Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
u
bli
c Hea
lt
h S
c
ie
nce
(I
JPHS)
Vo
l.
6
,
No.
3
,
S
eptem
ber
201
7
, pp.
23
7
~
24
2
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8806,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
phs
.
v6
i
3.
9290
237
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
https:
//
ww
w.i
aesco
re
.c
om
/j
our
nals/
ind
ex.
php/IJP
H
S
Contain
er Positi
vity
a
nd
L
arva D
istributi
on Based
o
n
t
he
Contain
er Char
acteristi
c
s
Wanti
1
,
Riri
h
Yu
d
ha
s
tuti
2
,
Sub
agyo
Yotopran
oto
3
,
H
ar
i B
. Notobr
oto
4
, S
ri
Subek
ti
5
, S
it
ti R.
Umni
at
i
6
1
,2,4
Facult
y
of
Public Hea
l
th
,
UN
AIR
,
Suraba
y
a
,
Indone
si
a
3
Facult
y
of
Med
ic
in
e
,
UN
AIR
,
Suraba
y
a
,
Indon
e
sia
5
Facult
y
of
Fis
her
ie
s
and
M
ar
ine
,
UN
AIR
,
Surab
a
y
a
,
Indone
si
a
6
Facult
y
of
Med
ic
in
e
,
UGM
,
Yog
y
ak
arta
,
Indone
sia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
hist
or
y:
Re
cei
ved
J
ul
11
, 2
017
Re
vised A
ug 16
, 2
017
Accepte
d Aug
30
, 201
7
Dengue
Hae
m
o
rrha
gic
Fever
(
DHF
)
pre
vent
io
n
and
cont
rol
p
rogra
m
has
bee
n
cond
uc
te
d
in
Kupang
Cit
y
but
DH
F
Inc
ide
nce
Rate
(
IR
)
is
al
wa
y
s
h
igh
and
excee
ds
th
e
nat
ion
al
av
era
g
e
.
Calculating
the
density
of
l
arv
a
e
and
pup
ae
is
a
good
choice
in
ca
l
culati
n
g
DH
F
m
osquitos’
density
because
la
rv
a
e
ca
ptur
e
is
ea
si
er
tha
n
m
osquitoes
,
and
pupa
is
t
he
ne
are
st
stag
e
with
adul
t
m
osquitoe
s
so
ca
n
better
r
epr
ese
nt
actua
l
m
osquito
de
nsit
y
.
Thi
s
observa
ti
on
al
st
ud
y
used
cro
ss
sec
ti
ona
l
stud
y
design
was
conduc
te
d
i
n
Kupang
Cit
y
as
m
an
y
24
urba
n
vil
la
g
es
or
480
houses
during
the
rai
n
y
and
dr
y
sea
son
and
al
l
cont
a
ine
rs
in
side
and
out
side
hom
es
se
le
c
te
d
bee
n
observe
d.
L
arv
a
e
and
pupa
e
wer
e
collecte
d
u
sin
g
gamadoti
k
th
e
n
ide
nti
f
ie
d
.
Anal
y
ze
d
da
ta
w
ere
using
m
ult
ip
le
r
egr
ession
log
isti
c
te
st
,
inde
pe
ndent
t
t
est
and
Anova
t
est
.
Thi
s
stud
y
foun
d
781
cont
a
ine
rs
with
the
equa
t
i
on
m
odel
of
cont
a
ine
r
positi
v
ity
=
2,
975
li
d
-
0.
192
m
at
eri
al
+
0.
781
t
y
p
e
-
3,
706
,
with
t
he
m
ost
infl
uent
ia
l
var
ia
bl
e
is
the
cont
ai
n
er
li
d
(
OR
19.
5).
Ae.
Ae
gyp
ti
,
A
e.
Al
bopictus
and
Cule
x
c
an
be
f
ound
in
wate
r
c
ontainer
s
both
inside
and
outside
hom
es.
The
pr
ese
nc
e
o
f
la
rv
ae
ca
n
be
pre
ven
te
d
ei
th
er
b
y
doin
g
cl
osed
and
dra
in
the
cont
ai
n
er
re
gula
rl
y
and
bur
y
or
dry
ing
cont
a
ine
r
tha
t
is
not
used
an
y
m
or
e.
As
l
imita
t
ion
of
wate
r
suppl
y
so
othe
r
solu
ti
on
s
nee
d
to
b
e
ta
ken
su
ch
as
b
y
sprink
li
ng
tem
efo
s
int
o
containe
r
with
cl
ose
d
ti
ght
l
y
t
o
red
u
ce
the
con
tainer
positi
v
ity
1
9.
5
ti
m
es.
For
gr
ea
t
er
contain
er
c
an
be
done
b
y
wa
te
r
dra
in
in
g
or
reu
se
used
cont
a
ine
r
ou
tsid
e
th
e
hom
e
in
to
a
p
la
c
e
to
pla
nt
flowe
rs or
pla
nts or
be
come
t
emporar
y
ga
r
bage
.
Ke
yw
or
d:
Con
ta
ine
r
c
harac
te
risti
c
Con
ta
ine
r posi
ti
vity
Den
sit
y
Larv
a
and
pupa
Copyright
©
201
7
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Wan
ti
,
Faculty
of Pu
bl
ic
H
eal
th
,
UNAI
R
,
S
ur
a
ba
ya
, Indo
nesia.
Em
a
il
:
trivena7
8@y
ah
oo.c
om
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Deng
ue
Haem
orrh
a
gic
Fe
ver
(DHF)
is
a
ve
ct
or
bo
rn
e
di
sease
that
co
ntribute
s
to
dise
ase
bur
den,
high
m
or
ta
li
t
y,
pover
ty
an
d
so
ci
al
burd
e
n
in
the
trop
ic
s
an
d
m
any
days
l
os
t
due
to
DHF
each
ye
ar
[1]
-
[
5]
.
A
s
m
any
as
70
%
of
de
ngue
ca
ses
world
wide
li
ve
in
So
uthe
ast
Asia
and
the
W
e
ste
rn
Paci
fic
includi
ng
i
n
Ind
on
esi
a
[
4]
.
DHF
cases
in
Ind
on
esi
a
gr
e
w
f
ro
m
58
cas
es
and
2
ci
ti
es
in
1968
to
100,347
a
nd
433
ci
ti
es
/
district
s in 2
014
[6]
-
[8]
.
Nu
sa Te
ngga
ra
Ti
m
ur
(
NTT
) pro
vin
ce incl
udin
g
D
HF
end
e
m
ic
w
it
h
In
ci
den
ce Ra
te
(
IR
)
fro
m
2
000
-
2014
ra
ng
e
d
f
r
om
0.
6
to
37.1
cases
per
100,
000
po
pu
la
ti
on
,
and
this
fi
gur
e
is
lower
than
national
IR
ra
ng
i
ng
from
10
.2
to
71.
8
cases
per
100,0
00
popula
ti
on
.
T
his
is
i
n
co
ntrast
to
Kupa
ng
Ci
ty
a
s
the
capit
al
of
NT
T
pro
vin
ce
wh
ic
h
IR
from
19
99
-
2015
ra
nged
from
11
.1
to
266.5
cases
pe
r
10
0,000
popula
ti
on
a
nd
thi
s
IR
is
al
ways the
highest i
n NT
T a
nd als
o
al
ways
hi
gh
e
r
tha
n
t
he nati
on
al
ave
rage.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8806
IJPHS
V
ol.
6
, No
.
3
,
Septem
ber
201
7
:
23
7
–
24
2
238
DHF
pre
ven
ti
on
a
nd
co
ntr
ol
pro
gr
am
has
be
en
c
onduct
ed
in
K
upan
g
Ci
ty
un
ti
l
20
15
w
it
h
act
ivit
ie
s
su
c
h
as
m
os
quit
o
nest
era
dic
at
ion
,
e
pid
em
i
ologica
l
inv
e
sti
gation,
abati
z
at
ion
,
fo
c
us
f
oggi
ng
an
d
c
ouns
el
li
ng
[9]
,
bu
t
DHF
I
R
is
al
ways
hig
h
a
nd
e
xceeds
the
natio
nal
a
ver
a
ge,
a
nd
the
la
rv
ae
fr
ee
rate
are
al
ways
lo
w
a
nd
do
no
t
f
ollo
w
the
rain
fall
patte
rn
[
10]
.
Pr
e
vio
us
rese
arc
h
ha
s
found
that
the
pe
rcen
ta
ge
of
water
rese
rvoirs
i
n
la
rv
al
posit
ive
is
gr
eat
e
r
in
non
-
en
dem
ic
areas
tha
n
i
n
de
ngue
e
nd
e
m
ic
areas
[11
]
,
bu
t
t
hat
stu
dy
wa
s
cond
ucted
only
durin
g
the
dr
y
seaso
n
s
o
it
is
i
m
po
rta
nt
to
exam
ine
wh
et
he
r
the
se
aso
n
a
ff
ect
s
th
e
prese
nce
of
la
rv
ae a
nd P
up
a in
water c
onta
iners.
Ca
lc
ulati
ng
the
den
sit
y
of
la
rvae
and
pupa
e
is
a
go
od
ch
oic
e
in
cal
culat
ing
DHF
m
os
qu
i
toes
densi
t
y
because
la
r
vae
captu
re
is
eas
ie
r
than
m
os
qu
it
oes,
a
nd
pupae
is
the
nea
r
est
sta
ge
with
adu
lt
m
os
qu
it
oe
s
so
pupa density
c
an
bette
r rep
re
sent act
ual m
os
qu
it
o
de
ns
it
y. Give
n
the im
po
rta
nce role of w
at
er c
on
ta
ine
r
in the
pr
ese
nce
of
Ae
des
sp,
this
stud
y
will
analy
z
e
the
eff
ect
of
con
ta
ine
r
cha
r
act
erit
ic
s
on
the
con
ta
ine
r
pos
it
ivit
y
(the
presence
of
la
r
vae
a
nd
pupa
e
i
n
c
on
ta
ine
r)
a
nd
a
naly
ze
the
di
ff
e
ren
ce
of
ave
ra
ge
m
os
qu
it
o
la
r
vae
s
pe
ci
es
base
d
on
co
nta
iner
c
ha
racteri
sti
cs.
U
ntil
no
w
the
re
is
no
pro
per
m
edici
ne
that
ca
n
be
use
d
for
de
ngue
disease
[12]
,
so
th
e
kn
ow
le
dg
e
a
bout
the
de
ns
it
y
of
la
rv
ae
a
nd
pupa
e
and
ris
k
fact
or
s
will
be
very
helpful
in
br
eakin
g
the ch
ai
n of t
ra
ns
m
issi
on
of
D
HF
by
pr
e
dicti
ng and
de
pr
es
s
ing
t
he
la
r
val
de
ns
it
y of l
ar
va
e an
d pupae.
2.
METHO
D
This
stud
y
wa
s
ob
se
rv
at
io
nal
researc
h
us
i
ng
cro
ss
sect
io
nal
stud
y
desig
n.
The
stu
dy
was
condu
ct
e
d
in
1
2
urba
n
vil
la
ges
du
rin
g
th
e
dr
y
sea
son
a
nd
12
urba
n
vi
ll
ages
duri
ng
the
rai
ny
seas
on
that
s
pr
e
ad
a
cro
ss
6
su
b
-
district
s
in
K
up
a
ng
Ci
ty
,
NTT
Pro
vin
ce.
Each
ur
ban
vil
la
ge
to
ok
20
hom
es
to
sam
pl
e
the
researc
h
so
t
hat
the
total
sa
m
ple
of
the
st
ud
y
was
48
0
ho
us
e
s.
Sam
ples
fo
r
con
ta
ine
r
are
a
ll
con
ta
iners
i
n
and
ou
t
of
hom
es
in
20
hous
es
in
24
sel
ect
ed
urba
n
vill
ages.
Fi
gure
1
show
s
th
e
too
l
for
colle
ct
ing
la
rv
ae
a
nd
pupae
t
hat
nam
ed
Gam
ado
ti
k.
Inde
pende
nt
va
riables
in
t
hi
s
resea
rch
a
re
co
ntainer
ty
pe
(b
at
htub,
d
r
um
,
reser
voir
,
disp
e
ns
e
r,
bu
c
ket,
an
d
ta
nk
prof
il
e)
,
co
ntainer
locat
io
n
(outer
a
nd
in
hous
e)
,
co
ntainer
m
at
erial
(ce
m
ent,
iron,
ceram
ic
and
p
la
s
ti
c),
c
onta
iner
li
d
c
on
diti
on
(
o
pe
n,
s
e
m
i
-
op
e
n
an
d
cl
os
ed
),
c
on
ta
i
ner
c
olor
(
dark
and
li
ght)
a
nd season
(dry
an
d
rai
ny
season
)
,
w
hi
le
the
dep
en
de
nt
var
ia
ble
is
the
pr
esen
ce
of
la
rv
ae
an
d
pupa
in
co
ntainer
(
c
onta
iner
posit
ivit
y).
The
dat
a
ob
ta
ine
d
are
pr
im
ary
data
t
hat
is
ob
ta
ine
d
by
direct
obse
rv
at
io
n
of
co
nt
ai
ner
conditi
ons con
du
ct
e
d
in the d
ry seaso
n
a
nd
t
hen
t
he
obse
rvat
ion
s ar
e
re
pe
at
ed
in the rai
ny
seaso
n. I
n
ad
diti
on,
al
l
la
rv
ae
and
pupae
in
c
onta
iner
in
ho
m
es
sel
ect
ed
wer
e
colle
ct
ed
us
i
ng
gam
ado
ti
k
ie
too
ls
for
colle
ct
ion
of
al
l
la
rv
ae
and
pupae
m
ade
by
Faculty
of
Me
dicine
U
GM.
The
la
rv
ae
were
then
identifie
d
in
the
entom
ology
la
borator
y
us
i
ng a la
rv
al
i
den
t
ific
at
ion
gu
i
de
[13].
Figure
1. Gam
ado
ti
k (T
ool f
or
c
ollec
ti
ng
all
la
rv
ae a
nd
pupa
e in c
on
ta
i
ner
)
Data
of
co
ntainer
cha
racteri
s
ti
c
and
con
ta
i
ner
posit
ivit
y
wer
e
the
n
pres
ented
in
ta
bula
r
form
.
All
data
incl
ud
i
ng
cat
egorical
da
ta
so
wer
e
a
na
ly
zed
us
i
ng
m
ulti
ple
re
gr
es
sion
lo
gisti
c
te
st
to
m
ake
predi
ct
ive
m
od
el
of
co
nta
iner
posit
ivit
y.
Distrib
ution
of
la
rv
ae
s
pecies
wer
e
m
ade
in
t
abu
la
r
form
,
then
t
he
diff
e
re
nc
e
of
aver
a
ge n
um
ber
of
la
rv
ae
sp
ec
ie
s in
eac
h
c
onta
iner was test
ed by i
ndepe
nd
ent t te
st an
d A
nova
te
st.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPHS
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8806
Con
t
ain
er
Posi
ti
vi
ty
a
nd L
ar
v
a Dist
ribu
ti
on
Base
d on the C
on
t
ain
er
Ch
aract
eri
sti
cs (W
anti
)
239
3.
RESU
LT
S
3.1.
Results
The
un
i
var
ia
te
analy
sis
showe
d
that
the
high
er
co
ntaine
r
wi
th
la
rv
ae
a
nd
pupa
e
we
re
f
ound
i
n
dr
um
,
out
-
of
-
hom
e
c
on
ta
ine
r
,
ir
on
-
f
il
le
d
co
ntainer
,
open
or
sem
i
op
e
n
li
d
c
on
ta
i
ner
,
dark
-
c
olor
ed
c
on
ta
i
ner
a
nd
i
n
the r
ai
ny seas
on. Det
ai
le
d dist
rib
ution o
f
c
onta
iner
with lar
va
e an
d pupa c
a
n be see
n
i
n
Ta
ble 1.
Table
1.
T
he
Re
la
ti
on
of C
onta
iner Posit
ivit
y wit
h
The
Re
se
arch Va
riables
Co
n
d
itio
n
of
Co
n
t
ain
er
Lar
v
ae/Pu
p
ae
(
-
)
Lar
v
ae/Pu
p
ae
(+)
Total
P valu
e
OR
CI 95
%
Ty
p
e
No
t
a
d
ru
m
385
(71
.5%
)
15
5
(28
.
7
%)
5
4
0
(
1
0
0
%)
0
.00
0
2
.0
51
1
.4
97
–
2.
8
1
0
Dru
m
13
2
(55
.2%
)
10
9
(4
5
.
2
%)
2
4
1
(
1
0
0
)
Locatio
n
In
h
o
u
se
3
09
(67
.
0
%)
15
2
(3
3
.0
%)
4
6
1
(
1
0
0
)
0
.5
56
1
.09
5
0
.8
10
–
1
.47
9
Ou
ter
hous
e
20
8
(65
.
0
%)
11
2
(3
5
.
0
%)
3
2
0
(
1
0
0
%)
Mater
i
al
No
t ir
o
n
39
1
(71
.
1
%)
15
9
(28
.
9
%)
5
5
0
(
1
0
0
%)
0
.00
0
2
.0
49
1
.4
91
–
2.
8
1
6
Ir
o
n
12
6
(5
4
.5
%)
10
5
(45
.5
%)
2
3
1
(
1
0
0
%)
Lid
Tigh
ly
clos
ed
7
4
(
9
7
.4%
)
2
(
2
.6%
)
7
6
(
1
0
0
%)
0
,00
0
21.
883
5.
328
–
8
9
.
8
8
1
Op
en
/Half
clos
ed
44
3
(6
2
.
8
%)
26
2
(3
7
.
2
%)
7
0
5
(
1
0
0
%)
Co
lo
r
Brig
h
t colo
rs
1
2
1
(
6
9
.5%
)
5
3
(
3
0
.5%
)
1
7
4
(
1
0
0
%)
0.
287
1.
216
0.
846
–
1.
7
5
0
Dark colo
rs
3
9
8
(
6
5
.6%
)
2
0
9
(
3
4
.4%
)
6
0
7
(
1
0
0
%)
Seaso
n
Rain
y
2
1
2
(
6
4
.8%
)
1
1
5
(
3
5
.2%
)
3
2
7
(
1
0
0
%)
0
.49
4
0.
901
0
.6
67
–
1.
2
1
5
Dry
305
(67
.
2
%)
14
9
(32
.
8
%)
4
5
4
(
1
0
0
%)
Total
5
1
7
(
6
6
.2
%)
264
(3
3
.8
%)
7
8
1
(
1
0
0
%)
In
biv
a
riat
e
analy
sis
there
we
re
only
3
va
riables
relat
ed
to
con
ta
ine
r
posit
ivit
y
becau
se
it
has
p
value
<0.25
ie
co
ntainer
ty
pe,
co
nta
iner
m
at
eria
l
a
nd
c
on
ta
ine
r
cap.
The
re
are
o
nly
three
va
ri
ables
are
inclu
ded
in
m
ul
ti
var
ia
te
ana
ly
sis, as sho
w
n
in
Ta
ble
1
.
The
re
su
lt
s
of
m
ul
ti
var
ia
te
an
al
ysi
s sh
ow
e
d
t
hat f
r
om
3
v
ari
ables analy
zed
on
ly
one
of
P v
al
ue
<0.0
5
that
is
con
ta
in
er
li
d
co
ndit
ion
,
wh
ic
h
ty
pe
and
c
onta
iner
m
at
erial
hav
e
p
val
ue
>
0.0
5
so
ty
pe
a
nd
c
on
ta
i
ne
r
m
at
erial
are
e
xclu
ded
a
nd
st
arti
ng
f
ro
m
a
higher
p
value
an
d
beca
us
e
t
her
e
is
a
cha
nge
of
odd
rati
o
(
OR
)
>10% s
o
that t
he
tw
o va
riabl
es are
re
-
e
ntere
d
to
obtai
n
t
he final
r
e
su
lt
as
in
Ta
ble
2
.
Table
2
.
M
ulti
ple Reg
gr
e
sio
n Lo
gisti
c Resul
th
of Rese
a
rch
Var
ia
bles
Variables in
the
E
q
u
atio
n
B
S.E
.
W
ald
Df
Sig
.
Exp
(B)
9
5
% CI
Lid
2
.9
75
0
.72
4
16.
872
1
0
.00
0
19.
597
4.
738
-
8
1
.
054
Mater
i
al
-
0.
192
0
.65
7
0
.0
86
1
0
.77
0
0
.8
25
0
.22
8
-
2
.9
89
Ty
p
e
0
.78
1
0
.65
1
1
.4
39
1
0
.2
30
2
.1
84
0
.61
0
-
7
.8
23
Co
n
stan
t
-
3
.70
6
0
.72
0
2
6
.49
9
1
0
.00
0
0
.02
5
Table
2
s
hows
the
m
od
el
of
the
final
eq
uat
ion
:
Co
ntainer
Po
sit
ivit
y
=
2,
9
75
li
d
c
on
ta
i
ner
-
0.
192
con
ta
ine
r
m
at
e
rial
+
0.7
8
1
c
on
ta
ine
r
ty
pe
-
3,7
06.
T
he
presence
of
la
rvae
an
d
pupae
or
c
onta
iner
posit
ivty
influ
e
nce
d
by
t
hr
ee
va
riables
si
m
ultaneou
sly
equal
to
66.
2
%,
m
eaning
33.
8
%
of
t
he
ex
ist
ence
of
la
r
va
e
an
d
pupa
in
flue
nce
d
by
the
e
xiste
nce
of
oth
er
va
riables
not
e
xa
m
ined
in
this
s
tud
y.
T
he
m
os
t
influ
e
ntial
vari
able
in this
researc
h
is t
he prese
nce
o
f
co
ntaine
r
c
ap wit
h OR 19
.
595
m
eant
ope
n or
half c
lose
d
c
on
ta
ine
r
give
s the
po
s
sibil
it
y of
a
co
ntainer
f
or posit
ive lar
va
e
a
nd pu
pa
e
19.59
5
ti
m
es larger
t
han close
d
c
on
ta
iner
.
This
re
searc
h
a
lso
ide
ntifie
s
la
rv
a
e
sp
eci
es
a
nd
it
s
distrib
ution
base
d
on
c
onta
iner
cha
racteri
sti
c
.
N
ot
al
l
la
rv
ae
and
pupae
co
uld
be
identifie
d
in
this
researc
h
,
and
m
os
t
identifie
d
m
os
qu
it
oe
s
(9
6.4
%)
are
Aede
s
aeg
y
pti
(
Ae
.
A
egyp
ti
)
,
wh
il
e
Ae.
a
l
bopictus
and
C
ulex
sp
i
s
on
ly
1.
2%
an
d
2.3
%
res
pect
ively
,
as
seen
T
able
3.
Mostl
y
Ae.
Ae
gyp
ti
a
nd
C
ule
x
sp
a
re
f
ound
in
bat
htubs,
wh
il
e
Ae.
a
lb
opic
tus
in
drum
s.
A
nova
te
st
resu
lt
s
sh
ow
that
the
r
e
is
an
ave
rag
e
diff
e
re
nce
of
Larv
ae
Ae.
Ae
gyp
ti
bet
ween
con
ta
ine
r
that
i
s
betwee
n
bat
ht
ub
a
nd
ta
nk
p
r
ofi
le
wi
th
p
val
ue
0.
0045
.
Ta
ble
3
s
hows
that
Ae
.
A
egyp
ti
is
m
or
e
com
m
on
in
co
ntainer
in
t
he
hous
e
,
wh
il
e
Ae
.
a
lb
opic
tus
a
nd
Cul
ex
sp
a
re
c
omm
on
ly
fo
un
d
i
n
ou
tsi
de
c
on
t
ai
ner
.
Ba
sed
on
in
de
pende
nt
t
te
st
there
is
no
di
fference
of
a
verage
num
ber
of
la
rv
ae
Ae.
Ae
gy
pti
betwee
n
c
on
ta
ine
r
ty
pes
with
p
value
0.49.
A
s
for
the
aver
a
ge
Ae.
Albopic
tus
there
is
a
diff
e
ren
ce
bet
we
en
bein
g
locat
ed
inside
the
house
and
ou
tsi
de
the
hous
e
with
a
p
value
of
0.05.
The
aver
a
ge
of
Culex
sp
la
rvae
is
al
so
no
di
ff
ere
nt
betwee
n
co
ntainers
w
it
h
p
value 0.
25.
Table
3
al
so
sh
ows
that
m
os
qu
it
o
la
rvae
are
com
mo
nly
fou
nd
in
the
con
ta
ine
r
of
cem
ent.
S
pecifica
ll
y
Ae
.
Ae
gyp
ti
a
nd
Culex
s
p
ar
e
f
ound
in
the
co
ntainer
of
cem
ent,
wh
il
e
Ae.
Albopic
tus
an
d
Cule
x
are
com
m
on
ly
fou
nd
in
ir
on
m
at
er
ia
l
.
Ba
se
d
on the Anov
a test
, n
o
dif
fere
nce
ave
rag
e
A
e. Aeg
y
pti
la
rvae wer
e
fou
nd
betwee
n
diff
e
re
nt
m
a
t
erial
with
p
va
lue
0.0
8.
Whi
le
the
aver
a
ge
la
rv
ae
Ae.
Albopic
tus
the
re
is
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8806
IJPHS
V
ol.
6
, No
.
3
,
Septem
ber
201
7
:
23
7
–
24
2
240
diff
e
re
nce
bet
ween
the
cem
ent
m
at
erial
a
nd
ir
on
m
a
te
rial
with
p
value
of
0.05
.
T
he
three
s
pecies
of
m
os
qu
it
oes
ar
e
m
os
t
co
m
m
on
ly
f
ound
in
op
e
n
e
d
c
on
ta
i
ner
s
,
w
he
reas
confine
d
c
on
ta
iners
do
not
fi
nd
a
ny
m
os
qu
it
o
la
r
va
e
exce
pt
Ae
A
egy
pti
.
A
nova
on
e
way
te
s
t
ob
ta
ine
d
value
0.0
04
w
hic
h
m
eans
there
is
a
diff
e
re
nce
in
the
aver
a
ge
la
rv
ae
A
e
.
Aegy
pti
betwee
n
c
losed
a
nd
ope
ned
c
onta
iner
,
wh
il
e
the
av
erag
e
diff
e
re
nce
f
or
Ae.
Albopic
tus
and
Culex
s
p
base
d
on
the
li
d
co
nd
it
io
n
is
no
t
f
ound.
S
pe
ci
es
Ae.
Aegypt
i
and
Ae.
Alb
op
ic
t
us
are
m
or
e
com
m
on
in
the
dr
y
season,
w
hile
Culex
sp
is
m
or
e
com
m
on
in
the
rai
ny
seaso
n
.
Ba
sed
on
the
r
esult
of
Inde
pe
nd
e
nt
T
T
est
it
is
found
t
hat
there
is
no
di
ff
e
ren
ce
of
a
ve
rag
e
of
Ae
.
A
egyp
ti
la
rv
ae
i
n
t
he
dry
seas
on
an
d
rain
y
with
p
va
lue
0.381,
w
hi
le
for
the
ave
r
age
la
r
vae
Ae.
Albopic
tus
an
d
Culex
sp
t
her
e is
a
dif
fer
e
nce
betwee
n rainy seas
on
and
dry
seas
on
w
it
h p val
ue
of
0.05
an
d 0.0
17.
Tab
le
3.
Distri
bu
ti
on
of Mo
s
qu
it
o L
ar
vae
S
pecies
by
Co
ntainer Ty
pe
Co
n
tain
er
Ae.
aeg
yp
ti
Ae.
alb
o
p
ictu
s
Cu
lex sp
Total
Ty
p
e
Bath
tu
b
8
,90
8
(
6
0
.9%
)
3
2
(
1
7
.2%
)
262
(73
.8%
)
9
,20
2
(
6
0
.6%
)
Dru
m
5
,18
8
(
3
5
.5%
)
1
5
2
(
8
1
.7%
)
9
2
(
2
5
.9%
)
5
,43
2
(
3
5
.8%
)
Res
ervo
ir
2
7
5
(
1
.9%
)
3
(
1
.6%
)
0
(
0
.0%
)
2
7
8
(
1
.8%
)
Disp
en
ser
6
(
0
.0%
)
0
(
0
.0%
)
0
(
0
.0%
)
6
(
0
.0%
)
Bu
ck
et
2
5
6
(
1
.7%
)
0
(
0
.0%
)
0
(
0
.0%
)
2
5
6
(
1
.7%
)
Prof
il
t
an
k
0
(
0
.0%
)
0
(0.0
%)
0
(
0
.0%
)
0
(
0
.0%
)
Locatio
n
In
ho
u
se
9
,09
4
(
6
2
.1%
)
3
2
(
1
7
%)
1
1
8
(
3
3
.2%
)
9
,24
4
(
6
0
.9%
)
Ou
ter
h
o
u
se
5
,53
9
(
3
7
.9%
)
1
5
5
(
8
3
%)
2
3
6
(
6
6
.8%
)
5
,93
0
(
3
9
.%)
Mater
i
al
Ce
m
en
t
7
2
8
1
(
4
9
.8%
)
3
5
(
1
8
.7%
)
1
3
1
(
3
7
%)
7
4
4
7
(
4
9
.1%
)
Ir
o
n
4
9
9
7
(
3
4
.1%
)
1
5
2
(
8
1
.3%
)
71
(20
.1%
)
5
2
2
0
(
3
4
.4%
)
Cera
m
i
c
1
4
5
4
(
9
.9%
)
0
(
0
%)
2
4
(
6
.8%
)
1
4
7
8
(
9
.7%
)
Plastic
9
0
1
(
6
.2%
)
0
0%
)
1
2
8
(
3
6
.2%
)
1
0
2
9
(
6
.8%
)
Co
v
er
Op
en
ed
1
2
,11
3
(
8
2
.8%
)
1
3
6
(
7
2
.7%
)
2
3
9
(
6
7
.5%
)
1
2
,48
8
(
8
2
.3%
)
Half
op
en
ed
2
,35
8
(
1
6
.1%
)
5
1
(
2
7
.3%
)
1
1
5
(
3
2
.5%
)
2
,52
4
(
1
6
.6%
)
Clo
sed
1
6
2
(
1
.1%
)
0
(
0
.0%
)
0
(
0
.0%
)
1
6
2
(
1
.1%
)
Seaso
n
Dry
9
,09
9
(
6
2
.2%
)
1
8
7
(
1
0
0
%)
1
0
(
2
.8%
)
9
,29
6
(
6
1
.3%
)
Rain
y
5
,53
4
(
3
7
.8%
)
0
(
0
.0%
)
3
4
4
(
9
7
.2%
)
5
,87
8
(
3
8
.7%
)
Total
1
4
.63
3
(
1
0
0
%)
1
8
7
(
1
0
0
%)
3
5
4
(
1
0
0
%)
1
5
.17
4
(
1
0
0
%)
3.2.
Discussio
n
This
r
esea
rc
h
fou
nd
t
hat
the
la
rv
ae/
pu
pae
po
sit
ive
c
onta
iner
was
le
ss
t
han
t
h
at
of
th
e
neg
at
i
ve
la
rv
ae/
pu
pae
c
on
ta
ine
r
with
33.
8%
Co
ntaine
r
Inde
x
(CI
)
w
her
e
the
CI
outdoo
rs
(
35
%
)
w
as
higher
tha
n
inside
the
hous
e
(33
%).
T
his
CI
num
ber
in
Kup
ang
Ci
ty
is
si
m
il
ar
to
CI
in
T
am
m
a
m
aun
g
Ma
kasar
Vill
age
w
hic
h
ob
ta
in
s
CI
of
32.
6%
[
14]
,
but
this
CI
is
high
er
tha
n
in
Ba
nj
arb
a
ru
a
s
a
ci
ty
that
is
al
so
en
dem
ic
to
DHF
(28%
CI),
an
d
C
I
i
n
the
ho
m
e
is
al
so
higher
in
K
upan
g
Ci
ty
than
in
Ba
njar
baru
wh
ic
h
is
only
28.7%,
as
well
as
C
I
drum
c
on
ta
ine
r
h
ig
he
r
in
Ku
pa
ng Ci
ty
than
i
n
Ba
nj
a
rb
a
r
u wh
ic
h
is
only
29.4%
[15]
.
Seen
from
the
CI,
Kupa
ng
Ci
ty
is
a
high
-
risk
area
f
or
De
ngue
tran
sm
issio
n
[
15
]
beca
use
CI
≤
10%
m
eans
an
are
a
will
be
safe
from
the
risk
of
De
ngue
transm
issi
on
.
The
hi
gh
C
I
sh
ows
t
he
de
ns
it
y
of
m
os
qu
it
oes
is al
so
h
ig
h
a
nd
t
his of cour
se
w
il
l i
ncr
ease t
he
risk of
Den
gue
tran
sm
issi
on
in
K
upan
g
Ci
ty
, f
or it
needs
a
n
e
quat
ion
m
od
el
t
o
pr
e
dict
the
pre
sence
of
la
r
va
e
an
d
pupae
i
n
a
co
ntaine
r.
Of
the
6
in
depend
e
nt
var
ia
bles
stud
i
ed,
it
was
fou
nd
that
wh
e
n
th
e
biv
ariat
e
ana
ly
sis
on
ly
go
t
three
var
ia
bles
that
p
value
<
0.2
5
so
that
only
3
vari
ables
can
be
i
nclu
ded
in
m
ulti
var
ia
te
analy
sis
that
is
co
ntainer
ty
pe,
co
nt
ai
ner
m
at
erial
an
d
con
ta
ine
r
li
d.
Af
te
r
m
ulti
var
ia
te
an
al
ysi
s f
in
al
ly
g
ot the
eq
uation m
od
el
:
Con
ta
ine
r
P
os
i
ti
vity
= 2
,9
75
l
id contai
ne
r
-
0.
192
co
ntaine
r
m
at
erial
+ 0
.78
1
c
on
ta
ine
r
ty
pe
-
3,7
06
The
c
onta
iner
po
sit
ivit
y
or
th
e
existe
nce
of
la
rv
ae
a
nd
pu
pa
e
in
c
on
ta
ine
r
are
in
flue
nce
d
by
thre
e
var
ia
bles
sim
ul
ta
neously
eq
ua
l
to
66.
5
%.
T
he
m
os
t
influ
ent
ia
l
var
ia
ble
is
t
he
pr
ese
nce
of
co
ntainer
cap
with
OR
19.
6
or
op
en
or
half
cl
ose
d
co
ntaine
r
gi
ves
the
possibi
li
ty
of
a
co
ntainer
for
po
sit
iv
e
la
rv
ae
a
nd
pupa
e
19.6
tim
es
la
rger
tha
n
cl
ose
d
con
ta
ine
r.
The
equ
at
io
n
m
od
e
l
sh
ows
t
hat
33
.5
%
of
the
exis
ta
nce
of
la
r
vae
an
d
pupae
are
i
nf
lu
enced
by
oth
e
r
var
ia
bles
no
t
exam
ined
in
this
researc
h.
Ot
her
var
ia
bles
inclu
de
the
f
requen
c
y
of
water
fill
ing
and
water
volum
e
[16]
,
or
possibly
ot
her
va
riables
s
uch
a
s
cond
uctivit
y,
total
disso
lve
d
so
li
ds
(
TD
S
)
,
al
kalin
it
y,
sal
inity,
turb
i
dity
and
th
e
water'
s
cal
ciu
m
con
te
nt
in
the
la
nd
fill
[
16
]
.
I
n
ad
dicti
on
t
he
conditi
on
of
th
e
water
c
on
ta
i
ner
as
a
breedi
ng
gro
und
for
Aedes
s
p
m
os
qu
it
oe
s
an
d
th
e
qu
al
it
y
of
ho
us
in
g
su
c
h
as
hous
e
sp
aci
ng,
li
ghti
ng,
an
d
c
onst
r
uction
of
buil
di
ng
s
a
nd
the
c
onditi
on
of
house
sanita
ti
on
al
s
o
pla
y
a r
ole in pr
ovid
ing
breedi
ng gr
ounds a
nd the
pr
ese
nce
of
Ae
des
s
p
[13],
[17
]
,[
18]
.
The
stu
dy
fou
nd
the
Aed
e
s
and
C
ulex
la
r
vae
distrib
ute
d
in
baths
an
d
drum
s
fr
om
c
e
m
ent,
iron,
ceram
ic
s
an
d
plasti
c
bo
th
in
side
and
ou
tsi
de
the
hous
e
with
Ae
A
egy
pt
i
per
centages
96.4%,
Ae.
Albopic
tu
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPHS
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8806
Con
t
ain
er
Posi
ti
vi
ty
a
nd L
ar
v
a Dist
ribu
ti
on
Base
d on the C
on
t
ain
er
Ch
aract
eri
sti
cs (W
anti
)
241
1.2%
an
d
Cule
x
sp
2.3%.
Dis
ti
nct
distribu
ti
on
of
Ae
.
Ae
gy
pti
and
Culex
tri
taeniorhy
nchus
is
the
tem
per
at
ur
e
,
rainf
al
l
a
nd
to
pograp
hy
of
th
e
re
gion,
w
herea
s
T
DS
a
n
d
pH
of
wate
r
a
re
not
r
el
at
ed
to
the
e
xistence
of
bo
t
h
sp
eci
es
[
19]
.
This
is
in
c
ontrast
to
pr
e
vi
ou
s
t
heories
that
Ae
des
e
njo
ys
li
ving
i
n
cl
ear
water,
and
Ae.
Alb
opic
tus
li
ve
outsi
de
th
e
hom
e
in
the
garde
n
a
nd
ar
ound
t
he
hous
e
[13]
.
Cule
x
is
al
so
use
d
to
li
vi
ng
i
n
dirty
sta
gn
a
nt
water,
bu
t
in
this
stud
y
Culex
is
al
so
f
ound
in
bat
ht
ub
s
a
nd
drum
s
com
m
on
ly
us
e
d
to
accom
m
od
at
e
cl
ean
water.
C
ulex
prefe
rs
to
br
eed
in
dirty
and
sta
gna
nt
w
at
er,
bu
t
this
stud
y
of
C
ulex
is
al
so
fou
nd
i
n
c
on
ta
iners
for
daily
necessit
ie
s
of
bath
room
s
and
drum
s,
in
w
hi
ch
c
on
ta
ine
rs
a
re
al
so
f
ound
Aed
e
s.
This
is
li
kely
due
to
wate
r
li
m
it
at
ion
s
so
that t
he
bat
hro
om
a
nd
dr
um
are
ra
rely
cl
eaned
an
d
the
wate
r
te
nds
t
o
be dirti
er t
han the m
or
e
bu
c
ke
ts t
hat are e
asi
er to cl
ean.
Re
cent
resea
rc
h
has
fou
nd
th
at
Ae.
Ae
gy
pti
la
rv
ae
ca
n
al
s
o
li
ve
in
c
onta
m
inate
d
water
s
uc
h
as
sewe
r
water
[
20]
.
Th
is
stud
y
f
ound
the
existe
nce
of
Aed
e
s
an
d
Culex
in
one
con
ta
ine
r
that
is
in
the
dru
m
and
bathtub
both
i
ns
ide
an
d
outsi
de
beca
us
e
th
e
possibil
i
ty
of
wate
r
in
the
con
ta
ine
r
is
ve
ry
dirty
du
e
to
wate
r
lim
it
at
ion
s
so
r
arely
dr
ai
ned
a
nd
ther
e
is
al
s
o
a
drum
and
bathtub
t
hat
is
no
t
us
e
d
a
nym
or
e
but
Sti
ll
co
ntains
water s
o
t
hat both ge
ner
a
of
m
os
qu
it
o
la
r
va
e can st
il
l l
ive an
d b
ree
d,
Ab
il
it
y
Ae.
ae
gyp
t
i
to
li
ve
in
po
ll
ute
d
water
is
al
so
su
pp
ort
ed
by
previ
ous
researc
h
that
m
ention
Ae.
aeg
y
pti
is
m
os
t
dea
d
i
n
ta
ps
w
at
er
an
d
m
or
e
able
to
li
ve
in
sewer
wate
r
with
total
grow
t
h
of
la
r
vae
a
nd
pupa
e
in
sewer
water
of
5.33
%
c
om
par
ed
to
dug
well
water,
r
ai
n
water
an
d
ta
ps
water
[
20]
.
The
existe
nce
of
m
irkoorgan
ism
e
as
a
fo
od
s
ource
of
la
r
vae
in
sewer
water
is
li
kely
to
suppo
rt
the
high
su
r
viv
al
an
d
la
rv
al
grow
t
h rate
s
o t
hat on the
sec
ond day t
he
lar
va
e ca
n gro
w
i
nto
pupae
in se
wer water
[
20]
.
Si
m
il
arly
,
ano
ther
researc
h
found
that
the
a
bi
li
t
y
of
Aed
es
s
p
eg
gs
t
o
hatc
h
an
d
the
a
bili
ty
of
Ae
des
sp
la
r
vae
li
ve
on
sewe
r
wate
r
is
highe
r
tha
n
that
of
dug
well
s
an
d
ta
ps
water,
howe
ve
r
Aed
es
s
p
does
not
su
r
vi
ve
in
wat
er
po
ll
ute
d
with
s
oa
py
wate
r
[
21
]
.
Pr
e
viou
s
resea
rch
has
al
so
fou
nd
a
var
ie
ty
of
s
pe
ci
es
of
m
os
qu
it
o
la
rvae
in
a
natur
al
and
arti
fi
ci
al
con
ta
iner
that
is
Ae.
Aegyp
ti
,
Ae.
Albo
pict
us
,
Culex
qu
e
nqef
as
ci
atus
,
Armi
geres
s
ubalbar
us
,
T
ox
orhync
hites
sp
a
nd
Lu
tzi
a
sp
[
22
]
an
d
the
re
ex
plained
t
hat
the
la
rv
al
de
ns
it
y
neg
at
ively
as
so
ci
at
ed
with
the
co
nductivi
ty
and
pH.
Wh
il
e
an
othe
r
stud
y
ex
plai
ned
t
he
existe
nce
of lar
vae ass
ociat
ed
with tem
per
at
ure
[
23]
.
W
it
h
the
disco
ver
y
of
la
rv
ae
of
Ae
des
an
d
Culex
in
co
n
ta
iner
f
or
daily
need
s
hows
th
at
sh
ou
l
d
the
high
pr
e
sence
of
la
rv
ae
in
t
hese
co
ntainer
s
can
be
prev
ented
ei
ther
by
do
in
g
3M
(
Men
gu
r
as
,
Me
nu
t
up,
Men
gubur
*
E
ng
li
s
h:
dr
ai
n,
seal
,
bury
)
is
cl
os
ed
an
d
drai
n
the
co
nta
iner
re
gula
rly
and
bury
or
dr
yi
ng
con
ta
ine
r
that
is
no
t
us
e
d
an
ym
or
e.
Kee
p
in
m
ind
in
the
water
drai
n
s
houl
d
be
do
ne
wh
il
e
brus
hing
against
the
in
ner
wall
of
t
he
c
onta
ine
r
s
o
that
t
he
m
os
quit
o
eg
gs
t
ha
t
are
at
ta
che
d
can
be
l
oo
se
a
nd
waste
d
al
ong
the
flo
w
of
water.
Kupa
ng
ci
ty
has
lim
it
ed
water
supp
ly
so
th
at
the
dep
le
ti
on
of
c
on
ta
i
ner
act
ivit
ie
s
can
no
t
be
done
on
a
re
gula
r
act
io
n,
s
o
oth
e
r
so
l
utio
ns
nee
d
to
be
ta
ke
n,
for
e
xam
ple
by
s
pr
i
nk
li
ng
te
m
efo
s
into
con
ta
ine
r
c
oupl
ed
wit
h
ti
gh
tl
y
cl
os
in
g
the
la
ndfill
.
It
is
al
so
base
d
on
th
e
res
ults
of
thi
s
stu
dy
w
hich
sh
owe
d
in
K
upan
g
Ci
ty
cl
os
ed
co
ntai
ner
is
on
ly
2.6
%
co
ntaine
d
la
rv
ae
an
d
pupa
e
w
hile
the
t
he
op
e
ne
d
or
hal
f
cl
os
ed
36.9%.
T
he
co
ver
has
OR
of
19.4
s
o
as
to
s
eal
off
will
re
duce
t
he
ris
k
of
the
prese
nce
of
la
rv
ae
a
nd
pu
pae
i
n
the conta
ine
r b
y 19.4
tim
es
.
Con
ta
ine
r
dru
m
al
so
has
the
per
ce
ntage
of
po
sit
ive
la
r
vae
and
pupae
are
gr
eat
er
tha
n
not
drum
with
an
OR
of
2.2,
wh
ic
h
m
eans
wh
e
n
t
he
drum
no
lo
nger
us
e
d
as
a
wate
r
re
servoir
agai
n
or
w
he
n
the
dr
um
as
a
whole
are
fi
rm
ly
cl
os
ed,
it
can
re
du
ce
t
he
ri
sk
of
the
pr
ese
nce
of
la
rvae
and
pupae
in
K
up
a
ng
Ci
ty
2.
2
tim
es
than
w
hen
the
drum
is
sti
ll
in
us
e
or
sti
ll
not
cl
os
ed
ti
gh
tl
y.
I
n
this
stu
dy
because
the
ex
ist
ing
c
on
ta
ine
rs
a
r
e
m
ots
l
y l
arg
e so
that if
no
t use
d
again
it
is n
ot
p
os
sible t
o
bu
rial
b
ut w
at
er drainin
g
or r
e
use
us
ed
co
ntain
er can
be
a
go
od
c
hoic
e
to
so
lve
t
his
prob
le
m
,
su
ch
as
us
e
d
drum
s
us
ed
t
o
be
flo
wer
po
ts
or
t
ra
sh
can
,
use
d
ba
th
tub
ou
tsi
de
the
ho
m
e
can
al
so
r
e
us
e
d
in
t
o
a
pla
ce
to
plant
flo
wer
s
or
plants
an
d
beco
m
e
tem
po
ra
ry
ga
r
ba
ge
or
fish p
ond
.
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
final
eq
ua
ti
on
m
od
el
of
Con
ta
ine
r
Po
si
ti
vity
=
2,
975
li
d
con
ta
ine
r
-
0.192
co
ntaine
r
m
at
erial
+
0.781
co
ntaine
r
ty
pe
-
3,706.
The
pr
ese
nce
of
la
r
vae
can
be
pr
e
ve
nted
e
it
her
by
do
i
ng
cl
os
ed
a
nd
dra
in
the
con
ta
ine
r
regul
arly
and
bury
or
dr
yi
ng
c
onta
iner
that
is
not
us
e
d
a
nym
or
e.
Keep
in
m
i
nd
i
n
the
wate
r
drai
n
sh
oul
d
be
done
wh
il
e
brus
hin
g
a
gainst
the
inn
er
wall
of
the
con
ta
ine
r
so
that
the
m
os
qu
it
o
eg
gs
th
at
are
at
ta
ched
ca
n
be
loose
a
nd
wa
ste
d
al
on
g
the
flo
w
of
water
.
As
li
m
i
ta
ti
on
of
water
s
upply
so
t
hat
the
de
pl
et
ion
of
co
ntaine
r
act
ivit
ie
s
can
no
t
be
done
on
a
reg
ula
r
act
ion
,
so
oth
er
s
olu
ti
ons
need
to
be
ta
ken
su
c
h
as
by
sp
ri
nk
li
ng
te
m
efo
s
int
o
co
nta
iner
co
u
pled
w
it
h
ti
gh
tl
y
cl
os
ing
th
e
co
ntain
er
to
re
du
ce
t
he
risk
of
the
pr
esence
of
la
r
vae
an
d
pupae
in
t
he
co
nt
ai
ner
19.
6
tim
es.
It
is
al
so
ne
ed
to
m
anag
e
the
drum
by
cl
os
ed
firm
ly
or
reu
se
d
us
e
d
dr
um
to
r
edu
ce
the r
isk
o
f
t
he
pr
e
sence
of
la
r
vae
a
nd p
upae 2.2
t
im
e
s.
F
or
great
er
c
on
ta
ine
r
li
ke
ba
th
tu
b
can
be
do
ne
by
water
dr
ai
ning
or
re
us
e
us
e
d
bath
t
ub
outsi
de
the
hom
e
into
a
place
to
pl
ant
flo
we
rs
or
plants
or b
ec
om
e te
m
porar
y
ga
rb
a
ge
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8806
IJPHS
V
ol.
6
, No
.
3
,
Septem
ber
201
7
:
23
7
–
24
2
242
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
Ma
ny
than
k
t
o
M
inist
ry
of
H
eal
th
Re
public
of
I
ndonesi
a
,
Head
O
ff
ic
e
of
Healt
h
P
olyt
ehn
ic
K
up
a
ng
and
Hea
d
of
En
vironm
ent
Healt
h
Sc
hool
for
the
dm
ittio
n
a
nd
s
uppor
t,
than
k
to
m
y
m
entor
who
al
ways
helping
an
d
gu
iding
m
e
to
do
this
researc
h.
I
al
so
tha
nk
to
the
l
ocal
go
ve
rn
m
ent
an
d
c
om
m
un
it
y,
than
k
for
your
acce
pta
nc
e
an
d
colla
bo
r
at
ion
.
Ma
ny
th
anks
al
so
I
give
to
eve
ryo
ne
who
al
rea
dy
s
upporte
d
m
e
a
ll
the
tim
e w
it
h
kind
ness
a
nd si
nceri
ty
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
J.
K.
Young
-
Su,
et
a
l.
,
“
La
rv
aci
dal
Ac
ti
vi
t
y
of
Braz
i
ll
i
an
Plan
ts
Again
A
ede
s
a
egy
pt
i
and
Culex
pipi
ens
p
al
l
en
s
(Dipte
ra
:
Cul
ic
id
ae
)
,
”
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m B
iotechnol
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tr
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D
engue
,
Leism
ani
asis,
and
Afri
can
Tr
y
p
anosom
ia
si
s
,”
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te
r
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T.
Jam
ison,
e
t
al.
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edi
tor
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sea
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Halstead,
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“
Dengue
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es
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pte
ra
:
Cul
ic
id
ae
)
in
Ir
inj
a
la
kud
a
Munici
palit
y
,
Kera
l
a,
Ind
ia
in
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ti
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J.
Curr
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es
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HO
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SEARO
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“
Preve
nti
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Control
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and
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idem
iol
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ta
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Surveil
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“
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Yea
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,
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l
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y
of
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alth
RI
,
“
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si
a
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2014
,
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istr
y
of
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l
th
RI
,
Ja
kar
ta
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2015
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[9]
Kupang
Cit
y
H
e
al
th
Offic
e
,
“
Kupang
Ci
t
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al
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,
”
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y
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e
al
th
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e, Kupa
ng
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2016
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[10]
Kupang
Cit
y
H
e
al
th
Off
ic
e
,
“
Re
ca
pi
tul
a
ti
on
of
Data
Surve
il
l
ance
of
DH
F
Kupa
ng
Cit
y
,
”
Unpu
bli
shed,
Kupang
,
2015.
[11]
W
ant
i
and
M.
Darm
an,
“
Containers
and
La
rv
a
Densit
y
of
Aed
e
s
in
Ende
m
i
c
an
d
DH
F
-
fre
e
A
re
as
,
”
J
Pub
H
lth
,
vol
/i
ss
ue:
9
(
2
)
,
p
p.
171
-
178
,
201
4.
[12]
S.
Sukow
at
i,
“
Problems
of
Dengue
Hem
orrha
gi
c
Fever
Vec
tor
(DBD
)
and
Control
in
Indon
esia
,
”
Bul
Window
Epi
d
,
vol
.
2
,
pp
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25
-
30
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[13]
Ditj
en
PP
&
PL
,
“
Guidel
ine
s
fo
r
Dengue
Hae
m
orrha
gic
Ent
om
olog
y
Surve
y
s
a
nd
Ke
y
Id
ent
if
i
ca
t
ion
of
Aede
s
Mos
quit
oes
,
”
Mi
nistr
y
of
He
alth
RI,
Jaka
rta
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201
3
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[14]
A.
Baha
ruddin
and
Rahman
,
“
Chara
c
te
rist
ic
s
of
Bree
ding
Pl
a
ce
s
and
A
ede
s
aegy
pt
i
La
rv
a
Grow
th
,
”
J
Hlt
h
of
Taduloko
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vo
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Ridha
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“
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el
a
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al
Condi
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on
a
nd
Conta
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r
to
t
he
Exi
stan
ce
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t
he
Ae
d
es
aegy
pt
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La
rva
e in
DH
F E
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Ar
ea
in
Banjarba
ru
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”
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–
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Ke
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rm
ina
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of
Ae
de
s
aegy
pt
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popul
at
i
on
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n
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”
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pti
la
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and
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Ende
m
ic
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of
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e
Hem
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Fe
ver
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ba
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icit
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St
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m
orrha
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eni
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h
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r
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ci
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appi
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ronm
ent
a
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ors
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th
e
Exi
stan
ce
o
f
Mo
squito
L
arv
a
e
A
ede
s
aeg
ypt
i
in
t
he
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emic
Are
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Dengu
e
Fe
ver
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Mak
asa
r
,
In
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In
t.
J
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Curr
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Re
s.
Ac
a
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v
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ss
ue:
2
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1
–
9
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20
14.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.