Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
u
bli
c Hea
lt
h S
c
ie
nce (IJPH
S)
Vo
l.
6
,
No.
4
,
D
ece
m
ber
201
7
, pp.
351
~
355
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8806
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
phs
.
v6
i
4
.
1
07
82
351
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
https:
//
ww
w.i
aesco
re
.c
om
/j
our
nals/
ind
ex.
php/IJP
H
S
Knowled
ge,
A
ttit
ud
e a
nd
P
ractice
of Ir
anian
W
om
en
to
wa
rd
s
B
reast
C
ancer
S
creeni
ng
M
eth
ods
B
ah
ar
M
ors
h
ed
B
ehb
ahani
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f
M
idwife
ry,
Sc
hool
of Nur
sin
g
a
nd Mi
dwife
ry,
S
hiraz
U
nive
rsity
o
f
Medic
al
Sciences,
Ira
n
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Sep
2
4
, 201
7
Re
vised
N
ov
2
8
, 2
01
7
Accepte
d
Dec
1
2
, 201
7
Fem
al
e
bre
ast
c
anc
er
is
th
e
sec
o
nd
le
ad
ing
ca
use
of
de
at
h
du
e
to
ca
nc
er
an
d
the
se
cond
l
ea
d
i
ng
ca
use
of
ca
n
ce
r
d
eaths
in
wo
m
en
aft
e
r
lung
c
anc
er
.
Thi
s
stud
y
ai
m
ed
to
inve
stigate
the
knowledge
,
attitude
and
pr
ac
t
ice
of
wom
en
about
br
ea
st
ca
n
ce
r’s
scre
eni
ng
m
et
hods
in
orde
r
to
off
er
m
ore
appr
opriat
e
tra
ini
ng
progr
ams
if
nec
essar
y
.
A
cro
ss
-
sec
ti
ona
l s
tud
y
was c
arr
ied out
with
a
popula
ti
on
comprised
of
wom
en
who
had
ref
err
e
d
to
public
h
ea
l
t
h
ce
nt
ers
in
Sananda
j
in
200
8.
T
he
result
s
o
f
thi
s
stud
y
do
provide
som
e
under
standi
ng
on
the
top
ic
and
suggest
tha
t
al
th
ough
the
m
aj
ori
t
y
of
Ir
ani
an
wom
en
see
m
to
be
quit
e
knowl
e
dgea
bl
e
about
b
rea
st
c
anc
e
r
and
scre
eni
ng
m
et
h
ods
.
T
h
e
y
nee
d
m
ore
educat
ion
on
bre
ast
ca
nce
r
,
SB
E
and
othe
r
m
et
hods
of
ea
rl
y
det
e
ct
ion
.
W
e
r
ec
om
m
end
the
esta
bli
shm
ent
of
an
insti
tut
ion
al
fra
m
ework
and
polic
y
guid
el
in
es
tha
t
will
enha
nc
e
ad
equ
at
e
and
urge
n
t
informati
on
dissem
ina
ti
on
a
bout
bre
ast
ca
n
ce
r
and
scre
ening
m
et
hods
to
al
l
wom
en
in
Ira
n.
Sin
ce
wo
m
en’
s
bel
ie
fs
a
nd
beha
viors
m
a
y
impact
y
oun
g
wom
en
,
designi
ng
tra
in
in
g
cour
ses for
this
group
see
m
s to
be essential.
Ke
yw
or
d:
A
tt
it
ud
e
B
reast
c
ance
r
Kno
wled
ge
P
racti
ce
S
cree
ning
m
eth
od
Copyright
©
201
7
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
B
ahar
M
orshe
d
B
e
hb
a
ha
ni
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f
M
idwife
ry,
Sc
hool
of Nur
sin
g
a
nd Mi
dwife
ry,
Sh
iraz
Unive
rs
it
y of
Medica
l
Scie
nces
,
S
hira
z,
Islam
ic
Repu
blic
of
I
ran
.
E
m
a
il
:
m
or
sh
e_b@ya
ho
o.
c
om
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Breast
cancer
is
the
second
le
adin
g
ca
use
of
ca
ncer
deaths
in
Ame
rican
w
om
en
[1
]
,[2]
.
I
t
appr
ox
im
at
ely
represe
nts
one
third
of
al
l
ca
nc
ers
in
wo
m
en
an
d
is
t
he
sec
ond
le
a
ding
ca
us
e
of
ca
ncer
deaths
in
w
om
en
afte
r
lu
ng
ca
ncer.
Currentl
y,
on
e
out
of
eve
ry
7
w
om
en
will
de
velo
p
br
ea
st
c
ancer
in
he
r
li
f
et
i
m
e
[3
]
,
[4
]
.
The
in
ci
den
ce
of
Bre
ast
cance
r
is
i
ncr
easi
ng
in
I
r
an
a
nd
of
e
ve
r
y
100,0
00
w
om
en
in
Ir
a
n,
20
s
uffer
br
east
ca
ncer.
I
n
fact,
eac
h
ye
ar
6000 n
ew
ca
ses
of
b
reast
ca
ncer
is
f
ound
in
our
c
ountry
a
nd
si
nce
the
di
sease
is
m
os
tl
y
diag
no
s
ed
at
advanced
sta
ges,
patie
nts
of
te
n
die
in
a
sh
ort
per
i
od
afte
r
di
agnosis
[
5,
]
[
6
]
.
Ri
sk
factors
f
or
bre
ast
cancer
incl
ud
e:
i
ncr
easi
ng
age,
ge
netic
f
act
or
s,
posit
ive
fam
ily
histor
y,
early
m
enar
che
a
nd
delay
ed
m
eno
pause,
first
pregn
a
ncy
over
30
ye
ars
,
hi
gh
dieta
ry
fat
,
al
cohol
co
ns
um
ption,
us
i
ng
horm
on
e
thera
py,
ex
po
s
ur
e
to
X
-
rays
befor
e
a
ge
30,
treatm
ent
and
rad
iot
her
a
py
of
the
c
hest
(e
.g
.
for
treat
m
e
nt
of
Hod
gk
i
n'
s
dise
ase)
a
nd
risk
of
dev
el
op
i
ng
oth
er
m
align
an
ci
es
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
,
[
7
]
.
The
ti
m
e
fo
r
m
asses
to
do
ub
le
thei
r
siz
e
var
ie
s
f
r
om
sever
al
wee
ks
in
rap
i
d
gro
wing
m
asses
a
nd
from
severa
l
m
on
ths
or
y
ears
in
slo
w
-
gr
ow
i
ng
on
e
s.
Wh
il
e
t
he
tum
or
is
sti
ll
no
t
cl
inica
ll
y
cl
ear,
ca
ncer
cel
ls
m
ay
sp
re
ad
in
the
body
.
The
i
ncide
nc
e
of
dist
ant
m
et
as
tasis
con
si
der
a
bl
y
fits
the
tu
m
or
siz
e.
If
t
he
pa
ti
ent
has
no
m
et
ast
at
ic
disease,
com
plete
reco
ve
ry
is
achievable
only
by
su
r
ger
y
and
le
sio
n
re
m
ov
al
.
If
diag
no
sis
is
m
ade
at
adv
a
nced
st
ages,
m
or
ta
li
ty
will
be
ver
y
high.
T
he
refor
e
,
early
diag
nosis
,
be
f
ore
the
s
pr
ea
d
of
cance
r
cel
ls,
is
the
base
of
a
su
ccess
fu
l
tre
atm
ent
and
this
w
on’t
be
possi
ble
w
it
ho
ut
pro
pe
r
s
creeni
ng
m
et
ho
ds
[
8]
-
[13]
.
The
rec
ognize
d
sc
ree
ning
m
et
hods
include:
br
ea
st
sel
f
-
e
xam
inatio
n
(S
BE
),
cl
ini
cal
br
east
e
xa
m
inati
on
,
ultra
so
un
d
a
nd
m
am
m
og
raphy.
S
ta
nd
a
rd
m
et
ho
ds o
f
sc
r
eenin
g
a
re m
a
m
m
og
raphy a
nd cli
nical
br
eas
t exam
inati
on
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8806
IJPHS
V
ol.
6
, No
.
4
,
Decem
ber
20
1
7
:
35
1
–
355
352
It
seem
s
that
in
Ir
a
n,
w
om
en'
s
know
le
dg
e
,
at
ti
tud
e
an
d
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
early
diag
no
s
is
of
br
eas
t
cancer has a poor outcom
e. A
s in
a resear
c
h
co
nducted
i
n Tehra
n
am
on
g school te
acher
s,
only
6
% o
f
t
eachers
did
SBE
regul
arly
.
Althou
gh
34%
wer
e
fa
m
iliar
with
bre
ast
sel
f
-
e
xam
inati
on
,
they
c
onsidere
d
it
to
be
non
-
essenti
al
and
36%
be
li
eved
t
ha
t
cl
inica
l
exam
inati
on
is
not
necessa
ry.
67
%
belie
ve
d
tha
t
they
wer
e
at
r
is
k
f
or
br
east
cance
r
and
59
%
c
on
s
idere
d
posit
ive
fam
ily
history
of
breast
ca
ncer
as
a
n
im
portant
risk
fa
ct
or
f
or
dev
el
op
m
ent
of
the
disease.
80%
of
the
se
t
eachers
cl
aim
e
d
if
t
he
im
po
rtance
of
SBE
e
xam
inati
on
ha
s
bee
n
set
,
they
woul
d
hav
e
pr
act
ic
ed
th
at
[
6]
.
A
no
t
her
resea
rc
h
c
onduct
ed
in
Teh
ra
n
on
70
w
om
en,
sho
w
ed
th
at
m
os
t
resp
on
de
nts
had
no
kn
ow
le
dg
e
a
bout
scree
ning
be
ha
vior
a
nd
they
we
re
no
t
awa
re
of
the
dia
gnos
ti
c
m
et
ho
ds
e
xce
pt
SBE.
T
hey
thou
gh
t
m
a
m
mo
gra
ph
y
is
done
after
t
he
inci
den
ce
of
br
eas
t
cancer
t
o
e
xa
m
ine
the
sta
tus
of
th
e
disease.
T
he
y
al
so
didn’t
know
that
early
detect
ion
ca
n
be
eff
ect
ive
f
or
pro
per
treat
m
e
nt
an
d
didn’t ta
ke
that
for
grante
d
[
14
]
.
Acc
ordin
g
to
wh
at
has
bee
n
repo
rted,
prov
i
ding
ap
pro
pr
ia
te
inf
or
m
at
ion
an
d
knowle
dge
help
s
wo
m
en
ha
ve
a
bette
r
at
ti
tud
e
towa
rd
s
cance
rs
with
hi
gh
c
ha
nce
of
occ
urring
w
hile
m
or
e
appr
opriat
e
at
ti
tud
e
and
pr
act
ic
e
m
ay
red
uce
thei
r
m
or
bid
it
y
and
m
or
ta
li
ty
.
If
trai
nin
g
is
not
appr
opriat
e
and
m
akes
no
c
hange
in
wo
m
en’
s att
it
ude a
nd p
e
rfo
rm
ance,
c
os
ts a
nd
tim
e
sp
ent
will
b
e in
v
ai
n.
2.
MA
TE
RIA
L
AND ME
TH
ODS
This
cr
os
s
-
se
ct
ion
al
stu
dy
ha
s
bee
n
perfor
m
ed
on
al
l
w
om
en
ref
e
rr
i
ng
to
pu
blic
healt
h
ce
nters
i
n
Sana
nd
a
j
in
2008.
A
sam
ple
siz
e
of
384
i
nd
i
viduals
wit
h
95%
c
onfide
nce
inter
val,
frequ
e
ncy
of
50%
an
d
accuracy
of
0.05
was
determ
ined.
10
cl
inic
s
in
Sa
nanda
j
wer
e
rand
om
ly
sel
ect
ed
an
d
i
n
each
center
arou
n
d
40
wo
m
en
within
the
incl
us
ion
c
rite
ria
(wo
m
en
aged
ove
r
15
ye
ars
)
were
rando
m
ly
ch
os
e
n
us
in
g
a
r
andom
al
locat
ion
of
nu
m
ber
s.
Fina
ll
y,
after
re
vie
wing
the
com
pl
et
ed
qu
e
sti
onnai
res,
70
w
ere
e
xclu
ded
du
e
to
incom
plete
infor
m
at
ion
and
307 q
uestio
nnai
res were
stat
ist
ic
al
ly
an
al
yz
ed.
The
qu
e
sti
onna
ire
desi
gn
e
d
by
the
resea
rch
e
r
was
exam
ined
by
t
hr
ee
fac
ul
ty
m
e
m
ber
s
of
Mi
dw
ife
ry
Dep
a
rtm
ent
at
Sana
ndaj
Isl
a
m
ic
Azad
U
niv
e
rsity
of
Me
dical
Scie
nc
es
an
d
it
s
c
on
te
nt
vali
dity
was
determ
ined.
A
te
st
re
-
te
st
sel
f
adm
inist
ered
qu
e
sti
onnaire
was
us
e
d
as
a
too
l
to
dete
rm
i
ne
the
quest
io
nnai
re’s
reli
abili
ty
(Cro
nbac
h'
s
al
ph
a
0.8
).
Also
f
or
cl
assifi
e
d
quest
ion
s
(
qu
est
i
on
s
c
on
ce
rn
i
ng
t
he
knowle
dge
of
screeni
ng
m
et
ho
ds,
at
ti
tud
es
a
nd
t
he
pract
ic
e
includi
ng
seve
n,
si
x
an
d
tw
o
qu
e
sti
on
s
,
res
pecti
vely
)
rati
ng a
nd
scor
i
ng
was
do
ne
after
com
pleti
on
,
base
d
on
quest
io
ns
’
sc
or
es
(lo
w
-
m
e
diu
m
-
go
od
).
Qu
est
i
onnaires
were
fill
ed
in
by
int
erv
ie
w
ers
.
T
he
n
afte
r
com
pleti
on
of
c
oded
qu
e
sti
onnaires
,
co
ntained
i
nfo
rm
ation
wa
s
e
ntere
d
in SPSS
pro
gr
a
m
f
or
fur
t
her sta
ti
sti
cal
an
al
ys
is.
Pr
io
r
to
i
nterv
i
ews,
st
ud
y
obje
ct
ives
we
re
e
xp
la
ine
d
t
o
al
l
the
pa
rtic
ipant
s
an
d
th
os
e
int
erested
i
n
the
researc
h
we
re
i
nterv
ie
we
d.
To
m
ai
ntain
t
he
an
on
ym
ity,
qu
est
io
nnai
re
s
wer
e
com
plete
d
with
no
nam
e
reg
ist
rati
on
a
nd
pr
of
il
e
sam
ples
and
t
he
in
f
or
m
at
ion
was
com
plete
ly
co
nf
i
den
ti
al
.
Nec
essary
co
ordi
na
ti
on
was per
f
or
m
ed
an
d perm
issi
on
s
from
the select
ed
cl
inics
w
ere
ob
ta
ine
d
.
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND D
I
SCUS
S
ION
A
total
of
30
7
wo
m
en,
with
the
m
ean
age
of
72.
29
in
the
r
ang
e
of
17
to
69
ye
ars
old
part
ic
ipate
d
in
the
stud
y. Fort
y
on
e
(
13.
4%)
w
ere
si
ng
le
a
nd
26
6
(
86.6%) w
ere
m
arr
ie
d.
7
3.3
% w
er
e
house
wi
ves
an
d
26.7%
wer
e
em
plo
ye
d.
71.
4%
had
a
high
sc
hool
dip
lom
a
or
lo
we
r
de
grees.
296
(3
/
94
%
)
sta
te
d
that
breast
ca
ncer
i
s
on
e
of
t
he
m
os
t
dr
ea
de
d
c
ondi
ti
on
s
in
w
om
en
a
nd
on
ly
13
(1
/
4%)
m
entioned
that
it
is
not
a
t
op
co
ndit
ion
t
o
be
fear
ed
m
os
t.
The
awa
reness
of
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
ab
ou
t
m
e
thods
of
early
detect
ion
an
d
treatm
ent
of
br
eas
t
cancer
c
on
si
de
red
as
kn
ow
le
dge
is
sh
ow
n
in
Table
1.
Most
wo
m
en
(67.1%
)
wer
e
a
war
e
of
the
i
m
po
rtan
ce
of
br
east
ca
ncer
s
creeni
ng
e
xam
inati
on
s
by
a
physi
ci
an
or
m
i
dw
i
fe
f
or
it
s
preven
ti
on.
84.
4%
of
w
om
en
be
li
eved
the
tim
e
of
diagnosis
would
aff
ect
the
out
com
es
of
treat
m
ent.
par
ti
ci
pa
nts’
views
a
nd
at
ti
tud
es
to
wards
screeni
ng
proc
edures
an
d
it
s
i
m
pact
on
their
li
ves
and
healt
h
are
gi
ve
n
in
Table
2.
Mon
thly
sel
f
br
east
exam
inati
on
a
nd
a
nnual
m
a
m
m
og
raphy
ha
d
bee
n
inte
nded
as
a
p
r
op
er
act
io
n
i
n
th
e
quest
io
nn
ai
r
e.
O
nly
47.4%
of
w
ome
n
ha
d
pract
ic
ed
sel
f
breast
exam
inati
on
but
not
as
a
m
on
thly
routine.
Table
3
descr
i
bes
t
he
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
distr
ibu
ti
on
pr
act
ic
e of
br
east
ca
nc
er
by p
a
rtic
ip
ants
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPHS
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8806
Kno
wl
ed
ge, At
ti
tud
e an
d
Pr
ac
ti
ce of I
r
an
i
an W
omen
towa
rd
s B
reast
Ca
nc
er .... (B
ahar
Mors
hed Be
hbahani)
353
Table
1
.
Fr
e
quency
Distri
bu
ti
on
of
W
om
en'
s Aware
ness
ab
ou
t
B
reast Ca
nc
er
a
nd
Detect
ion M
et
hods
F
a
m
ilia
r
No
t
Fa
m
ili
ar
Detectio
n
Metho
d
s
Nu
m
b
e
r
Percent
Nu
m
b
e
r
Percent
194
6
3
.2
113
3
6
.8
Self
-
Exa
m
in
atio
n
s
206
6
7
.1
101
3
2
.9
Exa
m
in
atio
n
by
a
p
h
y
sician
or
m
id
w
if
e
97
3
1
.8
208
6
8
.2
Ultraso
u
n
d
123
4
0
.3
182
5
9
.7
Ma
m
m
o
g
raph
y
93
3
0
.3
214
6
9
.7
The o
n
set o
f
breast exa
m
in
atio
n
s b
y
a
ph
y
sician
106
3
4
.5
201
6
5
.5
The o
n
set o
f
breast self
exa
m
in
atio
n
73
2
3
.8
234
7
6
.2
The o
n
set o
f
m
a
m
m
o
g
r
ap
h
y
Table
2
.
Fr
e
quency
Distri
bu
ti
on
of
Wo
m
en'
s A
tt
it
ud
e
t
owar
d
Brea
st C
ance
r
a
nd
Detect
io
n
Me
th
ods
Yes
No
Do
N
o
t Kno
w
The
m
es
Nu
m
b
e
r
Percent
Nu
m
b
e
r
Percent
Nu
m
b
e
r
Percent
106
3
4
.5
118
3
8
.4
83
27
Y
o
u
ar
e at
r
isk
f
o
r
b
reast c
an
cer
82
2
6
.7
222
7
2
.3
3
1
D
iet need
to p
reve
n
t breast cancer
178
58
77
2
5
.1
52
1
6
.9
Metho
d
s f
o
r
early
d
iag
n
o
sis
o
f
breast
cancer is dif
f
icu
lt
142
4
6
.3
82
2
6
.7
83
27
Necessity
of
m
o
n
t
h
ly
breast self
-
ex
a
m
in
atio
n
259
8
4
.4
17
5
.5
31
1
0
.1
Diag
n
o
sis
ti
m
e of
breast cancer
af
f
ects
treat
m
en
t
237
7
7
.2
35
1
1
.4
35
1
1
.4
Ti
m
el
y
t
reat
m
en
t
r
esu
lts in
co
m
p
l
ete
recov
ery
41
1
3
.4
154
5
0
.2
112
3
6
.5
An
n
u
al
m
a
m
m
o
g
r
ap
h
y
is har
m
f
u
l
Table
3
.
T
he
F
reque
ncy D
ist
r
ibu
ti
on P
racti
ce
of
Breast
Ca
ncer
by
Partic
ipants
Yes
No
The
m
es
Nu
m
b
e
r
Percent
Nu
m
b
e
r
Percent
145
4
7
.4
161
52
.6
self
breast
ex
a
m
in
atio
n
(
SBE)
13
4
.5
273
9
5
.5
m
a
m
m
o
g
raph
y
*
the
f
reque
nc
y
of
rati
ng
-
relat
ed
knowle
dg
e,
wo
m
en’
s
at
ti
tud
e
an
d
pe
r
form
ance
based
on
relat
ed
s
cor
es
sh
owe
d
that
only
15.6%
ha
d
good
kn
ow
le
dge,
13%
an
d
0.7%
ha
d
fair
a
nd
good
at
ti
tu
de
an
d
perf
orm
ance,
resp
ect
ively
.
Table
4
s
hows
the in
form
at
io
n rega
rd
i
ng K
nowle
dg
e
, atti
tu
de
a
nd p
e
rfo
rm
ance
of wom
en
towa
r
ds
early
b
rea
st ca
ncer detec
ti
on
m
et
ho
ds (sc
ree
ning)
. Ta
ble
5 pro
vid
es t
he da
ta
r
ega
rd
i
ng
s
ources
of i
nform
at
ion
about
br
east
c
a
ncer sy
m
pto
m
s
, f
act
or
s
an
d
sc
reen
i
ng m
et
ho
ds
.
Table
4
.
K
now
le
dg
e,
Atti
tu
de
an
d
Pe
rfo
rm
a
nce
of
Wo
m
en
towa
rd
s
Early
Breast C
ancer
D
et
ect
io
n
Me
th
ods
(
Sc
reen
i
ng
)
Po
o
r
Mediu
m
Go
o
d
The
m
es
Nu
m
b
e
r
Percent
Nu
m
b
e
r
Percent
Nu
m
b
e
r
Percent
138
45
121
3
9
.4
48
1
5
.6
Aware
n
ess
o
f
brea
st can
cer
screenin
g
169
55
98
3
1
.9
40
13
Attitu
d
es to
wards
b
reast
cancer sc
reenin
g
m
e
th
o
d
s
164
5
3
.4
141
4
5
.9
2
0
.7
Practice
of
breast c
an
cer
screenin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
Ther
e
was
a
st
at
ist
ic
ally
sign
ific
ant
relat
ion
betwee
n
wo
m
en'
s
awar
e
ness
of
breast
can
c
er
detect
io
n
m
et
ho
ds
a
nd
t
heir
jo
b,
posit
ive
fam
ily
histor
y
of
breast
cancer
,
an
d
their
le
vel
of
ed
uca
ti
on
(
p
=
.0001
Ҳ2
=
41.1
a
nd
Ҳ
2
=
7.9
p
=
.
019
a
nd
Ҳ
2
=
44.1
p
=
.
000)
a
nd
al
so
a
sta
ti
sti
ca
ll
y
sign
ific
ant
relat
ion
was
obser
ve
d
betwee
n
wo
m
en’
s
pra
ct
ic
e
of
br
east
ca
nce
r
s
creeni
ng
m
et
h
od
s
an
d
t
heir
m
arit
a
l
sta
tus
(Ҳ
2
=
10.
1
p
=
.006).
A
sign
i
ficant
r
el
at
ion
sh
i
p
wa
s
found
bet
we
en
w
om
en’
s
ge
ner
al
K
nowle
dg
e
*
an
d
their
m
arit
al
sta
tus,
j
ob,
po
sit
ive
f
am
il
y
histo
ry of
br
ea
st cancer
and l
evel of e
ducat
ion.
*
Ge
ne
ral
K
no
wled
ge:
T
he
overall
a
war
e
ne
ss
of
w
om
en
about
sym
pto
m
s,
detect
ion
m
et
hods
a
nd
risk
factors
for breast ca
nc
er
.
Ther
e
was
a
w
eak
posit
ive
c
orrelat
ion
betwe
en
t
he
nu
m
ber
of
preg
na
ncies
an
d
a
war
e
nes
s
of
ca
nce
r
sy
m
pto
m
s
(r
=
.14)
,
a
posit
iv
e
correla
ti
on
be
tween
the
nu
m
ber
of
preg
na
ncies
an
d
aw
aren
es
s
of
ris
k
factor
s
for
br
ea
st
canc
er
(r
=
.
23)
an
d
t
he
nu
m
ber
of
pre
gn
a
ncies
posit
ively
co
r
relat
ed
with
ge
ner
al
knowle
dge
(r
=
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8806
IJPHS
V
ol.
6
, No
.
4
,
Decem
ber
20
1
7
:
35
1
–
355
354
.17)
(
p
<0.0
5).
No
sta
ti
sti
cal
l
y
sign
ific
ant
re
la
ti
on
was
obs
erv
e
d
betw
een
kno
wled
ge,
at
ti
tud
e
an
d
pr
act
ic
e
of
wo
m
en
with
o
t
her dem
og
ra
ph
ic
infor
m
at
ion
.
*
T
he
m
ajo
r
source
from
wh
ic
h
m
os
t
par
ti
ci
pan
ts
recei
ve
d
their
in
form
at
ion
ab
out
screeni
ng
m
et
ho
ds
wa
s
repor
te
d
t
o
be
Healt
h
Ca
re
S
yst
e
m
’s
Staff
a
nd
P
hysic
ia
ns
with
53.5%
a
nd
the
m
in
or
one
was
the
m
edia
wit
h
21
%
(
Table
3)
.
Table
5
.
T
he
F
reque
ncy D
ist
r
ibu
ti
on
o
f
S
our
ces
o
f Info
rm
ation
a
bout
B
reast Ca
nce
r Sym
pto
m
s,
Fact
or
s
a
nd Sc
ree
ning Met
ho
ds
Nu
m
b
e
r
Percent
Inf
o
r
m
atio
n
So
u
rc
e
59
1
9
.5
P
h
y
sician
103
34
Health
care staf
f
63
21
M
ed
ia
77
2
5
.5
Oth
ers ( with
o
u
t tr
ain
in
g
)
302
100
T
o
tal
†
† 5 wom
en
di
d n
ot answe
r
thi
s questi
on
T
he
m
ajo
rity
of
pa
rtic
ipants
were
yo
ung
m
arr
ie
d
hous
e
wives
.
Breast
cancer
is
one
of
t
he
m
aj
or
cancers
i
n
w
om
en
whose
m
or
ta
li
ty
rate
is
directl
y
relat
ed
to
the
dia
gnosi
s
tim
e.
Ba
sed
on
our
fin
ding
s,
m
os
t
wo
m
en
(
296
–
94.3
%)
belie
ve
d
that
br
ea
st
cancer
is
t
he
m
os
t
i
m
po
rtant
cancer
i
n
wom
en.
Als
o,
i
n
ano
t
he
r
stud
y
co
nduct
ed
in
Nige
ria,
67
%
of
w
ome
n
adm
itted
it
as
a
top
conditi
on
[
2
]
.
Althou
gh
al
l
the
wo
m
en
ackno
wled
ged
the
i
m
po
rtance
of
br
ea
st
canc
er,
this
de
gr
ee
of
im
po
rtance
had
fail
e
d
to
est
ablish
the
ne
ed
for
getti
ng
m
or
e
inf
or
m
at
ion
ab
ou
t
that.
E
ven
t
ually
,
in
our
stud
y
it
was
f
ound
that
w
om
en’
s
knowle
dge
about
br
east
ca
nce
r
(
Sy
m
pto
m
s,
Ri
s
k
fact
or
s
,
diag
no
sti
c
m
et
ho
ds)
wa
s
po
or
i
n
t
his
re
gion.
I
n
f
act
,
they
di
d
not
fee
l
threatene
d
or
f
ound
them
sel
ves
at
ris
k,
a
s
e
xpresse
d.
S
o
t
heir
at
ti
tud
e
to
wards
s
cree
ning
m
et
ho
ds
was
po
or
and
as
a
res
ult
i
m
pr
oper
prac
ti
ce
was
ob
se
r
ved
in
s
uc
h
a
way
that
m
or
e
than
hal
f
of
t
hem
(5
4.6%
)
nev
e
r
pr
act
ic
ed
SBE
and
the
rest
did
not
pract
ic
e
regular
m
on
thly
exam
inati
on
s
at
the
righ
t
ti
m
e.
They
did
it
occasio
nal
ly
or
at le
ast
once i
n
a m
on
th
.
Our
re
su
lt
s
we
re
co
ns
ist
ent
with
a
sim
i
la
r
stud
y
c
onduct
ed
in
Te
hran
by
Jar
vandy
et
al
.
(57%
of
wo
m
en
ne
ver
pr
act
ic
ed
sel
f
e
xam
inati
on
).
I
n
Jar
va
ndy
et
al
stud
y
it
was
a
lso
f
ound
that
80%
of
wo
m
en,
who
wer
e
a
war
e
of
the
i
m
po
rtanc
e
of
scree
ning
m
et
ho
ds
,
wou
ld
certai
nly
pract
ic
ed
sel
f
ex
a
m
inati
on
[
6
]
.
Also
,
a
m
on
g
w
orki
ng
nurses
in
a
hosp
it
al
in
K
ara
chi,
P
akista
n,
on
ly
35%
had
a
good
le
vel
of
knowle
dge
,
40%
ha
d
fair
knowle
dge
and
25%
had
poor
know
le
dg
e
[
15
]
.
Anothe
r
intere
sti
ng
point
of
this
stud
y
was
the
relat
ion
be
tween
w
om
e
n’
s
dem
og
raph
ic
data
and
their
le
vel
of
knowle
dge,
a
tt
it
ud
es
an
d
pract
i
ce.
As
it
was
e
xpect
ed
wo
m
en’
s
le
vel
of
e
du
cat
i
on
an
d
e
m
plo
ym
ent
that
causes
them
to
be
m
or
e
present
in
the
s
oc
ie
ty
had
a
dir
ect
relat
ion
sh
i
p
with
thei
r
le
vel
of
knowle
dge a
nd att
it
ud
es a
bout
scr
ee
ning m
eth
ods.
But a
nother
i
nteresti
ng
po
i
nt in
t
his st
ud
y
w
as t
hat m
arr
ie
d
wo
m
en
with
m
or
e
nu
m
ber
of
childre
n
an
d
ol
der
on
es
ha
d
a
hig
he
r
le
vel
of
knowle
dge.
I
n
fact,
it
see
m
s
that
old
e
r
m
arr
ie
d
wo
m
en
ha
ve
be
tt
er
knowle
dg
e,
since
a
fter
m
arr
ia
ge
an
d
i
nc
reasin
g
a
ge,
t
he
y
us
ually
ha
ve
m
or
e
te
nd
e
ncies
f
or
help
see
king
–
beh
a
vior
f
or
them
sel
ves
or
t
heir
c
hildr
e
n,
a
nd
t
his
te
nden
cy
and
m
or
e
c
on
ta
ct
s
with h
eal
th
ca
r
e
pro
vid
e
rs
a
ffec
ts
their know
le
dg
e
a
nd
a
wareness.
But bec
ause
t
his
le
vel o
f
inf
orm
ation
is
not
offer
e
d
to
t
he
m
on
the
bas
e
of
a
n
a
ppropr
ia
te
ed
ucati
onal
pro
gr
am
,
it
stop
s
them
at
the
sam
e
lev
el
of
knowle
dge an
d wil
l no
t br
in
g about cha
nges in th
ei
r
at
ti
tud
e
an
d
pract
ic
e.
Althou
gh
old
e
r
w
om
en
had
a
bette
r
knowle
dge,
th
ei
r
pe
rfo
rm
ance
rem
ai
ned
we
ak
a
nd
as
sam
e
as
oth
e
r
w
ome
n.
In
s
om
e
oth
er
resea
rc
h
th
at
le
ss
pre
se
ntati
on
for
cl
inica
l
exam
inati
on
a
nd
sc
r
eenin
g
was
observ
e
d
am
on
g
old
e
r
w
om
en,
research
e
rs
de
s
cribe
d
it
as wom
en’
s inab
il
it
y t
o
re
fe
r
to
m
edical
ce
nters d
ue
to
ag
i
ng or
for
getfu
l
ness
[
16
]
-
[
19
].
Re
gardin
g
ou
r
country'
s
young
popula
ti
on
and
l
ow
e
r
knowle
dge
an
d
at
t
it
ud
es
of
yo
un
g
w
om
en
in
this
area
a
nd
l
ow
e
r
a
ge
of
de
velo
ping
breas
t
cancer
in
Iran
(the
ris
k
is
a
de
cade
lo
wer
t
ha
n
the
univer
sa
l
age)
m
or
e app
r
opria
te
ed
ucati
on f
or youn
g
w
om
e
n
shou
l
d
be
c
onside
red
a
nd
is
b
et
te
r
that t
rainin
g
sta
rts f
r
om
h
igh
sc
hool
age
.
A
no
t
her
iss
ue
in
this
stud
y
wa
s
the
ver
y
sm
a
ll
ro
le
of
publi
c
m
edia
to
inc
rease
knowle
dge
an
d
awar
e
ness
of
wo
m
en.
Wo
m
en
de
scribe
d
he
al
th
care
syst
em
sta
ff
as
the
m
ajo
r
s
ource
of
inf
orm
ation
s
ince
the
m
ass
m
edia
did
n
ot
pro
vi
de
t
hem
with
en
ou
gh
in
form
at
ion
an
d
t
he
c
omm
on
K
urdis
h
dia
le
ct
in
this
a
rea
m
ad
e
it
d
ifficult
for
t
hem
to
receive
inf
or
m
at
ion
throug
h
the
n
at
i
onal
m
edia.
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
T
he
res
ults
of
this
stud
y
do
pro
vid
e
s
om
e
un
de
rstan
ding
on
the
to
pic
an
d
su
ggest
that
al
tho
ug
h
the
m
ajo
rity
of
Ir
a
nian
w
om
en
see
m
to
be
quit
e
knowle
dgeable
ab
ou
t
breast
c
ancer
an
d
s
cre
enin
g
m
et
ho
ds
.
T
hey
need
m
or
e
ed
ucati
on
on
breast
cancer
,
S
BE
an
d
oth
er
m
e
tho
ds
of
early
detect
io
n.
At
the
e
nd
,
it
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPHS
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8806
Kno
wl
ed
ge, At
ti
tud
e an
d
Pr
ac
ti
ce of I
r
an
i
an W
omen
towa
rd
s B
reast
Ca
nc
er .... (B
ahar
Mors
hed Be
hbahani)
355
reco
m
m
end
ed
that
m
or
e
ap
propriat
e
edu
cat
i
on
al
program
s
fo
r
pr
act
ic
e
of
br
east
cance
r
screeni
ng
be
ha
viors
especial
ly
at
yo
un
g
ages
a
nd
high
sch
ool
sh
ould
be
co
ns
i
der
e
d.
On
e
of
the
best
tim
e
s
for
trai
ning
is
the
br
east
feed
i
ng
per
i
od
wh
e
n
th
ey
ref
er
to
healt
h
care
center
s
m
or
e.
Also
du
e
to
the
dow
npla
yi
ng
ro
le
of
m
ed
ia
it
see
m
s
that
local
m
edia
sh
ou
ld
try
to d
o
the
ir
best
to
pas
s
inf
or
m
at
ion
in
l
ocal
diale
ct
to incr
ease
t
he
le
vel
of
awar
e
ness
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Sm
it
h
R
.
A
.
,
et
al.
,
“
Scre
eni
ng
a
nd
ea
rl
y
d
etec
t
io
n
,”
i
n
Babiera
G
.
V
.
,
et
a
l.
,
“
Adv
anc
ed
the
r
ap
y
of
bre
ast
dise
a
se
,”
3rd
ed. Shelton,
Conn
,
Peopl
e’s M
edi
cal
Publishi
ng
Hous
e,
2010
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[2]
Duff
y
S
.
W
.
,
et
al
.
,
“
Abs
olut
e
num
ber
s
of
li
ves
save
d
and
over
dia
gnosis
in
b
rea
st
ca
n
ce
r
scr
ee
ning
,
from
a
ran
dom
iz
ed
tr
ia
l
and
from
the
Br
ea
st Sc
re
eni
ng
P
rogra
m
m
e
in
Engl
and
,”
J
M
ed
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cre
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,
vo
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issue:
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25
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2010
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[3]
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J
.
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et a
l
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,
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Inte
rna
ti
on
al Agency
for
Rese
ar
ch
on
C
ancer
,”
2
010
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[4]
Saudi
Canc
er
R
egi
str
y
,
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Cancer
inc
ide
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ce
rep
or
t,
Saudi
Arabi
a
–
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A
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,
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Longi
tud
ina
l
ana
l
y
sis
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dom
ai
n
-
l
eve
l
bre
ast
ca
nc
er
l
itera
c
y
a
m
ong
Afric
an
-
Am
eri
ca
n
wom
en
,”
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h
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2010
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A
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Noroozi
,
e
t
al
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,
“
Dete
rm
ina
n
ts
of
Brea
s
t
Self
-
E
xaminat
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Perf
orm
anc
e
a
m
ong
Ira
nia
n
W
om
en
,”
An
Applicatio
n
of
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lt
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ie
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[7]
M
.
Vaha
bi
,
“
Ira
nia
n
W
om
en'
s
P
erc
ep
ti
on
and
B
el
i
efs
a
bout
Br
e
ast
Cancer
,
”
He
alt
h
Care
for
W
omen
Inte
rnatio
nal
,
v
ol
/i
ss
ue:
31
(
9
)
,
2010
.
[8]
R
.
Borehman
,
e
t
al.
,
“
UK
&
U
SA
Brea
st
ca
n
c
er
deaths
down
25%
in
y
ea
r
20
00
at
ag
e
20
-
69
y
ea
rs
,”
Lancet
,
vol/
issue:
355(9
217)
,
pp
.
1822
,
2000
.
[9]
Soulos
P
.
R
.
,
e
t
al
.,
“
As
sess
ing
the
impact
of
a
coop
erati
ve
gr
oup
trial
on
bre
ast
c
ancer
c
are
in
th
e
Medi
ca
r
e
popula
ti
on
,”
J
C
li
n
Onco
l
,
vol.
30
,
pp
.
1601
-
160
7,
2012
.
[10]
A
.
Braz
d
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Delay
s
in
T
ime
to
Treat
m
e
nt
and
S
urviva
l
Im
pac
t
in
Br
e
ast
Can
ce
r
,”
An
nals
of
Surgi
cal
Oncology
,
v
ol
/i
ss
ue:
17
(3)
,
pp
.
2
91
-
296
,
2010
.
[11]
M
.
N
.
Okobia
,
“
Know
le
dge,
att
itude
and
pra
ctic
e
of
Niger
ia
n
wom
en
towar
ds
br
ea
st
ca
n
ce
r
:
A
cro
ss
–
sec
ti
onal
stud
y
,”
World
Jo
urnal
of
Surgi
ca
l
Oncolog
y
,
vol
.
4
,
pp
.
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,
2006
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[12]
I
.
A
.
Avci
,
“C
om
par
ison o
f
two
diffe
ren
t
educa
tion m
et
hods on
t
ea
ch
ers
knowled
ge
bel
i
efs
and
be
havi
ors re
gar
din
g
bre
ast ca
n
ce
r
scr
ee
ning
,
”
Europe
an
Journal
o
f
on
col
ogy
Nurs
ing
,
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issue:
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,
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94
–
101
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200
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[13]
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.
A
.
Al
-
Nagga
r
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et
al.
,
“
Prac
tice
and
Barr
ie
rs
t
o
ward
Brea
st
Self
-
Exa
m
ina
t
ion
Am
ongYoung
Malay
s
ia
n
W
om
en
,”
Asian
Pa
ci
f
ic J
o
urnal
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ce
r
Prev
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v
ol
.
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2011
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[14]
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al
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,
“
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e
ct
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uca
t
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l
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e
li
ef
Model
on
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en
ing
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avior
in
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om
en
for
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t
Cancer,
T
ehr
a
n,
Ir
an
,”
Asian
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aci
fic
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f
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al.
,
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dge
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i
efs
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ct
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e
hea
l
thc
a
re
prof
essional
s
towar
d
s
bre
ast ca
n
ce
r
,
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Morocc
o
1Dep
ar
tment
of
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edi
c
a
l
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it
ut
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bat
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,
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st
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ce
r
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amm
ogra
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a
m
ina
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on
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en
y
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ea
rs
,”
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Natl
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el
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,
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ancer:
an
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at
e
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r
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ti
ve
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ce
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a
sk
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Am
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rd
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Me
d
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vo
l/
issue:
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.