Intern
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
urn
a
l
o
f
P
u
b
lic Hea
l
th Science (IJ
P
HS)
V
o
l.3
,
No
.3
, Sep
t
em
b
e
r
20
14, pp
. 163
~168
I
S
SN
: 225
2-8
8
0
6
1
63
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJPHS
Do Mal
e
s and F
e
males
Di
ffer in T
erms
of Their Knowled
g
e,
Attitude, Perception (KAP) Re
garding Halal Pharmaceuticals?
Saleh
a
S
a
dee
q
a,
Az
mi Sarriff
Discipline
of
Cli
n
ica
l
Pharm
a
c
y
,
School of Pharm
aceu
tic
al
Scien
c
e,
Universiti
Sains
Mala
y
s
ia
, Ma
la
ysia
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received April
12, 2014
Rev
i
sed
Au
g
02
, 20
14
Accepted Aug 23, 2014
There is an in
cr
easing awar
enes
s am
ongst
Musl
im consumers t
o
avoid all
items containin
g
non-Halal in
gredien
t
s includ
ing medications
. Male
and
fem
a
le
are d
i
ff
erent bo
th bio
l
ogica
ll
y and
ps
ycho
logi
cal
l
y
; i
t
ther
efore
,
needed
for a s
t
u
d
y
to com
p
are
KAP
of m
a
les
and fem
a
les
re
ga
rding Hala
l
pharm
aceut
i
c
a
ls
.
This
was
a cro
s
s
-
s
ectional
s
t
udy us
ing
a s
t
ru
ct
ured, s
e
lf-
adm
i
nistered qu
estionnai
r
e to co
m
p
ar
e the knowledge, at
titud
e
&
percep
tio
n
regarding Ha
lal
pharm
aceut
i
c
a
ls, am
ong
m
a
les and fem
a
les in Penang sta
t
e
of Mala
y
s
i
a
. Re
sults
reveal
ed t
h
at ther
e is
no s
i
gnific
a
nt diffe
rence in th
e
knowledge,
attitude and per
cep
tion of ma
les and
females.
This is conclud
e
d
that m
a
les
and
fem
a
les
are e
quall
y awar
e a
nd have s
a
m
e
atti
tude an
d
percep
tion r
e
gar
d
ing Hal
a
l ph
ar
m
aceuti
cals
.
P
v
a
lue
of
.05 or
le
s
s
was
take
n
as
s
t
at
is
tic
all
y
s
i
gnific
a
nt.
Keyword:
Attitu
d
e
Halal
K
now
ledg
e
Percep
tio
n
Pha
r
m
aceutica
l
s
Copyright ©
201
4 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Saleha Sa
dee
q
a,
Discipline
of C
linical Pharm
acy,
School
of Pharmaceutical Scien
ce,
Unive
r
siti Sains Malaysia.
Em
a
il: saleh
a
sad
eeq
a@g
m
ai
l
.
co
m
1.
INTRODUCTION
Halal is an
Arab
ic
word
wh
ic
h m
eans “lawful”, “
p
erm
i
ssible” unde
r Islam
i
c
law [1]-[3]. T
h
e
o
ppo
site of Halal is “Haram
”
wh
ich
m
eans “ u
n
l
a
wf
ul
”, “
p
r
o
h
i
b
i
t
e
d”
, “
f
o
r
bi
dde
n”
[4]
,
[5
]
.
Hal
a
l
an
d H
a
ram
are universal term
s
that apply to all
facets
of life. Howe
ver, this study
will adapt these ter
m
s to refer only to
pha
rm
aceutical products that a
r
e
deem
ed permissible for co
nsum
ption of
Muslim
s.
Hal
a
l
i
s
a wel
l
kn
ow
n
wo
rd
i
n
t
h
e ent
i
r
e
M
u
sl
im
worl
d.
Ho
we
ver as t
h
e M
u
sl
i
m
popul
at
i
o
n i
s
ex
p
a
nd
ing
in oth
e
r con
tin
en
ts, th
is
word
h
a
s
co
m
e
to
b
e
u
s
ed
so
co
mm
o
n
l
y in
th
e
d
a
y to
d
a
y life th
at even
th
e
n
on-isla
m
i
c wo
rl
d
h
a
s b
e
come co
gn
izan
t
o
f
t
h
is term
in
o
l
o
g
y
. Th
is
h
a
s
resu
lted in
Halal sig
n
s
, at shop
s and
fo
o
d
pr
od
uct
s
,
i
n
Am
eri
ca an
d E
u
r
o
pe, cat
e
r
i
ng
f
o
r t
h
e
rel
i
g
i
o
us
bel
i
e
fs a
n
d
nee
d
s
o
f
t
h
e
M
u
sl
i
m
consu
m
ers.
M
e
di
ci
nes pl
a
y
a pi
vot
al
rol
e
i
n
t
h
e proces
s of h
u
m
a
n deve
l
opm
ent
as t
h
eir rat
i
onal
use c
a
n decre
a
se
th
e m
o
rb
id
ity
an
d m
o
rtality
as well as im
p
r
ov
e t
h
e
q
u
a
lit
y o
f
life
[6
].
A
d
r
ug
/m
ed
ici
n
e is co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
activ
e in
gred
ien
t
s, an
d
ex
cipien
ts. Thes
e s
u
bstances a
r
e
obtained from
a variety of s
o
urc
e
s —
ani
m
al
s, pl
ant
s
or sy
nt
het
i
c
or
i
g
i
n
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
In
case of
anim
al source,
it m
a
y be
porci
n
e, de
ad ani
m
al or bl
oo
d.
All th
ese are
Haram
/
fo
rb
idden
fo
r M
u
slims as m
e
n
tio
n
e
d
in
th
e Ho
ly Qu
ran
[9
]-[11
]
.
It is ev
id
en
t that, n
o
t
onl
y
,
c
o
n
s
um
ing
Hal
a
l
f
o
o
d
but
al
s
o
co
ns
u
m
i
ng Hal
a
l
m
e
di
cat
i
on i
s
i
m
port
a
nt
beca
use
i
t
form
s a
m
a
jor
part
and
be
ha
vi
o
u
r
of
bei
n
g
a
go
o
d
pract
i
c
i
n
g M
u
sl
i
m
.
It is a fir
m
b
e
li
ef o
f
all Mu
slim
s
th
at Allah
i
s
o
u
r
creator and
He is the best judge of what is right for
us t
o
c
ons
um
e
and i
n
w
h
at
sh
ape i
t
sho
u
l
d
b
e
do
ne.
Ho
we
ver it is p
e
rtin
ent to
m
e
n
tio
n
that all o
l
d
relig
io
n
s
of
th
e wo
rld
lik
e
Hind
u
i
sm
, Ju
dais
m
an
d
Ch
ristian
ity also
com
m
a
nd cert
a
i
n
rel
i
g
i
o
us rest
r
i
ct
i
ons an
d bi
n
d
i
n
g
s
on t
h
ei
r fol
l
o
wers i
n
t
h
e c
o
nsum
pt
i
on
of f
o
o
d
s an
d d
r
i
n
ks [
12]
,
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
ey
m
a
y
use ot
her t
e
rm
i
nol
o
g
i
e
s t
o
d
e
fi
n
e
th
ese restrictio
n
s
bu
t th
e m
a
in
sen
t
i
m
en
t is th
e sa
me. Th
erefore it wo
u
l
d
b
e
pertin
en
t to
look
in
t
o
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-88
06
I
J
PH
S Vo
l. 3
,
N
o
. 3
,
Sep
t
emb
e
r
201
4
:
1
63
–
16
8
16
4
v
a
ri
o
u
s
item
s
o
f
hu
m
a
n
co
nsu
m
p
tio
n
,
in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
m
e
d
i
cin
e
s, an
d
th
ei
r v
a
rian
ts, to
d
e
termin
e ad
mis
s
ib
ility
according t
o
individual
beliefs.
A
s
m
a
j
o
r
ity o
f
Malaysian po
pu
latio
n
is Mu
slim
[
1
4
]
, th
er
e ar
e m
a
n
y
gov
ern
m
e
n
t and
non
go
ve
rnm
e
nt
o
r
ga
ni
zat
i
ons
whi
c
h are
pl
a
y
i
ng an
act
i
v
e rol
e
t
o
e
n
s
u
re
pr
o
v
i
s
i
o
n
of
Hal
a
l
f
o
o
d
s a
nd
Pha
r
m
aceutica
l
s to Muslim
c
ons
um
ers in M
a
laysia. In M
u
slim
society, generally fem
a
les are
responsi
ble for
ed
u
cating
th
ei
r families. Mal
e
s an
d
fem
a
les
are d
i
fferen
t
in
all
m
a
j
o
r traits o
f
th
eir ch
aracter and
th
i
n
k
i
ng
pr
ocess
.
M
o
re
ove
r t
h
ei
r st
r
o
ng a
nd
weak
poi
nt
s di
f
f
er
d
r
ast
i
cal
l
y
[15]
.
M
a
ny
st
udi
es
have be
en
do
ne t
o
co
m
p
are k
nowled
g
e
, attitu
d
e
an
d
p
e
rcep
tion o
f
m
a
les an
d
fem
a
les
in
d
i
fferen
t field
s
, bu
t to
th
e b
e
st
o
f
o
u
r
k
nowledg
e
no
stu
d
y
h
a
s b
e
en do
n
e
so
far to co
m
p
ar
e t
h
e
k
nowledg
e, attitu
d
e
and
p
e
rcep
tio
n
o
f
m
a
le
s and
fem
a
les regarding
Halal pha
r
maceuticals.
Therefore
the m
a
in objec
tive
of this study is t
o
c
o
m
p
are levels of
k
nowledg
e, attitu
d
e
an
d
p
e
rcep
tio
n
am
o
n
g
m
a
le an
d
fe
m
a
le co
n
s
u
m
ers. To
ach
i
ev
e th
is o
b
j
ect
iv
e, an
ex
ten
s
i
v
e study w
a
s
u
n
d
e
r
t
ak
en to
r
each
var
i
ou
s cr
o
s
s sectio
n
s
o
f
th
e so
ciety, tar
g
eting
all v
a
r
i
an
ts
o
f
t
h
e
consum
ers.
2.
R
E
SEARC
H M
ETHOD
Eth
i
ca
l co
nsidera
tion
Eth
i
cal ap
p
r
oval to
co
n
d
u
c
t
th
is stu
d
y
was tak
e
n
fro
m
“Jo
i
n
t
Eth
i
cs Co
mmittee
o
f
Scho
o
l
of
Pha
r
m
aceutica
l
Sciences, USM and
Hospital La
m W
a
h Ee
on Clinic
al Studies” an
d Ministry of
Healt
h
Malaysia.
St
u
d
y
desi
gn
a
n
d
si
t
e
A cro
ss-sect
i
o
nal
st
udy
desi
gn
was ad
opt
e
d
by
usi
n
g st
r
u
ct
u
r
ed
, sel
f-a
dm
i
n
i
s
t
e
red qu
est
i
o
n
n
ai
res
with
a rep
r
esen
tativ
e sam
p
le of
g
e
n
e
ral
pub
lic, in
th
e Pen
a
ng state of
Malaysia f
r
o
m
Sep
t
em
b
e
r
201
2 to
N
o
v
e
m
b
er
2012
.
Par
ticip
an
ts w
e
r
e
r
e
cr
u
ited
fro
m
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
shop
p
i
n
g
malls, b
u
s station
s
,
fo
od
co
ur
t
s
and
markets of
Penang state.
Q
u
esti
o
nna
ire d
e
sign
After ex
ten
s
ive literatu
re
rev
i
ew, a sel
f
ad
m
i
n
i
st
ered
questio
nn
aire
was d
e
si
g
n
e
d to
co
ndu
ct th
i
s
study. T
h
e que
s
tionnaire was
validated
by the panel of expe
rts whic
h was
com
posed
of ei
ght se
nior acade
m
ic
researc
h
ers and was
update
d according to t
h
eir rec
o
mm
en
dations. A
pilot study
was c
o
nducted to e
v
aluate
th
e reliab
lity of th
e
u
pdat
e
d
que
st
i
o
n
n
ai
re
on
4
6
c
o
n
s
um
ers (
w
hi
ch i
s
10
% o
f
t
h
e t
o
t
a
l
st
udy
sam
p
l
e
[1
6]
.
Cron
b
a
ch’s al
p
h
a
was app
lied
to test v
a
lid
ity an
d in
tern
al con
s
isten
c
y o
f
t
h
e
q
u
e
stio
nn
aire
[17
]
. Fin
a
l
m
odi
fi
cat
i
ons were
base
d u
p
o
n
t
h
e res
u
l
t
s
of pi
l
o
t
st
udy
.
T
he fi
nal
que
st
i
o
n
n
ai
re
c
o
nsi
s
t
e
d
o
f
fo
u
r
par
t
s.
The
fi
rst
part
of
t
h
e q
u
est
i
o
nnai
r
e was
o
n
res
p
on
de
nt
’s
dem
ogra
p
hi
c i
n
fo
rm
at
i
ons i
n
cl
u
d
i
n
g a
g
e,
ge
n
d
er,
race
,
relig
ion
,
n
a
tion
a
lity o
ccup
a
tio
n, lev
e
l
of ed
u
cation
,
su
ffering
fro
m
an
y
ch
ron
i
c
d
i
sease and
freq
u
en
cy of
pu
rc
hasi
n
g
m
e
di
ci
nes f
r
om
pharm
acy
. Secon
d
pa
rt
ha
d 9 st
at
em
ent
s
t
o
eval
uat
e
t
h
e kn
owl
e
d
g
e of
responde
nts towards
Halal pharm
aceuticals. Thi
r
d
pa
rt co
nsists of
7 state
m
ents for
perception eval
ua
tion
of
the responde
nts towards Ha
lal pharm
aceuticals and fina
l part had
7 state
m
ents a
b
out the attit
ude
of
responde
nts about Halal pha
rm
aceuticals. For
knowledge s
t
ate
m
ents resp
onde
nts we
re aske
d to choose
“Yes”
or
“
N
o” options.
Correct
a
n
s
w
er (yes) was score
d
one
(1
)
while inc
o
rrect
ans
w
er
(no)
was scored zero. A
five
p
o
i
n
t
Lik
e
rt scale was u
s
ed fo
r p
e
rcep
tion
and
attitu
d
e
state
m
en
ts (st
r
ong
ly agree=5
,
agree=4,
n
e
u
t
ral=3,
d
i
sagree=2
and
strong
ly d
i
sag
r
ee=1
)
. Hen
c
e th
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m an
d
m
a
x
i
mu
m
sco
r
e fo
r kn
owledg
e, attitu
d
e
an
d
perce
p
t
i
o
n ca
n
be
0 t
o
9
,
1 t
o
35
,
1 t
o
3
5
res
p
ect
i
v
el
y
.
T
o
t
a
l
KA
P sc
ore
ca
n
be
79
.
Q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ire
w
a
s i
n
itially
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
i
n
Eng
lish
languag
e
an
d,
w
a
s tran
slated in
t
o
Malaysian
nat
i
onal
l
a
ng
u
a
ge, M
a
l
a
y
d
u
e
t
o
l
a
n
gua
ge
f
l
uency
a
nd
ba
rrier to
Eng
lish
lan
g
u
a
g
e
. Th
e
tran
slatio
n was d
o
n
e
b
y
lang
u
a
g
e
ex
p
e
rts
fro
m
Sch
o
o
l
o
f
Lan
guag
e
s, Lite
racy
an
d Tran
slation
s
Un
iv
ersiti Sain
s Malaysia”.Th
e
Malay v
e
rsion o
f
t
r
an
slated
q
u
e
stio
nn
aire
was
b
ack
t
r
an
slated
in
to
Eng
lish
to
en
su
re
fo
r an
y ch
ang
e
s in
th
e
m
eani
ng
o
f
ori
g
i
n
al
que
st
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e by
t
h
e l
a
n
gua
ge e
x
pert
s
ot
he
r t
h
a
n
t
h
e t
r
ansl
at
o
r
s.
S
e
lection
criteria
o
f
resp
ond
en
ts
Any
M
u
sl
i
m
havi
ng a
g
e 1
8
y
ears and ab
ove
, abl
e
t
o
r
ead an
d u
nde
r
s
t
a
nd M
a
l
a
y
lang
ua
ge an
d
willin
g
to particip
ate in
t
h
e st
u
d
y
wa
s recru
i
ted
as ‘stud
y
particip
an
t’.
Di
st
ri
but
i
o
n a
n
d
C
o
l
l
ect
i
on of
q
u
est
i
o
nn
ai
res
Trai
ne
d dat
a
col
l
ect
ors we
re
recr
ui
t
e
d f
o
r d
a
t
a
col
l
ect
i
on un
de
r t
h
e di
re
ct
super
v
i
s
i
o
n of p
r
i
n
ci
pl
e
in
v
e
stig
at
o
r
. All q
u
e
stio
nn
aires were lab
e
led
with
d
a
te, time an
d
lo
cation
of th
e respo
n
d
e
n
t
.
A v
e
rb
al
co
nsen
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PH
S I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
0
6
Do Ma
les and
Fema
les Differ in
Terms o
f
Their Ka
p
Reg
a
r
d
i
ng
Ha
l
a
l
Pha
r
ma
ceu
tica
l
s (S
a
l
eha
Sa
d
e
eq
a
)
16
5
was take
n before distributing que
stio
nnaires
from
each responde
nt and th
e
y
were assured for c
o
nfide
n
tiality
o
f
th
eir
p
e
rsonal in
fo
rm
atio
n
.
No in
cen
tiv
es
were
o
ffe
red
to
any
of
the
res
p
o
n
d
ent
[
18]
.
Dat
a
an
al
ysi
s
After c
o
llecting questionnai
r
es from
data collectors,
data was ente
red
in SPSS versi
on 18.
After
dat
a
clean
in
g,
n
o
rmality o
f
d
a
ta
was ch
eck
e
d
b
y
Ko
lm
o
g
o
ro
v-Smirn
o
v
test.
Descrip
tiv
e
statistics (m
ean
, stan
d
a
rd
d
e
v
i
ation
,
frequ
e
n
c
y, p
e
rcen
tag
e
, m
e
d
i
an
, i
n
ter
qu
artile ran
g
e
)
was app
lied
to su
mmari
ze th
e
d
a
ta.
As d
a
t
a
was not
norm
a
lly distributed, so non-pa
r
am
etric tests
were ap
p
lied. Th
e
Man
n
-Wh
itn
ey
U Test was ap
p
lied
to
test fo
r
d
i
fferen
ce b
e
t
w
een
m
a
le’s and
fe
m
a
le’s kn
owl
e
d
g
e
, attitu
d
e
.an
d
p
e
rcep
tio
n [1
9
]
. P
≥
.05
w
a
s
tak
e
n
as statistically sig
n
i
ficant.
3.
RESULTS
A
N
D
DI
SC
US
S
I
ON
Resp
on
de
nt
s d
e
mo
gr
ap
hi
cs
A t
o
t
a
l
o
f
45
8
resp
o
nde
nt
s
pa
rt
i
c
i
p
at
ed i
n
t
h
e st
udy
.
A t
o
t
a
l
of
23
7
(
5
1
.
7
%) res
p
on
de
nt
s were
m
a
le
and
2
21
(4
8.
3
%
) we
re fem
a
les. A
g
e ra
n
g
e
was bet
w
ee
n 1
8
-
6
5 y
ears wi
t
h
a m
ean of 3
2
.
2
8
y
ears a
nd
S
t
anda
rd
Devi
at
i
o
n of
±
10
.9
9
8
.
C
o
m
pari
n
g
kn
ow
l
e
d
g
e re
ga
r
d
i
n
g
H
a
l
a
l
ph
arm
a
ceut
i
c
al
s
bet
w
een m
a
l
e
an
d f
e
m
a
l
e
res
p
o
n
de
nt
s
Com
p
arison
between m
a
le a
nd
fem
a
le knowledge re
gardi
ng
Halal pharmaceuticals is
depicted i
n
Table 1 a
nd
T
a
ble 4. Res
u
lts reveale
d
that
there is
no si
gni
ficance
difference i
n
the
level of
knowledge
(regarding
Halal pharm
aceuti
cals) of
m
a
les
(Md =
6,
n =236) and fem
a
les
(Md =
6,
n =
221), U = 25753.000,
z = -
.
2
3
7
,
p =
.
81
3.
Co
mp
a
r
ing
a
ttitud
e
reg
a
r
d
i
ng
Ha
la
l
p
h
a
r
ma
ceutica
l
s
b
e
t
w
een ma
le and
fema
le resp
ond
e
nts
Com
p
arison
be
tween m
a
le
and fem
a
le a
ttitude re
ga
rding Halal pharm
aceuticals is
depicted in Table
2
and
Tab
l
e 4. Resu
lts rev
e
aled
th
at th
ere is n
o
sign
ifican
ce d
i
fferen
ce in
th
e
lev
e
l o
f
attitu
d
e
(reg
ard
i
ng
Halal pharm
aceuticals) of m
a
les (Md =
25,
n =
2
36)
a
n
d fe
males (Md =
25,
n =
221),
U
= 25034.500,
z =
-.
74
3,
p
=.
45
8.
C
o
m
pari
n
g
pe
rcept
i
o
n
reg
a
r
d
i
n
g
H
a
l
a
l
ph
arm
a
ceut
i
c
al
s
bet
w
een m
a
l
e
an
d f
e
m
a
l
e
res
p
o
n
de
nt
s
Com
p
arison
between m
a
le a
nd
fem
a
le knowledge re
gardi
ng
Halal pharmaceuticals is
depicted i
n
Tabl
e 3 a
nd T
a
bl
e 4. R
e
sul
t
s reveal
ed t
h
a
t
t
h
ere i
s
no s
i
gni
fi
ca
nce di
f
f
ere
n
ce i
n
t
h
e
l
e
vel
of Perc
ept
i
o
n
(re
garding
Halal pha
rm
aceuticals) of m
a
les
(Md =
32
,
n =237) and
fe
males (Md = 32, n =
220), U =
2
552
3.500
, z = -
.
39
1,
p
=.69
6.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-88
06
I
J
PH
S Vo
l. 3
,
N
o
. 3
,
Sep
t
emb
e
r
201
4
:
1
63
–
16
8
16
6
T
a
bl
e 1. C
o
m
p
ari
s
on of
Kn
ow
l
e
dge betw
een
m
a
l
e
s
a
n
d
fem
a
l
e
s
Rank
s
State
m
en
ts
G
e
n
d
er
N
Mean Rank
Su
m
of Ran
k
s
Are
you awa
r
e of
t
h
e ter
m
/
word “
H
a
l
al”?
ma
l
e
236
228.
56
5394
1.
00
fem
a
le
221
229.
47
5071
2.
00
Total
457
Are
you awa
r
e of
t
h
e ter
m
/
w
ord “
H
ar
a
m
”?
ma
l
e
236
230.
13
5431
0.
00
fem
a
le
221
227.
80
5034
3.
00
Total
457
Are
you awa
r
e of
t
h
e ter
m
/
w
ord “
H
al
al
m
e
dicines”?
ma
l
e
233
231.
95
5404
4.
50
fem
a
le
219
220.
70
4833
3.
50
Total
452
Do y
ou know that M
u
slim
patients need Halal
m
e
dicines?
ma
l
e
235
225.
45
5298
0.
00
fem
a
le
221
231.
75
5121
6.
00
Total
456
Do y
ou know that dead anim
als,
blood,
por
k and
Alcohol ar
e Har
a
m
for
M
u
slim
s to us
e in any
form
(
f
ood,
m
e
dication etc)
?
ma
l
e
236
220.
49
5203
4.
50
fem
a
le
221
238.
09
5261
8.
50
Total
457
Do y
ou know that capsules ar
e
m
a
de
fr
o
m
gelatin
which
m
a
y
be derived fr
o
m
Pig sour
ce
?
ma
l
e
236
229.
09
5406
6.
00
fem
a
le
220
227.
86
5013
0.
00
Total
456
Do y
ou know that Sy
r
ups and E
lixir
s
contain
Alcohol
?
ma
l
e
236
234.
34
5530
4.
00
fem
a
le
220
222.
24
4889
2.
00
Total
456
Do y
ou know that Alcohol content in
m
e
dicines
exceeding certain
percentage is Ha
ra
m
?
ma
l
e
236
222.
64
5254
3.
00
fem
a
le
221
235.
79
5211
0.
00
Total
457
Do y
ou know that M
a
lay
s
ian National Fatwa
Council has stated that” it is per
m
issible to inject
the highly
pur
ified
insulin
m
a
de fr
o
m
pig in
extre
m
el
y needed
situation”
?
ma
l
e
236
233.
18
5503
0.
50
fem
a
le
221
224.
54
4962
2.
50
Total
457
T
a
bl
e 2. C
o
m
p
ari
s
on of
a
tti
tude betw
een
mal
e
s and
fe
mal
e
s
Rank
s
S
t
a
t
e
m
en
t
s
G
e
n
d
er
N
Mean Rank
Su
m
of Ran
k
s
I pref
er to purchas
e Halal
m
e
dicines.
ma
l
e
236
230.
56
5441
2.
00
fem
a
le
221
227.
33
5024
1.
00
Total
457
I
talk to the doctor
about the sour
ces of ingr
edients o
f
m
e
dicine befor
e
accepting the pr
escr
iption.
ma
l
e
236
236.
44
5580
0.
50
fem
a
le
221
221.
05
4885
2.
50
Total
457
I
talk to the Pharm
acist about the sour
ces of ingr
edients
bef
o
re accepting the
m
e
dicines.
ma
l
e
236
228.
80
5399
7.
50
fem
a
le
221
229.
21
5065
5.
50
Total
457
I a
m
co
m
f
ortable i
f
phar
m
acist changes the prescription
because of
Halal/H
ara
m
issue.
ma
l
e
236
233.
86
5519
0.
00
fem
a
le
221
223.
81
4946
3.
00
Total
457
I
used to get infor
m
ation about the sour
ces of
m
y
m
e
dicine.
ma
l
e
236
225.
55
5323
0.
00
fem
a
le
219
230.
64
5051
0.
00
Total
455
I
used to take Halal
m
e
dicine
without consider
ing cost issue.
ma
l
e
236
214.
77
5068
5.
00
fem
a
le
221
244.
20
5396
8.
00
Total
457
I
like to see ‘
H
alal
logo ‘
on
m
y
m
e
dicine.
ma
l
e
236
218.
83
5164
5.
00
fem
a
le
221
239.
86
5300
8.
00
Total
457
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
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S I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
0
6
Do Ma
les and
Fema
les Differ in
Terms o
f
Their Ka
p
Reg
a
r
d
i
ng
Ha
l
a
l
Pha
r
ma
ceu
tica
l
s (S
a
l
eha
Sa
d
e
eq
a
)
16
7
Table
3.
Com
p
aris
on
of per
ception be
tween m
a
les and
females
Rank
s
State
m
en
ts
G
e
n
d
er
N
Mean Rank
Su
m
of Ran
k
s
T
h
e patient has a
r
i
ght to ask inform
ation about
sour
ces of ingr
edie
nts in
m
e
dicine.
ma
l
e
237
221.
81
5256
9.
00
fem
a
le
220
236.
75
5208
4.
00
Total
457
T
h
e dr
ug co
m
p
anies should clear
ly
m
a
r
k
m
e
dication
packaging with’
Halal’
or ‘
non Halal’
logo.
ma
l
e
237
223.
14
5288
3.
00
fem
a
le
220
235.
32
5177
0.
00
Total
457
Patient’
s
r
e
ligious beliefs shoul
d be consider
ed
while doctor
s
decide
m
e
dication for
them
.
ma
l
e
237
228.
93
5425
6.
00
fem
a
le
220
229.
08
5039
7.
00
Total
457
I
f
people ar
e pr
ovided with r
e
latively
m
o
r
e
expensive Halal alt
e
rnatives,
m
a
jorit
y
will be
reluctant to use Ha
lal ones.
ma
l
e
237
231.
95
5497
2.
00
fem
a
le
220
225.
82
4968
1.
00
Total
457
Public should be e
ducated about halalness of
m
e
dicines.
ma
l
e
236
216.
32
5105
2.
00
fem
a
le
218
239.
60
5223
3.
00
Total
454
Doctor
or
Phar
m
a
cist should in
form
the patients
about Hara
m
ingre
d
ients according to
their religion.
ma
l
e
237
221.
32
5245
3.
00
fem
a
le
220
237.
27
5220
0.
00
Total
457
W
e
should seek guidance fr
o
m
r
e
ligio
us leader
s,
as
to the correct
interpretation
of laws with regard to
the use of
m
e
dicines consider
ed Har
a
m
.
ma
l
e
237
220.
03
5214
8.
00
fem
a
le
220
238.
66
5250
5.
00
Total
457
T
a
bl
e
4.
C
o
m
p
ari
s
on
of
K
A
P score
s
be
tw
een m
a
l
e
s a
n
d
fem
a
l
e
s
Variable Gende
r
N
Median
U
*
z
p
knowledge scor
es
M
a
le
fem
a
le
236
221
6
6
2575
3.
000
-
.
237
.
813
Attitude scores
Male
fem
a
le
236
221
25
25
2503
4.
500
-
.
743
.
458
Per
ception scor
es
Male
fem
a
le
237
220
32
32
2552
3.
500
-
391
.
696
* M
a
nn
-
W
hi
t
n
ey
U ,
Not
e
:
N
=o
bser
ve
d
val
u
es;
m
i
ssi
ng v
a
l
u
es are
ex
cl
u
d
ed
Th
e stud
y
was ai
m
e
d
to
ev
al
u
a
te and
co
m
p
are th
e
k
nowled
g
e
, attitu
d
e
an
d
p
e
rcep
tion
o
f
m
a
les an
d
fem
a
les in
Penan
g
state of M
a
laysia. A
to
tal
o
f
458
respond
en
ts
p
a
rticip
ated
in th
e surv
ey. In
ten
s
iv
e literatu
re
rev
i
ew
foun
d
n
o
su
ch stud
y
wh
ich
is con
d
u
c
ted to
co
m
p
are th
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
, attitu
d
e
an
d p
e
rcep
tio
n
o
f
m
a
les
and
fem
a
les on the iss
u
es s
u
rroundi
ng
Ha
lal pharm
aceu
ticals
am
ong general public. Men
and wom
e
n,
i
n
spite of a few
variations, m
a
y not really be that di
ffere
nt from
each other.T
h
ou
gh m
a
ny studies ha
ve bee
n
d
o
n
e
to
co
m
p
are attitu
d
e
an
d
p
e
rcep
tion
o
f
males an
d
females in
o
t
h
e
r fi
eld
s
.In
alm
o
st
all so
cieties
it
see
m
s
to
b
e
a certain
cu
ltural b
e
li
ef th
at m
a
les
an
d
fem
a
les a
r
e d
i
fferen
t [20
]
. So
m
e
o
f
t
h
e stud
ies po
i
n
t ou
t
diffe
re
nces in the biol
ogical
functioning of the two
gende
r
s, suc
h
as
the recent report from
the Unive
r
sity of
In
di
ana
pr
o
pos
ed t
h
at
w
h
i
l
e
wom
e
n use
bot
h si
des
of t
h
ei
r
brai
n
w
h
i
l
e
l
i
s
t
e
ni
ng
, m
e
n use onl
y
t
h
e l
e
ft
si
de
o
f
th
eirs in simila
r situ
ation
s
(LA Tim
e
s), or th
e
n
e
we
r article in
th
e
Neu
r
ob
io
log
y
o
f
Learn
i
n
g
and
Mem
o
ry,
cl
aim
s
t
h
at
m
a
l
e
and
fem
a
l
e
pr
ocess t
h
ei
r e
m
oti
onal
m
e
mori
es i
n
o
p
p
o
s
i
t
e
si
des o
f
t
h
e
am
y
gdal
e
re
gi
on
o
f
t
h
e
brai
n
[
2
1]
. Ot
her
st
u
d
i
e
s f
o
c
u
s m
o
re
o
n
fi
n
d
i
n
g
d
i
ffere
nt
pat
t
e
r
n
s
of
beha
vi
o
r
am
ong
m
a
l
e
s an
d
fem
a
les.These
studies
ge
neral
l
y argue that ther
e
are
di
f
f
e
r
ent
p
a
t
t
e
rns
o
f
l
eader
shi
p
be
havi
or
[
2
2
]-[
24].
Th
is
study t
r
ied t
o
expl
ore
the
knowle
dge
of males and
fem
a
les about
Ha
la
l pharm
aceuticals. Study findings
sh
owed
th
at
bo
th
categ
ories h
a
d
a
g
ood
k
nowledg
e and
p
o
s
itiv
e attitu
d
e
and
p
e
rcep
tio
n toward
s issu
es
su
rroun
d
i
ng
Halal p
h
a
rm
ace
u
ticals. Th
ei
r lev
e
l of awar
en
ess, th
eir attitu
d
e
and
percep
tio
n are almo
st t
h
e
sam
e
.
4.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
It can
b
e
con
c
lu
d
e
d
t
h
at th
ere is no
sign
ifican
ce
d
i
fferen
ce
in
th
e
kn
owledg
e, attitu
d
e
and
p
e
rcep
tion
of m
a
les and fem
a
les. They are equally aware a
nd
hav
e
sam
e
att
i
t
ude and pe
rce
p
t
i
on
rega
rdi
ng
Hal
a
l
pha
rm
aceuticals.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-88
06
I
J
PH
S Vo
l. 3
,
N
o
. 3
,
Sep
t
emb
e
r
201
4
:
1
63
–
16
8
16
8
ACKNOWLE
DGE
M
ENTS
We th
ank
all th
e respo
n
d
e
n
t
s who
p
a
rticip
at
ed
in
t
h
e stud
y
.
W
e
wou
l
d
also
lik
e to
t
h
ank all stu
d
e
n
t
s
who
h
e
lp
ed
i
n
d
a
ta
co
llection
.
Conflict of
Interest
Au
t
h
ors h
a
v
e
disclo
sed
no
con
f
lict
of In
terest
Key poin
ts
Study e
v
aluate
d
knowledge, a
ttitude and
perception of
m
a
l
e
s and
fem
a
les
rega
rdi
n
g Hala
l pha
rm
aceutic
als.
Stu
d
y
co
m
p
ared
th
e kn
owl
e
d
g
e
, attitu
d
e
an
d
p
e
rcep
ti
o
n
o
f
m
a
les
an
d
fem
a
les
reg
a
rd
ing
Halal
harm
aceuticals.
Study e
x
plored the idea
of
Ha
lal
pha
rm
aceuticals a
m
ong males and fem
a
les.
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