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2
0
1
8
,
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
li
v
in
g
i
n
u
r
b
an
ar
ea
s
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
3
1
%
to
5
5
%
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
f
lo
w
o
f
u
r
b
an
izatio
n
d
u
e
to
in
d
u
s
tr
ializatio
n
an
d
m
o
d
er
n
izatio
n
led
to
a
n
u
n
h
ea
lth
y
li
f
e
s
t
y
le.
T
h
e
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
i
c
tr
an
s
itio
n
in
p
o
o
r
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
co
u
n
tr
ie
s
h
as
ch
an
g
ed
p
eo
p
le'
s
w
o
r
k
f
r
o
m
th
e
ag
r
ic
u
lt
u
r
al
s
ec
to
r
to
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
s
ec
to
r
,
r
esu
lt
in
g
i
n
r
ed
u
ce
d
p
h
y
s
ical
ac
tiv
it
y
,
tr
ig
g
er
i
n
g
o
b
esit
y
,
u
lt
i
m
atel
y
lead
in
g
to
d
iab
etes
[
1
0
]
.
A
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ca
s
es
ea
c
h
y
ea
r
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
es
ia,
d
iab
etes
m
el
lit
u
s
h
as
a
ls
o
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
a
h
ig
h
m
o
r
talit
y
r
ate,
w
h
ic
h
r
an
k
s
in
t
h
e
th
i
r
d
p
o
s
itio
n
[
1
1
]
.
B
ased
o
n
b
a
s
ic
h
ea
lt
h
r
esear
ch
(
R
I
S
K
E
S
DA
S
)
,
th
e
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
d
iab
etes
m
e
llit
u
s
i
n
ea
c
h
p
r
o
v
in
ce
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia
h
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
b
et
w
ee
n
2
0
1
3
-
2
0
1
8
,
w
it
h
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
est
p
r
e
v
al
en
ce
o
f
d
iab
etes
m
ellit
u
s
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
v
i
n
ce
o
f
DKI
J
ak
ar
ta,
a
n
d
ten
d
s
to
b
e
h
ig
h
a
m
o
n
g
th
o
s
e
w
o
r
k
in
g
i
n
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
i
n
s
ti
tu
tio
n
s
(
i.e
.
civ
il
s
er
v
an
t/ar
m
y
/p
o
lice/st
ate
e
n
ter
p
r
is
e)
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
w
o
r
k
[
1
2
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
o
s
e
w
h
o
a
tten
d
c
o
lleg
e/u
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
r
ep
r
ese
n
t
th
e
h
i
g
h
est
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
d
iab
etes c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
o
s
e
w
it
h
o
th
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
le
v
els
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
ese
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
ar
e
clo
s
el
y
r
elate
d
to
th
e
u
p
p
er
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
cla
s
s
's
li
f
est
y
le
a
n
d
th
e
ea
r
l
y
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
d
iab
etes
ca
s
e
s
[
1
3
]
.
A
s
tu
d
y
f
r
o
m
I
n
d
ia
s
ta
tes
th
at,
in
a
w
ea
lt
h
y
s
o
ciet
y
,
t
h
e
r
is
k
o
f
d
iab
ete
s
m
ellit
u
s
i
s
4
.
0
4
ti
m
es
h
ig
h
e
r
th
an
t
h
at
o
f
a
p
o
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
.
B
esid
es,
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
w
h
o
h
a
v
e
a
h
i
g
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
le
v
el
(
i.e
.
co
lleg
e
d
eg
r
ee
)
ar
e
1
.
8
7
ti
m
es
m
o
r
e
at
r
is
k
t
h
an
u
n
ed
u
ca
ted
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
(
i.e
.
n
o
ed
u
ca
tio
n
)
[
1
4
]
.
Ma
n
y
s
tu
d
ie
s
r
elate
d
to
d
iab
etes
m
elli
tu
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
es
ia.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
s
e
s
tu
d
ie
s
r
ar
el
y
u
s
e
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tat
u
s
v
ar
iab
le
s
a
s
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
i
s
s
tu
d
y
w
a
s
d
es
i
g
n
ed
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
t o
f
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
o
n
th
e
p
r
ev
ale
n
ce
o
f
d
i
ab
etes
m
el
lit
u
s
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
i
s
c
r
o
s
s
-
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
t
u
d
y
u
s
e
d
d
a
t
a
f
r
o
m
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
f
a
m
i
l
y
l
i
f
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
5
(
I
F
L
S
-
5
)
p
u
b
l
i
s
h
e
d
i
n
2
0
1
4
.
I
F
L
S
i
s
a
l
a
r
g
e
-
s
c
a
l
e
l
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l
s
u
r
v
e
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
a
n
d
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
l
e
v
e
l
f
o
r
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
,
s
o
c
i
a
l
,
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
,
a
n
d
h
e
a
l
t
h
-
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
a
s
p
e
c
t
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
(
R
A
N
D
)
L
a
b
o
r
a
n
d
P
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
i
n
I
F
L
S
-
5
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
s
o
f
1
6
,
2
0
4
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
s
a
n
d
5
0
,
1
4
8
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
s
[
1
5
]
.
R
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
w
e
r
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
r
a
n
d
o
m
l
y
f
r
o
m
a
l
l
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
’
s
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
g
e
d
1
5
y
e
a
r
s
o
l
d
a
n
d
a
b
o
v
e
w
i
t
h
d
i
a
b
e
t
e
s
m
e
l
l
i
t
u
s
,
w
h
i
c
h
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
d
i
a
g
n
o
s
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
p
h
y
s
i
c
i
a
n
i
n
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
h
e
a
l
t
h
i
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
a
r
e
a
.
A
t
o
t
a
l
o
f
6
,
9
7
9
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
w
h
o
m
e
t
t
h
e
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
i
n
2
0
1
4
w
e
r
e
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
clas
s
i
f
ied
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
i
n
to
d
iab
etic
co
n
d
itio
n
an
d
n
o
n
-
d
iab
etic
co
n
d
itio
n
.
I
n
d
iv
id
u
al
s
w
h
o
s
el
f
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
as
d
iag
n
o
s
e
d
w
it
h
d
iab
etes
w
er
e
clas
s
if
ied
as
p
atie
n
t
s
w
it
h
d
iab
etes.
Desp
ite
b
ein
g
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e,
I
F
L
S
d
id
n
o
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
an
y
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
d
iab
etes.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
i
n
d
icato
r
s
o
f
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
ta
tu
s
in
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
w
er
e
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
in
co
m
e
a
n
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
in
co
m
e
v
ar
iab
le
w
as
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al’
s
i
n
co
m
e
p
er
m
o
n
t
h
,
w
h
ile
th
e
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
’
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
le
v
els
w
er
e
class
i
f
ied
in
to
f
o
u
r
ca
teg
o
r
ies,
s
u
c
h
as
ele
m
e
n
tar
y
s
c
h
o
o
l,
j
u
n
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l,
s
en
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l,
an
d
u
n
iv
er
s
it
y
.
So
cio
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
s
u
ch
as
a
g
e
a
n
d
g
e
n
d
er
w
er
e
in
cl
u
d
ed
as
co
v
ar
iate
s
i
n
t
h
e
an
al
y
s
i
s
m
o
d
el.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
s
f
o
r
d
iab
etes,
s
u
ch
as
b
o
d
y
m
a
s
s
i
n
d
ex
(
B
MI
)
an
d
cig
ar
ette
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
w
er
e
i
n
cl
u
d
ed
.
B
o
d
y
m
as
s
i
n
d
ex
w
as
t
h
e
ac
ce
p
ted
m
et
h
o
d
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
o
b
esit
y
.
C
ate
g
o
r
ie
s
o
f
B
MI
in
t
h
i
s
s
tu
d
y
w
er
e
o
b
esit
y
an
d
n
o
n
-
o
b
esit
y
.
B
es
id
es,
cig
ar
ette
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
i
s
ca
lcu
lated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ci
g
ar
ettes
s
m
o
k
ed
p
er
d
ay
.
B
r
ief
l
y
,
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
w
as c
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
as i
n
T
a
b
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Statis
tic
d
escr
ip
tio
n
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
D
e
sc
r
i
p
t
i
o
n
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
D
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
D
i
a
b
e
t
e
s
M
e
l
l
i
t
u
s
0=
No
9
8
.
0
0
1
=
Y
e
s
2
.
0
0
I
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
0
=
El
e
me
n
t
a
r
y
sch
o
o
l
3
0
.
6
3
1
=
J
u
n
i
o
r
h
i
g
h
sc
h
o
o
l
1
9
.
2
0
2
=
S
e
n
i
o
r
h
i
g
h
s
c
h
o
o
l
3
2
.
9
5
3
=
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
1
7
.
2
3
I
n
c
o
me
I
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
i
n
c
o
me
I
D
R
1
,
9
6
8
,
5
2
7
A
g
e
Y
e
a
r
39
G
e
n
d
e
r
0
=
m
a
l
e
4
1
.
7
0
1
=
f
e
mal
e
5
8
.
3
0
C
i
g
a
r
e
t
t
e
C
i
g
a
r
e
t
t
e
c
o
n
su
mp
t
i
o
n
p
e
r
d
a
y
13
B
o
d
y
mass
i
n
d
e
x
0
=
n
o
n
o
b
e
si
t
y
6
6
.
8
6
1
=
o
b
e
si
t
y
3
3
.
1
4
O
b
se
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
6
,
9
7
9
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J
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u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8806
E
ffect
o
f so
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
mic
s
ta
tu
s
o
n
th
e
p
r
ev
a
len
ce
o
f d
ia
b
ete
s
mellitu
s
…
(
A
ma
lia
K
u
s
u
ma
n
in
g
r
u
m
)
283
T
h
e
co
llected
d
ata
w
er
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
an
d
a
n
al
y
ze
d
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
lo
g
i
s
tic
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
e
l.
L
o
g
i
s
ti
c
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
w
as
u
s
ed
to
an
al
y
z
e
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
b
in
ar
y
o
r
o
r
d
in
al
r
esp
o
n
s
e
v
ar
iab
les
an
d
ex
p
la
n
ato
r
y
v
ar
iab
les
[
1
6
]
.
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
ter
p
r
etatio
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
u
s
ed
in
th
e
lo
g
is
tic
m
o
d
el
is
th
e
m
ar
g
in
al
e
f
f
ec
t.
T
h
e
m
ar
g
i
n
al
e
f
f
ec
t
is
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
in
a
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le
o
n
t
h
e
c
h
an
g
e
in
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
o
u
tco
m
e
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
w
as
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
as
:
dia
b
e
te
s
i
=
β
0
+
e
duc
a
tion
i
+
in
c
ome
i
+
a
ge
i
+
ge
n
de
r
i
+
BMI
i
+
c
iga
r
e
tte
i
+
μ
i
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
ON
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
m
ar
g
i
n
al
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
t
h
e
lo
g
i
s
tic
r
e
g
r
ess
i
o
n
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
est
i
m
a
tio
n
r
esu
lt
s
,
ag
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
af
f
ec
t
s
th
e
in
cid
en
ce
r
ate
o
f
d
iab
etes
m
ellit
u
s
.
As
a
p
er
s
o
n
g
et
s
o
ld
er
,
th
e
li
k
eli
h
o
o
d
o
f
h
av
i
n
g
d
iab
etes
m
el
lit
u
s
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
b
y
0
.
4
1
7
%
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
r
is
k
o
f
a
p
er
s
o
n
to
d
e
v
elo
p
d
iab
etes
m
ellitu
s
i
s
i
n
th
e
ag
e
o
f
5
0
to
6
0
y
ea
r
s
.
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
r
is
k
o
f
d
iab
etes
o
cc
u
r
s
w
it
h
ag
e
d
u
e
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
b
o
d
y
f
u
n
ct
io
n
s
,
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
th
e
i
n
s
u
l
in
h
o
r
m
o
n
e
'
s
m
et
ab
o
lis
m
,
ca
u
s
i
n
g
b
lo
o
d
s
u
g
ar
le
v
els
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
i
n
T
ab
le
2
also
in
d
icate
t
h
at
w
o
m
en
h
av
e
1
.
1
5
p
er
ce
n
t
h
i
g
h
er
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
h
a
v
in
g
d
iab
ete
s
m
ellit
u
s
th
a
n
m
e
n
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
l
ts
ap
p
ea
r
to
co
n
f
o
r
m
w
it
h
b
asic
h
ea
lth
r
esear
ch
(
R
I
S
K
E
S
DA
S
)
in
2
0
1
8
,
in
w
h
ic
h
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
d
iab
etes
m
ellit
u
s
i
n
w
o
m
en
is
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
an
th
at
i
n
m
en
[
1
2
]
.
Gen
er
all
y
,
w
o
m
e
n
h
av
e
less
m
u
s
cle
m
as
s
th
a
n
m
en
,
r
es
u
lti
n
g
in
le
s
s
g
lu
co
s
e
u
p
tak
e
i
n
t
h
e
b
o
d
y
[
1
8
]
.
B
esid
es,
w
o
m
e
n
ten
d
to
h
av
e
h
ig
h
er
s
tr
e
s
s
lev
els,
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
lead
to
ab
n
o
r
m
al
b
lo
o
d
s
u
g
ar
lev
e
ls
[
1
9
]
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
cig
ar
ette
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
h
as
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
e
v
alen
ce
o
f
d
iab
etes
m
elli
tu
s
.
I
t
m
ea
n
s
t
h
at
f
o
r
ea
ch
ad
d
itio
n
al
ci
g
ar
ette
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
d
iab
etes
in
cr
ea
s
es
b
y
0
.
4
5
7
%
w
it
h
th
e
a
s
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
o
f
ce
ter
is
p
ar
ib
u
s
.
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
r
is
k
o
f
d
iab
etes
o
cc
u
r
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
n
ico
ti
n
e
w
h
ich
ca
u
s
e
s
in
s
u
li
n
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
b
o
d
y
m
as
s
in
d
ex
(
B
MI
)
v
ar
iab
le
also
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
in
c
id
en
ce
r
ate
o
f
d
ia
b
etes
m
e
llit
u
s
i
n
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
ex
h
ib
it
th
at
in
d
iv
id
u
als
w
h
o
h
av
e
a
b
o
d
y
m
as
s
in
d
e
x
o
f
o
b
esit
y
h
av
e
a
0
.
7
0
9
p
er
ce
n
t
h
ig
h
er
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
d
iab
etes
m
el
lit
u
s
th
a
n
th
o
s
e
w
h
o
ar
e
n
o
t
o
b
ese.
Ge
n
er
all
y
,
p
eo
p
le
w
il
l
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
w
e
i
g
h
t
g
ain
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
in
ab
ilit
y
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
eir
f
o
o
d
in
ta
k
e
ac
co
m
p
a
n
ied
b
y
i
n
a
d
eq
u
ate
p
h
y
s
ical
ac
t
iv
i
t
y
.
O
b
esit
y
m
a
y
lead
to
in
s
u
li
n
r
esi
s
tan
ce
,
w
h
ic
h
ev
e
n
t
u
all
y
m
a
k
e
it
h
ar
d
er
to
co
n
tr
o
l
b
lo
o
d
s
u
g
ar
lev
els
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Ma
r
g
in
al
e
f
f
ec
t o
f
l
o
g
is
t
ic
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
M
a
r
g
i
n
a
l
e
f
f
e
c
t
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
>
|
z
|
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
1.
Ju
n
i
o
r
h
i
g
h
sc
h
o
o
l
2.
S
e
n
i
o
r
h
i
g
h
s
c
h
o
o
l
*
*
3.
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
*
*
*
0
.
0
0
2
8
1
0
.
0
1
0
1
0
.
0
2
8
6
0
.
5
1
3
0
.
0
2
5
0
.
0
0
0
A
g
e
*
*
*
0
.
0
0
4
1
7
0
.
0
0
0
A
g
e
sq
u
a
r
e
d
*
*
*
-
2
.
9
5
e
-
05
0
.
0
0
1
G
e
n
d
e
r
0
.
0
1
1
5
0
.
4
3
3
(
L
o
g
)
I
n
c
o
me*
*
*
0
.
0
0
4
6
6
0
.
0
0
0
C
i
g
a
r
e
t
t
e
c
o
n
su
mp
t
i
o
n
*
0
.
0
0
4
5
7
0
.
0
8
2
B
M
I
0
.
0
0
7
0
9
0
.
0
5
7
*
*
*
)
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
t
o
α
1
%,
*
*
)
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
t
o
α
5
%
,
*
)
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
t
o
α
1
0
%
T
o
t
a
l
o
b
se
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
:
6
,
9
7
9
T
h
e
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
v
ar
iab
le
s
,
n
a
m
el
y
i
n
co
m
e
a
n
d
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
,
h
a
v
e
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t
p
o
s
iti
v
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
w
it
h
th
e
p
r
e
v
alen
ce
o
f
d
iab
ete
s
m
e
llit
u
s
.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
m
ca
n
n
o
t b
e
e
x
p
lain
ed
d
ir
ec
tly
.
R
e
s
ea
r
ch
h
as
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
a
n
d
d
iab
etes
m
ellit
u
s
o
cc
u
r
s
d
u
e
to
b
eh
av
io
r
al
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
o
b
esit
y
[
2
3
]
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
in
co
m
e
v
ar
iab
le,
th
e
m
ar
g
in
a
l
ef
f
ec
t
r
esu
lt
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
t
h
e
h
ig
h
er
t
h
e
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
's
i
n
co
m
e,
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
d
iab
etes
m
elli
tu
s
in
cr
ea
s
es
b
y
0
.
4
6
6
%
.
T
h
is
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
w
it
h
s
e
v
er
al
s
tu
d
ie
s
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
s
i
m
i
lar
r
esu
l
ts
t
h
at
h
ig
h
-
i
n
co
m
e
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
h
a
v
e
a
g
r
ea
ter
li
k
eli
h
o
o
d
o
f
h
a
v
in
g
d
iab
etes
m
ellit
u
s
t
h
a
n
lo
w
-
i
n
co
m
e
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
s
[
1
4
]
,
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
at
least t
w
o
ce
n
tr
al
ar
g
u
m
e
n
ts
w
h
y
in
co
m
e
m
a
y
a
f
f
ec
t th
e
i
n
cid
en
ce
o
f
d
iab
etes m
ellit
u
s
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
Firstl
y
,
in
d
i
v
id
u
a
ls
w
it
h
h
ig
h
in
co
m
e
ar
e
ea
s
ier
to
g
et
ac
ce
s
s
to
f
o
o
d
,
in
clu
d
in
g
f
ast
f
o
o
d
,
w
h
ic
h
is
class
i
f
ied
as
u
n
h
ea
lth
y
[
2
6
]
.
I
t
is
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
f
o
r
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
s
w
it
h
lo
w
in
co
m
e
w
h
o
ar
e
o
n
l
y
ab
le
to
f
u
l
f
il
l
th
e
ir
b
asi
c
f
o
o
d
n
ee
d
s
.
Hig
h
-
i
n
co
m
e
p
eo
p
le
s
p
en
d
m
o
r
e
o
n
f
o
o
d
t
h
an
lo
w
-
i
n
co
m
e
p
eo
p
le
b
ec
au
s
e
p
eo
p
le
w
i
th
lo
w
in
co
m
e
s
h
a
v
e
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
ts
i
n
f
o
o
d
af
f
o
r
d
ab
ilit
y
[
2
7
]
.
B
esid
e
s
,
p
eo
p
le
w
it
h
u
p
p
er
-
cla
s
s
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tat
u
s
lev
els
co
n
s
u
m
e
m
o
r
e
f
o
o
d
s
th
at
ar
e
h
ig
h
i
n
ca
lo
r
ies
an
d
te
n
d
n
o
t
to
d
o
p
h
y
s
ical
ac
ti
v
it
y
[2
8]
.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
it
ca
n
b
e
ar
g
u
ed
t
h
at
h
i
g
h
-
i
n
co
m
e
p
eo
p
le
m
a
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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8806
I
n
t J
P
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b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
22
:
2
81
-
2
8
6
284
ac
tiv
it
y
.
I
n
d
iv
id
u
als
w
it
h
h
i
g
h
in
co
m
e
h
a
v
e
a
s
ed
en
tar
y
li
f
e
s
t
y
le,
i
n
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
y
s
p
e
n
d
m
o
r
e
ti
m
e
i
n
f
r
o
n
t
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
u
ter
an
d
r
ea
d
in
g
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
v
ar
iab
le
also
s
h
o
w
s
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
r
es
u
lts
.
I
n
d
i
v
id
u
al
s
w
ith
a
u
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
d
e
g
r
ee
h
av
e
a
2
.
8
6
p
er
ce
n
t
h
ig
h
er
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
d
iab
etes
m
elli
tu
s
t
h
a
n
in
d
i
v
id
u
a
ls
w
it
h
p
r
i
m
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
ascen
d
i
n
g
v
alu
e
s
o
f
m
ar
g
in
a
l
ef
f
ec
ts
w
it
h
lo
n
g
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
h
o
w
th
a
t
th
e
h
i
g
h
er
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
th
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
e
ch
an
ce
o
f
s
u
f
f
er
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
d
iab
etes
m
el
lit
u
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
b
asic
h
ea
lt
h
r
esear
c
h
(
R
I
S
K
E
S
DA
S
)
in
2
0
1
8
s
tates
th
at
t
h
e
h
ig
h
e
s
t
p
r
ev
ale
n
ce
o
f
d
iab
etes
o
cc
u
r
s
in
co
lle
g
e
g
r
ad
u
ates
[
1
2
]
.
Oth
er
s
tu
d
ies
also
s
h
o
w
s
i
m
ila
r
r
esu
lt
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
d
iab
etes
i
n
cid
en
ce
is
h
i
g
h
er
a
m
o
n
g
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
s
w
it
h
h
i
g
h
lev
els
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
3
0
]
–
[
3
2
]
.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
h
i
g
h
l
y
ed
u
ca
ted
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
s
h
av
e
b
r
o
ad
er
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ab
o
u
t
h
ea
lt
h
,
e
s
p
ec
iall
y
d
iab
etes
m
ellit
u
s
,
in
p
r
ac
tice,
m
a
n
y
p
eo
p
le
ig
n
o
r
e
it.
Ma
n
y
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
p
r
ef
er
f
ast
f
o
o
d
b
ec
au
s
e
th
at
is
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
l
y
p
r
ac
tical
in
t
h
eir
b
u
s
y
li
f
e
a
s
a
s
t
u
d
en
t o
r
w
o
r
k
er
.
W
o
m
e
n
w
i
th
h
i
g
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
co
n
s
u
m
e
m
o
r
e
f
a
s
t
f
o
o
d
th
a
n
o
th
er
s
[
3
3
]
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
ar
e
at
r
is
k
o
f
ad
o
p
tin
g
a
s
ed
en
tar
y
l
if
est
y
le
in
w
h
ich
t
h
e
y
s
p
en
d
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
eir
t
i
m
e
s
tu
d
y
in
g
in
c
lass
o
r
o
n
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
u
ter
[
3
3
]
.
I
n
d
iv
id
u
a
ls
w
i
t
h
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el
s
al
s
o
s
p
en
d
m
o
r
e
t
i
m
e
r
ea
d
in
g
,
u
s
in
g
co
m
p
u
ter
s
,
an
d
s
itti
n
g
[
2
9
]
.
Oth
er
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
r
e
v
ea
led
th
at
t
h
e
tr
an
s
it
io
n
f
r
o
m
s
ch
o
o
l
to
co
lleg
e
is
ass
o
ciate
d
w
ith
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
p
h
y
s
ical
ac
ti
v
it
y
a
n
d
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
s
ed
en
tar
y
li
f
es
t
y
le
[
3
4
]
.
Fro
m
th
ese
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
,
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
t
h
at
i
n
d
i
v
id
u
al
s
w
it
h
h
i
g
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
le
v
el
s
h
av
e
a
h
i
g
h
c
h
an
ce
o
f
s
u
f
f
er
i
n
g
d
iab
etes
m
ellit
u
s
.
I
f
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
u
r
t
h
er
,
d
iab
etes
m
ellit
u
s
ca
s
es
t
h
at
o
cc
u
r
in
d
ev
elo
p
ed
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
co
u
n
tr
ie
s
ar
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t.
I
n
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
co
u
n
t
r
ies,
ca
s
es
o
f
d
iab
etes
m
ellit
u
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e
co
m
m
o
n
i
n
lo
wer
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
class
es.
On
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
h
a
n
d
,
d
iab
etes
m
ell
itu
s
ca
s
e
s
g
e
n
er
all
y
af
f
ec
t
th
e
u
p
p
er
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
clas
s
i
n
p
o
o
r
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
co
u
n
tr
ies.
On
e
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
th
i
s
is
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
.
Fir
s
t,
in
d
ev
elo
p
ed
co
u
n
tr
ie
s
,
th
e
p
r
i
ce
o
f
f
a
s
t
f
o
o
d
is
r
elativ
el
y
lo
w
er
t
h
an
h
ea
lt
h
y
f
o
o
d
.
T
h
e
m
aj
o
r
ity
o
f
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
ar
e
lo
w
-
i
n
co
m
e
p
eo
p
le.
Ma
n
y
p
o
o
r
p
eo
p
le
in
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
co
u
n
tr
ies
m
a
y
h
av
e
d
iab
etes
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
is
r
ea
lit
y
i
s
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ca
s
e
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia
o
r
o
th
er
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
co
u
n
tr
ie
s
.
Fas
t
f
o
o
d
is
ex
p
en
s
i
v
e,
an
d
o
n
l
y
h
i
g
h
er
in
co
m
e
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
io
n
als/
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
ca
n
a
f
f
o
r
d
it
m
o
r
e
r
e
g
u
lar
l
y
.
T
h
ey
d
o
s
o
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
lac
k
o
f
ti
m
e
to
co
o
k
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
h
o
u
r
s
i
s
p
o
s
itiv
el
y
co
r
r
elate
d
w
it
h
f
ast
f
o
o
d
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
[
3
5
]
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
d
ev
elo
p
ed
co
u
n
tr
ie
s
g
en
er
all
y
h
a
v
e
a
s
o
ci
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
co
n
ce
p
t
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
l
y
h
ea
lth
y
w
o
r
k
-
li
f
e
b
alan
ce
,
s
o
th
at
th
e
s
tr
ess
le
v
el
o
f
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
i
s
lo
w
.
T
h
is
i
s
a
s
tar
k
co
n
tr
as
t
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
co
u
n
tr
ie
s
,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
I
n
d
o
n
es
ia,
w
h
ic
h
h
as
a
lo
w
w
o
r
k
-
li
f
e
b
ala
n
ce
.
T
h
er
e
a
r
e
s
till
m
a
n
y
co
m
p
a
n
ies
w
it
h
h
i
g
h
w
o
r
k
lo
a
d
s
an
d
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
t
h
at
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
s
tr
ess
le
v
el
w
h
ic
h
t
h
en
tr
ig
g
er
s
d
iab
etes.
E
x
tr
e
m
e
f
ati
g
u
e
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
d
b
y
w
o
r
k
e
r
s
w
ill
h
a
v
e
an
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
d
e
cr
ea
s
in
g
p
h
y
s
ical
co
n
d
itio
n
wh
ich
ca
n
i
n
d
ir
ec
tl
y
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
r
is
k
o
f
d
iab
etes
[
3
6
]
.
So
,
it is
p
o
s
s
i
b
le
th
at
t
h
e
g
r
o
w
t
h
o
f
d
iab
etes c
a
s
es i
n
d
ev
e
lo
p
in
g
co
u
n
tr
ies
is
r
elativ
el
y
f
a
s
ter
th
a
n
i
n
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
co
u
n
tr
ies
[
6
]
.
A
ls
o
,
d
ev
elo
p
ed
co
u
n
tr
ies
s
u
c
h
as
t
h
e
Sca
n
d
in
a
v
ia
n
r
eg
io
n
h
av
e
a
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
l
y
h
i
g
h
h
ap
p
in
es
s
in
d
ex
,
i
n
co
n
tr
ast
to
p
o
o
r
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
co
u
n
tr
ie
s
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
I
n
d
o
n
esia
,
w
h
ic
h
h
a
s
a
r
elativ
el
y
lo
w
er
h
ap
p
in
ess
i
n
d
ex
,
r
esu
lti
n
g
i
n
d
is
ea
s
e
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
ilit
y
.
O
n
e
'
s
h
ap
p
in
ess
ca
n
p
r
o
tect
o
n
esel
f
f
r
o
m
p
o
s
s
ib
le
d
is
ea
s
e
[
3
7
]
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Di
ab
etes
m
elli
tu
s
is
a
d
an
g
er
o
u
s
an
d
d
ea
d
l
y
d
is
ea
s
e.
I
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
th
is
d
is
ea
s
e
co
n
t
in
u
es
t
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
ev
er
y
y
ea
r
.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
e
s
ti
m
at
es
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
s
tat
u
s
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
ev
a
len
ce
o
f
d
iab
etes
m
el
lit
u
s
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
Af
ter
b
ein
g
est
i
m
ated
u
s
i
n
g
lo
g
is
t
ic
r
eg
r
es
s
io
n
an
al
y
s
is
,
i
t
w
as
co
n
clu
d
ed
t
h
at
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
s
tatu
s
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
tl
y
a
f
f
ec
t
s
th
e
in
cid
en
ce
r
ate
o
f
d
iab
etes
m
e
llit
u
s
.
T
h
e
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tat
u
s
i
n
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
lev
el
o
f
in
co
m
e
an
d
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
.
O
f
t
h
e
t
w
o
v
ar
iab
les,
b
o
th
t
h
e
l
ev
el
o
f
i
n
co
m
e
a
n
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
o
s
iti
v
el
y
co
r
r
elate
w
it
h
d
iab
etes
m
ellit
u
s
ca
s
es.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
s
e
es
ti
m
ates,
i
t
ca
n
b
e
co
n
cl
u
d
ed
th
a
t
th
e
h
i
g
h
er
t
h
e
in
co
m
e,
t
h
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
e
c
h
a
n
ce
s
o
f
d
ev
e
lo
p
in
g
d
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NC
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[
1
]
I
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F
,
“
I
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D
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.
[
2
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F
.
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.
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z
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2
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1
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.
[
3
]
K
.
A
l
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R
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T
h
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mp
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Ma
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[
4
]
A
.
P
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d
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A
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M
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,
A
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mi
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2
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5
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2
0
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.
[
5
]
D
.
E.
B
l
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m
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l
.
,
“
T
h
e
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B
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.
[
6
]
W
H
O
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R
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,
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G
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(
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c
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,
2
0
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1
)
.
[
7
]
T
.
L
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g
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t
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,
K
.
W
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c
k
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n
g
,
K
.
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[
8
]
F
.
B
.
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u
,
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l
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2
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3
7
/
d
c
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.
[
9
]
U
n
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e
d
N
a
t
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n
s,
W
o
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d
U
r
b
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2
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[
1
0
]
A
.
R
a
mac
h
a
n
d
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n
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t
a
l
.
,
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T
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-
6.
[
1
1
]
Y
.
U
sman
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
I
n
d
o
n
e
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a
’
s
sa
mp
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g
i
st
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a
t
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sy
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m
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n
2
0
1
8
:
A
w
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k
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n
p
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ss,”
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o
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a
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o
f
P
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7
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1
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2
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1
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,
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2
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1
3
3
/
JP
S
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2
7
N
1
.
0
0
3
.
[
1
2
]
N
a
t
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I
n
st
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(
R
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)
2
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t
t
p
s:
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w
w
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c
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Ja
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.
[
1
3
]
C
.
M
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y
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mb
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z
i
,
F
.
B
o
o
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se
n
,
A
.
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.
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