Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
u
bli
c Hea
lt
h S
c
ie
nce (IJPH
S)
Vo
l.
7
,
No.
1
,
Ma
rch
201
8
, pp.
4
6
~
5
0
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8806
, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ij
phs.
v7
i
1.
9
124
46
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
https:
//
ww
w.i
aesco
re
.c
om
/j
our
nals/
ind
ex.
php/IJP
H
S
Determi
nant Fac
tors of
Work
-
R
elated
Comp
laint
s
Qo
ni
Mulia
S
ag
i
ta
1
,
Y
uli
an
i
Sety
an
in
gs
ih
2
,
Suli
sti
yani
3
Public
He
al
th
Fa
cul
t
y
,
Univ
ersit
a
s
Diponegor
o,
Sem
ara
ng,
Indone
sia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
N
ov
9
, 2
01
7
Re
vised
Ma
r
12
, 2
0
18
Accepte
d
Ma
r
26
, 201
8
Hom
e
-
base
d
workers
of
Footwe
ar
industries
in
Sem
ara
ng
Regenc
y
ar
e
a
ll
wo
m
ans.
The
emplo
y
m
ent
stat
us
of
h
om
e
-
base
d
workers
usual
l
y
unre
cognize
d
or
unre
gula
t
ed
b
y
the
emplo
y
er
o
r
the
ir
i
te
rm
edia
rie
s
so
tha
t
they
did
no
t
pa
id
cl
ose
attentio
n
about
HW
Bs’s
working
condi
ti
on.
T
h
e
y
ofte
n
work
on
ina
dequ
at
e
working
envi
ronm
e
nt
such
as
poor
vent
i
la
t
io
n
s
y
stem,
bad
li
gh
ti
ng,
hum
id
wor
king
spac
e
(da
m
p
wall
and
floor)
,
and
al
so
poor
lay
out
of
fu
rnit
ure
s
and
wor
k
equi
pm
ent
s.
T
hat
condition
ex
abe
ra
te
d
b
y
la
ck
of
HW
Bs’s
knowledge
and
awa
ren
ess
reg
ar
ding
the
ir
h
ealth
and
safe
t
y
at
work.
In
add
ition
HBW
s
ofte
n
with
l
it
t
le
to
no
ne
edu
ca
t
ion,
w
ork
on
lon
g
ext
end
ed
working
hours a
nd
wor
king
under
inten
sive
la
bor.This r
ese
arc
h
was
ai
m
ed
to
d
et
er
m
ine
the
r
el
a
tions
hip
bet
wee
n
responde
nt
ch
ara
c
te
rist
ic
s
,
m
edi
ca
l
h
istor
y
,
and
use
of
PP
E
with
work
-
re
la
t
ed
complai
n
t
s
on
hom
e
workers
of
shoe
industr
y
in
Se
m
ara
ng
reg
en
c
y
.
Thi
s
was
an
observa
ti
on
al
ana
l
y
t
ic
stud
y
us
ing
cro
ss
sec
ti
on
al
appr
o
ac
h
.
Populat
ion in
thi
s st
ud
y
w
as
80
hom
e
workers
of
shoe
industr
y
in
Sem
ara
ng
re
gency
.
Th
e
sam
ple
s
ar
e
66
hom
e
workers
were
ta
k
en
usin
g
strat
if
ie
d
ran
d
om
sam
pli
ng
me
thod
.
Da
ta
were
anal
y
ze
d
u
sing
fre
quency
distri
buti
on
and
Chi
-
Square
te
st
.
The
result
s
of
thi
s
stud
y
sh
owed
tha
t
th
ere
were
som
e
var
ia
bl
es
that
hav
e
signifi
c
ant
associa
t
ion
wit
h
work
-
rel
ated
c
om
pla
int
s
(p≤
0
.
05)
inc
lud
ing,
le
ngth
of
work,
dura
ti
on
of
work,
per
sonal
protect
iv
e
eq
uipment
(PP
E).
W
hil
e
the
var
ia
b
le
s
of
age,
bod
y
m
ass
inde
x
(BMI),
and
m
edi
c
al
histor
y
di
d
not
show
signifi
c
ant
assoc
ia
ti
on
wi
t
h
work
-
rel
a
te
d
compla
i
nts
(p>
0
.
05).
Multi
var
i
ate
ana
l
y
sis
using
lo
gisti
c
reg
r
ession
show
ed
the
dura
ti
on
of
work
ha
d
the
m
ost
powerful
infl
u
e
nce
to
th
e
work
-
rel
a
te
d
compla
i
nts.
The
con
cl
u
sion
of
thi
s
stud
y
was
important
for
hom
e
workers
to
m
ai
ntain
hea
l
th
conditi
on
b
y
doing
exe
rc
ise
to
avo
i
d
work
-
rel
a
te
d
complai
nts.
Hom
e
workers
that
hav
e
long
dura
ti
on
of
work
s
hould
in
crease the
use
of
PP
E
s
uch
as
m
asks a
n
d
glove
s.
Ke
yw
or
d:
W
or
ker
s
of s
hoe in
dustry
Me
dical
h
ist
or
y
Re
sp
on
den
t c
ha
racteri
sti
c
Pers
on
al
prote
ct
ive equipm
ent
Wor
k
-
relat
ed
c
om
plaints
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Qoni
Muli
a
Sa
gita,
Publi
c H
eal
th
Faculty
,
Un
i
ver
sit
as
Di
pone
gor
o,
Jl Pr
of
Soeda
rto
S
H
T
em
bala
ng, S
em
arang
-
50275,
Ind
on
e
sia
.
Em
a
il
:
qo
nim
uliasa
gita@gm
a
il
.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
In
e
ver
y co
untr
ie
s,
bo
t
h
de
vel
op
e
d
a
nd
dev
el
op
i
ng
c
ountrie
s w
ide r
a
nge pro
duct
ion
of
lo
w
an
d
hi
gh
-
end
goods
a
nd
ser
vices
f
or
do
m
est
ic
and
global
m
ark
et
are
increasin
g.
T
his
trig
gers
the
flo
ur
is
h
of
sel
f
e
m
plo
ye
d
w
orker
s
a
nd
/
or
w
orki
ng
at
ho
m
e
workers.
Ho
m
e
base
d
w
orke
rs
is
one
of
the
w
ork
at
hom
e
ty
pes
[
1
]
.
Ho
m
e
-
bas
ed
w
orke
rs
(
HB
W
s
)
are
w
orkers
w
ho
a
r
e
sel
f
-
em
plo
ye
d
(in
de
pe
nd
e
nt)
or
s
ub
c
ontract
ed
workers
who
work
directl
y
or
in
directl
y
f
or
em
plo
ye
r
or
their
interm
ediaries
on
a
pie
ce
rate
basis
pa
ym
ent
and
usual
ly
m
os
t
of
them
are
wo
m
en
[
2].
H
om
e
based
w
ork
does
not
re
quire
high
s
kill
s
te
chn
i
qu
e
,
do
es
not
le
ave
ho
m
e
an
d
daily
ta
sk
s
a
nd
m
ake
m
on
ey
qu
ic
kly
s
o
it
is
su
it
able
t
o
be
do
ne
by
w
om
en
[
3].
Ho
m
e
-
base
d
workers
pro
du
ce g
oods o
r
se
r
vice f
or t
he
m
ark
et
from
w
it
hin
or ar
ound the
ir ow
n ho
m
es
[
4]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPHS
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8806
Th
e
Rel
atio
ns
hi
p
betwe
e
n
Res
pondent C
harac
te
rist
ic
s,
Med
ic
al H
ist
or
y
, a
nd U
se
o
f
.... (
Qoni M
ulia
Sa
gita)
47
Re
searches
de
scribes
var
i
ous
i
m
pact
of
sel
f
-
em
plo
ye
d
w
ork
a
nd/or
w
ork
ing
at
ho
m
e
on
healt
h
an
d
safety
of
t
he
H
B
W
s.
Pa
rtic
ula
r
healt
h
haza
rd
will
hav
e
sp
es
ific
pro
blem
o
n
healt
h.
F
ro
m
a
survey
on
w
om
en
in
S
outh
A
us
tr
al
ia
,
70%
of
HB
W
s
e
xp
e
rienced
prob
le
m
because
of
the
ir
w
orks
,
rag
i
ng
f
r
om
exp
os
ur
e
of
tox
ic
s
ubsta
nce
, o
cc
upat
iona
l i
njurie
s r
el
at
ed
to lo
ng wo
rk
i
ng
hour, st
ress
a
nd h
i
gh level
of f
at
iq
ue
[
5]
.
Ho
m
e
-
base
d
workers
of
F
oo
t
wear
in
dus
trie
s
in
Sem
ara
ng
Re
ge
nc
y
are
al
l
wo
m
ans.
The
e
m
plo
ym
ent
sta
tus
of
HB
Ws
us
ually
unrec
ognized
or
unr
egu
la
te
d
by
th
e
e
m
plo
ye
r
or
their
it
erm
edia
ries
so
that
they
di
d
no
t
paid
cl
os
e
at
te
ntion
a
bo
ut
H
WBs’
s
w
orkin
g
c
onditi
on.
T
hey
oft
e
n
work
on
i
na
dequate
work
i
ng
en
vir
on
m
ent
su
c
h
a
s
poor
ven
ti
la
ti
on
syst
em
,
bad
li
ghti
ng,
hu
m
id
work
i
ng
s
pace
(
dam
p
w
al
l
and
flo
or),
and also
p
oor
la
yo
ut o
f
f
urnitu
res
an
d
work
e
quipm
e
nts.
That co
ndi
ti
on
ex
a
ber
at
e
d by la
ck
of
HWBs’
s
knowle
dge
an
d
awa
re
ness
re
gardin
g
thei
r
he
al
th
an
d
safet
y
at
wo
r
k
.
In
add
it
io
n
HB
W
s
of
te
n
with
li
t
tl
e
to
none
e
ducat
io
n, w
ork o
n
l
ong exten
ded wo
rki
ng
hours a
nd
work
i
ng
under
intensive
lab
or.
The
pr
i
nciple
of
occ
upat
ion
a
l
healt
h
is
an
e
ffor
t
t
o
har
m
on
iz
e
betwee
n
work
ca
pacit
y,
w
orkloa
d
a
nd
work
e
nv
i
ron
m
ent
so
that
e
ver
y
w
orker
c
an
w
ork
healt
hily
to
ob
ta
in
op
ti
m
al
wo
r
k
pro
du
ct
ivit
y
[6]
.
Thi
s
researc
h
was
a
i
m
ed
to
analy
se
the
influ
e
nce
of
res
ponde
nt
char
act
erist
ic
s
,
m
edical
histor
ie
s
,
an
d
the
use
of
PPE
t
o work
-
r
el
at
ed
com
plaints
of
hom
e
-
based
wor
ker
s
of
footwea
r
in
dus
trie
s.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
2.1.
Subj
ec
t an
d
Materials
This
was
an
obser
vatio
nal
re
search
with
cr
os
s
sect
ion
al
de
sign.
The
stu
dy
was
co
nduc
te
d
on
hom
e
-
base
d
w
orkers
of
f
ootwea
r
industry
in
Se
m
aran
g
Re
gency
.
Popu
la
ti
on
in
this
stud
y
was
al
l
80
hom
e
-
base
d
workers
of
f
ootwea
r
industr
ie
s
in
Se
m
aran
g
Re
gen
cy
.
The
sam
ples
wer
e
ta
ke
n
usi
ng
strat
ifie
d
r
andom
sam
pling
m
et
h
od.
In
this
res
earch
po
pu
la
ti
on
di
vid
e
d
i
nto
3
s
ub
-
popula
ti
on
s
t
hat
are
f
or
m
ed
ba
sed
on
s
ub
-
district
(Bawe
n,
Be
r
gas
an
d
Pr
in
ga
pu
s
).
Mi
nim
u
m
sa
m
ple
s
cal
cula
te
d
usi
ng
la
m
esho
w
form
ula
and
sam
pled
accor
ding
t
o
their
pro
portio
n.
From
lame
sh
ow
form
ula,
m
ini
m
u
m
sa
m
ples
are
66
H
B
W
s,
with
pro
portio
n
37.5%
f
ro
m
Ba
wen
sun
-
distr
ic
(25
HB
W
s
)
,
37.
5%
from
Be
rg
as
sub
-
dis
tric
t
(25
HBWs)
an
d
25%
from
Pr
in
ga
pu
s
s
ub
-
ditric
t
(1
6
HB
Ws).
The
i
nclusion
crit
eri
a
was
w
orke
rs
who
will
in
g
to
be
res
pondent
of
this
researc
h
a
nd
w
ork
as
H
B
W
at
foo
t
wear
i
ndust
ries in
Sem
ar
ang Rege
ncy
.
Wor
k
-
relat
ed
com
plaints
in
th
is
stud
y
wer
e
c
at
egorized
into
two
gro
up
s
,
com
plex
and
sim
ple.
HB
Ws
work
-
r
el
at
ed
c
om
plaints
con
s
ist
of
b
reat
hles
s,
hea
dac
he,
ey
e
irrita
ti
on
,
up
per
b
ac
k
pain, lowe
r
bac
k
pai
n,
sti
f
f
sh
oul
der
,
trem
or
s
,
m
enstru
al
diso
r
ders,
na
us
e
ou
s
vo
m
it
,
it
chy
and
cal
lus.T
his
data
wer
e
c
ollec
te
d
us
in
g
qu
e
sti
onnaires
thr
ough inter
vi
ew.
2.2.
St
ati
stic
al An
aly
sis
Chi
square
te
st
was
us
e
d
to
a
naly
se
biv
a
riat
e
data
inclu
ding
age
,
le
ngth
of
w
ork,
durati
on
of
w
ork
,
body
m
ass
inde
x,
m
edical
hi
stor
ie
s
,
an
d
use
of
per
s
onal
protect
ive
e
quip
m
ent.
Lo
gisti
c
re
gr
essi
on
wa
s
use
d
to an
al
yse
t
he f
act
or
s a
ff
ect
e
d t
he
w
ork
-
relat
e
d
c
om
plaints.
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
3.1.
Bi
va
ri
ate
Ana
lysis
Re
sp
on
den
t
’
ages
in
this
stu
dy
var
ie
s
f
r
om
23
to
66
ye
ars
old.
The
r
e
wer
e
84.
8%
of
w
orke
rs
su
f
fer
e
d
f
ro
m
cal
lus
du
e
to
s
ewin
g
job.
As
for
the
wor
king
per
i
od,
it
ran
ge
s
betwee
n
one
to
24
ye
a
rs
.
Ma
ny
of
hom
e
wo
r
ke
rs
work
e
d
m
or
e
t
ha
n
8
ho
ur
s
each
day.
Wor
king
f
or
l
ong
pe
rio
d
inc
reasin
g
risk
of
healt
h
pro
blem
s
su
ch
as
m
us
culosc
el
et
al
pain
that
m
a
y
be
related
toenc
r
oachm
ent
on
rec
overy
and
re
cu
pe
rati
on
tim
e
fr
om
wo
r
king
day
be
f
ore
or
opportu
nit
i
es
to
heal
or
r
ecov
e
r
t
o
basel
ine.
T
he
relat
io
ns
hi
p
of
ove
rtim
e
to
injur
y
has bee
n re
ported wit
h
i
njury
r
is
ks
inc
r
easi
ng as
hours
increase
d
[
7
]
.
Table
1
sho
ws
the
res
ult
of
the
bi
var
ia
t
a
na
ly
sis.
Ther
e
w
ere
92.
4%
of
r
esp
onde
nt
ha
ve
pro
du
ct
ive
age
that
is
between
15
to
64
ye
ars
old
.
66.7%
of
the
respo
nd
e
nts
hav
e
w
orkin
g
per
i
od
m
or
e
than
3
ye
ars
a
s
HB
W
s
.
In
ad
di
ti
on
,
75.
8%
of
r
esp
onde
nt
ha
d
unqual
ifie
d
durati
on
of
w
ork
with
ave
ra
ge
w
orki
ng
du
r
at
ion
m
or
e
than
9
hours
a
day.
T
his
value
was
higher
tha
n
a
norm
al
ran
ge
for
durati
on
of
work
f
or
in
dustria
l
workers
[
8]
.
Ther
e
we
re
as
m
any
as
35
pe
op
le
(
53.0%)
of
res
pondent
who
have
an
abno
rm
al
bo
dy
m
ass
ind
e
x
with
th
e
value
<1
8
.
5kg/m
2
or
>2
4.9
kg/m
2
.
Howe
ver,
77.
3%
of
the
re
spo
nd
e
nts
ha
ve
no
m
edical
histor
ie
s
o
f
de
ge
ner
at
ive
d
ise
a
se. Resp
onde
nt
s
we
re m
or
e li
kely
to
no
t
us
e
per
s
onal
pro
te
c
ti
ve
eq
uip
m
ent
su
c
h
as m
ask
and g
l
ov
e
s
durin
g w
ork (77.
3%
).
The
b
i
var
ia
te
analy
sis
sh
owe
d
that
there
we
re
so
m
e
var
ia
bl
es
that
hav
e
sign
i
ficant
assoc
ia
ti
on
wit
h
work
-
r
el
at
ed
c
om
plaints
(p≤ 0
.
05)
incl
udin
g,
le
ngth o
f
w
or
k,
dur
at
io
n
of w
ork
,
a
nd
use
o
f
pe
rsonal p
r
ot
ect
iv
e
equ
i
pm
ent
(P
P
E).
Wh
il
e
t
he
var
ia
bles
of
a
ge
,
bo
dy
m
ass
i
nd
e
x
(BMI)
,
a
nd
m
edical
histor
ie
s
did
not
sh
ow
sign
ific
a
nt
ass
ociat
ion
w
it
h
work
-
relat
ed
com
plaints
(p
>
0
.
0
5).
T
his
resu
lt
sho
we
d
that
w
ork
-
r
el
at
ed
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IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8806
IJPHS
V
ol.
7
, No
.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
1
8
:
4
6
–
5
0
48
com
plaint
m
igh
t
ha
ppen
to
H
B
W
s
in
eve
ry
age
range
,
to
e
ver
y
fat
or
t
hin
pe
op
le
a
nd
pe
op
le
s
with
or
without
histor
y
of
degenerati
ve
disea
se
.
Re
sponde
nt
s
whose
s
uffe
red
from
wo
rk
-
relat
ed
c
om
pl
ai
nts
m
ay
caused
by
work
under
lo
ng
w
orki
ng
ho
ur
s
an
d
lo
ng
pe
rio
de
ti
m
e
(m
or
e
than
3
ye
ars)
an
d
la
c
k
of
P
PE
us
a
ge
.
F
ro
m
researc
h
on
w
orkin
g
ad
ults
in
USA
sho
w
that
long
w
orki
ng
hours
ind
i
r
ect
ly
pr
eci
pitate
wo
r
kpla
ce
acci
den
ts
by
in
du
ci
ng
fa
ti
gu
e
or
stress
in
a
ff
ect
e
d
w
orkers
a
nd
ov
ertim
e
schedul
es
ha
d
t
he
gr
e
at
est
relat
ive
r
isk
of
occupati
onal
inju
ry
or
il
lness
,
fo
ll
owe
d
by
s
chedules
with
exten
ded
(>12
)
hour
s
per
day
and
e
xten
ded
(>60)
hours
per
wee
k
[9]
.
in
ot
her
stud
ie
s
W
or
ke
rs
rem
ai
n
un
awar
e
of
an
d
are
no
t
interes
te
d
in
occupat
ion
al
hazar
ds
des
pite t
rainin
g
i
n haz
ard
s
at w
ork
[1
0]
.
Table
1.
Bi
var
i
at
e A
naly
sis
be
tween
A
ge,
Le
ng
t
h of
Wo
r
k,
Durati
on
of
W
ork, Bo
dy Mas
s Ind
e
x, Me
dic
al
History,
and
U
se of Pe
rs
on
al
Pr
otect
ive
E
quipm
ent w
it
h Wo
r
k
-
relat
ed
C
om
pla
ints.
Variabels
N
(%)
P
PR
9
5
% CI
Ag
e
Un
p
rod
u
ctiv
e
Prod
u
ctiv
e
5
(7.6
)
6
1
(92
.4)
0
.19
4
0
.33
0
0
.75
4
-
3
.382
Leng
th
of
work
Lon
g
Sh
o
rt
4
4
(66
.7)
2
2
(33
.3)
0
.00
1
3
.30
0
1
.49
9
-
7
.265
Du
ration
of
work
Un
q
u
alif
ied
Qu
alif
ied
5
0
(75
.8)
1
6
(24
.2)
0
.00
1
1
1
.84
0
1
.76
2
-
7
9
.5
4
4
Bo
d
y
m
ass
ind
ex
Ab
n
o
r
m
al
No
r
m
al
3
5
(53
.0)
3
1
(47
.0)
0
.50
1
1
.21
8
0
.79
6
-
1
.864
Medical Histo
r
y
Yes
No
1
5
(22
.7)
5
1
(77
.3)
1
.00
0
1
.05
5
0
.65
5
-
1
.701
Use o
f
PPE
Inco
m
p
le
te
Co
m
p
lete
5
1
(77
.3)
1
5
(22
.7)
0
.00
2
3
.43
1
1
.22
6
-
9
.602
Durati
on
of
w
ork
was
work
stresso
rs
that
var
y
great
ly
bo
th
in
qual
it
y
and
qu
a
ntit
y.
The
lo
ng
e
r
a
per
s
on
w
orks
on
a
j
ob,
t
he
m
or
e
fati
gu
e
would
occ
ur
[
11
]
.
Bi
va
riat
e
te
st
resu
lt
s
sho
wed
t
hat
there
wer
e
a
n
associat
ion
bet
ween
durati
on
of
wor
k
with
work
-
r
el
at
ed
c
om
plaints.
The
le
ng
th
of
w
ork
in
this
st
ud
y
cou
l
d
aff
ect
both
po
sit
ive
and
negat
ive
perform
a
nce.
P
os
it
ive
infl
uen
ce
on
pe
rfor
m
ance
w
as
occurre
d
if
ho
m
e
workers
with
i
ncr
easi
ng
le
ngt
h
of
wor
k
m
or
e
exp
e
rience
d
in
carryin
g
out
it
s
du
ty
.
Con
ve
rsely
giv
e
ne
gative
influ
e
nce
if
wi
th
incre
asi
ng
le
ng
t
h
of
work
would
i
ncr
eas
e
he
al
th
tr
oubl
e
to
w
orker
a
nd
inc
rease
bo
r
edo
m
cause
d by w
orker w
hich
is m
onoton
ous.
3.2.
Multi
va
ri
at
A
na
lysis
T
able
2
s
hows
that
durati
on
of
w
ork,
us
e
of
Pe
rs
onnel
P
r
otect
ive
E
qu
i
pm
ent
(P
P
E),
a
nd
le
ngth
of
work
wer
e
as
so
ci
at
ed
with
work
-
r
el
at
ed
com
plaints.
D
urat
ion
of
w
or
k
ha
d
the
lo
west
sign
i
ficant
le
vel
com
par
ed
to
al
l
oth
er
va
riable
s
(p
=
0.002).
T
he
relat
ion
s
hip
between
d
urat
ion
of
w
ork,
u
s
e
of
PPE
,
an
d
le
ng
t
h
of
w
ork
can
b
e
seen
f
r
om
the
log
ist
ic
s
te
st
r
e
su
lt
s.
Durati
on
of w
or
k
ha
d
the stro
ngest
inf
l
uen
ce to
ward
work
-
relat
ed
com
plaints
to
oth
e
r
va
riables.
Durati
on
of
w
ork
ha
d
ad
justed
O
R
value
40.
66
5
,
w
hic
h
m
ea
ns
that
ho
m
e
-
base
d
w
orkers
of
foot
wear
in
dustrie
s
in
Sem
aran
g
Re
gen
cy
w
ho
h
ad
unqual
ifie
d
durati
on
of
work
wer
e
li
kely
to have
40.
665
ti
m
es the r
is
k
of
w
ork
-
relat
ed
c
om
plaints.
Table
2.
Su
m
m
ary o
f
L
ogist
ic
Regr
essi
on Re
su
lt
s that is
Stat
ist
ic
aly Sign
ifi
cant
Variabels
B
P
Ad
ju
sted
OR
9
5
% CI
Du
ration
of
work
3
.70
5
0
.00
2
4
0
.65
5
3
.89
8
-
4
2
4
.03
2
Use o
f
PPE
2
.75
3
0
.00
3
1
5
.69
2
2
.60
1
-
9
4
.6
8
0
Leng
th
of
work
2
.28
3
0
.00
6
9
.80
6
1
.91
8
-
5
0
.1
3
6
Co
n
stan
t
-
6
.22
8
The
durati
on
of
w
ork
was
r
el
at
ed
to
t
he
physi
cal
co
nd
it
ion
of
t
he
wor
ker
'
s
bo
dy.
L
ong
w
orki
ng
hours
def
i
ne
d
as
w
ork
m
or
e
than
40
hours
per
wee
k
a
nd
exten
ded
w
ork
sh
ifts
are
de
fined
as
a
s
hift
long
e
r
than
8
hours
pe
r
day
.
Fe
w
stud
ie
s
hav
e
e
xplore
d
how
m
uch
long
w
orki
ng
hours
in
flue
nce
w
orkers
w
it
h
pr
e
-
existi
ng
healt
h
pro
blem
s,
or
how
t
he
ho
urs
relat
e
to
sy
m
pto
m
m
anage
m
en
t
and
t
he
course
of
co
m
m
on
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPHS
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8806
Th
e
Rel
atio
ns
hi
p
betwe
e
n
Res
pondent C
harac
te
rist
ic
s,
Med
ic
al H
ist
or
y
, a
nd U
se
o
f
.... (
Qoni M
ulia
Sa
gita)
49
chro
nic
diseas
es.
The
prese
nt
rep
ort
was
li
m
it
ed
to
a
su
m
m
ary
of
tho
se
stud
ie
s
that
addresse
d
asso
ci
at
ion
s
betwee
n
lo
ng
work
i
ng
hours
and il
lnesses,
inju
ries,
healt
h beh
a
viors,
and
perform
ance
[8]
.
Ho
m
e
-
base
d
workers
of
f
oo
twear
in
dustrie
s
of
te
n
ha
d
to
purs
ue
pro
duct
ion
ti
m
e
and
num
ber
s
that
un
m
at
ch
with
t
he
te
rm
s
of
pro
visio
ns
. W
or
ke
rs
usual
ly
ha
d
to
com
plete
up
to
20
pai
rs
of
f
oo
t
wear
within
tw
o
days.
Ba
se
d
on
th
e
r
esults
of
inter
view,
work
e
rs
c
ould
fin
ish
1
pair
of
f
oo
t
wear
with
in
g
on
e
hour
s
o
at
le
ast
the
work
e
rs
ne
ed
to
wor
k
10
hour
s
a
day
.
All
the
wo
r
kers
who
sewe
d
the
footwea
r
ar
e
fe
m
al
e.
Ther
efor
e
,
they
of
te
n
ha
d
to
m
ultitask
be
tween
wor
k
a
nd
house
hold
act
ivit
ie
s
wh
ic
h
certai
nly
ad
ded
t
o
their
ph
ysi
cal
and
em
otion
al
bur
den
.
L
on
g hou
rs
can lea
d t
o
sle
ep dep
riv
at
ion
, a
nd
t
hat
associat
ed risk
s o
f
il
lness a
nd
injur
y
are e
xacer
bate
d by hi
gh wo
rkl
oad
s
and s
hift
work
[
12]
.
This
stu
dy
wa
s
con
sist
e
nt
with
the
researc
h
condu
ct
e
d
by
Spurge
on
et
al
,
wh
ic
h
sta
te
that
onset
of
fati
gu
e
was
th
e
resu
lt
of
work
i
ng
f
or
long
hour
s
.
It
dire
ct
ly
aff
ect
ed
the
safety
be
ha
vior
of
t
he
w
orke
rs
.
Stud
ie
s
ha
ve
sh
ow
n
t
hat
he
al
th
effe
ct
s
ar
ise
d
with
ov
e
r
50
w
ork
ho
ur
s
a
week.
Nu
m
erous
pro
blem
s
associat
ed
incl
ud
e
s
stress
di
so
r
de
rs,
m
us
culos
kelet
al
diso
r
ders,
et
c.,
m
igh
t
al
so
be
associat
ed
wi
th
long
work
i
ng
hours
[13]
.
Footwea
r
in
dustrie
s
ho
m
e
-
ba
sed
w
orke
rs
w
ere
ex
posed
t
o
healt
h
haza
r
ds
li
ke
ever
y
oth
er
wor
ker.
The
hazar
ds
i
nclu
ding
e
xposure
to
da
ng
e
r
ou
s
chem
ic
al
s
,
rep
et
it
ive
w
ork
,
aw
kwar
d
po
st
ur
e
an
d
i
m
paled
need
le
.
It
was
t
her
e
fore
im
po
r
ta
nt
for
hom
e
workers
t
o
be
awar
e o
f
t
he
P
erson
nel
Prote
ct
ive
Eq
uip
m
e
nt
(P
P
E
)
and
the
pr
act
i
ce
of
safety
preca
utio
ns
rela
te
d
to
t
heir
w
ork
[14]
.
P
PE
are
us
ed
di
fferently
f
or
dif
fer
e
nt
pur
po
ses
,
cl
ean
an
d
well
ke
ep
an
d
are
not
t
o
be
sh
a
red
a
m
on
g
work
e
rs.
So
m
e
wo
r
kers
in
this
stud
y
cl
aim
ed
that
they
felt
u
nco
m
fo
rta
ble
usi
ng
PP
E
wh
il
e
do
in
g
their
work.
O
ne
of
t
he
PPE
in
the
form
of
fing
er
sh
eat
h
was
rar
el
y
us
e
d,
so
m
os
t
res
pondents
ex
pe
rience
cal
lu
s.
On
the
stu
dy
to
far
m
er,
they
w
or
e
the
prot
ect
ive
dev
ic
es
w
he
n
expos
ur
e
to
ha
zard
wa
s
exce
ssive
an
d
the
us
e
of
these
protect
ive
de
vic
es
m
ay
le
ss
fr
equ
e
nt
wh
e
n
they
did
no
t
per
c
ei
ve
a
hig
h
le
vel
of
risk
or
if
they
had
no
t
ex
pe
rienced
a
healt
h
pr
oble
m
du
e
t
o
th
e
expos
ur
e
[
15]
.
Ma
ny
res
pond
ents
c
om
plained
of
sho
rtness
o
f
breat
h,
as
phyxia
an
d
s
kin
i
tc
hin
g
w
he
n
se
wing
le
at
he
r
sh
oe
s
m
ade
of
velvet
m
at
eri
al
.
This
com
plaint
of
te
n
cau
sed
by
re
spo
ndents
did
no
t
us
e
pr
op
e
r
PP
E.
I
n
add
it
io
n,
the
c
om
pan
y
d
id
no
t
pr
ovide
e
nough
P
PE
su
c
h
a
s
m
asks
and
glo
ve
s.
T
he
la
ck
of
em
plo
ye
r
at
te
ntion
in
pro
vid
i
ng
P
PE
is
al
so
one
of
the
ca
us
es
of
wor
ker
s
not
us
in
g
PP
E
[
16
]
.
The
us
e
of
PPE
co
uld
pl
ay
an
i
m
po
rtant
r
ole
in
safegua
rd
i
ng
the
healt
h
an
d
li
fe
of
w
orke
rs
in
any
w
o
r
kin
g
e
nv
i
ronm
ent.
It
is
al
so
i
m
p
or
ta
nt
to
reali
ze
that
PPE
li
ke
any
ot
her
pr
otect
ion
do
e
s
not
el
i
m
i
nate
da
ng
e
r,
but
sim
ply
serv
e
s
as
a
scree
n
be
tween
the
w
orke
r
a
nd
the
sourc
e
of
da
nger
.
I
n
m
os
t
cases
t
he
da
ng
e
r
a
nd
in
j
ury
[
17
].
Healt
hy
w
orke
rs
ar
e
m
or
e
li
kely
to
be
be
tt
er
m
otivate
d,
e
njo
y
gr
eat
er
jo
b
sat
isfac
ti
on
a
nd
c
ontr
ibu
te
to
bette
r
-
qual
it
y
produ
ct
s
and
serv
ic
es
, th
e
re
by enha
ncin
g
t
he ov
e
rall
qual
it
y of
li
fe
of in
div
id
uals a
nd s
ociet
y
[3
]
.
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Durati
on
of w
ork
,
use
of
P
PE,
an
d
le
ngth of
work
can
af
fec
t
work
-
relat
e
d
com
plaints
of
h
om
e
-
base
d
workers
of
f
oo
twear
in
du
st
ries
in
Sem
aran
g
Re
gen
cy
.
H
om
e
-
based
wor
ker
s
need
t
o
m
ai
ntainn
their
healt
h
conditi
on
by
doin
g
re
gu
la
r
physi
cal
exer
ci
s
e
to
reduce
w
ork
-
relat
ed
co
m
pla
ints.
Ho
m
e
-
base
d
w
orke
rs
t
hat
hav
e lo
ng dur
a
ti
on
o
f work
s
houl
d
increase t
he
us
e of PP
E
su
c
h
as
m
asks
and
gloves
to m
ake b
arr
ie
r
be
tween
them
an
d
oc
cu
pation haz
ar
d
.
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