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s
a
n
m
e
m
b
r
an
e
i
s
ex
p
ec
ted
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
es
w
it
h
b
etter
ch
ar
ac
ter
,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
m
e
m
b
r
an
e
s
tab
ilit
y
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
s
ize
o
f
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e
p
o
r
es
s
o
t
h
at
t
h
e
s
ep
ar
atio
n
o
f
m
o
lec
u
le
s
f
r
o
m
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
b
y
m
e
m
b
r
an
e
i
s
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
[
1
5
]
,
[
16]
.
T
h
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
c
h
ito
s
an
m
e
m
b
r
an
e
s
ep
ar
atio
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
s
ep
ar
atio
n
s
is
th
at
th
er
e
is
n
o
n
ee
d
f
o
r
m
ed
iu
m
p
h
a
s
e
ch
a
n
g
e,
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
f
as
t,
s
i
m
p
ler
,
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
l
y
f
r
ien
d
l
y
,
an
d
ca
n
b
e
r
eu
s
ed
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ai
m
ed
to
an
al
y
ze
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
b
lo
o
d
cla
m
s
h
ell
s
(
A
n
a
d
a
r
a
g
r
a
n
o
s
a
)
w
aste a
s
m
ater
ial
f
o
r
m
ak
in
g
ch
i
to
s
an
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
es.
W
aste
r
ed
u
ctio
n
b
y
u
tili
zi
n
g
b
lo
o
d
clam
s
h
e
lls
(
A
n
a
d
a
r
a
g
r
a
n
o
s
a
)
as
r
aw
m
ater
ial
f
o
r
ch
ito
s
a
n
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e.
A
s
w
ell
a
s
to
k
n
o
w
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
c
h
ito
s
a
n
m
e
m
b
r
an
e
s
f
r
o
m
b
lo
o
d
cla
m
s
h
ell
s
in
r
ed
u
c
in
g
le
v
els o
f
ir
o
n
(
Fe)
w
ith
v
ar
iab
le
ch
ito
s
a
n
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
wa
s
t
r
u
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
en
t
w
it
h
p
r
etest
-
p
o
s
ttes
t
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
o
b
j
ec
t
o
f
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
wa
s
ar
tif
icia
l
w
ater
co
n
tai
n
in
g
ir
o
n
(
Fe)
w
h
ic
h
w
a
s
m
ad
e
f
r
o
m
f
er
r
ic
ir
o
n
p
o
w
d
er
Fer
r
i
C
h
lo
r
id
e
(
FeC
l
3
)
at
a
d
o
s
e
o
f
4
.
5
0
m
g
/
L
.
T
h
e
m
e
m
b
r
an
e
w
a
s
p
r
ep
ar
ed
b
y
ad
d
in
g
ch
ito
s
a
n
p
o
w
d
er
(
1
g
r
,
2
g
r
,
an
d
3
g
r
)
to
a
1
0
0
m
l
m
i
x
tu
r
e
o
f
ac
etic
ac
id
1%
,
29
m
l
p
o
l
y
v
i
n
y
l
alco
h
o
l
(
P
VA)
2
5
%
s
o
lu
tio
n
,
an
d
14
m
l
p
o
ly
et
h
y
len
e
g
lico
l
(
P
E
G
4
0
0
)
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
m
ak
i
n
g
ch
ito
s
an
f
r
o
m
s
h
e
lls
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
t
w
o
s
ta
g
es,
n
a
m
el
y
is
o
lati
n
g
ch
iti
n
an
d
co
n
v
er
ti
n
g
ch
i
tin
in
to
ch
i
to
s
an
.
C
h
iti
n
is
o
latio
n
w
as
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
d
ep
r
o
tein
atio
n
,
d
e
m
i
n
er
aliza
tio
n
an
d
d
ep
ig
m
e
n
tatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
De
p
r
o
tein
atio
n
,
w
as
d
o
n
e
b
y
ad
d
i
n
g
5
0
0
3
.
5
%
NaO
H
s
o
l
u
tio
n
to
5
0
g
r
o
f
s
h
ell
f
i
s
h
p
o
w
d
er
,
s
tirr
in
g
f
o
r
t
w
o
h
o
u
r
s
at
6
5
o
C
.
Fil
ter
ed
t
h
e
s
o
l
u
t
io
n
an
d
n
eu
tr
al
ize
d
it
w
it
h
a
q
u
ad
est.
T
h
e
s
o
lid
o
b
tain
ed
w
as
d
r
ied
in
an
o
v
e
n
at
8
0
o
C
f
o
r
t
w
o
h
o
u
r
s
.
De
m
i
n
er
aliza
tio
n
,
3
0
g
r
o
f
s
h
el
l
p
o
w
d
er
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
d
ep
r
o
tein
atio
n
w
a
s
ad
d
ed
w
it
h
1
N
HC
l
s
o
lu
t
io
n
o
f
3
0
0
m
l
in
to
th
e
b
ea
k
er
g
la
s
s
.
T
h
e
m
i
x
tu
r
e
w
a
s
h
ea
ted
at
40
o
C
f
o
r
3
0
m
in
u
te
s
,
an
d
t
h
en
co
o
led
.
Fil
ter
ed
an
d
n
e
u
tr
alize
d
th
e
s
o
lid
s
w
i
th
aq
u
ad
est,
t
h
e
n
d
r
ied
at
8
0
o
C
f
o
r
t
w
o
h
o
u
r
s
.
Dep
i
g
m
en
tatio
n
,
2
0
g
r
a
m
s
o
f
d
e
m
in
er
al
ized
p
o
w
d
er
w
as
ad
d
ed
200
m
l
o
f
3
0
%
H
2
O
2
s
o
lu
tio
n
i
n
a
b
ea
k
er
,
th
en
h
ea
ted
f
o
r
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n
e
h
o
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r
at
5
0
o
C
,
th
e
n
co
o
led
.
Fil
ter
ed
an
d
n
eu
tr
alize
d
s
o
lid
s
w
it
h
aq
u
ad
est.
T
h
e
s
o
lid
o
b
tain
ed
w
as d
r
ied
at
9
0
o
C
f
o
r
t
w
o
h
o
u
r
s
.
T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
c
h
i
tin
i
n
to
c
h
i
to
s
an
b
y
Dea
ce
t
y
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
1
0
g
r
o
f
c
h
iti
n
p
o
w
d
er
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ep
ig
m
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ad
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h
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as
m
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1
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l
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n
a
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k
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g
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t
at
a
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
9
5
o
C
f
o
r
t
w
o
h
o
u
r
s
t
h
e
n
co
o
led
.
Fil
ter
ed
an
d
n
e
u
tr
alize
d
s
o
lid
s
w
it
h
aq
u
ad
est
u
n
til
n
eu
tr
a
l
th
en
in
t
h
e
o
v
en
at
9
0
o
C
f
o
r
th
r
ee
ti
m
es
ei
g
h
t
h
o
u
r
s
a
n
d
th
e
c
h
ito
s
a
n
is
r
ea
d
y
to
b
e
test
ed
.
C
h
ito
s
a
n
m
e
m
b
r
an
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
v
ar
iatio
n
w
er
e
1
%,
2
%,
a
n
d
3
%
a
n
d
n
o
m
e
m
b
r
an
e
as
a
co
n
tr
o
l
w
i
th
s
i
x
t
i
m
e
s
r
ep
licatio
n
.
Da
ta
w
er
e
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
tab
u
lar
f
o
r
m
an
d
an
al
y
ze
d
w
it
h
On
e
Wa
y
An
o
v
a
T
e
st
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Cha
ra
c
t
er
iza
t
io
n o
f
chit
o
s
a
n po
w
der
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
ex
a
m
i
n
atio
n
o
f
ch
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
o
f
c
h
ito
s
a
n
p
o
w
d
er
f
r
o
m
b
lo
o
d
cla
m
s
h
ells
(
A
n
a
d
a
r
a
g
r
a
n
o
s
a
)
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
X
-
R
a
y
d
i
f
f
r
ac
tio
n
(
X
R
D
)
te
s
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
o
f
c
h
ito
s
a
n
p
o
w
d
er
w
er
e
tes
ted
f
o
r
cr
y
s
ta
llin
it
y
u
s
i
n
g
X
R
D
t
est.
Me
a
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
s
w
er
e
ta
k
en
at
a
n
a
n
g
l
e
o
f
2
θ.
T
h
e
XR
D
test
r
es
u
lts
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
ed
t
h
e
ch
ito
s
a
n
d
if
f
r
ac
ti
o
n
p
atter
n
.
I
n
th
e
d
i
f
f
r
ac
tio
n
p
atter
n
th
er
e
w
er
e
p
ea
k
s
at
an
a
n
g
le
o
f
2
θ
w
h
ic
h
w
a
s
eq
u
al
to
1
7
.
9
9
o
an
d
th
e
h
ig
h
e
s
t
w
as 3
4
.
0
4
o
.
C
h
i
to
s
an
p
o
w
d
er
d
if
f
r
ac
to
g
r
a
m
s
h
o
w
ed
p
ea
k
s
at
a
n
an
g
le
o
f
2
θ=
1
7
.
9
9
o
an
d
th
e
h
ig
h
e
s
t
w
a
s
2
θ=
3
4
.
0
4
o
.
T
h
e
p
ea
k
in
d
icate
d
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
c
h
ito
s
a
n
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
p
ea
k
s
o
f
ch
it
o
s
an
ap
p
ea
r
ed
at
2
θ
5
-
4
0
°
r
ef
lecti
n
g
t
h
e
p
lan
e
o
f
0
2
0
,
1
1
0
,
1
0
1
,
an
d
1
3
0
.
T
h
e
p
ea
k
s
at
ar
o
u
n
d
2
θ
2
4
°
r
ef
lect
ed
th
e
p
lan
e
o
f
0
2
0
p
lan
e,
w
h
ile
t
h
e
p
ea
k
s
at
2
θ
2
6
°
r
ef
lecte
d
th
e
p
lan
e
o
f
1
1
0
,
an
d
th
e
p
ea
k
s
at
2
θ
2
9
°
r
ef
lecte
d
th
e
p
lan
e
o
f
1
3
0
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
XR
D
an
al
y
s
is
r
es
u
l
ts
p
r
o
v
ed
th
at
ch
ito
s
an
h
as b
ee
n
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
ll
y
is
o
lated
f
r
o
m
b
lo
o
d
clam
s
h
ells
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t
.
J
.
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
.
,
Vo
l.
1
0
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
1
:
330
–
335
332
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
h
ito
s
a
n
p
o
w
d
er
X
R
D
test
r
es
u
lt
s
3
.
2
.
Chito
s
a
n
m
e
m
bra
ne
ch
a
ra
ct
er
iza
t
i
o
n
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
e
x
a
m
in
i
n
g
t
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
o
f
ch
ito
s
a
n
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
es
f
r
o
m
b
lo
o
d
cla
m
s
h
ell
s
(
A
n
a
d
a
r
a
g
r
a
n
o
s
a
)
u
s
ed
s
ca
n
n
in
g
elec
tr
o
n
m
icr
o
s
co
p
e
(
SE
M)
test
s
w
ith
t
h
e
lo
w
e
s
t
an
d
h
ig
h
e
s
t
co
m
p
r
ess
i
v
e
s
tr
en
g
th
v
a
lu
e
s
an
d
th
e
m
e
m
b
r
an
es
t
h
at
h
ad
t
h
e
h
ig
h
es
t
an
d
lo
w
e
s
t
p
er
m
ea
b
ili
t
y
v
al
u
es.
SEM
r
esu
lts
o
n
t
h
e
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e
th
a
t h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
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t c
an
b
e
s
ee
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
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2
3
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[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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20
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1
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330
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335
334
Fro
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tr
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ch
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p
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o
f
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ch
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m
b
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a
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e
[
2
6
]
.
B
esid
es
th
at
ch
ito
s
an
a
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o
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as
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
ab
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b
m
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tal
io
n
s
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
ab
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o
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ch
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2
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[
30]
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t
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ap
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y
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
S
.
Ba
h
ri,
E.
A
.
Ra
h
im
,
a
n
d
S
.
S
y
a
rif
u
d
d
in
,
“
De
a
c
e
t
y
latio
n
De
g
re
e
o
f
Blo
o
d
S
h
e
ll
s
Ch
it
o
sa
n
w
it
h
G
r
a
d
u
a
l
A
d
d
it
io
n
o
f
Na
o
H,”
Ko
v
a
len
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
36
-
4
2
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
]
A
.
R.
A
ri
f
a
n
d
H.
Na
tsir,
“
Iso
latio
n
o
f
Ch
it
i
n
f
ro
m
W
h
it
e
S
h
rimp
W
a
ste
(P
e
n
a
e
u
s
m
e
rg
u
ien
sis)
En
z
y
m
a
ti
c
a
ll
y
,
”
S
e
min
ar
N
a
s
io
n
a
l
Kim
ia
,
2
0
1
3
,
p
p
.
10
-
1
6
.
[3
]
A
.
A
.
Kh
a
n
,
“
Eff
e
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
O
f
B
lo
o
d
Co
c
k
les
(
A
n
a
d
a
ra
G
ra
n
o
sa
)
P
o
w
d
e
r
T
o
A
d
so
rb
Cu
(
Ii
)
I
o
n
s
In
W
a
ter,”
J
u
rn
a
l
T
e
k
n
ik
L
i
n
g
k
u
n
g
an
Un
iv
e
rs
it
a
s
Isla
m I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
II
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
0
,
2
0
1
6
.
[4
]
E.
J.
Do
m
p
e
ip
e
n
a
n
d
M
.
Ka
im
u
d
in
,
“
Iso
latio
n
o
f
Ch
it
in
a
n
d
Ch
it
o
sa
n
f
ro
m
S
h
rim
p
S
k
in
W
a
ste
,
”
M
a
j.
BIA
M
,
v
o
l.
12
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
32
-
3
9
,
2
0
1
6
.
[5
]
A
.
Artin
in
g
sih
,
“
M
a
k
in
g
Ch
it
o
sa
n
F
ro
m
Cra
b
S
h
e
ll
Us
in
g
M
icro
b
e
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ch
e
mic
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
30
-
3
5
,
2
0
1
7
.
[6
]
T
.
L
.
S
u
n
g
,
L
.
M
.
F
w
u
,
J.
S
.
Y
u
,
a
n
d
S
.
S
.
S
h
i
n
,
“
Eq
u
il
i
b
riu
m
a
n
d
k
in
e
ti
c
stu
d
ies
o
f
c
o
p
p
e
r
(II)
io
n
u
p
tak
e
b
y
m
o
d
if
ied
w
h
e
a
t
sh
e
ll
s,”
De
sa
li
n
a
t
io
n
a
n
d
W
a
ter
T
re
a
tme
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
44
,
n
o
.
1
-
3
,
p
p
.
2
9
6
-
3
0
5
,
2
0
1
2
.
[7
]
S
.
T
.
P
ra
m
e
sti,
K.
Kh
a
b
ib
i,
a
n
d
N.
B.
A
.
P
ra
se
t
y
a
,
“
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
Util
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
A
sc
o
rb
ic
Ac
id
M
o
d
if
ied
Ch
it
o
sa
n
,
”
J
u
rn
a
l
Kimi
a
S
a
in
s
d
a
n
Ap
li
k
a
si
,
v
o
l.
15
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
70
-
7
5
,
2
0
1
2
.
[8
]
F
.
S
a
v
ira
a
n
d
Y.
S
u
h
a
rso
n
o
,
“
Op
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
Ac
e
tald
e
h
y
d
e
M
o
d
if
ied
Cra
b
S
h
e
ll
Ch
i
to
sa
n
a
s
P
b
(II)
M
e
tal
Io
n
A
d
so
rb
e
n
t,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ch
e
mic
a
l
In
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
a
n
d
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
6
8
9
-
1
6
9
9
,
2
0
1
3
.
[9
]
V
.
V
a
n
ia,
“
S
tu
d
y
O
f
Zi
n
c
(
Zn
2
+
)
M
e
tal
R
e
m
o
v
a
l
In
El
e
c
tro
p
latin
g
W
a
ste
wa
ter
B
y
Us
in
g
,
”
T
h
e
sis
,
In
stit
u
t
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
S
e
p
u
l
u
h
N
o
p
e
m
b
e
r
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
0
]
S.
Yu
n
ia
n
ti
,
M
a
h
a
ra
n
i,
a
n
d
D.
Ka
rti
k
a
,
“
Util
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
Ch
it
o
sa
n
-
S
il
ica
to
Re
d
u
c
e
P
b
(II)
I
o
n
L
e
v
e
l
s
In
S
o
l
u
ti
o
n
,
”
Un
e
sa
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
h
e
mistry
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
0
8
-
1
1
5
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
1
]
Z.
M
.
Bril
li
a
n
tari,
A
.
S
h
o
f
iy
a
n
i,
a
n
d
L
.
De
stiarti,
“
S
y
n
th
e
sis
a
n
d
C
h
a
ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
o
f
Io
n
P
r
i
n
ted
C
h
it
o
sa
n
M
e
m
b
ra
n
e
o
n
th
e
Ca
r
b
o
n
(KT
I
-
C)
S
u
rf
a
c
e
to
In
c
re
a
se
th
e
P
e
rm
e
se
lec
ti
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0
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2
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4
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5
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6
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.
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.
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.
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ri,
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.
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7
]
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A
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A
rg
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teriz
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e
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ra
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s,”
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.
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ika
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Per
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.
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p
.
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9
]
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.
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d
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u
rn
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5,
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p
.
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0
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h
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e
m
i,
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.
Da
ra
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a
n
d
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.
S
.
A
k
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lag
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i,
“
P
o
ly
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o
n
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o
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n
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e
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m
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y
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a
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a
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rica
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teriz
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r
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lym
.
,
v
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l.
1
9
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