Intern
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
urn
a
l
o
f
P
u
b
lic Hea
l
th Science (IJ
P
HS)
V
o
l.3
,
No
.4
, Dece
m
b
er
2
014
,
p
p
.
2
6
7
~
275
I
S
SN
: 225
2-8
8
0
6
2
67
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJPHS
Bios
ecu
rity of P
o
ultry W
o
rk
er
Related to Avia
n Influenza in
Bangladesh
Sw
ap
an
Kum
a
r
Ro
y,
Qu
az
i
Z
a
han
g
i
r
H
o
ssai
n
Resear
ch Fello
w, Depar
t
ment o
f
Public Hea
lth,
Northern Univer
sity
Bangladesh, Bangladesh
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received
Oct 27, 2014
Rev
i
sed
Nov
2
0
, 2
014
Accepted Nov 25, 2014
Research on
bio
s
ecurity
of
poultr
y
work
ers of
Live Bird Mark
et (LBM) in
urban and rural
areas related to
highl
y
pathog
en
ic avian influ
e
n
za (AI) was
undertak
en during March-June, 2014 at
Keshabpur upazila (22°48´
-22°57
´
N
latitude
and 8
9
°06´
-89°22
´
E
long
itude)
,
Jessore, Banglad
esh. A non-
randomized (pur
posive) sampling method
was a
pplied and a des
c
riptiv
e ty
p
e
of cross section
a
l stud
y
w
a
s perform
ed among
72 workers, d
i
v
i
ding th
em
into two groups
as 36 urb
a
n an
d 36 rural poultr
y
work
ers of LBM through
split-halv
es vari
ation t
echn
i
que.
The
y
were in
t
e
rviewed
confid
enti
all
y
i
n
their work place using a structur
ed pr
etested questionn
air
e
. Among
respondents 53
%, 75%, 45%, 8
1
%, and 56
% of
urban and
50%, 42%, 50%
,
89%, and 36%
of rural resid
e
nce h
a
d atten
d
ed up to primar
y
schoo
l,
knowledge abou
t AI through media lik
e TV
and
radio, used prop
er personal
protective
equip
m
ent as mask and glove
s, washed their h
a
nds an
d equipmen
t
after f
i
nishing
work and clean
e
d stalls
/
cag
es
dail
y and m
o
s
t
l
y
th
e
y
us
ed
water
as
a
cle
a
n
i
ng m
a
ter
i
al
, r
e
s
p
ect
iv
ely
.
In ur
ban (14%)
and
rural (36%
)
workers used the same vehicle to transport poultr
y
and humans. A combined
effort is required to enhance kn
owle
dge and ch
ange behav
i
or among those
m
o
st at risk in
low-incom
e
countries and pre
caut
i
ons necessar
y
to avo
i
d
spreading
the vir
u
s among poultr
y
and humans.
Keyword:
Avi
a
n i
n
fl
ue
nz
a
Biosecurity
Li
ve bi
rd
m
a
rket
Pers
onal
p
r
ot
e
c
t
i
v
e
eq
ui
pm
ent
Pou
ltry wo
rk
er
Copyright ©
201
4 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Swa
p
an Kum
a
r Roy
Depa
rt
m
e
nt
of
Pu
bl
i
c
Heal
t
h
,
No
rt
he
rn
U
n
i
v
ersi
t
y
B
a
ngl
a
d
esh,
41/
42
M
azi
d
S
a
rani
,
S
h
i
b
bari
C
i
rcl
e
, K
hul
na,
B
a
n
g
l
a
des
h
.
Em
a
il: sawp
an_
69@yaho
o.com
1.
INTRODUCTION
Avia
n Influenza as an em
er
ging infectious
diseas
e of
bi
r
d
s cause
d
by
i
n
fl
uenza
vi
r
u
s
t
y
pe A [1]
,
co
mm
o
n
l
y k
n
o
wn
as
b
i
rd
fl
u
.
Av
ian
influ
e
nza a v
i
ru
s su
b
t
yp
e H5
N1
h
a
s cau
sed
m
a
n
y
h
u
m
an
fatalitie
s and
cont
i
n
ues t
o
p
o
se an i
n
creasi
ng
pa
ndem
i
c threat [2], [3].
The world thre
at
by
avi
a
n i
n
f
l
uenza
vi
r
u
s’s
need t
o
aware
n
ess
,
k
n
o
wl
e
dge
, an
d r
eadi
n
ess t
o
out
brea
k an
d bi
os
ecuritry practices in Kogi State, Nige
ria is studie
d
reveale
d
that
high le
vel of a
w
are
n
ess
and
readiness
to
ou
tb
reak
High
ly Path
og
en
ic
Avian
In
fl
u
e
n
z
a
(HPAI)
but
p
o
o
r
kn
o
w
l
e
d
g
e a
nd
bi
osec
uri
t
y
pra
c
t
i
ces t
o
wa
rds
i
t
[4]
.
Li
ve
bi
r
d
m
a
rket
w
o
r
k
ers
i
n
M
y
m
e
nsi
n
g
h
,
Ban
g
l
ad
esh
[
5
]
,
Zak
a
r
t
a, In
don
esia [6
] an
d
i
n
Lag
e
l
u
,
O
y
o
State, N
i
g
e
r
i
a
[
7
] w
e
r
e
condu
cted
o
n
k
nowled
g
e
,
attitu
d
e
s and
p
r
actices/co
m
p
lian
ce (KAP). Stu
d
y
on
o
r
i
g
in
an
d
ev
o
l
u
t
io
n
o
f
HPAI i
n
Asia rev
ealed
th
at
app
r
oaches t
o
cont
rol
o
f
H5
N1
have be
en
devel
ope
d
t
h
ro
ug
h o
b
se
rvat
i
o
ns an
d ex
peri
e
n
ces [
8
]
.
Tradi
t
i
onal
Asian
wet m
a
rk
ets p
r
ov
id
e maj
o
r con
t
act p
o
in
ts fo
r
p
e
op
le an
d
liv
e an
imal
mix
i
n
g
,
m
a
k
i
ng
th
em
i
m
p
o
rtan
t
p
o
t
en
tial sou
r
ces of
v
i
ral am
p
lificatio
n and in
fection
[9
]. Av
ian influ
e
nza v
i
ru
ses in
Korean
liv
e po
u
ltry
mark
ets and
their p
a
thog
en
ic
p
o
t
en
tial stu
d
y
ex
p
l
o
r
ed
th
at
m
o
d
e
o
f
selling
b
i
rd
s
v
a
ries i
n
d
i
fferen
t lo
calitie
s
are adopte
d according to de
m
a
nd [10]
. Research towa
rds c
ontrol of
H5N1 was
unde
rtake
n
like
hum
an
in
fection
and
t
o
red
u
c
e th
e ri
sk
of zo
ono
tic tran
sm
issi
on of t
h
e
vi
r
u
s,
p
r
eve
n
t
s
econda
r
y cases and provide
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-88
06
IJPHS
Vol. 3, No. 4,
Decem
ber 2014
: 267 –
275
26
8
b
a
selin
e co
m
p
arison
for t
h
e
early d
e
tectio
n of ch
ang
e
s
in v
i
ru
s t
r
an
sm
issib
ility in
Indon
esia [11
]
. Clean
i
ng
and
di
si
nfect
i
on m
e
t
hod o
f
po
ul
t
r
y
farm
s t
h
at
awaren
ess of a
v
i
a
n i
n
fl
uenza
on s
i
gns
, sym
p
t
o
m
s
an
d
pre
v
e
n
t
i
v
e m
e
asure
s
was
pre
s
cri
b
e
d
[
12]
.
A
hi
g
h
ri
sk
of
p
ubl
i
c
heal
t
h
pr
obl
em
s due t
o
HP
AI a
nd t
h
er
e i
s
no
effectiv
e enfo
rce
m
en
t o
f
th
e lo
cal HPAI contro
l regu
latio
n
in
Jak
a
rta city
o
n
th
e pou
ltry co
llectio
n
sites an
d
t
r
adi
t
i
onal
sl
au
ght
e
r
h
ouse
s
t
h
at
cont
i
nue t
o
con
d
u
ct
un
safe
pract
i
ces of
p
oul
t
r
y
sl
au
ght
e
r
[1
3]
. I
n
H
o
n
g
Ko
ng
after flu
out
break explored t
h
at feat
her
s
, fe
ces, as wel
l
as, bl
o
od a
nd i
n
t
e
st
i
n
es soi
l
e
d
and c
ont
am
i
n
at
es t
h
e
mark
ets wh
ich h
e
lp
i
n
sp
read
ing
th
e
v
i
ru
s in
to
th
e m
a
r
k
ets [14
]
.
Work
ers in th
e
po
u
ltry indu
stry
, who
com
m
onl
y
have c
ont
act
wi
t
h
l
i
v
e,
si
ck
,
o
r
dy
i
n
g
p
o
u
l
t
r
y
,
are at
hi
gh
ri
sk
f
o
r
a
v
i
a
n i
n
fl
ue
nza
[
1
5]
. T
h
e
‘cl
a
ssi
cal
’ ap
pr
oach t
o
HP
AI
cont
rol
an
d el
i
m
i
n
at
i
on base
d
on earl
y
det
e
c
t
i
on an
d st
am
p
i
ng o
u
t
has
pr
o
v
ed t
o
b
e
effectiv
e in
m
o
st cases f
o
r elimin
atio
n o
f
HPAI
an
d so
m
e
LPAI
v
i
ru
ses fro
m
t
h
e British
Co
lu
m
b
ia
com
m
e
rci
a
l
po
ul
t
r
y
i
n
d
u
st
ry
[1
6]
. A
v
i
a
n i
n
fl
ue
nza an
d
h
u
m
a
n heal
t
h
st
udy
opi
ned t
h
at
t
h
e wo
rl
d i
s
no
w
un
de
r
hum
an p
a
ndem
i
c t
h
reat
by
a
v
i
a
n i
n
fl
u
e
nza
vi
r
u
ses
[1
7]
.
In B
a
ngl
a
d
es
h
si
gni
fi
ca
nt
n
u
m
bers of
peo
p
l
e
i
n
b
o
t
h
u
r
ba
n
and
r
u
ral
a
r
ea
s are c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
ly
depe
n
d
ent
o
n
liv
e b
i
rd
mark
eting
.
Th
e in
teraction
s
of h
u
m
an
s with
po
u
ltry in
th
ese
settin
g
s
prov
ide risk
of exp
o
s
u
r
e
t
o
vi
r
u
s. T
h
e l
i
k
e
l
i
hoo
d
of t
r
a
n
s
m
i
ssi
on ri
sk t
o
hum
an p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
ons i
s
u
n
k
n
o
w
n
a
nd
nee
d
s t
o
be asse
sse
d an
d
scan
ty wo
rk
h
a
d b
e
en done in
Ban
g
l
ad
esh
.
Th
er
efor
e, th
e
r
e
sear
ch h
a
s b
e
en
con
d
u
c
ted to obtain
an
un
de
rst
a
n
d
i
n
g
on
bi
os
ecu
ri
t
y
of
wo
r
k
ers i
n
ur
ban a
n
d r
u
r
a
l
l
i
v
e bi
rd m
a
rket
s
rel
a
t
e
d
t
o
hi
g
h
l
y
pat
h
oge
ni
c
avi
a
n i
n
fl
uenza
at
Kes
h
a
b
p
u
r
upazi
l
a
,
Jess
or
e.
2.
R
E
SEARC
H M
ETHOD
A
descri
pt
i
v
e
t
y
pe of
cr
oss
-
sect
i
onal
st
u
d
y
wa
s c
o
nd
uct
e
d f
r
o
m
M
a
rch-Ju
ne,
2
0
1
4
at
Kes
h
ab
p
u
r
upazi
l
a
u
nde
r
Jesso
re
di
st
ri
ct
. Dat
a
col
l
ect
i
o
n
t
o
ol
s
were
t
h
e
q
u
est
i
o
n
n
ai
re s
u
r
v
ey
a
n
d t
h
e t
e
c
hni
que
o
f
dat
a
col
l
ect
i
on am
ong
72
po
ul
t
r
y
wo
rk
ers eac
h hal
v
e f
r
om
urb
a
n an
d r
u
ral
ar
eas was co
nfi
d
ent
i
a
l
l
y
i
n
t
e
rvi
e
wed
face to face in their workplace. The
respondents were asked ge
neral information, know
ledge of
transmission
an
d
p
r
ev
en
tio
n o
f
av
ian
in
fluen
za, attitu
d
e
s
an
d
p
r
actices
to
ward
th
e d
i
sease, p
r
ecau
tions at wo
rk
, sources o
f
in
fo
rm
atio
n
,
pattern
of selling
b
i
rd
s and
cl
ean
lin
ess. Samp
le co
m
p
leted
th
e qu
estionnaire u
s
i
n
g
abou
t 30
minutes to c
o
m
p
le
te the scale. Statistical an
alysis w
a
s
d
one b
y
SPSS (v
ersio
n
16
.0
).
Measures
Data we
re c
o
llected using a st
ruct
ure
d
pretes
te
d questionnaire. T
h
e
questionnai
r
e
was c
o
m
posed as
fo
llows:
Genera
l info
rma
t
i
o
n
va
ria
b
les
were ag
e, sex
,
edu
cation
l
e
v
e
l,
work
ing
ex
p
e
rien
ce and lo
catio
n of
busin
ess.
Knowledge re
lated variable
w
e
r
e
idea abo
u
t
f
l
u in hu
man
s
/pou
ltr
y, typ
e
o
f
f
l
u
,
kn
ow
ledg
e abo
u
t
h
i
gh
l
y
pat
h
oge
ni
c a
v
i
a
n i
n
fl
ue
nza
(
H
P
A
I
)
, t
r
ansm
i
ssi
on
o
f
HP
AI
(f
r
o
m
bi
rd
t
o
hum
an
bo
dy
),
sou
r
ces
o
f
i
n
fe
ct
i
on
o
f
the target groups a
n
d
protective m
easures
fo
r redu
cing
th
e risk
o
f
t
r
an
sm
itt
in
g
HPAI.
Attitude
related variables
were
fund
am
e
n
tal attitu
d
e
s an
d
b
e
liefs, m
i
s
c
o
n
c
ep
tion
s
o
f
th
e statem
en
ts
related
to
HPAI
.
Practice related vari
a
bles
were sel
l
i
ng
o
f
l
i
v
e bi
rd
s (n
um
ber), wa
st
e
m
a
nagem
e
nt
fr
om
poul
t
r
y
b
u
si
ness
,
avera
g
e tim
e of rem
a
ining
birds i
n
the
sta
ll and practices on selling
of sick
birds.
Va
lidity
a
n
d
relia
bility
o
f
questionna
ire
Before using
th
e
q
u
e
stionn
ai
re, it h
a
d
b
e
en tested
with 10
p
ilo
t sam
p
le
s o
f
pou
ltry wo
rk
ers fro
m
Li
ve B
i
r
d
M
a
r
k
et
o
f
M
oni
ra
m
pur u
p
azi
l
a
o
f
Jess
or
e
di
strict and m
easure
d
s
u
bjectively
by the
resea
r
cher. T
h
e
val
i
d
i
t
y
was
m
easure
d
base
d
on
re
searc
h
er
j
u
d
g
m
e
nt
wh
eth
e
r all of
t
h
e
p
ilo
t sam
p
les w
e
r
e
und
er
st
oo
d and
p
r
ov
id
ed
th
e ap
pro
p
riate an
swers to
t
h
e
q
u
estio
n
s
. Th
e reliab
ility was
measu
r
ed
b
a
sed
o
n
jud
g
m
en
t wh
ether
all o
f
t
h
e
p
ilo
t
sam
p
le resu
lts were con
s
istent.
St
at
ist
i
ca
l analy
s
is
Cro
ss tabu
lation
s
were calcu
l
a
ted
to
ev
alu
a
t
e
th
e in
flu
e
n
c
e o
f
ind
e
p
e
nd
ent v
a
riab
les lik
e ed
u
cation
l
e
vel
,
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
expe
ri
ence a
n
d l
o
cat
i
o
n o
f
busi
n
ess
on
di
ffe
rent
de
pe
n
d
e
nt
vari
a
b
l
e
l
i
k
e k
n
o
wl
e
dge
abo
u
t
HP
AI, t
r
ansm
issi
on
of a
v
i
a
n
i
n
fl
ue
nza am
on
g
po
ul
t
r
y
and
h
u
m
a
ns, y
earl
y
i
n
com
e
, usi
ng
pr
o
p
er
pe
rso
n
a
l
protective equi
pm
ent (PPE),
cleaning t
h
e st
alls/cages da
ily, u
s
ing
th
e same v
e
h
i
cles to tran
sp
ort pou
ltry an
d
hum
ans,
wast
e
m
a
nagem
e
nt
from
po
ul
t
r
y
bu
si
ness,
kee
p
i
n
g
ade
q
uate
wate
r nearby
stalls, annual health
c
h
ec
k
of LBM worke
r
s and if the
workers b
ecam
e infected
whet
her
reporte
d
to it
public healt
h
aut
h
ority etc. with
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PH
S I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
0
6
Bio
s
ecurity o
f
Pou
ltry Wo
rker Rela
ted to Avia
n
In
flu
en
za
i
n
Ban
g
l
a
d
e
sh
(
S
wapa
n Kumar Ro
y)
26
9
95% confi
d
ence intervals.
The sta
tistical analyses were perform
e
d
usi
n
g SP
SS (
v
ersi
on
1
6
.
0
),
wi
t
h
si
gni
fi
ca
nce l
e
vel
o
f
P <
0.
0
5
.
3.
R
E
SU
LTS AN
D ANA
LY
SIS
3
.
1
.
St
at
ist
i
ca
l
analy
s
is
Am
ong t
h
e
res
p
o
n
d
ent
s
53
%,
and
42
% o
f
u
r
ban a
n
d 5
0
%,
and
3
1
% o
f
r
u
ral
LB
M
wo
rk
ers we
re u
p
t
o
pri
m
ary
school
an
d sec
o
n
d
a
ry
scho
ol
, res
p
ect
i
v
el
y
.
Si
g
n
i
fi
cant
rel
a
t
i
o
n
s
hi
ps
bet
w
ee
n educat
i
o
n l
e
ve
l
and
waste m
a
n
a
g
e
men
t
fro
m
p
oultry b
u
s
i
n
ess
sh
owed
th
at C
h
i-squ
a
re 20
.228
,
p
>
0
.
0
5
. Th
e stud
y illu
strated
th
at
th
ere was relat
i
o
n
(P>0
.05
)
an
d
th
e streng
th
o
f
relatio
n was 0.306. Statistical an
alysis between e
d
ucation
l
e
vel
an
d
kee
p
i
ng a
d
e
q
uat
e
wat
e
r
nea
r
by
s
t
al
l
s
(C
hi
-s
qua
re
8.
36
3,
p<
0.
05
) e
x
pl
o
r
ed
o
f
t
h
e
res
p
on
de
nt
s
wa
s
si
gni
fi
ca
nt
. Si
gni
fi
cant
rel
a
t
i
ons
hi
ps bet
w
e
e
n w
o
rki
ng e
x
peri
e
n
ce an
d y
earl
y
i
n
com
e
, cl
eani
n
g
st
al
l
s
/
cages
dai
l
y
, usi
n
g
sa
m
e
vehi
cl
es t
o
t
r
ans
p
ort
p
o
u
l
t
r
y
an
d
hum
an
s, a
n
n
u
al
heal
t
h
c
h
ec
k
of
t
h
e
res
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
, i
f
t
h
e
workers b
e
came in
fected
wh
eth
e
r reported
to
it p
u
b
lic
h
ealth
au
thority an
d
k
e
ep
ing ad
equ
a
te water n
earb
y
stalls illu
strated
(C
h
i
-squ
are
2
0
.326
,
p
<
0
.
05
; Ch
i-squ
a
re 2
4
.147
, p
<
0
.
05
;
Ch
i-squ
a
re 1
2
.317
, p
<
0
.
05
;
Ch
i
-
squ
a
re
14
.2
2
3
,
p<0
.
0
5
;
C
h
i
-
s
qua
re 2
1
.
5
38
,
p<0
.
0
5
a
nd C
h
i
-
sq
uare
10
.4
9
4
,
p<0
.
0
5
) t
h
at
wo
rki
ng e
x
pe
ri
ence
was m
o
d
e
ratel
y
sig
n
i
fican
t
with
yearly in
come, h
i
gh
ly
sign
ifican
t
with
cl
ean
ing
stalls/cag
es
d
a
ily, sign
ifican
t
with
u
s
ing
same v
e
h
i
cles to
tran
sp
ort pou
ltry and
hu
m
a
n
s
,
h
i
gh
ly sig
n
i
fican
t with annu
al h
ealth
ch
eck
o
f
t
h
e
responde
nts, i
f
the worke
r
s
becam
e infected
whet
her
re
ported t
o
it public
hea
lth a
u
thority and
keeping
adeq
uat
e
w
a
t
e
r
near
by
st
al
l
s
, respect
i
v
el
y
.
S
i
gni
fi
ca
nt
rel
a
t
i
ons
hi
ps
bet
w
e
e
n l
o
cat
i
o
n
of
busi
n
ess a
n
d u
s
i
n
g
sam
e
vehicles to tra
n
sport poultry an
d
hum
ans, i
f
the
workers
becam
e inf
ected
whether reported t
o
it
public
heal
t
h
aut
h
o
r
i
t
y
and
keepi
n
g
adeq
uat
e
wat
e
r nea
r
by
st
al
l
s
sh
owe
d
(C
hi
-sq
u
a
r
e 1
2
.
8
1
3
,
p<
0.
05;
C
h
i
-
squ
a
r
e
5.
90
0,
p>
0.
05
and C
h
i
-
s
qua
re
10
.8
4
3
, p<
0.
0
5
) t
h
at
l
o
cat
i
o
n
of
busi
n
ess
w
a
s hi
g
h
l
y
si
gni
fi
cant
,
n
o
t
si
g
n
i
fi
cant
an
d h
i
g
h
l
y si
gn
if
ican
t,
res
p
ec
tively [Table
1].
Tab
l
e
1
.
Statistical an
alysis o
f
edu
catio
n lev
e
l, wo
rk
ing
experien
ce and
lo
catio
n
o
f
bu
sin
e
ss with v
a
riab
l
e
s
fr
om
urba
n a
n
d
ru
ral
p
o
u
l
t
r
y
wo
rk
ers
Cross tab events
Pearson
Chi-Square Value
P-value
(
a
ppr
ox.
sig.
)
E
ducation level vs.
W
a
ste
m
a
n
a
gem
e
nt fr
o
m
poultr
y
business
20.
228
0.
063
E
ducation level vs.
Keeping ad
equate water near
by stalls
8.
363
0.
039
Working experience vs. Ye
arl
y
inco
m
e
20.
326
0.
026
Working experience vs. Cleaning sta
lls/cages daily
24.
147
0.
000
W
o
r
k
ing exper
i
ence vs.
using vehicles to tr
anspor
t poultr
y
and hu
m
a
ns
12.
317
0.
015
W
o
r
k
ing exper
i
ence vs.
Annual health check of the r
e
spondents
14.
223
0.
007
Working experience vs. If
worke
r
s b
eca
m
e
inf
ected whether reported to it
Public health
authority
21.
538
0.
000
W
o
r
k
ing exper
i
ence vs.
Keeping ad
equate water
near
by stalls
10.
494
0.
005
L
o
cation of busine
ss vs.
Using sam
e
vehicles to tr
anspor
t poultr
y
and hu
m
a
ns
12.
813
0.
002
L
o
cation of busine
ss vs.
I
f
the wor
k
ers becam
e
inf
ected whether reporte
d t
o
it Public health
authority
5.
900
0.
052
L
o
cation of busine
ss vs.
Keeping
adequate water
near
by stalls
10.
843
0.
002
3.2. Discussion
3.
2.
1.
Di
scussi
o
n
of
gener
a
l
i
n
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n o
f
t
h
e w
o
rkers of
l
i
v
e
bi
rd
m
a
rke
t
Gene
ral
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
i
on of t
h
e
wo
rk
ers
bot
h i
n
u
r
ban a
n
d r
u
ral
l
i
v
e
bi
r
d
m
a
rket
s i
ndi
ca
t
e
d t
h
at
2
2
%,
53
%, an
d 2
5
%
of ur
ba
n an
d 19
%, 6
4
%, an
d 1
4
% of r
u
ral
LB
M
worke
r
s
were age
d
bet
w
een
18 t
o
2
5
y
ears,
25 t
o
<4
0 y
e
ars an
d
≥
4
0
y
ears, r
e
spect
i
v
el
y
(avera
ge 3
5
y
ears
)
an
d
10
0%
of
ur
ba
n an
d
97%
o
f
ru
ral
respon
d
e
n
t
s were m
a
le. Po
u
l
t
r
y Farm
ers’ Utilizatio
n
o
f
In
fo
rm
atio
n
in
Lag
e
lu
Lo
cal Gov
e
rn
m
e
n
t
Area, Oy
o
State of Ni
geri
a researc
h
re
porte
d
that an a
v
era
g
e ag
e of the res
p
onde
nts was 37 years
and
89% we
re
m
a
le
[2
1]
. F
r
om
t
h
e res
p
o
n
d
ent
s
5
3
% a
n
d
42%
of
u
r
ba
n a
n
d
50
% a
n
d
3
1
%
o
f
r
u
ral
LB
M
w
o
r
k
er
s
were
u
p
t
o
pri
m
ary
scho
o
l
and sec
o
nda
r
y
scho
ol
res
p
e
c
t
i
v
el
y
.
Hi
g
h
l
y
pat
h
oge
ni
c a
v
i
a
n i
n
fl
uenza
kn
o
w
l
e
d
g
e, at
t
i
t
ude
and
p
r
act
i
ces s
t
udy
on
bi
osec
uri
t
y
o
f
wo
rke
r
s i
n
l
i
v
e
bird m
a
rkets at Mymensingh
, Ba
ngl
ades
h study re
vealed
th
at ab
ou
t h
a
lf th
e respo
n
d
e
nts h
a
d
atten
d
e
d u
p
to
seco
nd
ary sch
o
o
l
and
b
e
low on
e-t
h
ird
were illiterat
e
[5
];
an
d kno
wled
g
e
, attitu
d
e
s and
co
m
p
lian
ce o
f
p
o
u
ltry work
er
s with
prev
en
tiv
e m
easu
r
es
for av
ian
influ
e
nza in
Lagel
u
,
Oy
o
St
at
e, Ni
ge
ri
a st
u
d
y
ex
pl
o
r
e
d
t
h
at
t
h
e m
a
jori
t
y
(7
0%
)
of
res
p
o
nde
nt
s
ha
d at
t
e
nde
d at
l
east
a
hi
g
h
school [7]. Am
ong respondents 31%,
25%, and 44% of
urba
n worke
r
s and 45%,
44%, a
nd
11% of rural
wo
rk
ers
ha
ve e
xpe
ri
ence
d
1t
o
<5 y
ear
s,
5 t
o
<10
y
ears a
n
d
≥
10
year
s,
r
e
sp
ectiv
ely. H
i
gh
ly p
a
thog
en
ic av
ian
influe
nza knowledge,
attitude
s, a
n
d practices study am
ong live
bird m
a
rket
workers
in Ja
karta
-
Indone
sia
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-88
06
IJPHS
Vol. 3, No. 4,
Decem
ber 2014
: 267 –
275
27
0
study reporte
d
that
the workers’ jo
b
ex
pe
ri
ence was di
vi
d
e
d
i
n
t
o
3
cat
eg
ori
e
s:
19
%
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
e
r
s ha
d jo
b
expe
ri
ence
of
< 5 y
ears,
4
8
%
had
j
ob e
x
peri
ence o
f
bet
w
ee
n 5 t
o
<1
0 y
ear
s, w
h
i
l
e
3
3
% h
a
d j
o
b ex
pe
ri
ence
o
f
≥
10
years [6
] [Tab
le
2
]
.
Si
gni
fi
cant
rel
a
t
i
ons
hi
ps b
e
t
w
een e
d
u
cat
i
o
n l
e
vel
of
res
p
o
n
d
ent
s
a
nd
wast
e m
a
nagem
e
nt
from
p
o
u
ltry
b
u
s
i
n
ess showed th
at
th
ere wa
s
relatio
n
(P>0
.0
5) an
d
th
e streng
t
h
o
f
relatio
n was 0
.
3
06.
Statistica
l
anal
y
s
i
s
bet
w
e
e
n ed
ucat
i
o
n a
nd
kee
p
i
n
g ad
equat
e
wat
e
r
near
b
y
stalls (
C
h
i
-
s
q
u
a
r
e
8.363
,
p
<
0.05
)
explo
r
ed
th
at ed
u
cati
o
n
lev
e
l o
f
t
h
e resp
ond
en
ts
was sig
n
i
fican
t
[Table 1
]
. Pou
ltry Farm
ers’
Utilizatio
n
of In
formatio
n
i
n
Lagel
u
L
o
c
a
l
Gove
r
n
m
e
nt
Area, Oy
o S
t
at
e of Ni
ge
ri
a researc
h
re
p
o
rt
e
d
t
h
at
si
gn
i
f
i
cant
rel
a
t
i
o
n
s
hi
ps
bet
w
ee
n
po
ul
t
r
y
farm
er’s se
x,
ed
ucat
i
onal
l
e
vel
an
d t
h
ei
r s
o
u
r
ces
of
i
n
fo
r
m
at
i
on (C
hi
-sq
u
are=
0
.
1
3
,
p<
0.
0
5
and C
h
i
-
sq
ua
r
e
= 0.1
3
,
p<0
.
05
) [
21]
. P
o
u
l
t
r
y
Far
m
ers’ Access t
o
Ext
e
nsi
o
n Ser
v
i
c
es i
n
At
i
s
bo
Local
Go
ve
rnm
e
nt
A
r
ea
of
Oy
o St
a
t
e, Ni
geri
a st
u
d
y
ex
pl
ore
d
t
h
at
C
h
i
-
s
qua
re t
e
st
sh
owe
d
si
g
n
i
f
i
cant
rel
a
t
i
o
nshi
p
betwee
n poultry farm
ers’ access to extension services a
nd
farm
ers pers
onal character
istics such as sex
(Chi-
squ
a
re=
9.
0
9
,
P =
0.
00
),
ed
ucat
i
onal
l
e
vel
(C
hi
-sq
u
a
r
e=
1
6
.
7
9
,
P
=
0
.
0
0
)
an
d m
e
m
b
ers
h
i
p
o
f
far
m
ers’
associ
at
i
o
n
(C
hi
-s
qua
re =
1
5
.
3
3
,
P
=
0.
01
) a
t
0.
05
l
e
vel
of
si
gni
fi
ca
nce
[1
8]
.
Tabl
e
2.
Ge
ner
a
l
i
n
f
o
rm
at
i
on
of
p
o
u
l
t
r
y
w
o
r
k
ers
o
f
l
i
v
e
bi
r
d
m
a
rket
I
ndicator
s
Ur
ban (
%
)
Ru
ral (%)
Gender
Male
36 (
100)
35 (
97)
Fe
m
a
le
(0
)
1
(3
)
Age
<18
0
(0
)
1
(3
)
18-
25
8 (
22)
7 (
19)
25-
<40
19 (
53)
23 (
64)
≥
40
9 (
25)
5 (
14)
E
ducation level
Illiterat
e
2
(5
)
2
(5
)
Pr
im
ary
school
19 (
53)
18(
50)
Secondar
y
school
15 (
42)
11(
31)
Higher
secondar
y
and
above
0
(0
)
5(
14)
W
o
r
k
ing exper
i
ence
<1 yea
r
0
(0
)
0
(0
)
1-
<5 y
e
ar
s
11 (
31)
16 (
45)
5-
<10 y
ear
s
9 (
25)
16 (
44)
≥
10 y
ear
s
16 (
44)
4
(1
1)
3.
2.
2.
Di
scussi
o
n
of
know
l
ed
ge of
the
s
t
udi
ed
p
o
pul
ati
o
n
ab
ou
t
i
n
fl
ue
nz
a
Al
l
(1
00
%)
of
t
h
e LB
M
wo
rke
r
s o
f
bot
h
ur
ba
n an
d r
u
r
a
l
areas ha
d i
d
ea ab
o
u
t
HP
AI.
Fr
om
t
h
e
resp
o
nde
nt
s 6
7
%
and 3
0
% o
f
urba
n an
d 4
7
%
and 5
0
%
o
f
rural LBM
w
o
r
k
er
s ans
w
ere
d
that the caus
a
tive
agent
of
bi
rd
f
l
u was vi
rus a
nd
do
n
’
t
kn
o
w
, resp
ect
i
v
el
y
. Hi
ghl
y
pat
h
o
g
eni
c
a
v
i
a
n i
n
fl
ue
nza k
n
o
w
l
e
dge
,
attitudes, and
practices study
am
ong live bi
rd m
a
rket work
ers i
n
Ja
karta
-
Indonesia study re
ported t
h
at all
(100%) of the workers ha
d heard a
b
o
u
t HP
AI an
d o
n
ly
23% o
f
the wo
r
k
ers
kne
w the cause o
f
HP
AI
, whil
e
77
% o
f
t
h
e w
o
rke
r
s
di
d
n
o
t
k
n
o
w
or
ga
ve a
wr
on
g a
n
s
w
er
fo
r t
h
e
cause
o
f
H
P
A
I
[6]
.
T
h
e study i
ndicat
ed that
75
% a
n
d
6%
o
f
u
r
ban
w
o
r
k
e
r
s an
d
42
% a
n
d
2
8
%
of
r
u
ral
wo
rk
ers l
e
a
r
nt
abo
u
t
HP
AI
fr
om
m
e
di
a (TV
,
R
a
d
i
o
etc) and
v
e
teri
n
a
rian
,
resp
ectiv
ely. Kn
owled
g
e
, attit
u
d
e
s an
d co
m
p
lian
c
e o
f
pou
ltry work
ers
with
p
r
ev
en
tiv
e
measures
for
avian i
n
fluenz
a in La
gel
u
, Oy
o
St
at
e, Ni
geri
a
st
udy
re
po
rted
similarl
y
th
at 74.3%
workers
answ
ere
d
m
a
ss
m
e
di
a (t
el
evi
s
i
on,
ra
di
o a
n
d
news
pa
per
)
as
t
h
ei
r m
a
i
n
sou
r
ce o
f
i
n
f
o
rm
ati
on
[7]
a
nd
Po
ul
t
r
y
Farm
ers Awa
r
e
ness a
nd
Kn
o
w
l
e
d
g
e o
f
Im
pro
v
e
d
Pr
o
duct
i
on P
r
act
i
ces i
n
A
f
i
j
i
o
, Loc
a
l
Go
ver
n
m
e
nt
Area
,
Oy
o St
at
e, Ni
g
e
ri
a expl
ore
d
t
h
at
radi
o (
9
2
.
7
%
) an
d Tel
e
vi
s
i
on (
9
0.
3%)
w
e
re t
h
e m
a
i
n
sou
r
ce o
f
t
h
e fa
rm
ers’
aware
n
ess
o
n
po
ul
t
r
y
pr
od
uc
t
i
on t
e
c
hni
que
[
19]
.
B
a
se
d
on
wa
st
e m
a
nagem
e
nt
fr
om
po
ul
t
r
y
busi
n
e
ss,
3%
,
75
%,
a
nd 1
1
%
of u
r
ba
n wo
rk
ers
an
d 1
4
%, 7
2
%,
a
n
d
6
%
of rural wo
rk
ers
th
rew th
em
away in
th
e ri
v
e
r/
p
ond
,
in
a sp
ecific pit fo
r pou
ltry waste and
in
th
e riv
e
r/pon
d, resp
ectiv
ely.
High
ly p
a
tho
g
en
ic av
ian
infl
u
e
n
z
a
knowledge, attitudes, a
n
d
practices study am
ong live
bi
rd m
a
rket workers in Ja
ka
rta- Indone
sia
study
r
e
po
r
t
ed
th
at
six
t
y-
th
r
e
e p
e
r
c
en
t of
th
e wor
k
er
s
g
a
v
e
a wro
n
g
an
sw
er
and
11
%
d
i
d
no
t know
w
h
at t
h
ey sho
u
l
d
do
wi
t
h
t
h
e w
a
st
e pro
d
u
ct
s f
r
om
t
h
ei
r busi
n
ess.
Onl
y
26% of the
workers knew
what
to do wit
h
the waste
pr
o
duct
s
f
r
om
t
h
ei
r b
u
si
ness
[6]
.
Ei
ght
y
-
ni
n
e
perce
n
t
,
5%
of u
r
ban
wo
rk
ers an
d 6
9
%,
11
% of r
u
ral
wo
rk
er
s
th
ou
gh
t th
at avian
in
fl
u
e
n
za co
u
l
d
b
e
t
r
an
sm
itted
th
roug
h
co
n
t
act with
i
n
fected
/sick
pou
ltry an
d
con
t
act wit
h
h
u
m
an
infected
with
b
i
rd
flu
,
resp
ectiv
ely.
Po
u
ltry
Farmers’
Utilizati
o
n of
In
fo
rm
atio
n
i
n
Lag
e
lu Lo
cal
Go
ve
rnm
e
nt
A
r
ea,
Oy
o
St
at
e
of
Ni
geri
a
rese
arch re
ported that 55%
of
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
er
s di
d n
o
t
k
n
o
w
an
d 4
8
% of
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PH
S I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
0
6
Bio
s
ecurity o
f
Pou
ltry Wo
rker Rela
ted to Avia
n
In
flu
en
za
i
n
Ban
g
l
a
d
e
sh
(
S
wapa
n Kumar Ro
y)
27
1
th
e
w
o
r
k
er
s knew
ho
w HPAI spr
e
ad
s to
h
u
man
s
[21
]
.
Twen
ty-
e
igh
t
per
c
en
t, 61
% o
f
u
r
b
a
n
r
e
spon
d
e
nts
and
6
%
,
58
%
o
f
ru
ral
respon
dents to
ld
th
at t
h
e sy
m
p
to
m
s
o
f
b
i
rd
flu in
hu
m
a
n
s
were fev
e
r and
d
i
fficu
lt/fast
breat
hi
n
g
r
e
sp
ect
i
v
el
y
.
Hi
g
h
l
y
pat
h
oge
ni
c a
v
i
a
n i
n
fl
uenza
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e,
at
t
i
t
udes, a
n
d
pr
act
i
ces st
udy
a
m
ong
liv
e b
i
rd
m
a
rk
et wo
rk
ers in
Jak
a
rta-
In
don
esia stu
d
y
illu
strated
th
at 73
% work
ers co
u
l
d d
e
scri
b
e
and
2
7
% of
t
h
e wo
r
k
ers c
oul
d n
o
t
desc
r
i
be sym
p
t
o
m
s
of
HPA
I
i
n
h
u
m
a
ns, whi
c
h i
s
di
ssim
i
l
a
r to t
h
e fi
n
d
i
n
gs
of t
h
e
prese
n
t
st
u
d
y
[
6
]
.
B
a
sed
o
n
p
r
eve
n
t
i
o
n
t
ech
ni
q
u
e of bi
r
d
fl
u whe
n
ha
ndl
i
n
g
l
i
v
e/
dea
d
p
oul
t
r
y
:
22%
, 4
7
%,
a
n
d
17
% of
ur
ban
wo
rk
ers;
an
d 3
6
%, 2
2
%
,
an
d 33
% of r
u
ral
w
o
r
k
er
s t
o
l
d
t
h
at
t
h
ey
shoul
d w
ear gl
o
v
es an
d
wash
h
a
nd
s afterward
s
resp
ecti
v
ely. Kn
owledg
e, attitu
d
e
s
an
d co
m
p
lian
ce of pou
ltry wo
rk
ers with prev
en
ti
ve
m
easures
fo
r a
v
i
a
n i
n
fl
uenza
i
n
La
gel
u
,
Oy
o
St
at
e, Ni
ge
ria study
rep
o
r
ted that
the
m
a
jori
ty
(81
.
4
%
) re
p
o
rte
d
always washi
n
g their ha
nds a
nd
only11.4%
reporte
d
that
they always used a facem
ask a
s
pre
v
entive measure
t
o
p
r
ot
ect
t
h
e t
r
ansm
i
ssi
on o
f
avi
a
n i
n
fl
uenza
[
7
]
[Ta
b
l
e
3]
.
Tabl
e 3. K
n
o
w
l
e
dge
a
b
out
avi
a
n
i
n
fl
ue
nza o
f
t
a
rget
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
Question
Knowledge
Ur
ban (
%
)
Ru
ral (%)
I
d
ea about bir
d
flu
Yes
36 (
100)
36 (
100)
No
0
(0
)
0
(0
)
Causative agent of
bir
d
flu
Virus
24 (
67)
17 (
47)
Bacteria
0
(0
)
1
(3
)
Parasite
1
(3
)
0
(0
)
Don't know
11 (
30)
18 (
50)
How to know abou
t highly
pat
hogeni
c avian influenza (
H
PAI)
Fr
o
m
other business
m
an
3
(8
)
6 (
16)
Fro
m
purchaser
2
(5
)
4 (
11)
M
e
dia (T
V, Radio
etc.
)
27 (
75)
15 (
42)
Self
experience
1
(3
)
0
(0
)
Fr
o
m
veter
i
nar
i
an
2
(6
)
10 (
28)
Other
sour
ces
1
(3
)
1
(3
)
W
a
ste
m
a
nage
m
e
n
t
fr
o
m
poultr
y
business
T
h
r
o
w them
away
in the r
i
ver
/
pond
1
(3
)
5 (
14)
T
h
r
o
w them
in a s
p
ecific pit for
poul
tr
y
waste
27 (
75)
26 (
72)
Throw the
m
in a p
ublic du
m
p
ster
4 (
11)
2
(6
)
Burn the
m
2
(6
)
3
(8
)
Others
2
(6
)
0
(0
)
Spr
eading bir
d
flu
bir
d
flu in hu
m
a
ns
Contact with infected/sick poultry
32 (
89)
25 (
69)
Contact with other
contam
inated equip
m
ent
0
(0
)
3
(8
)
E
a
t raw/under
c
ooked poultr
y
pr
oducts
1
(3
)
1
(3
)
Contact with hu
m
a
n infected with bir
d
flu
2
(5
)
4 (
11)
Others
1
(3
)
3
(8
)
Sy
m
p
to
m
s
of bir
d
flu in hu
m
a
ns
Fever
10 (
28)
2
(6
)
Difficult/fast breat
hing
22 (
61)
21 (
58)
Cough
0
(0
)
0
(0
)
So
re th
ro
at
1
(3
)
0
(0
)
Eye
infection
1
(3
)
0
(0
)
Others
2
(5
)
13 (
36)
Pr
evention techniq
u
e of bir
d
flu when
handling live/dead
poultr
y
W
e
ar
gloves
8 (
22)
13 (
36)
Wea
r
a
m
a
s
k
17 (
47)
8 (
22)
W
a
sh hands after
w
ar
ds
6 (
17)
12 (
33)
Clean area
af
terwa
r
ds
3
(8
)
2
(6
)
Others
2
(6
)
1
(3
)
3.
2.
3.
Di
scussi
o
n
of
at
ti
tud
e
assess
ment ab
ou
t av
i
a
n
i
n
fl
uenz
a of
t
a
rge
t
po
pu
l
a
ti
o
n
Am
ong
res
p
o
nde
nt
s
86
%,
3%, a
n
d
11
%
of
u
r
ban
resi
dence
an
d
8
1
%
, 5
%
, a
n
d 1
4
%
of
r
u
ral
resi
de
nce we
r
e
sat
i
s
fi
ed,
n
o
t
sat
i
s
fi
ed a
nd
di
d
n
o
t
kn
ow resp
ectively with
th
e g
o
v
e
rn
m
e
n
t
efforts i
n
co
n
t
ro
lling
b
i
rd
flu. Av
ian
in
fl
u
e
n
za
v
i
ru
ses in
Korean
liv
e p
o
u
ltry m
a
rk
ets and
th
eir p
a
th
og
en
ic poten
tial
researc
h
reported
that 8%
, 25%,
a
nd 67% of
the workers
w
e
re satisfied
,
w
e
re
not satisfie
d
a
n
d
we
re
n
o
t su
r
e
o
r
d
i
d
no
t know
abo
u
t
th
e
gov
ern
m
en
t efforts in
co
n
t
ro
lling
H
P
AI, wh
ich w
a
s co
m
p
letel
y
in
co
n
s
isten
t
to
th
e
prese
n
t
st
u
d
y
[
10]
.
Base
d on whet
her bird flu
iss
u
es
affect the
sales,
14
%, 28
% an
d 58
% o
f
ur
ban
and
1
4
%,
61
%, a
n
d
2
5
%
of
r
u
ral
were
agree
d
,
di
d
n
o
t
agree
d
a
n
d
di
d
not
kn
o
w
re
s
p
ect
i
v
el
y
A
v
i
a
n i
n
fl
ue
nza
A (
H
5
N
1
)
in
fection
in
human
s stu
d
y
ind
i
cated
th
at 50%, 36
% and
14
% of
the workers t
h
ought that HPAI iss
u
es did
affect thei
r sal
e
s, di
d
not affe
ct
t
h
ei
r sal
e
s a
n
d
di
d
not
k
n
o
w
[
3
]
.
B
a
se
d o
n
whet
her
bi
r
d
fl
u
i
n
p
oul
t
r
y
can be
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
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252
-88
06
IJPHS
Vol. 3, No. 4,
Decem
ber 2014
: 267 –
275
27
2
cu
r
e
d
,
25
%,
3%, and
7
2
% of
ur
b
a
n
r
e
sp
ond
en
ts and
22
%, 33
%, and
45% o
f
ru
r
a
l resp
ond
en
ts
w
e
r
e
ag
r
e
ed,
di
d
n
o
t
ag
reed
an
d
di
d
not
k
n
o
w
res
p
ect
i
v
e
l
y
.
Avi
a
n I
n
fl
u
e
nza as a
n
em
ergi
ng i
n
fect
i
o
n
obt
ai
ne
d t
h
at
7
4
%
,
6%, a
n
d
20
%
of t
h
e
wo
r
k
ers
were
n
o
t
s
u
re
,
were
ag
ree
d
a
n
d
di
d
not
a
g
r
eed
respect
i
v
el
y
,
w
h
i
c
h
were
alm
o
st
co
nsisten
t
to
th
e find
ing
s
of p
r
esen
t stu
d
y
[1
].
Fr
om
t
h
e resp
on
de
nt
s 44
% and 5
6
% o
f
urba
n resi
den
ce an
d
66
% an
d 2
8
%
resi
de
nce we
re
agree
d
an
d
di
d n
o
t
k
n
o
w t
h
a
t
peo
p
l
e
can
ge
t
bi
rd
fl
u
by
t
o
uchi
ng si
c
k
p
o
u
l
t
r
y
.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
k
nowledge, attitudes, a
nd
practices st
udy am
ong live bird m
a
rket workers
in
Jak
a
r
t
a-
In
do
n
e
sia stud
y r
e
p
o
r
t
ed
t
h
at 83% of
th
e w
o
r
k
ers di
d not
a
g
r
ee
an
d onl
y
1
7
%
o
f
t
h
e w
o
r
k
ers di
d
ag
ree th
at
p
e
op
le can g
e
t
HPAI
b
y
t
o
u
c
h
i
ng in
fected
p
o
u
ltry; wh
ich
was
n
o
t
similar to
th
e
p
r
esen
t st
u
dy [6]
.
R
e
l
a
t
i
ng t
o
t
h
e
q
u
est
i
o
n
on
h
u
m
a
n bi
r
d
fl
u
can
be as
soci
at
ed
wi
t
h
t
h
e e
n
vi
r
onm
ent
i
n
t
h
e
wet
m
a
rket
s,
8%,
36
%, an
d 5
6
%
of u
r
ban
wo
r
k
ers an
d 1
6
%,
4
2
%, a
nd
42
% of r
u
ral
wo
r
k
er
s di
d n
o
t
ag
ree
,
agree
d
a
nd
di
d n
o
t
kn
o
w
r
e
spect
i
v
el
y
.
A
v
i
a
n
i
n
fl
ue
nza ri
s
k
pe
rcept
i
o
n,
H
o
ng
K
o
n
g
resea
r
c
h
e
xpl
ore
d
t
h
a
t
81
%
wo
rke
r
s
we
re
not
su
re
o
r
di
d
n
o
t
ag
ree t
h
at
h
u
m
a
n HPAI can
be ass
o
ciated
with the
env
i
ron
m
en
t in
wet m
a
rk
ets, wh
ile
19
% wo
r
k
ers
di
d n
o
t
agree
.
So t
h
ese fi
n
d
i
n
gs we
re not
co
rres
p
on
di
n
g
t
o
t
h
e resul
t
s
of
t
h
e prese
n
t
st
u
d
y
[9]
.
R
e
l
a
t
i
ng t
o
t
h
e
que
st
i
on
o
n
bi
rd
fl
u i
s
a se
ri
o
u
s
di
sease beca
use i
t
can ca
us
e deat
h i
n
h
u
m
a
ns,
9
4
% a
nd
6%
o
f
ur
ba
n w
o
r
k
er
s
and
9
2
% an
d
3% o
f
r
u
ral
wo
rk
ers
were
agree
d
a
nd
di
d n
o
t
k
n
o
w
re
spect
i
v
el
y
,
w
h
i
l
e
onl
y
5.
55
%
of
r
u
ral
w
o
r
k
er
s
di
d
n
o
t
a
g
ree
d
t
o
i
t
.
To
wa
rds
c
ont
rol
o
f
a
v
i
a
n
i
n
fl
ue
nza
H5
N
1
vi
r
u
s i
n
In
d
o
n
e
si
a:
H
u
m
a
n
inf
ectio
n and
t
h
e
r
o
l
e
of
liv
e
b
i
rd
mar
k
ets stud
y
r
e
po
r
t
ed
th
at
95
%, 3
%
, an
d 2% of
th
e wor
k
er
s
d
i
d
agree
,
di
d
not
agree a
n
d w
e
r
e
not
s
u
re o
r
d
i
d n
o
t
k
n
o
w t
h
at HPAI is a
harm
ful disease
beca
use it can cause
deat
h i
n
hum
ans,
w
h
i
c
h
we
re
com
p
l
e
t
e
l
y
consi
s
t
e
nt
t
o
t
h
e
f
i
ndi
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
prese
n
t
st
udy
[
11]
[Ta
b
l
e
4]
.
Tab
l
e
4
.
Attitu
d
e
assessm
en
t ab
ou
t av
ian
i
n
flu
e
n
za
of targ
et p
opu
latio
n
Question
Attitudes
Ur
ban (
%
)
Ru
ral (%)
Satisfaction with the govern
m
e
nt
efforts in controlling bid flu
Satisfied
31 (
86)
29 (
81)
Not satisfied
1
(3
)
2
(5
)
Do not know
4 (
11)
5 (
14)
Bird flu issues affe
ct
m
y
sal
e
s
Agree
5 (
14)
5 (
14)
Do not agr
e
e
10 (
28)
22 (
61)
Do not know
21 (
58)
9 (
25)
Bir
d
flu in poultr
y
can be cur
e
d
Agree
9 (
25)
8 (
22)
Do not agr
e
e
1
(3
)
12 (
33)
Do not know
26 (
72)
16 (
45)
People can get bird flu by
touching s
i
ck poultr
y
Agree
16 (
44)
24 (
66)
Do not agr
e
e
0
(0
)
2
(6
)
Do not know
20 (
56)
10 (
28)
Hu
m
a
n bir
d
flu can be associated with
the environ
m
ent
in the wet
m
a
rkets
Agree
13 (
36)
15 (
42)
Do not agr
e
e
3
(8
)
6 (
16)
Do not know
20 (
56)
15 (
42)
Bird f
l
u is a serious disease because i
t
can cause death i
n
hu
m
a
ns
Agree
34 (
94)
33 (
92)
Do not agr
e
e
(0
) 0
2
(5
)
Do not know
2
(6
)
1
(3
)
3.
2.
4.
Practi
ce
asse
s
s
ment
ab
ou
t
a
v
i
a
n
i
n
fl
ue
nz
a o
f
t
a
r
g
et
p
o
p
u
l
a
ti
on
Pract
i
ce assess
m
e
nt
st
udy
has
reveal
ed
, 3
3
%
,
45%
, an
d 2
2
%
of u
r
b
a
n w
o
rke
r
s an
d 1
7
%
,
50%
, an
d
33
%
of
r
u
ral
wo
rk
ers
use
d
pr
o
p
er
pe
rso
n
a
l
pr
ot
ect
i
v
e e
q
ui
pm
ent
(PP
E
)
as m
a
sk,
gl
o
v
e
s, et
c. al
l
t
h
e
t
i
m
e
,
som
e
times and never
respecti
v
ely whe
n
ha
ndling live bi
rds
,
feces, feathers, or beddin
g,
or while slaughtering
the birds
.
Hi
ghly pathogenic
avia
n infl
uenza knowledge, attitudes,
a
n
d practices st
udy am
ong live bi
rd
market workers in Ja
karta,
Indonesia
stud
y rep
o
r
t
ed
t
h
at 83% o
f
th
e
w
o
r
k
er
s n
e
v
e
r
used
p
r
op
er
PPE and
on
l
y
17
%
of
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
er
s s
o
m
e
t
i
m
e
s used
pr
op
er P
P
E;
whi
c
h
was
n
o
t
si
m
i
lar t
o
t
h
e
p
r
ese
n
t
st
u
d
y
[6]
.
Am
ong
resp
o
nde
nt
s
56
%, 2
5
%
,
a
nd
1
9
%
of
u
r
ba
n
re
si
dence
an
d
36
%, 3
6
%
,
a
nd
2
8
%
of
r
u
ral
res
i
dence cl
ea
ne
d
t
h
e
st
al
l
s
or ca
ges
dai
l
y
by
usi
ng
di
si
nfect
a
n
t
o
r
wat
e
r al
l
t
h
e t
i
m
e
s, som
e
t
i
m
e
s an
d
neve
r re
s
p
ect
i
v
el
y
an
d
m
o
st
ly
th
ey u
s
ed
water as clean
i
ng m
a
terial. Kno
w
led
g
e
, attitu
d
e
s and
co
mp
lian
ce
o
f
pou
ltry wo
rk
ers with
pre
v
e
n
t
i
v
e m
easure
s
f
o
r a
v
i
a
n i
n
fl
ue
nza
i
n
La
gel
u
,
Oyo State,
Nige
ria survey
was
c
o
nducted where the
maj
o
rity (8
1.4%) repo
rted
always clean
ed
th
e stalls o
r
cag
e
s
d
a
ily [7
].
Fr
om
t
h
e st
udy
8
1
% a
n
d 1
4
%
o
f
u
r
b
a
n
wo
rk
er
s an
d 89
% and 1
1
% of
rur
a
l w
o
rk
er
s
w
a
s
h
ed t
h
eir
ha
nds and equipm
ent eve
r
y tim
e
after
fin
i
sh
i
n
g
work
all th
e t
i
m
es
an
d
so
m
e
ti
mes, resp
ectiv
el
y
,
w
h
i
l
e
onl
y
5% o
f
ur
ba
n wo
r
k
er
s neve
r was
h
ed
t
h
ei
r
hands
and e
q
uipm
ent after fi
nishing
work.
After the
outbre
ak: how the
British Colum
b
ia com
m
ercial poultry
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PH
S I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
0
6
Bio
s
ecurity o
f
Pou
ltry Wo
rker Rela
ted to Avia
n
In
flu
en
za
i
n
Ban
g
l
a
d
e
sh
(
S
wapa
n Kumar Ro
y)
27
3
in
du
str
y
r
ecover
e
d af
ter H7N
3
HPAI
st
ud
y exp
l
or
ed
t
h
at all of
t
h
e wo
rk
ers
w
a
sh
ed th
eir h
a
nd
s and
equi
pm
ent
every
t
i
m
e
aft
e
r fi
ni
shi
ng
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
al
l
of
t
h
e workers
used
soap or disi
nfectant eve
r
y tim
e
to clea
n
t
h
ei
r ha
nds a
n
d eq
ui
pm
ent
[16]
.
T
w
ent
y
-ei
ght
pe
rce
n
t
,
5
3
%
and
19%
of
ur
ban
wo
rke
r
s
and 2
8
%
,
3
9
%
, an
d
33% of rural workers spray di
sinfectant
on vehicles before
and a
f
ter they ar
e u
s
ed
to
tran
sport p
o
u
ltry all th
e
ti
m
e
s, so
m
e
ti
mes an
d
n
e
v
e
r resp
ectiv
ely. Attitu
d
e
s: Th
eir stru
cture, fun
c
tion
and co
nsequ
e
n
ces stu
d
y
reveale
d
that 93% of the
w
o
r
k
ers al
way
s
s
p
ray
e
d di
si
n
f
ect
ant
on t
h
ei
r ve
hi
cl
es bef
o
re a
nd a
f
t
e
r t
r
ans
p
ort
i
n
g
p
o
u
ltry, wh
ich
were co
m
p
lete
ly in
co
n
s
isten
t
to
th
e find
ing
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
t
stu
d
y
[20
]
.
Sev
e
nt
y
-
t
w
o pe
rce
n
t
o
f
ur
ba
n wo
r
k
ers
and
31%
of r
u
r
a
l
wor
k
ers
nev
e
r use
d
t
h
e sam
e
vehi
cl
e t
o
trans
p
ort
chi
c
k
e
ns an
d ot
he
r p
oul
t
r
y
.
Clean
in
g and
D
i
sin
f
ection of Pou
ltr
y
Far
m
s stud
y rev
eal
ed
t
h
at 92
% of
th
e
w
o
r
k
er
s
alw
a
ys used the sam
e
vehi
cl
e t
o
t
r
an
spo
r
t
c
h
i
c
ke
n
and
ot
her
p
oul
t
r
y
,
w
h
i
l
e
8%
neve
r
use
d
t
h
e
sam
e
vehi
cl
e i
ndi
cat
i
n
g t
h
at
t
h
ese
resu
lts were alm
o
st
o
p
p
o
s
ite to
th
e p
r
esen
t find
ing
s
[1
2
]
.
Fo
urt
e
e
n
perce
n
t
and
78%
of
urba
n w
o
rke
r
s an
d
36
% and
64
% of r
u
ral
w
o
rke
r
s used t
h
e sam
e
vehi
cl
e t
o
t
r
ansp
o
r
t
po
ul
t
r
y
and
hum
ans al
l
t
h
e t
i
m
e
s and neve
r
respectively.
Highly pathogenic av
ia
n infl
uenza
knowle
dge
, attitudes,
a
nd
practices study am
ong l
i
ve bi
rd
m
a
rket w
o
r
k
er
s in Jak
a
rta,
In
do
nesia stu
d
y
rep
o
rte
d
th
at
93%
of t
h
e workers
ne
ver
use
d
the sam
e
vehicle to
tr
an
sp
or
t pou
ltr
y and
hu
m
a
n
s
, wh
ich
ar
e i
n
co
nsi
s
t
e
nt
t
o
t
h
e fi
n
d
i
n
gs
of t
h
e p
r
ese
n
t
st
udy
[
6
]
[Ta
b
l
e
5]
.
Statistical analysis between
worki
n
g experience and cleaning the stalls
or ca
ges:
C
h
i
-
sq
ua
re was
2
4
.
1
4
7
,
P<0.
0
1
, w
h
i
c
h
was hi
g
h
l
y
signi
fi
cant
.
Si
g
n
i
fi
cant
rel
a
t
i
o
n
s
hi
ps
bet
w
ee
n wo
rki
n
g expe
ri
ence an
d usi
n
g
sam
e
vehi
cl
es t
o
t
r
a
n
sp
o
r
t
p
oul
t
r
y
and
h
u
m
a
ns:
C
h
i
-
s
qua
re
wa
s 1
2
.
3
1
7
,
P-
va
l
u
e 0
.
0
1
5
;
l
o
c
a
t
i
on
of
b
u
si
n
e
ss an
d
usi
n
g sam
e
ve
hi
cl
es f
o
r
p
oul
t
r
y
and
h
u
m
a
ns:
C
h
i
-
s
qua
re
was
12
.8
1
3
,
P
-
val
u
e 0
.
0
0
2
.
So t
h
at
i
n
bot
h cases
0.
05>
P<0
.
0
1
,
l
o
cat
i
o
n
o
f
b
u
si
ness was si
g
n
i
f
i
cant
an
d hi
g
h
l
y
si
gni
fi
ca
nt
[
T
abl
e
1]
.
Tabl
e
5.
Po
ul
t
r
y
wo
rk
ers
’
r
e
s
p
o
n
se
t
o
pract
i
ce rel
a
t
e
d
q
u
es
t
i
on t
o
wa
rds
a
v
i
a
n i
n
fl
uenza
and
bi
osec
uri
t
y
Practices
Answers
Ur
ban (
%
)
Ru
ral (%)
Using proper PPE
when handli
ng live birds, f
eces, f
eat
hers,
or
bedding,
or
when slaughter
ing the bir
d
s
All the ti
m
e
s
12 (
33)
6 (
17)
S
o
me
t
i
me
s
16 (
45)
18 (
50)
Never
8 (
22)
12 (
33)
Cleaning the stall
s
or
cages daily
b
y
using disi
nfecta
n
t or
water
All the ti
m
e
s
20 (
56)
13 (
36)
S
o
me
t
i
me
s
9 (
25)
13 (
36)
Never
7 (
19)
10 (
28)
W
a
shing hands and any
equip
m
ent when wor
k
is finishe
d
All the ti
m
e
s
29 (
81)
32 (
89)
S
o
me
t
i
me
s
5 (
14)
4(
11)
Never
2
(5
)
0
(0
)
Spr
a
y
i
ng disinfect
ant on
vehicles be
for
e
and
after
the
y
ar
e
used to transport poultry
All the ti
m
e
s
10 (
28)
10 (
28)
S
o
me
t
i
me
s
19 (
53)
14 (
39)
Never
7 (
19)
12 (
33)
Using the sam
e
vehicle to tr
ansp
or
t chickens an
d
other
poultr
y
All the ti
m
e
s
5 (
14)
11 (
31)
S
o
me
t
i
me
s
5 (
14)
14 (
38)
Never
26 (
72)
11 (
31)
Using the sam
e
vehicle to tr
anspor
t poultr
y
and hu
m
a
ns
All the ti
m
e
s
5 (
14)
13 (
36)
S
o
me
t
i
me
s
3
(8
)
0
(0
)
Never
28 (
78)
23 (
64)
R
e
gar
d
i
n
g ba
rr
i
e
rs, w
h
e
n
p
o
u
l
t
r
y
wor
k
er
s w
e
re aske
d a
b
o
u
t
why
som
e
peopl
e re
f
u
se t
o
wash t
h
ei
r
han
d
s an
d eq
ui
pm
ent
wi
t
h
soap/
d
i
s
i
n
fect
ant
befo
re an
d aft
e
r han
d
l
i
n
g p
o
u
l
t
r
y
,
9
2
% of
ur
ba
n an
d 89
%
of t
h
e
rural LBM work
ers tho
ugh
t it was b
ecau
s
e it is to
o
m
u
ch
troub
le, wh
i
l
e 3
%
of bo
th th
e u
r
b
a
n
and rural
workers thought it was because they
were
not awa
r
e of this recomm
enda
tion. Hong
Kong unde
r
WHO s
pot
lig
h
t
after
flu
o
u
t
b
r
eak
stud
y
illu
strated
th
at 6
%
tho
ugh
t it was b
ecau
s
e
it is to
o
m
u
ch
trou
b
l
e,
wh
ile 8
7
%
th
ou
gh
t th
at
it was
b
ecau
s
e they were no
t aware
o
f
t
h
is recommen
d
a
tio
n
[14
]
.
4.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
Effective a
n
d
coordinated i
n
form
ation a
b
out avia
n infl
ue
nza and ta
king the neces
sary
preca
utions
are essent
i
a
l
.
Dat
a
sho
w
s t
h
at
about
o
n
e-t
h
i
r
d t
o
hal
f
o
f
t
h
e p
oul
t
r
y
w
o
r
k
ers
of LB
M
i
s
una
ware a
n
d
do n
o
t
have
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e an
d p
r
act
i
ce rel
a
t
e
d u
nde
rst
a
n
d
i
n
g. T
h
e
l
a
pse an
d ga
ps ha
ve
been
i
d
ent
i
f
i
e
d a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
knowledge a
n
d
pre
v
entive practices
am
o
n
g
po
u
ltr
y
w
o
r
k
er
s
o
f
LBM and to
r
e
du
ce an
d avo
i
d
sp
r
e
ad
i
n
g th
e
avi
a
n i
n
fl
ue
nz
a vi
rus am
ong
po
ul
t
r
y
and h
u
m
a
ns. An o
u
t
b
rea
k
o
f
avi
a
n
i
n
fl
ue
nza i
n
p
oul
t
r
y
as wel
l
as i
n
hum
ans
m
a
y
occur at any tim
e
. Th
e com
p
liance with preve
n
tive meas
ure
s
m
a
y
be
en
hance
d
t
h
r
o
ug
h
b
e
h
a
v
i
or
al ch
an
g
e
an
d bu
ild
i
n
g aw
ar
en
ess t
h
rou
g
h
co
mm
u
n
icatio
n pr
ogr
am
s to
th
e liv
e
b
i
rd
m
a
r
k
et wo
rk
ers
by
t
h
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
ent
an
d
no
n-
go
ve
rnm
e
nt
o
r
gani
zat
i
o
ns.
T
h
e
peo
p
l
e
of
K
e
sha
b
p
u
r
,
Jes
s
o
re
, B
a
n
g
l
a
des
h
a
r
e at
h
i
gh
risk
o
f
avian
influ
e
n
za an
d it is no
t kno
wn
wh
en and ho
w th
e av
ian in
fl
u
e
n
z
a v
i
ruses will re-en
t
er
our
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-88
06
IJPHS
Vol. 3, No. 4,
Decem
ber 2014
: 267 –
275
27
4
co
un
try. So
,
th
e tho
r
ou
gh
, on
-go
i
ng
, syste
m
ic
d
i
sease surv
eillan
ce and
p
r
ev
entio
n
an
d awaren
ess
devel
opm
ent
p
r
o
g
ram
s
sh
oul
d
persi
s
t
e
nt
l
y
b
e
ap
pl
i
e
d.
ACKNOWLE
DGE
M
ENTS
The aut
h
ors woul
d like to express
deepest
sense of gratitude to th
e st
affs
of u
p
azi
l
a
Li
vest
oc
k
Office,
Kesha
b
pur upazila,
Jessore for their cordial
co
ope
rat
i
o
n d
u
r
i
ng
dat
a
c
o
l
l
ect
i
on a
nd al
s
o
t
o
t
h
os
e
p
o
u
ltry
work
ers of LBM, wh
o prov
id
ed
i
n
fo
rmatio
n
at th
e ti
me o
f
i
n
terv
iewing
.
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I
J
PH
S I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
0
6
Bio
s
ecurity o
f
Pou
ltry Wo
rker Rela
ted to Avia
n
In
flu
en
za
i
n
Ban
g
l
a
d
e
sh
(
S
wapa
n Kumar Ro
y)
27
5
BIOGRAP
HI
ES OF
AUTH
ORS
Swapan Kumar Ro
y
,
a student of MPH, De
partment of P
ublic Health,
Northern
Universit
y
Bang
ladesh. I hav
e
j
u
st com
p
lete
d the course def
e
n
d
ing the th
esis paper in
front of
the
Ex
amination
Boar
d on Septem
ber 27, 2014
. I
co
mpleted m
y
graduation
DVM from Bangladesh Agricultural Univ
ersity
,
M
y
mensingh, B
a
nglad
esh. A r
e
gistered
veter
i
nari
an in
Banglad
es
h and
ver
y
m
u
ch int
e
res
t
ed in
res
ear
ch. I
am
a gov
ernm
ent
service hold
e
r and working as
Upazila Liv
e
st
ock Officer at Keshabpur Upazila, Jessore,
Banglad
esh. I have taken in
itiativ
e to enhan
ce kn
owledge and ch
ange behavior of
peopl
e
m
o
s
t
at ris
k
and precau
tions
neces
s
a
r
y
to
avo
i
d s
p
reading th
e avian
influ
e
n
za virus
among poultr
y
and humans. I
wish to work
in livesto
c
k
management as
well
as
environmental s
a
feguard
relating
to
the public h
e
alth
.
Quazi
Zah
a
ngir
Hossain, th
e P
r
ofessor of En
v
i
ronmental Science Disciplin
e,
Khulna
Universit
y
as we
ll as Adjunct Fa
cult
y, D
e
part
m
e
nt of Public Hea
lth, North
e
rn Universi
t
y
Banglad
esh, Khulna Cam
pus and a m
e
m
b
er
of differen
t
le
arned
bodies. T
each
i
ng and
research
have co
ntributed
to write books and
abo
u
t 30 research
ar
ticles join
tly
with other
research
er which has been published to diff
ere
n
t intern
ation
a
l
and nation
a
l jo
urnals.
Currently
super
v
ising two PhD
students. Rec
e
n
tl
y becom
e
in
t
e
rested in h
e
a
l
t
h
relat
e
d
issues and b
e
ing
involved
in r
e
search
and
consultation
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.