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aw
a
reness
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o
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un
de
rg
ra
dua
tes in
a
p
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te
univ
ersity
Yi
-
F
a
n T
a
n,
L
ee
-
Yeng
O
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M
eng
-
Chew
L
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a
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Art
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nfo
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11
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ise
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OV
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1
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t
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g
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ica
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lak
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p
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a
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ll
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s
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1
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a
n
d
o
t
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e
r
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m
e
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g
in
g
in
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s.
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ey
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s
:
Aw
ar
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n
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s
lev
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B
asic s
y
m
p
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s
C
OVI
D
-
19
On
li
n
e
s
u
r
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y
Un
d
er
g
r
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s
T
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p
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n
a
c
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ss
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rticle
u
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d
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CC B
Y
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SA
li
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e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
L
ee
-
Yen
g
O
n
g
Facu
lt
y
o
f
I
n
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
Scie
n
c
e
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Mu
lti
m
ed
i
a
Un
i
v
er
s
it
y
J
alan
Ay
er
Ker
o
h
L
a
m
a,
7
5
4
5
0
Me
lak
a,
Ma
la
y
s
ia
E
m
ail: l
y
o
n
g
@
m
m
u
.
ed
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
o
n
e
y
ea
r
s
i
n
ce
th
e
o
f
f
icial
d
ec
lar
atio
n
o
f
co
r
o
n
av
ir
u
s
d
is
ea
s
e
2
0
1
9
(
C
OVI
D
-
19
)
p
an
d
e
m
ic
b
y
t
h
e
w
o
r
ld
h
ea
lt
h
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
(
W
HO
)
[
1
]
.
As
o
f
Sep
te
m
b
er
4
,
2
0
2
1
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
g
lo
b
al
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
d
ea
th
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic
h
a
s
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is
e
n
to
o
v
er
4
,
5
5
3
,
8
1
1
.
I
n
Ma
la
y
s
ia,
th
e
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic
h
a
s
clai
m
ed
th
e
li
v
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o
f
o
v
er
1
7
,
5
2
1
citizen
s
[
2
]
.
On
th
e
2
5
o
f
J
an
u
ar
y
2
0
2
0
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ca
s
e
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
w
a
s
d
etec
ted
in
Ma
la
y
s
ia
a
n
d
was
tr
ac
e
d
b
ac
k
to
3
C
h
i
n
ese
n
atio
n
als
[
3
]
.
R
o
u
g
h
l
y
a
wee
k
later
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
Ma
la
y
s
ia
n
t
h
at
w
as
i
n
f
ec
ted
w
it
h
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
w
as
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
.
Sin
ce
th
e
n
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
ep
o
r
te
d
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
ca
s
es
g
r
e
w
s
t
ea
d
il
y
,
u
n
ti
l
a
r
e
lig
io
u
s
e
v
e
n
t
t
h
at
to
o
k
p
lace
at
Sri
P
etali
n
g
,
Ku
a
la
L
u
m
p
u
r
,
w
h
ic
h
s
p
i
k
ed
t
h
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
e
p
o
r
ted
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
ca
s
es
at
an
e
x
p
o
n
en
t
ial
r
ate.
T
h
e
N
atio
n
’
s
Hea
lt
h
Dir
ec
to
r
,
Gen
er
al
Da
tu
k
Dr
No
o
r
His
h
a
m
A
b
d
u
llah
s
tated
t
h
at
4
8
%
o
f
all
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
ca
s
es
in
t
h
e
n
a
tio
n
t
h
at
ca
m
e
af
ter
w
er
e
lin
k
ed
to
th
e
r
elig
io
u
s
ev
e
n
t.
T
h
e
P
r
im
e
Min
i
s
ter
o
f
Ma
lay
s
ia
t
h
en
an
n
o
u
n
ce
d
a
m
o
v
e
m
en
t
c
o
n
tr
o
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o
r
d
er
(
MCO)
as
a
n
e
f
f
o
r
t
t
o
cu
r
b
t
h
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
th
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
in
itiall
y
t
h
e
co
u
n
ter
m
e
asu
r
es
a
n
d
p
o
licies
we
r
e
u
s
ef
u
l
to
co
n
tai
n
th
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic,
w
h
ich
p
r
o
m
p
ted
th
e
Ma
la
y
s
ia
n
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
to
ea
s
e
r
estrictio
n
s
u
n
d
er
MCO
,
a
lo
ca
l
elec
tio
n
in
Sa
b
ah
in
cid
en
ta
ll
y
p
r
o
m
p
ted
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
w
a
v
e
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
in
Ma
la
y
s
ia
[
4
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8806
C
OV
I
D
-
1
9
a
w
a
r
en
ess
a
mo
n
g
u
n
d
erg
r
a
d
u
a
tes in
a
p
r
iva
te
u
n
ivers
ity
(
Yi
-
F
a
n
Ta
n
)
29
Fo
r
tu
n
ate
l
y
,
t
h
e
v
ac
ci
n
es
f
o
r
th
e
v
ir
u
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
an
d
ar
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
all
o
v
er
th
e
g
lo
b
e
to
cu
r
b
th
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
as
s
o
o
n
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
T
h
e
v
ac
ci
n
e
s
th
a
t
ar
e
av
ailab
le
in
Ma
la
y
s
ia
ar
e
B
io
NT
ec
h
-
P
f
izer
,
C
o
r
o
n
aVa
c
,
an
d
Ox
f
o
r
d
-
Ast
r
aZ
e
n
ec
a.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
v
ac
ci
n
e
s
ar
e
n
o
t
i
m
m
ed
iatel
y
av
ai
lab
le
f
o
r
e
v
er
y
o
n
e
a
n
d
h
a
v
e
to
b
e
g
iv
e
n
i
n
p
h
ase
s
[
5
]
.
On
Ma
y
2
8
,
2
0
2
1
,
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ia
n
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
an
n
o
u
n
ce
d
th
at
a
to
tal
lo
ck
d
o
w
n
w
i
ll
b
e
p
u
t in
p
lace
in
o
r
d
er
to
cu
r
b
th
e
r
ec
en
t r
esu
r
g
e
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
co
r
o
n
av
ir
u
s
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
it
s
el
f
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
s
o
m
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
l
if
e
s
t
y
le
c
h
an
g
es
an
d
h
as
ca
u
s
ed
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
e
s
s
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
p
eo
p
le
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
Fo
r
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates,
th
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
h
as
p
u
t
a
h
alt
to
p
h
y
s
ical
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
al
ac
tiv
itie
s
,
w
h
ic
h
f
o
r
ce
s
th
e
m
to
atten
d
clas
s
es
an
d
lect
u
r
es
v
ir
tu
a
ll
y
.
T
h
e
a
w
ar
e
n
es
s
le
v
el
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates
ar
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
a
g
e
g
r
o
u
p
th
at
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates
ar
e
in
,
w
h
ic
h
is
a
r
o
u
n
d
ag
e
1
8
–
2
4
[
9
]
,
en
g
ag
e
th
e
m
s
elv
e
s
m
o
r
e
in
o
u
t
g
o
in
g
ac
ti
v
itie
s
s
u
ch
as
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
t
iv
it
ies,
s
p
o
r
t
clu
b
s
,
p
ar
t
-
ti
m
e
j
o
b
s
,
w
h
ic
h
p
u
t
th
e
m
in
s
it
u
atio
n
s
i
n
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
y
w
ill
n
ee
d
to
b
e
in
co
n
tact
w
it
h
o
t
h
er
s
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
.
S
tu
d
y
h
a
s
al
s
o
s
h
o
w
n
th
at
b
ei
n
g
y
o
u
n
g
er
is
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
i
s
as
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
r
e
lu
cta
n
ce
to
ab
id
e
b
y
p
r
ev
en
ti
v
e
p
r
o
to
co
ls
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
er
e
is
also
a
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
t
h
at
s
i
n
ce
y
o
u
n
g
p
eo
p
le
ar
e
less
li
k
el
y
to
b
e
h
o
s
p
italized
o
r
h
av
e
m
ild
er
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
ld
er
a
d
u
lts
[
1
1
]
,
th
er
e
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
s
o
m
e
u
n
d
er
esti
m
atio
n
in
t
h
e
s
e
v
er
it
y
le
v
el
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
a
m
o
n
g
y
o
u
n
g
er
p
eo
p
le,
s
p
ec
if
icall
y
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates.
T
h
ese
asp
ec
ts
e
s
ca
late
d
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
an
al
y
z
in
g
t
h
e
a
w
ar
e
n
es
s
lev
el
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
a
m
o
n
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates
in
Ma
la
y
s
ia.
Hav
i
n
g
a
r
o
u
g
h
id
ea
ab
o
u
t
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
a
w
ar
en
e
s
s
lev
el
o
f
t
h
e
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates
allo
w
s
p
o
licies
o
r
co
u
n
ter
m
ea
s
u
r
es
to
b
e
p
u
t
in
p
lace
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
,
w
h
ile
al
s
o
av
o
id
in
g
o
th
er
i
m
p
licati
o
n
s
t
h
at
ar
e
b
r
o
u
g
h
t to
th
e
m
i
n
d
ir
ec
tl
y
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
its
el
f
.
T
o
th
e
b
est
o
f
o
u
r
k
n
o
w
led
g
e,
th
er
e
is
a
s
u
r
v
e
y
th
a
t
i
n
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e,
att
i
tu
d
es
an
d
p
r
ac
tice
to
w
ar
d
s
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
am
o
n
g
J
ap
an
ese
u
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
1
2
]
,
b
u
t th
e
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
atio
n
o
n
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
h
av
in
g
h
i
g
h
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
a
w
ar
e
n
es
s
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
y
e
t.
T
h
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
o
f
a
w
ar
en
es
s
lev
el
i
n
t
h
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
a
m
o
n
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates
m
a
y
a
f
f
ec
t
th
e
ten
d
e
n
c
y
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
p
r
o
p
er
p
r
ac
tices,
w
h
ic
h
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
w
i
ll
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
o
u
tco
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
b
u
t
also
a
f
f
ec
t
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
a
tes
t
h
e
m
s
el
v
es
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
al
h
ea
lt
h
.
A
s
s
es
s
i
n
g
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
h
ig
h
a
w
ar
e
n
es
s
l
e
v
el
a
m
o
n
g
Ma
la
y
s
ian
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates
m
i
g
h
t
h
a
v
e
a
pos
itiv
e
o
u
tco
m
e
in
ter
m
s
o
f
i
n
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
p
o
licie
s
t
h
at
ca
n
f
o
cu
s
o
n
k
ee
p
in
g
t
h
e
a
w
ar
en
es
s
lev
el
o
f
Ma
la
y
s
ian
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates
i
n
ch
ec
k
,
w
h
i
ch
m
a
y
h
e
lp
in
p
u
b
lic
co
m
p
li
an
ce
to
ad
h
er
e
to
p
r
ev
en
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
a
n
d
h
ea
lt
h
p
r
ac
tices p
r
escr
ib
ed
b
y
th
e
au
t
h
o
r
ities
.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
co
n
d
u
cted
a
n
o
n
li
n
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
ev
al
u
at
e
th
e
b
asic
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
19
p
an
d
e
m
ic
a
m
o
n
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates
i
n
p
r
iv
ate
u
n
iv
er
s
it
y
i
n
Ma
la
y
s
ia.
T
h
i
s
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
a
n
ized
as
f
o
llo
w
s
.
T
h
e
l
iter
atu
r
e
r
ev
ie
w
s
ec
t
io
n
lo
o
k
s
i
n
to
ex
is
tin
g
s
t
u
d
ies
t
h
at
ar
e
r
elate
d
to
th
e
a
w
ar
en
e
s
s
lev
el
o
f
u
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
a
n
d
th
e
ir
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
s
ec
tio
n
ex
p
la
in
s
t
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
m
et
h
o
d
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
in
o
r
d
er
to
co
n
d
u
ct
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
R
es
u
lt
s
s
ec
tio
n
i
s
u
s
ed
to
p
r
esen
t
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
r
s
tat
is
tic
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
.
T
h
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
ec
tio
n
e
x
p
lain
s
t
h
e
o
u
tco
m
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
a
n
d
ev
a
lu
ate
s
th
e
a
w
ar
e
n
ess
lev
e
l
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates
i
n
M
u
lti
m
ed
ia
Un
i
v
er
s
it
y
Me
la
k
a
C
a
m
p
u
s
.
Fi
n
all
y
,
t
h
e
c
o
n
cl
u
s
io
n
s
ec
tio
n
co
m
p
r
i
s
es
ex
p
lan
atio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
li
m
itatio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
a
n
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
w
o
r
k
s
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
co
n
d
u
cted
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
ac
ce
s
s
m
o
r
e
in
s
i
g
h
ts
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates
an
d
C
OVI
D
-
19.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
r
ea
s
o
n
s
w
h
y
h
ig
h
a
w
ar
e
n
es
s
lev
el
s
a
m
o
n
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates
ar
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
t
o
co
m
b
at
th
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic.
Ha
tab
u
et
a
l
.
[
1
2
]
co
n
d
u
cted
a
s
u
r
v
e
y
to
i
n
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e,
a
ttit
u
d
es,
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tices
(
KA
P
)
a
m
o
n
g
u
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
s
t
u
d
en
ts
i
n
J
ap
an
an
d
its
ass
o
ciate
d
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
ey
f
o
u
n
d
o
u
t
th
at
J
ap
an
es
e
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates
h
av
e
a
r
el
ati
v
el
y
h
i
g
h
le
v
el
o
f
a
w
ar
e
n
es
s
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
ir
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
lo
g
is
tic
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
s
an
d
m
u
l
tip
le
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
s
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
t
h
er
e
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
s
el
f
-
r
es
tr
ain
t
o
v
er
ti
m
e.
A
s
tu
d
y
o
n
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
ch
a
n
g
e
s
an
d
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
n
ess
o
f
J
ap
an
ese
citizen
s
a
g
ai
n
s
t
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
b
y
M
u
to
et
a
l
.
[
1
0
]
h
as
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
m
ale
u
n
d
er
3
0
ar
e
lik
el
y
to
b
e
r
elu
ctan
t
to
im
p
le
m
en
t
p
r
o
p
er
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
I
n
Ma
la
y
s
ia,
m
atr
ic
u
latio
n
s
t
u
d
en
ts
w
er
e
f
in
ed
R
M
1
,
5
0
0
f
o
r
n
o
t
w
ea
r
i
n
g
m
a
s
k
s
ev
e
n
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
y
h
ad
b
ee
n
co
n
f
i
n
ed
w
it
h
in
th
e
co
lle
g
e
c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
f
o
r
o
v
er
f
iv
e
m
o
n
th
s
[
1
3
]
,
w
h
ic
h
r
ev
ea
ls
th
e
co
m
p
lace
n
c
y
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
w
ar
d
s
th
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
o
v
er
tim
e.
Ha
v
in
g
a
h
i
g
h
a
w
ar
en
e
s
s
lev
el
i
n
th
e
p
an
d
em
ic
ca
n
h
elp
i
n
r
e
m
in
d
i
n
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates to
a
l
w
a
y
s
ab
id
e
b
y
s
o
cial
d
is
ta
n
ci
n
g
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
a
g
e
g
r
o
u
p
th
at
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates
ar
e
in
m
ig
h
t
ex
p
er
ien
ce
m
ild
er
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
if
i
n
f
ec
ted
b
y
C
OVI
D
-
19
[
1
1
]
,
h
av
in
g
h
ig
h
er
a
w
ar
en
e
s
s
i
n
th
e
p
an
d
e
m
i
c
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
m
a
y
e
n
co
u
r
a
g
e
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
to
ab
id
e
to
s
o
cial
d
is
tan
ci
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
m
o
r
e
w
illi
n
g
l
y
,
d
ec
r
ea
s
i
n
g
a
n
y
c
h
an
ce
o
f
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
th
e
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic
ev
e
n
f
u
r
t
h
er
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Z
h
ao
et
a
l
.
[
1
4
]
,
th
er
e
is
ev
id
en
ce
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
t
h
at
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
as
y
m
p
to
m
atic
ca
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t
h
e
y
f
o
u
n
d
o
u
t
t
h
at
th
er
e
i
s
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
as
s
o
ciatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
a
n
d
to
b
ac
co
an
d
ca
n
n
ab
is
u
s
e.
T
h
e
y
als
o
f
o
u
n
d
o
u
t
a
g
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n
d
er
-
s
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ec
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ic
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ciatio
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e
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an
x
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n
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f
e
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ale
alco
h
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u
s
er
s
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Fau
s
t
et
a
l
.
[
2
5
]
,
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
b
ec
a
m
e
a
lead
in
g
ca
u
s
e
o
f
d
ea
t
h
a
m
o
n
g
y
o
u
n
g
er
ad
u
lts
in
s
ev
er
al
r
e
g
io
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
Un
ited
States
.
Fau
s
t
et
a
l
.
also
s
tated
th
at
th
e
to
tal
d
ea
t
h
a
m
o
n
g
ad
u
lts
ag
ed
2
0
–
4
9
in
Ne
w
Yo
r
k
e
x
ce
ed
s
t
h
e
s
tate
’
s
u
s
u
al
lead
in
g
ca
u
s
e
o
f
d
ea
th
,
w
h
ic
h
i
n
cl
u
d
es
d
r
u
g
o
v
er
d
o
s
es
a
n
d
r
o
ad
ac
cid
en
ts
.
L
ec
h
n
er
et
a
l
.
[
2
6
]
s
tu
d
ied
th
e
ch
a
n
g
es
in
alco
h
o
l
u
s
e
a
m
o
n
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
a
t
es
as
a
f
u
n
c
tio
n
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
e
s
s
a
n
d
s
o
c
ial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
d
u
r
in
g
a
n
d
af
ter
ca
m
p
u
s
clo
s
u
r
e
at
a
u
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
in
No
r
th
ea
s
t
O
h
io
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
f
o
u
n
d
o
u
t
t
h
at
th
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
w
h
o
en
d
o
r
s
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
alco
h
o
l
h
ad
s
h
o
w
n
in
cr
ea
s
ed
alco
h
o
l
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
esp
ec
iall
y
f
o
r
t
h
o
s
e
w
h
o
h
ad
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
o
f
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
an
d
an
x
iet
y
.
I
n
te
r
m
s
o
f
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
ad
d
ictio
n
,
I
s
la
m
et
a
l
.
[
2
7
]
co
n
d
u
cted
a
s
tu
d
y
o
n
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
an
d
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
u
s
e
a
m
o
n
g
B
an
g
lad
es
h
i
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
d
u
r
in
g
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
f
o
u
n
d
o
u
t
t
h
at
b
o
th
p
r
o
b
lem
a
tic
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
an
d
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
u
s
e
w
er
e
lin
k
ed
to
p
o
o
r
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
w
ell
-
b
ei
n
g
a
n
d
ar
e
ty
p
icall
y
as
s
o
ciate
d
w
ith
o
th
er
f
ac
to
r
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
p
o
o
r
s
leep
an
d
lo
w
er
ag
e.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
en
co
u
r
ag
e
s
en
d
less
s
cr
o
lli
n
g
an
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
h
av
e
a
clea
r
‘
s
to
p
p
o
in
t
’
,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
w
h
y
it
is
s
o
co
m
m
o
n
f
o
r
p
eo
p
le
to
s
p
en
d
m
a
n
y
h
o
u
r
s
o
n
li
n
e
en
g
a
g
ed
w
i
th
s
o
cia
l
m
ed
ia
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
in
li
f
e
s
t
y
le
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
C
OVI
D
-
19
ca
n
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
a
f
f
ec
t
o
n
e’
s
m
e
n
tal
h
ea
l
th
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
lead
in
g
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
d
ep
r
ess
iv
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
an
d
ad
d
ictio
n
.
Ma
lay
s
ia
n
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates
ar
e
v
u
l
n
er
ab
le
to
th
e
s
e
is
s
u
e
s
a
s
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
s
it
u
atio
n
i
n
Ma
la
y
s
ia
co
n
tin
u
e
s
to
w
o
r
s
en
.
He
n
ce
,
h
i
g
h
a
w
ar
e
n
ess
o
f
s
id
e
e
f
f
ec
ts
t
h
at
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
b
r
in
g
s
is
th
e
k
e
y
a
m
o
n
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
id
en
ti
f
y
an
d
h
elp
th
e
v
u
l
n
er
ab
le
o
n
es
b
y
cr
ea
tin
g
s
o
lid
ar
it
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
e
m
p
ath
ize
t
h
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
f
ac
ed
an
d
d
ee
p
lis
ten
i
n
g
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
o
f
f
lo
ad
th
e
m
e
n
tal
b
u
r
d
en
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8806
C
OV
I
D
-
1
9
a
w
a
r
en
ess
a
mo
n
g
u
n
d
erg
r
a
d
u
a
tes in
a
p
r
iva
te
u
n
ivers
ity
(
Yi
-
F
a
n
Ta
n
)
31
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
Stud
y
des
ig
n,
pa
rt
icipa
nt
s
,
a
nd
da
t
a
co
llect
io
n
T
h
i
s
c
r
o
s
s
-
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
t
u
d
y
a
d
m
i
n
i
s
t
e
r
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d
a
s
u
r
v
e
y
u
s
i
n
g
a
q
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e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
G
o
o
g
l
e
F
o
r
m
.
T
h
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
d
w
e
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e
M
u
l
t
i
m
e
d
i
a
U
n
i
v
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r
s
i
t
y
M
e
l
a
k
a
C
am
p
u
s
I
n
f
o
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m
a
t
i
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
s
.
B
e
c
a
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
e
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
p
a
r
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c
u
l
a
r
p
e
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i
o
d
,
w
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a
d
o
p
t
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d
a
c
o
n
v
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n
c
e
s
a
m
p
l
i
n
g
,
i
n
w
h
i
c
h
t
h
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
ts
w
e
r
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
i
r
r
e
s
p
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c
t
i
v
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e
c
t
u
r
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s
t
o
c
o
m
p
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e
t
e
t
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
f
o
r
m
i
s
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s
c
a
m
p
a
i
g
n
h
o
s
t
e
d
o
n
a
n
o
n
l
i
n
e
r
o
a
d
s
h
o
w
e
v
e
n
t
,
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
s
e
t
o
u
t
t
o
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s
a
m
o
n
g
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
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n
t
s
w
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h
a
v
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t
o
f
i
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u
p
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q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
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b
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f
o
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p
a
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t
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c
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p
a
t
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n
g
i
n
t
h
e
o
n
l
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n
e
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o
a
d
s
h
o
w
e
v
e
n
t
.
D
a
t
a
w
er
e
c
o
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e
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d
f
r
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m
D
e
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m
b
e
r
3
0
,
2
0
2
0
t
o
J
a
n
u
a
r
y
1
5
,
2
0
2
1
.
3
.
2
.
Q
ue
s
t
io
nn
a
ire
des
ig
n
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
w
as
d
esi
g
n
ed
u
s
i
n
g
a
n
ex
i
s
ti
n
g
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
aw
ar
e
n
es
s
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
e
co
llects
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
u
c
h
as
t
h
e
u
n
d
e
r
-
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
’
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
at
a
an
d
th
eir
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
to
cu
r
b
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
De
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
in
cl
u
d
es
t
h
eir
n
a
m
e,
e
m
ai
l
a
d
d
r
ess
,
s
tu
d
e
n
t
I
D,
g
en
d
er
,
an
d
r
ac
e.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t 4
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
in
q
u
ir
e
o
n
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
’
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
ef
f
ec
ti
v
en
e
s
s
o
f
h
a
n
d
h
y
g
ien
e,
m
as
k
-
w
ea
r
in
g
,
g
lo
v
e
s
-
w
ea
r
in
g
a
n
d
an
t
ib
io
tics
i
n
cu
r
b
in
g
t
h
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
t
h
e
v
i
r
u
s
.
R
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
ar
e
r
e
q
u
ir
e
d
to
an
s
w
er
“
Ye
s
”,
“
No
”
o
r
“
Ma
y
b
e”
to
t
h
es
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
Af
ter
t
h
at,
t
h
e
r
es
p
o
n
d
en
ts
ar
e
al
s
o
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
an
s
w
er
a
c
h
ec
k
b
o
x
q
u
es
ti
o
n
w
h
ich
th
e
y
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
s
elec
t
th
e
co
r
r
ec
t
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
o
u
t
o
f
a
lis
t
o
f
r
a
n
d
o
m
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
,
w
h
ic
h
co
m
p
r
is
e
s
co
ld
,
co
u
g
h
,
s
o
r
e
th
r
o
at,
s
to
m
ac
h
ac
h
e,
s
h
o
r
t
n
ess
o
f
b
r
ea
th
,
f
e
v
er
,
to
o
th
ac
h
e,
n
a
u
s
ea
,
it
ch
in
g
,
d
iar
r
h
ea
an
d
r
ed
n
ess
i
n
e
y
e.
T
ab
le
1
.
Su
r
v
e
y
i
n
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
Q
u
e
st
i
o
n
A
n
s
w
e
r
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
I
s h
a
n
d
h
y
g
i
e
n
e
i
mp
o
r
t
a
n
t
i
n
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
sp
r
e
a
d
o
f
t
h
e
v
i
r
u
s?
☐
Y
e
s
☐
No
☐
M
a
y
b
e
D
o
e
s
w
e
a
r
i
n
g
a
mas
k
h
e
l
p
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
t
h
e
sp
r
e
a
d
o
f
t
h
e
v
i
r
u
s?
W
o
u
l
d
w
e
a
r
i
n
g
g
l
o
v
e
s h
e
l
p
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
t
h
e
sp
r
e
a
d
o
f
t
h
e
v
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r
u
s?
C
a
n
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
b
e
c
u
r
e
d
w
i
t
h
a
n
t
i
b
i
o
t
i
c
s?
D
o
y
o
u
k
n
o
w
w
h
e
r
e
t
o
g
o
i
f
y
o
u
st
a
r
t
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
sy
mp
t
o
ms?
W
h
a
t
a
r
e
t
h
e
ma
i
n
sy
mp
t
o
ms o
f
t
h
e
v
i
r
u
s?
(
C
h
e
c
k
a
l
l
t
h
a
t
a
p
p
l
y
)
☐
C
o
l
d
☐
C
o
u
g
h
☐
S
o
r
e
T
h
r
o
a
t
☐
S
t
o
mac
h
A
c
h
e
☐
F
e
v
e
r
☐
T
o
o
t
h
a
c
h
e
☐
N
a
u
se
a
☐
S
h
o
r
t
n
e
ss
o
f
B
r
e
a
t
h
☐
I
t
c
h
i
n
g
☐
D
i
a
r
r
h
e
a
☐
R
e
d
n
e
ss i
n
e
y
e
3
.
3
.
Da
t
a
pre
-
pro
ce
s
s
ing
T
h
e
d
ata
w
a
s
s
ep
ar
ated
b
y
q
u
esti
o
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
Mic
r
o
s
o
f
t
E
x
ce
l
2
0
1
3
.
Pre
-
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
3
-
o
p
tio
n
(
y
es
/n
o
/
m
a
y
b
e)
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
e
n
d
s
h
er
e.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
t
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
w
h
ich
th
e
u
s
er
s
h
a
v
e
to
s
elec
t
t
h
e
m
ain
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
w
as
p
r
e
-
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
d
if
f
er
e
n
tl
y
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
1
1
co
r
r
e
ct
o
p
tio
n
s
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
r
ef
lec
ted
b
y
s
elec
tin
g
t
h
e
7
co
r
r
ec
t
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
(
co
u
g
h
,
s
o
r
e
th
r
o
at,
s
h
o
r
tn
e
s
s
o
f
b
r
ea
th
,
f
ev
er
,
n
a
u
s
ea
,
d
iar
r
h
ea
a
n
d
r
ed
n
ess
in
e
y
e)
a
n
d
n
o
t
s
elec
ti
n
g
t
h
e
4
in
co
r
r
ec
t
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
(
co
ld
,
s
to
m
ac
h
ac
h
e,
to
o
th
ac
h
e
a
n
d
itch
i
n
g
)
.
I
B
M
s
tatis
t
ical
p
ac
k
a
g
e
f
o
r
th
e
s
o
cial
s
cie
n
ce
s
(
SP
SS
)
s
tatis
tics
2
6
w
a
s
u
s
ed
to
d
o
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
an
a
l
y
s
is
a
n
d
d
escr
ip
ti
v
e
an
a
l
y
s
is
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t q
u
es
tio
n
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
l
y
.
3
.
4
.
F
re
qu
ency
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
3
-
o
p
tio
n
q
u
esti
o
n
s
w
er
e
an
al
y
ze
d
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
is
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
is
is
to
v
is
u
alize
th
e
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
es
o
f
ea
ch
t
y
p
e
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
e
a
m
o
n
g
all
t
h
e
an
s
w
er
s
g
i
v
en
b
y
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
.
P
ie
ch
ar
ts
w
er
e
u
s
ed
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
v
is
u
alize
th
e
d
ata
its
el
f
.
T
h
e
a
w
ar
en
e
s
s
lev
el
o
f
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
w
a
s
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
j
u
d
g
i
n
g
t
h
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
an
s
w
er
th
a
t
h
as t
h
e
h
i
g
h
est p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
f
o
r
ea
ch
o
f
t
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
3
.
5
.
Descript
iv
e
s
t
a
t
is
t
ics
T
h
e
ch
ec
k
b
o
x
q
u
esti
o
n
w
a
s
an
al
y
ze
d
u
s
i
n
g
d
escr
ip
t
i
v
e
s
t
atis
tics
.
T
h
is
is
to
s
u
m
m
a
r
iz
e
th
e
d
ata
g
iv
e
n
b
y
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
’
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
T
h
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
th
e
co
r
r
ec
t
an
d
in
co
r
r
ec
t
o
p
tio
n
s
s
elec
ted
w
ill
h
elp
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
i
n
th
e
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
w
it
h
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
a
n
d
least
aw
ar
e
n
ess
le
v
el.
A
s
th
e
w
id
er
th
e
r
an
g
e,
th
er
e
w
ill
b
e
th
e
b
ig
g
er
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
i
n
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
a
v
er
ag
e
s
c
o
r
e
ca
n
g
iv
e
a
r
o
u
g
h
es
ti
m
a
te
o
f
th
e
lev
e
l
o
f
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
19
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
.
A
s
th
e
h
ig
h
er
t
h
e
av
er
ag
e
s
co
r
es
,
t
h
e
h
ig
h
er
t
h
e
lev
el
o
f
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
ca
n
h
elp
to
b
etter
v
is
u
alize
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
o
f
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
t
to
a
n
o
th
er
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
er
t
h
e
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
co
r
e
o
b
tain
ed
,
t
h
e
lar
g
er
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
i
n
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t to
an
o
t
h
er
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8806
I
n
t J
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
M
ar
ch
20
22
:
2
8
-
37
32
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
4
.
1
.
F
re
qu
ency
a
na
ly
s
is
f
o
r
y
es/
n
o/
m
a
y
be
q
ue
s
t
io
ns
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
an
al
y
s
is
f
o
r
t
h
e
3
-
o
p
tio
n
q
u
esti
o
n
w
it
h
t
h
e
v
i
s
u
a
l
r
ep
r
ese
n
tatio
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
to
5
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
s
h
o
w
ed
in
T
ab
le
2
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
h
av
e
d
e
ce
n
t
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
an
d
a
w
ar
e
n
ess
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
a
n
d
cu
r
e.
Ma
j
o
r
ity
(
9
4
.
5
%
)
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
ag
r
ee
t
h
at
h
a
n
d
h
y
g
ie
n
e
is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
in
p
r
ev
e
n
ti
n
g
t
h
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
th
e
v
ir
u
s
,
s
i
g
n
al
in
g
th
at
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
h
a
v
e
g
o
o
d
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
i
n
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
h
y
g
ie
n
e
in
c
u
r
b
in
g
t
h
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
th
e
p
an
d
e
m
i
c.
Ma
j
o
r
ity
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
(
9
4
.
5
%)
th
in
k
th
at
w
ea
r
i
n
g
a
m
a
s
k
w
o
u
ld
h
elp
i
n
p
r
ev
en
ti
n
g
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
th
e
v
ir
u
s
,
w
h
ic
h
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
h
a
v
e
g
o
o
d
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
n
h
o
w
a
m
as
k
ca
n
h
elp
i
n
p
r
ev
en
ti
n
g
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
th
e
v
ir
u
s
.
A
s
izab
le
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
at
6
1
.
8
%
th
in
k
t
h
at
w
ea
r
in
g
g
lo
v
es
w
o
u
ld
h
elp
p
r
ev
en
t
t
h
e
s
p
r
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d
o
f
th
e
v
ir
u
s
.
T
h
e
d
ec
is
i
o
n
s
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
ar
e
n
o
t
as
clea
r
cu
t
as
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
ea
r
lier
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
6
0
%
o
f
th
e
p
ar
t
icip
an
ts
t
h
i
n
k
t
h
at
C
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D
-
1
9
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
cu
r
ed
w
it
h
a
n
tib
io
tic
s
,
w
it
h
o
v
er
a
th
ir
d
o
f
th
e
m
n
o
t
b
ei
n
g
s
u
r
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ab
o
u
t
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
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tib
io
tics
a
g
ai
n
s
t
t
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ir
u
s
.
L
ast
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,
8
5
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5
%
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f
t
h
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p
ar
ticip
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ts
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o
w
w
h
er
e
to
g
e
t
h
elp
if
C
OVI
D
-
19
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
d
ev
elo
p
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
th
e
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates
cl
ea
r
l
y
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
t
h
e
p
lace
th
at
th
e
y
s
h
o
u
ld
g
o
i
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
s
ee
k
h
elp
if
t
h
e
y
th
in
k
th
e
y
ar
e
s
u
s
p
icio
u
s
l
y
in
f
ec
ted
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Fre
q
u
en
c
y
a
n
al
y
s
is
f
o
r
y
es
/
n
o/
m
a
y
b
e
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
Q
u
e
st
i
o
n
A
n
s
w
e
r
d
i
st
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
(
%)
Y
e
s
No
M
a
y
b
e
I
s h
a
n
d
h
y
g
i
e
n
e
i
mp
o
r
t
a
n
t
i
n
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
sp
r
e
a
d
o
f
t
h
e
v
i
r
u
s?
9
4
.
5
0
.
0
5
.
5
D
o
e
s
w
e
a
r
i
n
g
a
mas
k
h
e
l
p
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
t
h
e
sp
r
e
a
d
o
f
t
h
e
v
i
r
u
s?
9
4
.
5
0
.
0
5
.
5
W
o
u
l
d
w
e
a
r
i
n
g
g
l
o
v
e
s h
e
l
p
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
t
h
e
sp
r
e
a
d
o
f
t
h
e
v
i
r
u
s?
6
1
.
8
9
.
1
2
9
.
1
C
a
n
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
b
e
c
u
r
e
d
w
i
t
h
a
n
t
i
b
i
o
t
i
c
s?
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Descript
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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1
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a
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ates
m
ig
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s
in
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aid
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ir
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p
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[
1
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.
Su
ch
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[
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M
ala
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h
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s
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if
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e
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cc
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D
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as
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d
h
a
n
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tep
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ir
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[
2
9
]
.
T
h
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esp
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ate
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C
D
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s
tates
t
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w
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r
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till
lead
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b
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k
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Yad
av
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[
3
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w
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th
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s
s
tated
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C
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-
1
9
a
m
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A
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g
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C
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-
1
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a
m
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g
u
n
d
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g
r
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u
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s
,
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
Mu
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Un
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it
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Me
la
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u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates
lack
b
as
ic
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
an
tib
io
tic
s
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
ig
n
o
r
ed
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
a
s
iza
b
le
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
w
h
o
th
in
k
an
tib
io
tic
s
ar
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
i
n
cu
r
i
n
g
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
An
tib
io
tics
ar
e
o
n
l
y
n
e
ed
ed
w
h
e
n
ce
r
tai
n
in
f
ec
tio
n
s
ar
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
b
ac
ter
i
a
[
3
1
]
,
w
h
ic
h
w
ill
n
o
t
w
o
r
k
o
n
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
s
in
ce
it
is
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
a
v
ir
u
s
.
I
n
co
r
r
ec
t
u
s
a
g
e
o
f
an
tib
io
tics
[
3
2
]
w
ill
ca
u
s
e
a
n
tib
i
o
tic
r
esis
ta
n
ce
,
wh
ich
o
cc
u
r
s
w
h
en
b
ac
ter
ia
ch
an
g
e
i
n
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
to
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
e
m
ed
ici
n
es
.
J
air
o
u
n
et
a
l
.
[
3
3
]
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
u
n
i
v
er
s
i
t
y
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
h
av
e
a
h
i
g
h
r
ate
o
f
an
tib
io
tic
s
el
f
-
m
ed
ic
atio
n
,
in
w
h
ich
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
p
r
o
m
p
t
s
a
n
e
f
f
ec
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
i
v
e
a
n
tib
i
o
tic
-
s
te
w
ar
d
s
h
ip
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
is
n
ee
d
ed
as
a
p
ar
t
o
f
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
m
is
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
an
tib
io
tics
e
f
f
ec
t
a
g
ain
s
t
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
m
a
y
w
o
r
s
en
t
h
e
s
it
u
atio
n
w
h
er
e
th
e
p
u
b
lic
w
o
u
l
d
p
an
ic
b
u
y
m
ed
icatio
n
,
ca
u
s
i
n
g
d
r
u
g
s
h
o
r
ta
g
es
a
s
s
tated
b
y
B
o
o
k
w
alter
[
3
4
]
,
w
h
ich
m
a
y
ca
u
s
e
th
e
m
ed
icatio
n
to
b
e
les
s
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
to
t
h
e
o
n
es
t
h
at
n
ee
d
s
t
h
e
p
r
escr
ip
tio
n
m
o
s
t
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
h
a
v
e
a
clea
r
id
ea
o
f
w
h
er
e
to
g
o
if
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
d
ev
e
lo
p
in
th
e
m
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
C
D
C
[
3
5
]
,
in
o
r
d
er
to
p
r
ev
en
t
an
y
p
o
te
n
ti
al
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
th
e
v
ir
u
s
,
an
y
o
n
e
th
at
h
as
d
ev
elo
p
ed
m
ild
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
is
o
late
d
at
t
h
e
p
lac
e
th
at
t
h
e
y
ar
e
c
u
r
r
en
tl
y
s
ta
y
in
g
s
in
ce
th
e
y
ca
n
r
ec
o
v
er
a
t
h
o
m
e
w
it
h
o
u
t
m
ed
ical
ca
r
e.
B
e
s
id
es
s
ta
y
i
n
g
is
o
l
ated
,
th
e
in
f
ec
ted
s
h
o
u
ld
let
c
lo
s
e
co
n
tacts
k
n
o
w
th
at
th
e
y
m
a
y
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
,
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
h
elp
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
th
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
f
r
o
m
co
n
ti
n
u
in
g
to
s
p
r
ea
d
b
y
h
av
i
n
g
clo
s
e
co
n
tacts
v
o
lu
n
tar
il
y
s
el
f
-
is
o
late
at
h
o
m
e.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
if
t
h
e
in
f
ec
t
ed
ar
e
ex
p
er
i
en
cin
g
s
ev
er
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
,
t
h
e
y
w
ill
n
ee
d
to
s
ee
k
e
m
er
g
e
n
c
y
m
e
d
ical
ca
r
e
i
m
m
ed
iatel
y
b
y
c
o
n
tactin
g
th
e
lo
ca
l
h
ea
lt
h
ca
r
e
p
r
o
v
id
er
f
o
r
f
u
r
t
h
er
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
.
I
f
t
h
e
i
n
f
ec
ted
h
av
e
a
m
ed
ical
ap
p
o
in
t
m
e
n
t
t
h
at
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
p
o
s
tp
o
n
ed
,
it
is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
c
all
th
e
d
o
cto
r
’
s
o
f
f
ice
b
ef
o
r
e
v
is
i
tin
g
s
o
th
at
p
r
o
p
er
p
r
ev
en
t
io
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
ca
n
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t to
allo
w
f
o
r
v
i
s
i
ts
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
i
n
f
ec
ted
.
Fo
r
th
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
s
elec
tio
n
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
s
elec
ted
ar
o
u
n
d
7
to
9
co
r
r
ec
t
an
s
w
er
s
,
w
i
th
a
f
e
w
o
u
tlier
s
a
t
6
an
d
1
0
co
r
r
ec
t
an
s
w
er
s
.
M
aj
o
r
ity
o
f
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
also
s
elec
ted
ar
o
u
n
d
2
to
4
w
r
o
n
g
a
n
s
w
er
s
,
w
ith
1
an
d
5
as
o
u
tlier
s
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
est
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
h
av
e
a
d
ec
en
t
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
o
v
er
all
.
T
h
e
o
u
tlier
s
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
ca
u
s
e
d
b
y
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
as
s
u
m
i
n
g
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
co
u
ld
ca
u
s
e
th
e
in
co
r
r
ec
t
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
to
d
ev
elo
p
af
ter
o
n
e
h
as
b
ee
n
i
n
f
ec
ted
w
it
h
t
h
e
co
r
o
n
a
v
ir
u
s
,
a
s
w
ell
as
th
e
co
n
f
u
s
io
n
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
ese
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
ar
e
li
k
e
th
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
o
f
co
m
m
o
n
ill
n
ess
.
T
h
er
e
m
i
g
h
t
al
s
o
b
e
a
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
d
b
y
f
a
k
e
n
e
w
s
,
w
h
ic
h
ca
u
s
es
t
h
e
o
u
tlier
s
in
t
h
e
d
ata.
B
asic
un
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
o
f
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
is
o
f
u
t
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic.
Mild
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
t
h
at
th
e
y
m
i
g
h
t e
x
p
er
ien
ce
[
1
1
]
ca
n
b
e
ea
s
il
y
d
is
m
i
s
s
ed
b
y
th
e
m
i
f
t
h
er
e
is
a
c
lear
lack
o
f
a
w
ar
e
n
es
s
i
n
t
h
e
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic,
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
t
h
e
m
t
o
s
p
r
ea
d
th
e
v
ir
u
s
e
v
e
n
f
u
r
th
e
r
s
u
b
co
n
s
cio
u
s
l
y
a
s
an
as
y
m
p
to
m
atic
ca
r
r
ier
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
Hav
in
g
b
asic
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
o
f
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
c
an
h
elp
to
ex
er
ci
s
e
ex
tr
e
m
e
ca
u
tio
n
i
n
o
u
td
o
o
r
ac
tiv
it
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d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic,
w
h
et
h
er
it
is
to
g
et
b
a
s
ic
s
u
p
p
lies
o
r
b
u
y
f
o
o
d
.
I
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J
P
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b
lic
Hea
lth
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N:
2252
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8806
C
OV
I
D
-
1
9
a
w
a
r
en
ess
a
mo
n
g
u
n
d
erg
r
a
d
u
a
tes in
a
p
r
iva
te
u
n
ivers
ity
(
Yi
-
F
a
n
Ta
n
)
35
th
e
y
f
i
n
d
th
e
m
s
el
v
es
s
u
s
p
icio
u
s
l
y
in
f
ec
ted
w
it
h
co
r
o
n
av
ir
u
s
,
th
e
y
co
u
ld
o
p
t
f
o
r
o
th
er
m
e
th
o
d
s
to
f
u
l
f
i
l
th
eir
d
ail
y
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o
u
ti
n
e
s
u
c
h
as o
p
ti
n
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f
o
r
d
eliv
er
y
s
er
v
ice
s
f
o
r
f
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o
d
an
d
g
r
o
ce
r
ies as
w
ell
a
s
ex
er
ci
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i
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Ov
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all,
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h
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M
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it
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Me
lak
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C
a
m
p
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a
v
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a
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b
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s
t
C
OVI
D
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1
9
.
T
h
e
r
esp
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d
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m
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e
p
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ac
tices a
n
d
p
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s
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p
r
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eq
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d
in
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n
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ir
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s
ev
en
f
u
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.
I
t
is
i
m
p
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tan
t
to
r
ec
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g
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a
t
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g
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a
w
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s
s
le
v
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o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
is
p
ar
a
m
o
u
n
t
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
an
d
e
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to
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o
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a
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p
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e
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f
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ates
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a
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tal
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h
e
g
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f
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a
h
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a
w
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ates
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r
ep
ea
t
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
m
is
tak
e
t
h
at
m
i
g
h
t
co
s
t
t
h
e
m
th
eir
p
h
y
s
ical
h
ea
lt
h
b
y
g
e
tt
in
g
in
f
ec
ted
w
it
h
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
Un
b
ek
n
o
w
n
s
t
to
th
e
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
a
tes,
th
e
y
m
a
y
s
u
b
co
n
s
cio
u
s
l
y
s
p
r
ea
d
th
e
v
i
r
u
s
a
m
o
n
g
clo
s
e
co
n
tacts
w
h
er
e
v
er
t
h
e
y
g
o
.
T
h
e
p
u
b
lic,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates,
w
ill
p
r
o
b
ab
l
y
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
f
ee
li
n
g
s
o
f
d
esp
air
an
d
h
o
p
eless
n
e
s
s
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
p
r
o
lo
n
g
ed
p
er
io
d
s
o
f
lo
ck
d
o
w
n
,
w
h
ich
w
i
ll
h
a
v
e
a
to
l
l
o
n
th
eir
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
m
e
n
tal
h
ea
lth
b
y
p
ick
i
n
g
u
p
u
n
h
ea
l
th
y
ea
ti
n
g
h
ab
its
a
s
w
ell
a
s
s
ee
k
i
n
g
ad
d
ictio
n
s
f
o
r
s
tr
ess
r
elie
f
.
T
h
ese
ef
f
ec
ts
s
te
m
m
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
f
ee
l
in
g
o
f
lo
n
eli
n
ess
p
r
ese
n
t
an
d
th
e
lack
o
f
s
o
cial
ac
ti
v
it
ies
a
m
o
n
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
f
in
an
cia
l
d
if
f
ic
u
lti
es,
as
w
ell
as
b
ein
g
u
n
s
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
ir
f
u
tu
r
e
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
u
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
C
OVI
D
-
19
s
itu
a
tio
n
i
n
Ma
la
y
s
ia
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
,
w
h
ic
h
all
co
u
ld
b
e
o
r
ig
i
n
a
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
lack
o
f
a
w
ar
en
e
s
s
i
n
th
e
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic
a
m
o
n
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
th
e
m
s
e
lv
es.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Ov
er
all,
Ma
la
y
s
ia
n
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates
p
o
s
s
es
s
a
g
o
o
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
b
asic
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
p
r
ev
en
ti
v
e
s
tep
s
to
w
ar
d
s
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
i
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
u
s
e
f
u
l
to
in
f
o
r
m
p
o
li
c
y
m
a
k
er
s
a
n
d
h
ea
l
th
au
th
o
r
itie
s
to
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
a
te
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
i
s
p
an
d
e
m
ic,
as
well
as
t
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
ef
f
ec
ts
th
at
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
co
u
ld
b
r
in
g
i
f
h
i
g
h
a
w
ar
en
e
s
s
le
v
el
to
w
ar
d
s
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
is
p
r
es
en
t,
o
r
lac
k
t
h
er
eo
f
.
Ma
in
tai
n
i
n
g
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
a
w
ar
en
e
s
s
a
m
o
n
g
M
ala
y
s
ia
n
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
to
w
a
r
d
s
th
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
i
s
o
f
u
t
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
.
S
in
ce
th
e
lack
o
f
a
w
ar
en
e
s
s
i
n
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
m
m
a
y
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
ca
u
s
e
t
h
e
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ted
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
p
eo
p
le
to
f
ac
e
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
y
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
ir
p
er
s
o
n
al
h
ea
lth
an
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
o
u
tlo
o
k
,
i
t
m
a
y
al
s
o
u
n
d
er
m
in
e
th
e
au
t
h
o
r
ities
’
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
e
f
f
o
r
t to
co
n
tr
o
l th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
n
o
t o
n
l
y
a
m
o
n
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates
b
u
t a
ls
o
th
e
Ma
la
y
s
ian
s
o
ciet
y
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
ce
r
tai
n
li
m
itati
o
n
s
.
First,
s
i
n
ce
it
m
ain
l
y
ad
o
p
ts
a
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
s
a
m
p
li
n
g
m
eth
o
d
,
th
e
s
a
m
p
les
w
er
e
li
m
ited
in
n
u
m
b
er
.
T
h
e
r
esu
l
ts
m
a
y
n
o
t
s
u
f
f
icie
n
tl
y
r
ep
r
esen
t
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates
en
t
ir
el
y
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
co
u
ld
b
e
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
i
v
e,
w
h
ic
h
m
a
y
i
n
clu
d
e
t
h
e
s
tate
o
f
m
e
n
tal
h
ea
lt
h
a
m
o
n
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates
an
d
also
th
eir
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
to
w
ar
d
s
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
v
ac
cin
es,
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
ad
d
an
o
th
er
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
to
ev
alu
a
te
th
e
ir
a
w
ar
e
n
es
s
le
v
el
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
r
es
u
lt
s
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
ti
m
e
-
d
ep
en
d
en
t.
As
t
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
s
it
u
atio
n
is
c
h
an
g
in
g
r
ap
id
l
y
w
it
h
t
h
e
i
n
tr
o
d
u
c
t
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
v
ac
ci
n
e
f
o
r
th
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic,
th
e
r
es
u
lt
s
o
b
tain
ed
h
er
e
m
a
y
o
r
m
a
y
n
o
t b
e
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
al
f
o
r
p
o
licy
m
a
k
in
g
o
r
co
u
n
ter
m
ea
s
u
r
e
p
lan
n
i
n
g
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
w
as
f
u
n
d
ed
b
y
T
elek
o
m
Ma
la
y
s
ia
R
e
s
e
ar
ch
&
Dev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
;
g
r
an
t
n
u
m
b
er
R
DT
C
/1
9
1
0
0
1
(
MM
UE
/1
9
0
0
8
6
)
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
W
o
r
l
d
H
e
a
l
t
h
O
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
“
W
H
O
D
i
r
e
c
t
o
r
-
G
e
n
e
r
a
l
’
s
o
p
e
n
i
n
g
r
e
mark
s
a
t
t
h
e
me
d
i
a
b
r
i
e
f
i
n
g
o
n
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
,
”
Wo
r
l
d
H
e
a
l
t
h
O
rg
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
0
.
[
2
]
C
o
r
o
n
a
v
i
r
u
s
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
C
e
n
t
e
r
,
“
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
m
a
p
-
Jo
h
n
s
H
o
p
k
i
n
s
C
o
r
o
n
a
v
i
r
u
s
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
C
e
n
t
e
r
,
”
J
o
h
n
s
H
o
p
k
i
n
s
U
n
i
v
e
rs
i
t
y
&
Me
d
i
c
i
n
e
,
2
0
2
1
.
h
t
t
p
s:
/
/
c
o
r
o
n
a
v
i
r
u
s.
j
h
u
.
e
d
u
/
m
a
p
.
h
t
ml
(
a
c
c
e
sse
d
S
e
p
.
0
4
,
2
0
2
1
)
.
[
3
]
El
e
n
g
o
e
A
si
t
a
,
“
C
O
V
I
D
-
19
o
u
t
b
r
e
a
k
i
n
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
,
”
O
so
n
g
Pu
b
l
i
c
H
e
a
l
t
h
Re
s
Pe
rs
p
e
c
t
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
9
3
–
1
0
0
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
4
1
7
1
/
j
.
p
h
r
p
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
1
.
3
.
0
8
.
[
4
]
S
.
S
.
Y
o
n
g
a
n
d
J.
K
.
-
M
.
S
i
a
,
“
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
a
n
d
so
c
i
a
l
w
e
l
l
b
e
i
n
g
i
n
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
:
a
c
a
se
st
u
d
y
,
”
C
u
r
re
n
t
Ps
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
2
1
4
4
-
0
2
1
-
0
2
2
9
0
-
6.
[
5
]
T
h
e
S
p
e
c
i
a
l
C
o
mm
i
t
t
e
e
F
o
r
En
su
r
i
n
g
A
c
c
e
ss
T
o
C
O
V
I
D
-
19
V
a
c
c
i
n
e
S
u
p
p
l
y
,
“
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
i
mm
u
n
i
s
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
mm
,
”
Mi
n
i
s
t
ry
o
f
F
o
re
i
g
n
Af
f
a
i
rs,
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
,
p
.
1
6
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
1
.
[
6
]
V
.
B
a
b
u
l
a
l
,
“
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
g
o
e
s
u
n
d
e
r
f
u
l
l
l
o
c
k
d
o
w
n
a
g
a
i
n
f
r
o
m
t
u
e
s
d
a
y
,
”
N
e
w
S
t
r
a
i
t
s
T
i
m
e
s
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
1
.
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
n
s
t
.
c
o
m
.
my
/
n
e
w
s
/
n
a
t
i
o
n
/
2
0
2
1
/
0
5
/
6
9
4
0
0
6
/
m
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
-
g
o
e
s
-
u
n
d
e
r
-
f
u
l
l
-
l
o
c
k
d
o
w
n
-
a
g
a
i
n
-
T
u
e
s
d
a
y
(
a
c
c
e
s
se
d
J
u
n
.
2
2
,
2
0
2
1
)
.
[
7
]
L
.
M
.
N
e
l
so
n
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
U
S
p
u
b
l
i
c
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
s
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
C
O
V
I
D
-
19
p
a
n
d
e
mi
c
f
r
o
m
R
e
su
l
t
s
o
f
a
S
u
r
v
e
y
G
i
v
e
n
v
i
a
S
o
c
i
a
l
M
e
d
i
a
,
”
J
AM
A
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
Me
d
i
c
i
n
e
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
0
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
0
2
0
–
1
0
2
2
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
1
/
j
a
m
a
i
n
t
e
r
n
me
d
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
3
6
9
.
[
8
]
J.
Q
i
u
,
B
.
S
h
e
n
,
M
.
Z
h
a
o
,
Z
.
W
a
n
g
,
B
.
X
i
e
,
a
n
d
Y
.
X
u
,
“
A
n
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[
2
4
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9
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[
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[
3
2
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[
3
3
]
A
.
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.
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.
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3
4
]
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.
M
.
B
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.
[
3
5
]
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D
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37
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.