
r
i
v
a
l in
Can
a
d
a
,
w
h
ich
of
th
ese statemen
ts
b
e
st d
e
scr
i
b
e
d
you
r b
e
l
i
ef
w
ith
rega
rds to anxiety
?
”
(
question one) a
nd “Si
n
ce arri
val in
C
a
nada
,w
hi
ch
of t
h
ese st
at
em
ent
s
best
descri
be
s
yo
ur b
e
lief with
reg
a
rd
s to
anx
i
ety
?
(qu
e
stion
two). Th
e samealtern
ativ
es o
f
two
questions we
re “A.
Anxiety
affects e
x
tre
m
elynegativel
yhealth”, “B. Anxiety a
f
fects ve
ry ne
gativelyhealth”
,
“C.
Anxiet
y affect
s
negatively
h
ealth”, “
D
.
Anxiety affects
som
e
what
negatively
h
ealth”, “E
. Anxiety affects
less
thans
o
m
e
whatnegatively
h
ealth”, “F.
Anx
i
ety do
es
no
t affectn
e
g
a
tiv
elyhealth
”, an
d “G. Do no
t
kn
ow”.Th
e
resp
o
nde
nt
wa
s i
d
ent
i
f
i
e
d e
x
peri
e
n
ci
n
g
M
o
od B
e
l
i
e
f C
h
an
ge
if the
r
e we
re
diffe
re
nt ch
o
i
ces in
th
e altern
ativ
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:2252
-88
06
IJP
H
S
V
o
l
.
4,
No
. 1,
M
a
rc
h 20
1
5
:
5
0
– 57
52
of t
w
o q
u
est
i
o
ns exce
pt
al
t
e
rnat
i
v
e “G”
(i
.e
. pi
cki
ng “
A
” i
n
t
h
e al
t
e
rnat
i
v
es of
quest
i
o
n
one a
n
d ch
oosi
ng “B
”
in
th
e altern
atives of
q
u
e
stio
n two).
Im
m
i
grant
st
at
us o
f
E
ngl
i
s
h
or F
r
e
n
ch
or C
h
i
n
ese s
p
ea
ki
n
g
su
b
j
ect
s was
i
d
ent
i
f
i
e
d
by
resp
o
n
se o
f
“Ori
gi
nal
C
o
u
n
t
r
y
”
quest
i
o
ni
n t
h
e
Q
uest
i
o
nn
ai
re– “
W
h
atisyo
ur
cou
n
t
r
y
ofo
r
i
g
in
?
”
.
Dem
ogra
phi
cc
haract
eri
s
t
i
c
s (i
n
d
epe
n
dent
vari
a
b
les)
of th
e st
u
d
y
po
pu
latio
n were id
en
tified
according to
response c
hoi
ces of the
d
e
m
ographic
questions relating
to“M
othe
r Tongue”,
“
S
peaking
Langua
ge”, “
A
ge”
,
“
G
ende
r”, “Ma
r
ital Status”, “Category
of Immigr
ation”
, “
D
ura
tion
of Resi
dence”,
“Education”
, “Em
p
loyed Status”, “Em
p
loyed status
”, “Occu
pat
i
o
n”,
“R
el
i
g
i
on” and “
I
nc
om
e”in t
h
e
Quest
i
on
nai
r
e.
Dat
a
rel
a
t
i
ng t
o
m
ood c
h
a
nge
and
dem
ogra
p
hy
we
re anal
y
z
ed st
at
i
s
t
i
cal
l
y
f
o
r t
h
e di
ffe
rent
im
m
i
grant
sub
-
gr
ou
ps
.
2.
2.
Da
ta
A
n
al
ysis
Me
th
od
Perce
n
t
a
ges
o
f
M
o
odC
ha
nge
R
a
t
e
, M
o
o
d
I
m
provi
n
g
R
a
t
e
, M
o
od
Decl
i
n
i
n
g R
a
t
ean
d
M
o
o
d
B
e
l
i
e
f
C
h
an
ge R
a
t
e
were cal
c
u
l
a
t
e
dres
pect
i
v
el
y
f
o
r t
h
e t
o
t
a
l
sam
p
l
e
and t
h
e sub
-
gr
ou
ps i
n
cl
udi
ng
ge
nde
r (
M
al
e an
d
Fem
a
l
e
), l
a
ng
uage
(E
n
g
l
i
s
h,
Fre
n
ch
an
d
C
h
i
n
ese s
p
ea
ker)a
nd category (Princip
al Applicant
Im
migrant,
Sp
ouse
an
d
De
pen
d
a
n
t
Im
m
i
g
r
ant
,
Fam
i
ly
Cl
ass Im
m
i
grant
an
d
Ot
her
/
R
e
fu
geeIm
m
i
g
rant
).C
h
i
-
s
qua
re
t
e
st
s
were
p
e
rform
e
d
to
test if th
ere were sign
ifican
t
di
f
f
ere
n
ces bet
w
ee
n
t
h
e rat
e
s of i
m
m
i
grant
ge
nde
r su
b
-
gr
o
ups
, l
a
ng
ua
ge su
b-
gr
o
u
p
s
and cat
eg
o
r
y
sub
-
gr
ou
ps i
n
M
o
o
d
C
h
a
nge
.
Fol
l
o
wi
ng t
h
e
descri
pt
i
v
e a
n
al
y
s
i
s
,
correlation
analysis was perform
e
d to te
st if there were correlation betwee
n
dem
ogra
phi
c(i
nde
pe
nde
nt
)
v
a
r
i
a
bl
es
- M
o
t
h
er
To
n
gue
,
Spea
ki
n
g
La
n
gua
ges
,
G
e
n
d
e
r, M
a
ri
t
a
l
St
at
us,
C
a
t
e
gory
of I
m
m
i
grat
i
on,
Hi
g
h
est
Level
of E
ducat
i
o
n, Em
pl
oym
ent
St
at
us an
d
Inc
o
m
e
, and
m
ood
(
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
)v
ariab
l
es –
M
oodCh
a
ng
e (
M
oo
dStatu
s Ch
an
g
e
+ Mo
od
Belief Ch
ang
e
)
and
Mo
od
Statu
s
C
h
ang
e
.
The
o
b
ject
i
v
e
s
we
re t
o
m
easure
a rel
a
t
i
o
ns
hi
p
bet
w
ee
n
t
h
e i
nde
pe
n
d
ent
vari
a
b
l
e
s a
n
d
depe
n
d
ent
va
ri
abl
e
s.
Fin
a
lly,
m
u
lti
p
l
e /
m
u
ltiv
ariab
l
e lin
ear reg
r
essi
on
an
aly
s
is was u
s
ed to
d
e
term
in
e if th
e in
d
e
pen
d
e
n
t
vari
a
b
l
e
sha
d
si
gni
fi
cant
l
y
im
pact
ed t
h
e
de
pe
nde
nt
vari
a
b
l
e
s
.
3.
ETHICAL
A
PPRO
V
AL
The im
m
i
grant
m
ood c
h
ange
study was
part
of a m
u
ltic
ultural lifestyle change re
searc
h
project that
w
a
s ap
pro
v
e
d
b
y
So
cial and
Beh
a
v
i
o
u
r
a
l R
e
sear
ch Eth
i
cs
Co
mmit
t
ee, Flin
d
e
r
s
Un
iv
ersityin
Au
str
a
lia in
2
010
an
d b
y
Office
o
f
Research
Et
h
i
cs an
d In
tegrity, Un
iv
ersity o
f
Ottawa in
C
a
n
a
d
a
in
20
14
.
4.
RESULTS
4.1.
Percentages
in Mood
Change
Tabl
e 1. Perce
n
t
a
ge
i
n
M
o
o
d
C
h
an
ge
Ite
m
M
ood Change
M
ood Status Change
M
ood Belief
Change
*M
ood
Change
Rate%
M
oodIm
p
r
ovi
ng Rate %
M
oodDeclini
ng Rate %
M
ood Belief
Change Rate
%
T
o
tal Sa
m
p
led I
m
m
i
g
r
ants (
810)
76.
05
41.
98
34.
07
37.
90
Gender
Sub-
gr
oups
M
a
le Im
m
i
gr
ants (411)
74.
21
41.
36
32.
85
36.
74
Fem
a
le I
m
m
i
g
r
ants (
399)
77.
94
42.
61
35.
34
39.
10
L
a
nguage
Sub-
gr
oups
E
nglish Speaking I
m
m
i
g
r
ants
(
278)
79.
50
42.
09
37.
41
18.
71
French SpeakingImm
i
g
rants
(
268)
68.
28
28.
36
39.
93
48.
88
Chinese SpeakingI
mm
i
g
rants
(
264)
80.
30
55.
68
24.
62
46.
97
Categor
y
Sub-
gr
oups
Principal Applicant Imm
i
grants
(
193)
74.
61
41.
45
33.
16
41.
45
Spouse and Depen
d
ent
Im
m
i
gr
ants (
193)
77.
20
43.
52
33.
68
37.
31
Fam
i
ly
Class
Im
m
i
gr
ants (
354)
79.
38
44.
92
34.
46
36.
16
Refugee Im
m
i
grants (
70)
60.
00
28.
57
24.
29
38.
57
Notes:
*MoodChange Rate =
m
oodcha
ng
e s
u
bjects / sam
p
le subjects x 100%
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PH
S I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
0
6
Moo
d
Cha
n
g
e
o
f
En
g
lish, Fren
ch and
C
h
in
ese Sp
ea
king
Imm
i
g
r
a
n
t
s in
O
tta
wa and
… (Nin
g Ta
ng
)
53
4.
2. Si
gni
f
i
c
an
ce
L
e
vel
Table
2.
Significance Le
vel of Rates in Mood C
h
ange
I
t
em
Chi-
squar
e
p-
value
Significant
D
i
ffe
r
e
nc
e
Rates of Male and
Fe
m
a
le
I
m
m
i
g
r
ant
Sub-
gr
oups in M
ood C
h
ange
8.
000
0.
333
No
Rates of E
nglish,
Fr
ench and Chinese
Im
m
i
gr
ant Sub-
groupsin M
o
o
d
Chan
ge
24.
000
0.
347
No
Rates of Pr
incipal
Applicant,
Spouse and
Dependent,
Fam
i
ly Class,
Other/Refugee
Im
m
i
gr
ant Sub-
groups in M
ood Cha
nge
48.
000
0.
243
No
No
tes:
Sign
ifican
ce Lev
e
l: P
< 0
.
05
4.3.
Mul
t
ivariate
anal
ysis (c
o
rrelation and regressi
on
analysis
)
Tab
l
e
3
.
M
u
ltiv
ariate
An
alysi
s
Resu
lts in M
o
od
C
h
ang
e
Correlation Analys
is
MultipleLi
near R
e
gression Analysis
Dependent
Variable
I
ndependent
Variable
Pearson’s
r
p-
value
Correlation
between
I
ndependent
Variable and
Dependent
Variable
Dependent
Variable
I
ndependent
Variable
p-
value
I
m
pact of
I
ndependent
Var
i
able on
Dependent
Variable
M
oodChan
ge
(
M
oodStatu
sChange +
M
oodBelief
Change)
Mo
th
er
T
ongue
0.137 0.000
Positive
Correlation
M
oodChan
ge
(
M
oodStatu
sChange +
M
oodBelief
Change)
M
o
ther
T
ongue
0.
000
Significant
I
m
pact
Speaking
L
a
nguages
-
0
.
188
0.
000
Negative
Correlation
Speaking
L
a
nguages
0.
000
Significant
I
m
pact
Highest L
e
vel
of E
ducation
0.
024
Significant
I
m
pact
M
oodStatus
Change
M
a
r
italStatus -
0
.
125
0.
000
Negative
Correlation
M
ood
Status
Change
M
a
r
ital Status
0.
001
Significant
I
m
pact
Highest L
e
vel
of E
ducation
-
0
.
097
0.
006
Negative
Correlation
Highest L
e
vel
of E
ducation
0.
007
Significant
I
m
pact
No
tes:
Sign
ifican
ce Lev
e
l: P
< 0
.
05
5.
AN
ALISI
S
A
N
D
DI
SS
CU
S
S
ION
5.1. Percentages
in MoodChange
5.
1.
1. T
o
t
a
l
S
a
mpl
e
d Immi
g
r
an
ts
The
resul
t
s
of
perce
n
t
a
ge
s i
n
M
o
o
d
C
h
a
n
g
e
sh
ow t
h
at
o
v
er t
w
o t
h
i
r
ds
of i
m
m
i
grant
s
(7
6.
0
5
%
)
exhi
bi
t
e
d m
o
o
d
cha
n
ge.
H
o
w
e
ver
,
l
e
ss t
h
an
hal
f
of
t
h
em
exp
o
se
d m
o
o
d
i
m
prove m
e
nt
o
r
m
ood
decl
i
n
e
,
wi
t
h
t
h
e p
r
o
p
o
rt
i
o
n
rep
o
rt
i
n
g t
h
at
t
h
ei
r m
ood i
m
pro
v
e
d
(
4
1
.
9
8
%
)
g
r
eat
er t
h
a
n
t
h
e p
r
op
ort
i
o
n i
ndi
cat
i
n
g de
cl
i
n
e i
n
their m
ood (34.07%), s
u
gge
sting that
im
migra
n
ts were
m
o
re likely
to expe
rience a
positive m
ood change
after arri
v
a
l.
A m
e
ta-an
a
lysis d
i
sclo
ses th
at t
h
ere was
n
o
con
c
lu
si
v
e
ev
id
en
ce
for a larg
e in
crease in the risk
of m
ood di
s
o
r
d
ers am
ong i
m
m
i
grant
s
and o
n
l
y
m
i
l
d
increase i
n
ri
s
k
of m
ood di
s
o
r
d
er
s associ
at
ed wi
t
h
i
mmig
r
atio
n
[18
]
. It is in
terestin
g
to
no
te th
at Mo
o
d
C
h
a
nge R
a
t
e
(
7
6
.
0
5
%)
of t
h
e i
m
m
i
grant
s
was
hi
g
h
e
r
o
v
e
r on
e ti
m
e
th
an
th
eir Mood
Belief Ch
ang
e
Rate (3
7.90%), wh
ich
ind
i
cates th
at wh
ile
m
a
n
y
i
m
mig
r
an
ts
chan
ge
d t
h
ei
r
m
oodst
a
t
u
s, t
h
ey
di
d
n
o
t
c
h
a
nge
t
h
ei
r
m
oodbel
i
e
f
.
M
o
od
S
t
at
usC
h
an
ge
di
d
not
c
o
or
di
na
t
e
or
sy
nch
r
o
n
i
ze w
i
t
h
M
o
o
d
B
e
l
i
ef C
h
an
ge.
A st
udy
i
n
Eu
ro
pe
di
scl
o
ses t
h
at
m
ood st
at
us of
im
m
i
grant
s
di
d n
o
t
co
ord
i
n
a
te com
p
le
tely with
th
eir m
o
od
b
e
lief [19
]
.
It seem
s that mood c
h
a
n
ge c
o
uld
be
ass
o
ciated
w
ith
accu
lturatio
n.
Accu
lturatio
n h
a
s
b
een d
e
fin
e
d
as
“th
e
p
r
o
cess
by wh
ich
immi
g
r
an
ts adop
t th
e attitu
d
e
s,
valu
es, custo
m
s
,
b
e
liefs, and
b
e
h
a
v
i
ors
o
f
a n
e
w
cu
ltu
re”
[20
]
.
Fo
r i
n
d
i
v
i
du
al
s with
a sep
a
rate d
i
stin
ct culture, acc
ulturation can
be a
source
of st
ress or
anxi
et
y
i
n
a soci
et
y
t
h
at
i
s
st
ro
ngl
y
i
n
fl
ue
nced
by
a
m
a
inst
ream
cul
t
u
re [9]
,
[
21]
.
A st
udy
of S
o
ut
h
Asi
a
n
im
m
i
grants in Am
erica reveals that
acculturation and racia
l
identity account
e
d
for va
ria
n
ce in de
pres
s
e
d or
anxi
ou
s m
ood
[2
2]
. Si
m
i
l
a
rly
,
a st
udy
o
f
i
m
m
i
grant
s
fr
o
m
t
h
e form
er So
vi
et
Uni
on i
n
t
h
e U
S
sh
o
w
s t
h
at
hi
g
h
er acc
ul
t
u
r
a
t
i
on l
e
vel
s
we
re associ
at
e
d
w
i
t
h
l
o
wer
pe
rso
n
al
st
ress a
nd a
nxi
et
y
[2
3]
, a
n
da resea
r
c
h
fi
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
Turk
ish
immig
r
an
ts in th
e Neth
erland
s
disclo
ses th
at
particip
atio
n
i
n
Du
tch
cu
ltu
re
was asso
ciated with
a
decrease
o
f
de
pressi
ve a
n
d a
nxi
ou
s m
ood
[
24]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:2252
-88
06
IJP
H
S
V
o
l
.
4,
No
. 1,
M
a
rc
h 20
1
5
:
5
0
– 57
54
5.
1.
2. Gender
Sub-gr
oup
s
– Male an
d
Fe
male
Immi
grant
S
u
b
-
gr
ou
ps
The
resul
t
s
re
veal
t
h
at
di
ffe
r
e
nt
m
a
l
e
and f
e
m
a
l
e
im
m
i
grant
s
ha
d
di
f
f
ere
n
t
rat
e
s i
n
M
o
od
C
h
a
nge
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r, all r
a
tes (
M
o
o
d
C
h
ang
e
Rate,
Mo
od
I
m
p
r
ov
i
n
g
Rate, Mood
D
eclin
i
n
g
R
a
te an
d
Mood Belief
C
h
an
ge R
a
t
e
) am
ong
st
fem
a
le im
m
i
grant
s
were
hi
g
h
er t
h
an t
h
o
s
e of m
a
l
e
im
m
i
grant
s
. It
appea
r
s t
h
at
fem
a
l
e
im
m
i
grant
s
c
oul
d be m
o
r
e
i
n
fl
ue
nce
d
b
y
new s
o
ci
al
envi
r
o
nm
ent
a
l
fact
ors a
n
d ha
ve
hi
g
h
e
r
m
ood
acculturation than m
a
le
im
migra
n
ts. The di
ffe
rence of
m
ood acc
ulturation levels am
ongst
m
a
le and fem
a
le
im
m
i
grant
s
c
o
ul
d al
s
o
l
e
a
d
t
o
differe
n
cesin
Mood C
h
ange.
5.
1.
3. L
a
n
g
u
a
ge S
ub-
gr
oup
s
– E
n
gl
i
s
h,
Fr
ench
and
C
h
i
n
ese Immi
gra
n
t S
u
b
-
gr
ou
ps
Th
e r
e
su
lts un
cov
e
r
th
at d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
immig
r
an
t lan
g
u
a
g
e
su
b-g
r
o
u
p
s
h
a
d
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
r
a
t
e
s in
Mood
C
h
an
ge.
Am
ongst
t
h
e t
h
ree
sub
-
gr
ou
ps
, C
h
i
n
ese i
m
m
i
grant
s
ha
d t
h
e hi
ghe
st
M
o
o
d
C
h
an
ge R
a
t
e
(8
0.
30
%
)
and M
o
od
Im
pro
v
i
n
g R
a
t
e
(
5
5.
68
%),
w
h
i
l
e
En
gl
i
s
h i
m
m
i
grant
s
had l
o
we
r M
o
od C
h
a
n
g
e
R
a
t
e
(79
.
5
0
%
) an
d
Mo
od
I
m
p
r
o
v
i
ng
Rate (4
2.09
%)
, an
d Fr
en
ch
i
mmig
r
an
ts h
a
d th
e low
e
r
m
o
s
t Mo
od
C
h
an
g
e
Rate (
6
8
.
28
%)
and
M
o
o
d
Im
pro
v
i
n
g
R
a
t
e
(
2
8.
36
%).
O
n
t
h
e
c
o
nt
rary
,
F
r
en
ch
i
mmig
r
an
ts h
a
d
th
e
h
i
gh
est Mo
od
Declin
i
n
g
Rate
(39
.
93
%),
wh
il
e Eng
lish immig
r
an
ts h
a
d lower Moo
d
Declin
in
g
Rate
(3
7.41
%), an
d Ch
i
n
ese immig
r
ants h
a
d
t
h
e l
o
werm
ost
M
o
o
d
Decl
i
n
i
ng R
a
t
e
(2
4.
6
2
%)
. I
n
ot
he
r
wo
rd
s, t
h
e g
r
e
a
t
e
st
M
o
o
d
C
h
an
ge
was am
on
gst
C
h
i
n
ese i
m
m
i
gra
n
t
s
,
wi
t
h
t
h
e sec
o
n
d
g
r
eat
est
chan
ge
o
b
ser
v
e
d
a
m
ongst
En
gl
i
s
h i
m
m
i
grant
s
.M
oo
d
Im
provi
ng
R
a
t
e
of
C
h
i
n
e
s
e
and
En
gl
i
s
h i
m
m
i
grant
s
we
re hi
ghe
r t
h
an
t
h
ei
r M
o
o
d
Decl
i
n
i
n
g R
a
t
e
, w
h
i
c
h
sho
w
s
t
h
at
m
o
st
C
h
i
n
ese
an
d
En
gl
i
s
h
i
m
m
i
gra
n
t
s
i
m
pro
v
e
d
t
h
ei
r m
ood
.
Ho
we
ver
,
M
o
o
d
Im
provi
ng
R
a
t
e
of
Fren
ch
immig
r
an
ts were lower th
an
th
ei
r Mo
od
Decl
in
in
g
Rate, in
d
i
cating
th
at
Fren
ch
i
mmig
r
an
ts
expe
ri
ence
d a
decl
i
n
e i
n
t
h
ei
r m
ood. M
o
st
l
i
k
el
y
,
t
h
e g
r
eat
er m
ood c
h
ange
am
ongst
C
h
i
n
ese i
m
m
i
gra
n
t
s
coul
d
be
beca
u
s
e o
f
t
h
e
g
r
eat
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
ral
a
n
d e
nvi
ro
nm
ent
a
l
di
ffere
nce
bet
w
een t
h
ei
r
nat
i
v
e an
d
ho
st
co
u
n
t
r
y
.
Furt
herm
ore,
Fre
n
ch i
m
m
i
grant
s
e
x
hi
bi
t
e
d
t
h
e hi
ghe
st
M
o
o
d
B
e
l
i
e
f C
h
a
nge
R
a
t
e
(4
8.
88
%),
w
h
i
l
e
C
h
i
n
ese i
m
m
i
gra
n
t
s
had
hi
g
h
er M
o
od
B
e
l
i
e
f C
h
a
n
ge R
a
t
e
(4
6.
9
7
%)
, a
n
d E
ngl
i
s
h i
m
m
i
grant
s
e
x
p
o
s
ed t
h
e
l
o
we
rm
ost
M
o
od B
e
l
i
e
f C
h
a
nge R
a
t
e
(1
8.
71
%). T
h
at
i
s
, t
h
e great
est
M
o
o
d
B
e
l
i
e
f C
h
an
ge was a
m
ongst
Fre
n
ch i
m
m
i
grant
s
, wi
t
h
C
h
i
n
ese i
m
m
i
gran
t
s
havi
n
g
t
h
e s
econ
d
g
r
east
e
s
t
M
ood B
e
l
i
e
f C
h
an
ge. It
i
s
u
n
cl
ear
why
Fre
n
c
h
i
m
m
i
grant
s
had
t
h
e
great
est
M
o
od
B
e
l
i
e
f C
h
a
n
ge.
It is inferred that differe
nce
of acculturation
level
of E
nglis
h, Frenc
h
a
nd
Chinese immigrants c
oul
d
cont
ri
b
u
t
e
t
o
di
ffe
rences
i
n
t
h
ei
r m
oodc
han
g
e
.
5.
1.
4. C
a
teg
o
r
y Sub
-
g
ro
u
p
s-Pri
n
ci
p
a
l
Appl
i
c
a
n
t Im
mi
gra
n
t, S
p
o
u
se an
d Dep
e
ndent I
mmi
gra
n
t
,
Family Class Immigr
ant
an
d
O
t
h
er
(Re
f
ugee) Immigr
ant Sub-gr
oups
The re
sul
t
s
di
spl
a
y
t
h
at
di
f
f
e
rent
i
m
m
i
grant
cat
eg
ory
s
u
b
-
gr
ou
ps
ha
d
di
ffe
re
nt
rat
e
s i
n
M
o
od
C
h
an
ge.
A
m
o
n
g
st
t
h
e f
o
u
r
sub
-
gr
ou
ps
, F
a
m
i
ly
C
l
ass I
m
m
i
grant
s
ha
d t
h
e hi
ghe
st
M
o
o
d
C
h
a
n
g
e
R
a
te
(7
9.
3
8
%)
, M
o
od
Im
pro
v
i
n
g
R
at
e (4
4.
92
%)
, an
d M
o
o
d
Decl
i
n
i
n
g R
a
t
e
(3
4.
4
6
%)
,
whi
l
e
Ot
he
r (
R
efu
g
ee
)
I
mmig
r
an
ts h
a
d
th
e low
e
r
mo
st Mo
od
Ch
an
g
e
Rate (6
0.00
%), Moo
d
Im
p
r
o
v
i
ng
Rate (
2
8
.
5
7
%
)
and Mood
Decl
i
n
i
n
g R
a
t
e
(2
4.
2
9
%)
.It
i
s
kn
o
w
n
t
h
at
M
o
o
d
C
h
a
n
ge
R
a
t
e
(7
4.
61%
), M
o
o
d
Im
pr
ovi
ng R
a
t
e
(4
1.
45
%)
,
an
d Moo
d
Declin
in
g
Rate
(3
3.16
%)
o
f
Prin
cip
a
l App
lican
t Immig
r
an
t
s
were lower
th
an
t
h
o
s
e of
Family
C
l
ass Im
m
i
grant
s
an
d S
p
o
u
se an
d
Depe
nde
nt
Im
m
i
grant
s
, b
u
t
hi
gh
er t
h
an t
hos
e
of
Ot
her
(R
efu
g
ee)
I
mmig
r
an
ts.
Ho
w
e
v
e
r
,
Mood Ch
ang
e
Rate (7
7.20
%)
, M
o
od
I
m
p
r
ov
ing
R
a
te (
4
3
.
5
2
%
)
,
an
d
M
o
o
d
D
e
clin
in
g
R
a
t
e
(3
3.
6
8
%)
o
f
S
p
ou
se a
n
d
Dep
e
n
d
e
n
t
I
m
m
i
grant
s
we
re l
o
we
r t
h
a
n
t
hose
o
f
Fam
ily
C
l
ass Im
m
i
grant
s
.
There
f
ore, t
h
e
sub
-
g
r
ou
p o
f
t
h
e gr
eatest mood cha
n
ge was Family Cla
ss Immig
r
an
ts, th
e
second one was
Sp
ouse a
n
d De
pen
d
e
n
t
Im
m
i
grant
s
, t
h
e t
h
i
r
d
one
was P
r
i
n
ci
pal
A
ppl
i
cant
I
m
m
i
grant
s
, an
d t
h
e f
o
urt
h
o
n
e
was
Othe
r (Re
f
u
g
e
e
) Im
m
i
grants.
On t
h
e ot
her
han
d
, P
r
i
n
ci
pa
l
Appl
i
cant
I
m
m
i
grant
s
had t
h
e great
est
M
ood B
e
l
i
e
f
C
h
ange R
a
t
e
(4
1.
4
5
%)
, w
h
i
l
e
Ot
he
r (R
ef
u
g
ee)
Im
m
i
gran
t
s
and
S
p
o
u
se a
nd
De
pen
d
e
n
t
Im
m
i
grant
s
ha
d l
o
werM
oo
d
B
e
l
i
e
f
C
h
an
ge R
a
t
e
s(
38
.5
7% a
n
d
3
7
.
3
1
%
),
an
d F
a
m
i
ly
C
l
assI
m
m
i
grant
s
had t
h
e l
o
werm
ost
M
o
o
d
B
e
l
i
e
f
C
h
an
g
e
R
a
t
e
(36
.
1
6
%
)
.
For t
h
i
s
reas
on
, i
m
m
i
grant
cat
egory
s
u
b
-
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
t
h
e
great
est
m
ood bel
i
e
f c
h
an
ge wa
s
Prin
ci
p
a
l App
lican
t Immig
r
an
ts, t
h
e secon
d
on
e
was Ot
he
r (Re
f
u
g
ee
)
Im
m
i
grants,
and
t
h
e t
h
ir
d on
e an
d th
e
l
east
one were
respect
i
v
el
y
S
p
o
u
se an
d De
p
e
nde
nt
Im
m
i
gr
ants and Fam
ily Class I
mmig
r
ants. It m
a
y b
e
that
Princi
pal Applicants could ac
cept m
o
re easily Canadia
n
c
u
lture
a
n
d have
higher
level of acculturation, with
a
conc
om
i
t
a
nt
great
er
m
ood
be
l
i
e
f chan
ge. I
n
cont
rast
, t
h
e
r
e
were l
o
w
e
rl
e
v
el
of acc
ul
t
u
r
a
t
i
on an
d l
e
ss bel
i
e
f
change am
ongst Fam
i
ly Clas
s Immigrants
an
d Sp
ou
se and
D
e
p
e
nd
en
t
I
mmig
r
an
ts.
I
t
app
ears th
at
i
mmig
r
an
ts
of
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
cat
eg
or
y su
b-
grou
p
s
cou
l
d h
a
ve d
i
ff
er
en
t level o
f
m
o
od
acculturation,
whic
h c
ont
ributed di
ffe
rence
s
of thei
r Mood
Status Cha
n
ge
and Mood Belief Cha
n
ge.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PH
S I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
0
6
Moo
d
Cha
n
g
e
o
f
En
g
lish, Fren
ch and
C
h
in
ese Sp
ea
king
Imm
i
g
r
a
n
t
s in
O
tta
wa and
… (Nin
g Ta
ng
)
55
5.
2.
Si
gni
f
i
c
an
ce L
e
vel
Tho
ugh
sign
ifican
ce an
alysis resu
lts sh
ow th
at
there
wasno statistical signi
ficanc
e
differe
n
c
e
bet
w
ee
n rat
e
s
i
n
M
o
o
d
C
h
a
n
g
e
i
n
di
ffe
rent
i
m
m
i
grant
su
b-
gr
o
ups
, t
h
e
r
e
were
g
r
eat
er
or
very
great
pe
r
cent
a
ge
di
ffe
re
nces
bet
w
een
s
o
m
e
of t
h
e
rat
e
s i
n
M
o
od
C
h
a
n
ge.
5.
3. Mul
t
i
v
ari
a
te
An
al
ysi
s
The res
u
l
t
s
of
correl
a
t
i
o
n an
al
y
s
i
s
show t
h
at
M
oodC
han
g
e
(M
oo
d St
at
u
s
C
h
an
ge + M
o
o
d
B
e
l
i
e
f
Ch
ang
e
)
was co
rrelated
po
sitiv
ely with
Mo
t
h
er Ton
g
u
e
and
n
e
g
a
tiv
ely with
Sp
eak
i
ng
Lan
g
u
a
g
e
s, an
d
Mo
od
St
at
us C
h
a
nge
was n
e
gat
i
v
el
y
cor
r
el
at
ed wi
t
h
M
a
ri
t
a
l
St
at
u
s
an
d Hi
ghest
Level
o
f
E
duc
at
i
on. M
a
ri
t
a
l
St
at
us
an
d
High
est
Lev
e
l of Ed
ucatio
n
were
main
ly co
rrela
ted
with
Mood
Statu
s
C
h
ang
e
of th
e immig
r
an
ts.
Ho
we
ver
,
M
o
t
h
er T
o
n
g
u
e and S
p
ea
ki
n
g
Lan
gua
ges we
re pri
n
cipallycorrelated
withMo
od
Belief Ch
ange,
because they
were
not c
o
rre
l
ated w
ithM
o
od Status C
h
ange.
So, c
u
lture
could bec
o
rre
l
ated with m
ood a
nd
m
ood cha
n
ge
o
f
i
m
m
i
grant
s
.
Furt
her
o
re, t
h
e
resul
t
s
of
re
gr
essi
on
anal
y
s
i
s
i
ndi
cat
e t
h
at
M
o
t
h
er
To
n
g
u
e
, Sp
eaki
ng
La
ng
ua
ges a
n
d
Hi
g
h
est
Le
vel
of
Ed
ucat
i
o
n s
i
gni
fi
ca
nt
l
y
im
pact
edM
o
o
d
C
h
an
ge,
an
d M
a
ri
t
a
l
St
at
us a
n
d
Hi
ghe
st
Le
vel
o
f
Edu
catio
n
si
gn
if
ican
tly i
m
p
acted
Mood Statu
s
Ch
ang
e
.
H
i
gh
est Lev
e
l of
Edu
catio
n
si
g
n
i
fican
tly
i
n
fl
ue
nce
d
b
o
t
h
M
ood St
at
us
C
h
an
ge an
d M
o
o
d
B
e
l
i
e
f C
h
an
ge, an
d
was t
h
ei
r det
e
rm
i
n
ant
fact
or.
M
a
ri
t
a
l
Statusonly significantly affe
cted
Mood Sta
t
us Change
rather than M
o
od
Belief Change
. Mother T
o
ngue and
Spea
ki
n
g
Lan
gua
ges
pri
n
ci
p
a
l
l
y
and si
gni
f
i
cant
l
y
im
pacted M
o
od B
e
l
i
e
f C
h
a
nge a
n
d
was i
t
s
det
e
r
m
i
n
ant
factors,
beca
us
e theydid not
signifi
ca
ntly im
pactedMood Status C
h
ange
.
There
f
ore, cultural factors
could
im
pact
m
ood
a
n
d
m
ood c
h
a
n
ge
of
t
h
e i
m
m
i
gra
n
t
s
, i
n
part
i
c
ul
ar,
t
h
ei
r
m
ood
bel
i
e
f
an
d
m
ood bel
i
e
f
ch
ange
.
M
o
o
d
B
e
l
i
e
f
C
h
an
ge c
oul
d
i
n
fl
ue
nce M
o
o
d
St
at
u
s
C
h
a
nge
. Im
m
i
grant
s
o
f
di
ffe
re
nt
et
h
n
i
c
or
linguistic s
u
b-groups
could have
di
ffe
re
nt m
ood
statusc
h
ange
s because
of
differe
n
ce of
acce
ptability
of ne
w
m
ood bel
i
e
f.
Ho
we
ver
,
M
o
od B
e
l
i
e
f C
h
a
nge
o
f
i
m
m
i
grant
s
co
ul
d
n
o
t
un
de
rg
o c
h
a
n
ge acc
or
di
n
g
l
y
wi
t
h
M
o
o
d
St
at
us
C
h
an
ge. S
o
m
e
of i
m
m
i
grant
s
coul
d ex
peri
enceM
o
o
d
St
at
usC
h
a
nge
bec
a
use o
f
ot
he
r
fact
or
s
instead
of Mood Belief Cha
nge
.
Accult
ura
tion is
a
possi
ble im
pacting
factor,
beca
us
e acculturation ca
n
great
l
y
affect
psy
c
h
o
l
o
gi
cal
fu
nct
i
o
ni
n
g
as i
t
ent
a
i
l
s
adjus
t
m
e
nt
s i
n
pers
on
-e
nvi
r
o
nm
ent
fi
t
for res
p
on
di
n
g
t
o
n
e
w so
ci
o
c
u
ltural cond
itio
n
s
[9
]. A stud
y in
t
h
e
US sh
o
w
s th
at th
e immig
r
an
ts fr
o
m
Mexico
, Easter
n Eur
o
p
e
,
Af
ri
ca and C
a
r
i
bbea
n
re
gi
o
n
s
were di
f
f
ere
n
t
wi
t
h
t
h
e im
m
i
gra
n
t
s
fr
om
West
ern co
u
n
t
r
i
e
s i
n
ri
sk f
o
r m
o
o
d
o
r
anxi
et
y
di
so
rd
ers [
25]
. A s
u
rvey
i
n
C
a
na
d
a
di
scl
o
ses t
h
a
t
Age at
im
m
i
grat
i
o
n was c
o
rrel
a
t
e
d t
o
m
ood
or
an
x
i
ety d
i
so
rder
s an
d you
nger
ag
e at immig
r
ation
w
a
s a
ssociated with
increase
d
ri
sk
of
ha
vi
n
g
a
c
u
r
r
ent
m
ood disorde
r
or anxiety disorde
r
[26]. The res
u
lts of this
m
u
lticultu
ral
m
ood cha
n
ge study exhi
bit that
Mo
th
er
Ton
g
u
e
and
Sp
eak
i
ng
Langu
ages w
e
r
e
co
rrelated
w
ith
Mo
od
Ch
ange in
stead
of Mo
od
Statu
s
Ch
an
g
e
.Co
n
s
equ
e
n
tly,
Mo
th
er
Tong
ue an
d
Sp
eak
i
ng
Lan
g
u
a
g
e
s co
u
l
d
b
e
co
rr
elated
w
ith
Mood Belief
Ch
ang
e
. Th
e immig
r
an
ts with
d
i
fferen
t lin
gu
istic o
r
cu
l
t
u
r
a
l
or soci
al
ba
ckg
r
ou
n
d
had
di
ffe
re
nt
M
o
o
d
B
e
l
i
e
f
Change.
Ori
g
inal culture and/or accu
lt
uration
of immigra
n
ts we
re rela
ting im
pacting factors
on thei
r
m
ood
bel
i
e
f c
h
an
ge.
B
e
l
i
e
vabl
y
,
t
h
e resul
t
s
of t
h
i
s
m
ood cha
n
ge st
u
d
y
pr
ovi
de evi
d
e
n
ce f
o
r m
a
ki
ng an
d/
o
r
revi
s
i
n
g
p
o
licies relating
to
i
mmig
r
an
t
p
s
ych
o
l
o
g
i
cal
an
d
m
e
n
t
al h
ealth
in
Can
a
d
a
,
wh
ich
is ab
le t
o
regu
late o
r
ad
ju
st
mental health care and servi
ce for immigrants, and to
m
a
ke
m
o
re ef
fect
i
v
el
y
m
e
nt
al
heal
t
h
pr
o
m
oti
on
pr
o
g
ram
t
o
l
e
ssen i
m
m
i
grant
st
ressi
n
g
an
d anxi
ou
s m
ood and
ri
sk o
f
psy
c
hol
ogi
cal
o
r
m
e
nt
al
di
seases and t
o
redu
cem
en
tal h
ealth
i
n
equ
a
l
ity an
d
i
n
equ
i
ty for immig
r
an
ts.
Th
e d
a
ta m
a
y h
e
lp
Health
Can
a
d
a
po
licy
m
a
kerst
o
s
o
urc
eand
co
nsi
d
er
evi
d
e
n
ce
of
m
ood cha
n
ge
fo
r t
h
e
v
u
l
n
erabl
e
a
n
dm
ar
gi
nal
i
zed
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
oni
n
d
ecision
-
m
ak
in
g
a
nd
p
o
licy-r
e
v
i
singp
roces
s, and t
o
ada
p
t appropriate
l
y evidence
,
pri
o
r t
o
and
during
fo
rm
ul
at
i
ng new m
e
nt
al heal
t
hpol
i
c
y
or
revi
si
n
g
p
r
evi
ous m
e
nt
al
heal
t
hpol
i
c
y
.
T
h
ere
f
o
r
e, C
a
n
a
di
an
im
m
i
grant
s
ca
n im
pro
v
e t
h
ei
r m
ood an
d ex
peri
e
n
ce heal
t
h
i
e
r m
ood st
at
us t
o
co
nt
ri
but
e C
a
nadi
an ec
on
om
i
c
and s
o
cial de
velopm
ent.
6.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
Im
m
i
grant
s
i
n
C
a
nada
ex
pe
ri
ence
d ch
an
g
e
s i
n
t
h
ei
r
m
o
o
d
.
H
o
we
ve
r
,
cha
n
ges i
n
m
ood we
re
m
oderat
e
d by
gen
d
e
r
, l
a
n
g
u
a
ge, a
nd i
m
m
i
grant
cat
eg
ori
e
s
,
wi
t
h
di
f
f
ere
n
t
fact
or
s co
nt
ri
b
u
t
i
ng t
o
t
h
e ch
ange
s.
M
o
t
h
er
To
n
g
u
e
, Spea
ki
n
g
La
ng
ua
ges a
nd
H
i
ghest
Le
vel
o
f
Ed
ucat
i
o
nsi
g
ni
fi
cant
l
y
im
pact
ed M
o
od C
h
an
g
e
.
M
a
ri
t
a
l
St
at
us
and
Hi
ghe
st
L
e
vel
o
f
E
d
ucat
i
on si
g
n
i
f
i
cant
l
y
im
pact
ed M
o
o
d
St
at
us C
h
ange
. M
o
t
h
er
To
ng
ue
and
Spea
ki
n
g
Lan
gua
ges si
g
n
i
f
i
cant
l
y
im
pact
ed M
o
od B
e
l
i
e
f C
h
an
ge.
C
u
l
t
u
re
was a
n
i
m
port
a
nt
fa
ct
or t
o
cont
ribute Mood Cha
n
ge. Ac
culturation wa
s a conside
r
ab
l
e
factor to im
p
act Mood Status Cha
ngea
n
d M
ood
B
e
l
i
e
f C
h
an
ge.
Dat
a
of i
m
m
i
gra
n
t
m
ood
ch
ange
m
a
y
pro
v
i
de evi
d
enc
e
f
o
r m
e
nt
al
heal
t
h
pol
i
c
y
-
m
a
ki
ng a
n
d
pol
i
c
y
-re
vi
si
n
g
i
n
C
a
nada
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:2252
-88
06
IJP
H
S
V
o
l
.
4,
No
. 1,
M
a
rc
h 20
1
5
:
5
0
– 57
56
COMPETING INTE
REST
S
The a
u
thors
de
clare that they
ha
ve
n
o
c
o
nfl
i
ct
of
i
n
t
e
rest
.
ACKNOWLE
DGE
M
ENTS
The a
u
thors a
p
preciate linguistic
support
of t
h
e bilingual teacher
s,
Claude Cout
ure and
De
nis
M
a
scot
t
o
i
n
C
e
nt
re
de
fo
r
m
at
i
on p
r
o
f
es
si
on
nel
l
e
Vi
si
on
-A
ve
ni
r,
C
o
m
m
i
ssi
on sc
ol
ai
re des
P
o
rt
a
g
es-
d
e
-
l’Ou
taou
ais, Gatin
eau
, Qu
éb
ec, Can
a
d
a
.
In
particu
l
ar, th
e
a
u
thors are
very
grateful
to assistance of immigra
n
t
heal
t
h
e
x
p
e
rt
,
Dr.
B
r
i
a
n
Gus
h
ul
ak i
n
Im
m
i
grat
i
on
Heal
t
h
C
ons
ul
t
a
nt
s i
n
C
a
nada
.
REFERE
NC
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