I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
u
bli
c
H
ea
lt
h Science
(
I
J
P
H
S)
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
,
p
p
.
1
6
4
1
~
1
6
4
6
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijp
h
s
.
v
1
3
i
4
.
2
4
1
0
1
1641
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//
ijp
h
s
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Self
-
r
epo
rted
wor
ry
and a
ction a
m
o
ng
Viet
na
mes
e
c
itizens
during
t
he
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
pand
emic i
n
20
2
1
:
l
a
tent
clas
s
ana
ly
sis
H
un
g
P
ha
m
Q
uo
c
1
,
So
n Da
o
Anh
2
,
T
u
ng
P
ha
m
Anh
3
1
N
u
r
si
n
g
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t
,
T
r
u
n
g
V
u
o
n
g
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
H
a
n
o
i
,
V
i
e
t
n
a
m
2
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
H
e
a
l
t
h
F
i
n
a
n
c
i
n
g
a
n
d
H
e
a
l
t
h
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
A
ss
e
ssm
e
n
t
, I
n
st
i
t
u
t
e
o
f
P
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
H
e
a
l
t
h
a
n
d
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
,
H
a
n
o
i
,
V
i
e
t
n
a
m
3
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
H
I
V
/
A
I
D
S
,
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
e
o
f
H
y
g
i
e
n
e
a
n
d
E
p
i
d
e
m
i
o
l
o
g
y
,
H
a
n
o
i
,
V
i
e
t
n
a
m
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
No
v
1
,
2
0
2
3
R
ev
is
ed
Mar
2
,
2
0
2
4
Acc
ep
ted
Ap
r
2
4
,
2
0
2
4
De
sc
rib
e
th
e
p
re
v
a
len
c
e
o
f
a
n
d
f
a
c
to
rs
a
ss
o
c
iate
d
wit
h
se
lf
-
re
p
o
rt
e
d
wo
rr
y
a
n
d
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
f
Vie
tn
a
m
e
se
c
it
ize
n
s
d
u
ri
n
g
th
e
COV
ID
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
m
i
c
in
2
0
2
1
.
A
se
c
o
n
d
a
ry
d
a
ta
a
n
a
l
y
sis
wa
s
imp
lem
e
n
ted
u
sin
g
a
c
ro
ss
-
se
c
ti
o
n
a
l
su
rv
e
y
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
i
n
2
0
2
1
a
m
o
n
g
4
4
7
a
d
u
lt
s
li
v
i
n
g
i
n
Ha
n
o
i
Cit
y
fr
o
m
Ju
ly
t
o
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
2
1
a
n
d
Ho
Ch
i
M
i
n
h
C
it
y
fro
m
M
a
y
to
Oc
to
b
e
r
2
0
2
1
.
T
h
e
h
id
d
e
n
lay
e
rs as
se
ss
m
e
n
t
re
su
lt
s reta
in
e
d
th
e
3
-
c
las
s m
o
d
e
l
a
s th
e
b
e
st
-
fit
ti
n
g
o
n
e
i
n
th
e
st
u
d
y
.
I
n
t
h
is
m
o
d
e
l
,
2
8
.
4
%
o
f
p
a
rti
c
i
p
a
n
ts
we
re
in
Clas
s
2
-
"
Lo
w
S
e
lf
-
re
p
o
rted
Wo
rr
y
a
n
d
M
o
d
e
ra
te
Ac
ti
o
n
"
g
r
o
u
p
,
4
5
.
9
%
o
f
t
h
e
p
a
rti
c
ip
a
n
ts
we
re
c
las
sified
in
to
Clas
s
1
-
"
M
o
d
e
ra
te
S
e
lf
-
re
p
o
rted
W
o
rry
a
n
d
L
o
w
Ac
ti
o
n
"
g
r
o
u
p
,
a
n
d
2
5
.
7
%
in
Clas
s
3
-
"
Hi
g
h
S
e
lf
-
re
p
o
rted
W
o
rr
y
a
n
d
Hi
g
h
Ac
ti
o
n
"
g
r
o
u
p
.
Th
e
m
u
lt
i
n
o
m
ial
l
o
g
isti
c
s
m
o
d
e
l
s
h
o
we
d
th
a
t
wo
rr
y
in
g
a
b
o
u
t
lo
sin
g
th
e
h
o
u
se
b
e
c
a
u
se
o
f
COV
ID
-
1
9
m
a
k
e
s th
e
e
x
p
e
c
ted
p
a
rti
c
i
p
a
ti
o
n
risk
o
f
sta
y
in
g
in
late
n
t
c
las
s
1
lo
we
r
fo
r
su
b
jec
ts
h
ig
h
in
late
n
t
c
las
s
3
(p
<
0
.
0
5
).
Ou
r
stu
d
y
id
e
n
t
ifi
e
d
t
h
e
late
n
t
c
las
se
s
o
f
se
lf
-
p
ro
tec
ti
o
n
a
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
a
wa
re
n
e
ss
a
m
o
n
g
Vie
tn
a
m
e
se
c
it
ize
n
s.
Th
e
a
ss
o
c
iate
d
fa
c
to
r
th
a
t
imp
a
c
ted
th
e
c
las
se
s wa
s th
e
fe
a
r
o
f
lo
sin
g
a
h
o
u
se
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Actio
n
Awa
r
en
ess
C
OVI
D
-
19
Self
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
wo
r
r
y
Vietn
am
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
So
n
Dao
An
h
D
ep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
h
ea
lth
f
in
a
n
cin
g
an
d
h
ea
lth
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ass
ess
m
en
t,
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
Po
p
u
latio
n
Hea
lth
an
d
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
Han
o
i,
Vietn
am
E
m
ail: d
ao
an
h
s
o
n
@
h
m
u
.
ed
u
.
v
n
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
On
Dec
em
b
er
3
1
,
2
0
1
9
,
W
u
h
an
C
ity
in
Hu
b
ei
Pro
v
in
ce
,
C
h
in
a,
r
ep
o
r
ted
a
n
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
o
f
c
o
r
o
n
a
v
ir
u
s
d
is
ea
s
e
o
f
u
n
k
n
o
wn
ca
u
s
e
to
th
e
W
o
r
ld
Hea
lth
Or
g
an
izatio
n
(
W
HO)
[
1
]
.
Gen
etic
s
eq
u
en
cin
g
h
as
id
en
tifie
d
T
h
e
v
ir
u
s
ca
u
s
in
g
th
e
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
as
a
n
o
v
el
co
r
o
n
av
i
r
u
s
s
in
ce
J
an
u
ar
y
1
0
,
2
0
2
0
.
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
is
h
ig
h
ly
in
f
ec
tio
u
s
v
ir
u
s
in
co
m
m
u
n
ities
,
r
eg
io
n
s
,
an
d
co
u
n
tr
ies
will
h
elp
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es to
r
ed
u
ce
d
i
s
ea
s
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
[
2
]
.
On
th
e
o
n
e
h
a
n
d
,
s
elf
-
p
r
o
tecti
v
e
ac
tio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
wea
r
in
g
a
m
ask
o
r
k
ee
p
in
g
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
ia
te
d
is
tan
ce
d
u
r
in
g
s
o
cial
d
is
tan
cin
g
ca
n
b
e
an
ex
ce
llen
t
s
tr
ateg
y
to
p
r
ev
en
t
p
er
s
o
n
-
to
-
p
er
s
o
n
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
19
[
3
]
.
R
aisi
n
g
p
eo
p
le'
s
s
en
s
e
o
f
s
elf
-
p
r
o
tectio
n
ca
n
h
elp
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
p
r
e
v
en
t
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic.
Stu
d
ies
in
C
h
in
a
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
t
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
wav
e
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
in
T
o
n
g
h
u
a
C
ity
,
J
ilin
Pro
v
in
ce
,
C
h
in
a,
h
as
d
r
am
atica
lly
d
ec
r
e
ased
d
u
e
to
C
h
in
a.
Peo
p
le'
s
s
e
lf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
wo
r
r
y
ab
o
u
t
s
elf
-
p
r
o
tectio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
es
h
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
af
ter
th
e
f
ir
s
t
wav
e
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
19
[
4
]
.
I
n
Sau
d
i
Ar
ab
ia,
m
an
y
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
wed
h
ig
h
p
u
b
lic
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
a
n
d
ad
h
er
en
ce
to
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
p
r
o
tec
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
in
th
e
g
e
n
er
al
p
o
p
u
latio
n
in
2
0
2
0
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
I
n
th
e
Un
ited
States
o
f
Am
er
ica,
m
an
y
s
tu
d
ies
ad
d
r
ess
ed
p
eo
p
le
wh
o
r
e
p
o
r
ted
s
el
f
-
wo
r
r
y
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
f
o
o
d
i
n
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
r
el
o
ca
tio
n
,
a
n
d
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
d
elay
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
[
7
]
-
[
1
0
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
1
6
4
1
-
1
6
4
6
1642
Du
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
o
u
tb
r
e
ak
in
Vietn
am
,
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
h
as
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
m
an
y
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ca
m
p
aig
n
s
ab
o
u
t th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
s
elf
-
p
r
o
tectio
n
.
Ma
n
y
s
t
u
d
ies ev
alu
ate
th
e
o
u
tco
m
e
o
f
th
ese
ca
m
p
aig
n
s
o
n
m
an
y
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
[
1
1
]
-
[
1
3
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
o
f
h
o
w
o
f
ten
an
d
h
o
w
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
elf
-
p
r
o
tectio
n
p
r
ac
tices
am
o
n
g
Vietn
am
ese
p
eo
p
le
af
ter
r
ec
eiv
in
g
m
ed
ia
ca
m
p
aig
n
s
is
lim
ited
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
we
co
n
d
u
cted
a
s
tu
d
y
d
escr
ib
in
g
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
itu
atio
n
an
d
f
ac
to
r
s
r
elate
d
to
Vietn
am
ese
citizen
s
'
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
wo
r
r
y
an
d
s
elf
-
p
r
o
tectio
n
p
r
ac
tices d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
em
ic
2
0
2
1
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
O
bje
c
t
iv
e
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
u
b
jects
r
ec
r
u
ited
ad
u
lts
ag
ed
1
8
y
ea
r
s
o
r
o
l
d
er
liv
in
g
in
Han
o
i
C
ity
f
r
o
m
J
u
ly
to
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
an
d
Ho
C
h
i
Min
h
C
ity
f
r
o
m
Ma
y
to
Octo
b
er
2
0
2
1
.
All
s
tu
d
y
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
d
esig
n
was
a
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
d
ata
an
al
y
s
is
u
s
in
g
a
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
u
r
v
ey
c
o
n
d
u
cted
in
2
0
2
1
o
f
a
d
u
lts
liv
in
g
in
Han
o
i
C
ity
f
r
o
m
J
u
ly
to
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
an
d
Ho
C
h
i
Min
h
C
ity
f
r
o
m
Ma
y
t
o
Octo
b
er
2
0
2
1
.
T
h
e
I
n
s
titu
te
f
o
r
Po
p
u
latio
n
,
Hea
lth
,
an
d
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
R
esear
ch
in
Vietn
am
co
n
d
u
cte
d
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
2
.
2
.
Sa
m
ple size
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
en
r
o
lled
an
y
ad
u
lt
1
8
y
ea
r
s
o
r
o
ld
er
liv
in
g
in
an
e
n
d
em
ic
ar
ea
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
er
io
d
wh
o
co
u
ld
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
with
o
u
t
ca
lcu
latin
g
a
p
r
ed
ete
r
m
in
ed
s
am
p
le
s
ize.
W
e
esti
m
a
te
th
at
5
0
0
p
eo
p
le
liv
in
g
in
Ha
n
o
i
f
r
o
m
J
u
ly
t
o
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
a
n
d
H
o
C
h
i
Min
h
C
ity
f
r
o
m
Ma
y
to
Octo
b
er
2
0
2
1
will
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
c
o
n
v
e
n
ien
ce
s
am
p
li
n
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia,
tex
t
m
ess
ag
es,
an
d
th
e
"sn
o
wb
all"
m
eth
o
d
b
y
co
n
ta
ctin
g
f
r
ien
d
s
,
ac
q
u
ai
n
tan
ce
s
,
an
d
r
elativ
es
b
y
f
o
r
war
d
in
g
l
in
k
s
to
at
least
2
0
p
h
o
n
e
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
p
e
o
p
le
liv
in
g
in
Han
o
i
an
d
Ho
C
h
i
Min
h
C
ity
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
er
io
d
.
Fo
u
r
h
u
n
d
r
ed
f
o
r
ty
-
s
ev
en
p
eo
p
le
c
o
m
p
leted
t
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
2
.
3
.
Q
ues
t
io
nn
a
ire
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
u
s
ed
f
o
r
Vie
tn
am
ese
in
W
o
r
ce
s
ter
,
Ma
s
s
ac
h
u
s
ett
s
,
U
SA
[
1
4
]
an
d
h
as
b
ee
n
cu
ltu
r
a
lly
ad
ap
ted
to
th
e
p
eo
p
le
liv
i
n
g
in
Vietn
am
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
two
m
ain
p
ar
ts
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
a
r
t
co
ll
ec
ts
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
a
g
e,
g
e
n
d
er
,
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
v
ac
cin
atio
n
h
is
to
r
y
,
ar
e
a
o
f
r
esid
en
ce
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el,
s
o
cial
ac
tiv
ities
s
u
ch
as
g
o
in
g
o
u
t
(
2
last
wee
k
)
,
g
ettin
g
p
aid
wo
r
k
(
b
ef
o
r
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
)
,
liv
in
g
with
s
o
m
eo
n
e
at
h
ig
h
r
is
k
f
o
r
co
r
o
n
a
v
ir
u
s
/C
OVI
D
-
1
9
,
m
o
v
in
g
o
u
t
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
an
d
wo
r
r
ie
d
ab
o
u
t lo
s
in
g
th
ei
r
h
o
m
e.
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
ar
t,
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
wer
e
ask
ed
to
r
ate
th
ei
r
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
te
d
wo
r
r
y
a
b
o
u
t
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
u
s
in
g
a
5
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
(
f
r
o
m
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
i
s
ag
r
ee
to
ag
r
ee
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
)
f
o
r
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
th
r
ee
s
tatem
en
ts
:
lev
el
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
wo
r
r
y
ab
o
u
t
ca
tch
in
g
co
r
o
n
av
ir
u
s
/C
OV
I
D
-
1
9
,
wo
r
r
y
th
at
f
am
ily
/f
r
ien
d
s
will
ca
tch
co
r
o
n
a
v
ir
u
s
/C
OVI
D
-
1
9
an
d
l
ev
el
o
f
wo
r
r
y
th
at
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
will
s
p
r
ea
d
co
r
o
n
a
v
ir
u
s
/C
OVI
D
-
1
9
to
o
t
h
er
s
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
s
elf
-
p
r
o
tectio
n
ac
tio
n
s
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
wea
r
in
g
a
m
ask
,
wash
in
g
o
r
s
an
itizin
g
h
an
d
s
,
an
d
k
ee
p
in
g
a
d
is
tan
ce
(
2
m
eter
s
)
f
r
o
m
p
eo
p
le
wh
o
ar
e
n
o
t
f
am
ily
m
em
b
er
s
,
is
also
co
llected
o
n
a
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
lev
els
(
f
r
o
m
n
ev
er
to
alwa
y
s
)
.
T
h
e
en
tire
s
ca
le
h
as
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
'
s
Alp
h
a
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
0
.
6
6
(
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
te
d
wo
r
r
y
s
ca
le
(
3
item
s
)
:
0
.
8
4
a
n
d
ac
tio
n
s
ca
le
(
3
ite
m
s
)
:
0
.
6
2
)
,
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
th
e
r
esear
ch
s
ca
le
h
as a
h
i
g
h
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
ac
cu
r
ac
y
[
1
5
]
.
2
.
4
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n m
et
ho
d
Du
r
in
g
th
e
p
a
n
d
em
ic,
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
lin
k
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
co
n
s
en
t
f
o
r
m
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
an
d
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e,
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
an
d
p
o
s
ted
o
n
s
o
cial
n
etwo
r
k
s
an
d
s
en
t
v
ia
tex
t
to
p
eo
p
le
l
iv
in
g
in
Han
o
i
an
d
Ho
C
h
i
Min
h
C
ity
.
I
f
s
o
m
eo
n
e
wan
ts
to
p
ar
ticip
ate,
th
ey
ca
n
o
p
en
t
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
lin
k
,
s
ig
n
th
e
co
n
s
en
t
f
o
r
m
,
an
d
co
m
p
lete
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e.
T
h
eir
r
esp
o
n
s
es
ar
e
s
t
o
r
ed
in
a
s
ec
u
r
e
d
atab
ase
r
eg
u
lated
at
th
e
I
n
s
titu
te
f
o
r
Po
p
u
latio
n
,
Hea
lth
,
an
d
D
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
Stu
d
y
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
m
ay
with
d
r
aw
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tu
d
y
at
an
y
tim
e
b
y
co
n
tactin
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
co
o
r
d
in
at
o
r
,
an
d
th
eir
r
esp
o
n
s
es will n
o
t b
e
in
clu
d
e
d
.
2
.
5
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
W
e
u
s
ed
a
h
id
d
e
n
life
c
y
cle
ass
es
s
m
en
t
(
L
C
A)
to
e
v
alu
ate
th
e
e
v
id
en
ce
f
o
r
a
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
ag
g
r
eg
atin
g
s
elf
-
r
e
p
o
r
ted
wo
r
r
y
an
d
s
elf
-
p
r
o
tectio
n
p
r
a
ctice
s
with
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
(
with
th
r
ee
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
te
d
wo
r
r
y
q
u
esti
o
n
s
an
d
th
r
ee
p
r
a
ctice
q
u
esti
o
n
s
)
.
W
e
s
tar
ted
b
y
ass
es
s
in
g
th
e
f
it
o
f
th
e
2
-
g
r
o
u
p
m
o
d
el,
an
d
we
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
in
cr
ea
s
ed
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
g
r
o
u
p
s
in
th
e
m
o
d
el
u
n
til
it
b
ec
am
e
clea
r
t
h
at
ad
d
in
g
g
r
o
u
p
s
was
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
.
T
o
d
eter
m
i
n
e
t
h
is
,
we
ev
alu
ated
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
co
m
p
ar
at
iv
e
m
o
d
el
f
it.
T
h
e
"e
n
tr
o
p
y
"
in
d
e
x
d
eter
m
in
es
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
u
itab
le
g
r
o
u
p
s
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
p
-
v
alu
e
ass
o
ciate
d
w
ith
th
e
lo
-
m
en
d
ell
-
r
u
b
in
(
L
MR)
ad
ju
s
ted
lik
elih
o
o
d
r
atio
test
was
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
r
esu
lts
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
p
<
0
.
0
5
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
clu
s
ter
in
g
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
v
id
es a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
d
ata
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
S
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
w
o
r
r
y
a
n
d
a
ctio
n
a
mo
n
g
V
ietn
a
mese
citiz
en
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OV
I
D
-
1
9
… (
Hu
n
g
P
h
a
m
Qu
o
c
)
1643
2
.
6
.
E
t
hica
l
co
ns
idera
t
io
n
C
o
m
p
lian
ce
with
eth
ical
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
was
s
tr
ictly
ad
h
er
ed
to
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
.
All
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
in
v
o
lv
in
g
h
u
m
an
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
ap
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
th
e
I
n
s
titu
te
f
o
r
Po
p
u
latio
n
,
Hea
lth
,
an
d
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
I
R
B
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
co
n
s
en
t
was
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
all
p
ar
ti
cip
an
ts
.
Data
h
an
d
lin
g
an
d
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
f
o
llo
we
d
estab
lis
h
ed
g
u
id
elin
es
to
p
r
o
te
ct
co
n
f
id
e
n
tiality
an
d
p
r
iv
ac
y
.
All
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
g
av
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
e
d
co
n
s
en
t,
with
th
e
o
p
tio
n
t
o
d
ec
lin
e
o
r
with
d
r
a
w
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
at
an
y
tim
e.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
was
ap
p
r
o
v
e
d
b
y
th
e
I
n
s
titu
te
f
o
r
Po
p
u
latio
n
,
Hea
lth
,
a
n
d
Dev
el
o
p
m
en
t I
R
B
u
n
d
e
r
p
r
o
to
co
l
n
u
m
b
er
2
0
2
0
PHADM
AL
OC
0
5
-
01.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
G
ener
a
l c
ha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ics o
f
t
he
s
t
ud
y
po
pu
la
t
io
n
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
at
m
o
s
t
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
ar
e
n
o
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
b
etwe
en
th
e
th
r
ee
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
Vietn
am
ese
p
eo
p
le'
s
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
w
o
r
r
y
an
d
s
elf
-
p
r
o
tect
io
n
p
r
ac
tices
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
e
m
ic
(
p
>0
.
0
5
)
.
T
h
e
r
e
was
n
o
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
wo
r
r
y
g
r
o
u
p
s
an
d
s
elf
-
p
r
o
t
ec
tio
n
p
r
ac
tices
o
f
Vietn
am
ese
p
eo
p
le
in
ter
m
s
o
f
g
en
d
er
,
ag
e,
m
a
r
ital statu
s
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el,
an
d
p
lace
o
f
r
esi
d
en
ce
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
a
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
th
r
e
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
s
elf
-
r
e
p
o
r
ted
wo
r
r
y
an
d
s
elf
-
p
r
o
tectio
n
p
r
ac
tic
es
was
f
o
u
n
d
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
f
ea
r
o
f
lo
s
in
g
t
h
eir
h
o
m
e
(
p
<
0
.
0
5
)
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ai
m
ed
to
d
escr
ib
e
Vietn
am
ese
p
eo
p
le'
s
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
wo
r
r
y
an
d
s
elf
-
p
r
o
tectio
n
p
r
ac
tices
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic
in
2
0
2
1
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
led
th
r
ee
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
b
ased
o
n
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
wo
r
r
y
a
n
d
p
r
a
ctis
in
g
s
elf
-
d
ef
en
ce
.
Gr
o
u
p
1
,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
2
8
.
4
%
(
n
=
1
2
7
)
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
"L
o
w
Self
-
R
ep
o
r
ted
W
o
r
r
y
an
d
Mo
d
er
ate
Ac
tio
n
"
g
r
o
u
p
.
I
n
th
is
g
r
o
u
p
,
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
ex
h
ib
it
lo
w
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
wo
r
r
y
lev
els
b
u
t
en
g
ag
e
i
n
m
o
d
er
ate
ac
tio
n
s
to
p
r
o
tect
th
em
s
elv
es
ag
ain
s
t
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
Gr
o
u
p
2
,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
4
5
.
9
%
(
n
=2
0
5
)
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
b
elo
n
g
ed
t
o
th
e
"M
o
d
er
ate
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
w
o
r
r
y
an
d
L
o
w
ac
tio
n
"
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
ese
in
d
iv
id
u
als
r
e
p
o
r
ted
m
o
d
er
ate
s
elf
-
s
elf
-
r
e
p
o
r
ted
wo
r
r
y
b
u
t
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
m
in
im
al
ac
tio
n
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic.
Fin
ally
,
g
r
o
u
p
3
,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
2
5
.
7
%
(
n
=1
1
5
)
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
f
ell
in
to
th
e
"Hig
h
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
te
d
wo
r
r
y
an
d
Hig
h
ac
tio
n
s
”
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
e
y
s
h
o
w
a
h
ig
h
le
v
el
o
f
s
elf
-
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
wo
r
r
y
an
d
ac
tiv
ely
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
tak
in
g
p
r
ev
en
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ag
ain
s
t th
e
ep
id
em
ic.
T
ab
le
1
.
Dem
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
ce
s
b
etwe
en
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
wo
r
r
y
g
r
o
u
p
s
an
d
s
elf
-
p
r
o
tectio
n
p
r
ac
tices
o
f
Vietn
am
ese
p
eo
p
le
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
To
t
a
l
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
n
(
%)
Lo
w
s
e
l
f
-
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
w
o
r
r
y
a
n
d
mo
d
e
r
a
t
e
a
c
t
i
o
n
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
se
l
f
-
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
w
o
r
r
y
a
n
d
l
o
w
a
c
t
i
o
n
H
i
g
h
se
l
f
-
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
w
o
r
r
y
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
a
c
t
i
o
n
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
F
e
mal
e
2
5
2
(
5
6
.
4
)
69
1
2
2
61
0
.
4
6
0
1
9
5
(
4
3
.
6
)
58
83
54
-
A
g
e
(
y
e
a
r
s)
M
e
a
n
(
S
D
)
3
3
.
0
(
1
3
.
4
)
3
4
.
0
(
1
3
.
0
)
3
4
.
2
(
1
3
.
3
)
3
5
.
7
(
1
3
.
7
)
0
.
2
8
0
B
e
l
o
w
a
n
d
f
r
o
m
3
0
2
1
9
(
4
9
.
0
)
53
1
0
3
63
0
.
1
1
4
-
A
b
o
v
e
3
0
2
2
8
(
5
1
.
0
)
74
1
0
2
52
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
r
h
i
g
h
e
r
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
l
e
v
e
l
2
7
8
(
6
2
.
2
)
84
1
3
3
61
0
.
0
6
2
A
d
d
r
e
ss
H
a
n
o
i
c
i
t
y
1
9
5
(
4
3
.
6
)
60
92
43
0
.
2
6
9
-
H
o
C
h
i
M
i
n
h
c
i
t
y
2
5
2
(
5
6
.
4
)
67
1
1
3
72
Li
v
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
f
a
mi
l
y
1
1
4
(
2
5
.
5
)
32
46
36
0
.
2
1
7
H
a
v
i
n
g
h
e
a
l
t
h
i
n
su
r
a
n
c
e
3
8
1
(
8
5
.
2
)
1
0
6
1
8
2
93
0
.
1
2
8
C
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
d
t
w
o
d
o
s
e
s
o
f
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
v
a
c
c
i
n
e
4
0
2
(
8
9
.
9
)
1
1
5
1
8
3
1
0
4
0
.
9
1
1
G
o
o
u
t
i
n
t
h
e
l
a
s
t
t
w
o
w
e
e
k
s
3
8
1
(
8
5
.
2
)
1
1
4
1
7
6
91
0
.
0
6
3
G
o
t
a
p
a
y
i
n
g
j
o
b
b
e
f
o
r
e
t
h
e
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
mi
c
3
2
0
(
7
1
.
6
)
95
1
4
2
83
0
.
5
4
7
Li
v
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
s
o
m
e
o
n
e
a
t
h
i
g
h
r
i
s
k
f
o
r
C
O
V
I
D
-
19
1
1
3
(
2
5
.
3
)
28
50
35
0
.
3
0
0
R
e
l
o
c
a
t
i
n
g
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
o
f
C
O
V
I
D
-
19
2
3
(
5
.
1
)
8
10
5
0
.
7
6
9
F
e
a
r
o
f
l
o
si
n
g
h
o
m
e
b
e
c
a
u
se
o
f
C
O
V
I
D
-
19
1
3
9
(
3
1
.
1
)
37
53
49
0
.
0
0
7
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
a
s
tu
d
y
i
n
th
e
U
n
ited
States
,
7
1
%
o
f
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
r
ep
o
r
ted
h
ig
h
le
v
els
o
f
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
wo
r
r
y
,
wh
ich
n
eg
ativ
ely
im
p
ac
ted
m
an
y
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
eir
liv
es
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
ese
ef
f
ec
ts
in
clu
d
e
f
ea
r
an
d
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
w
o
r
r
y
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
h
ea
lth
o
f
s
elf
an
d
lo
v
ed
o
n
es,
d
if
f
icu
lty
co
n
ce
n
tr
atin
g
,
d
is
r
u
p
ted
s
leep
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
d
u
e
t
o
s
o
ci
al
d
is
tan
cin
g
,
an
d
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
c
o
n
ce
r
n
ab
o
u
t
s
tu
d
y
o
u
tco
m
es.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
a
s
tu
d
y
in
Sau
d
i
Ar
ab
ia
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
7
5
.
8
5
%
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
h
a
d
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
te
d
wo
r
r
y
ab
o
u
t
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
,
wh
ich
in
cr
ea
s
ed
th
eir
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
p
r
o
tectin
g
th
em
s
elv
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
an
d
em
ic
[
1
9
]
.
Ma
n
y
s
t
u
d
ies
also
s
h
o
wed
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
s
elf
-
r
e
p
o
r
ted
w
o
r
r
y
a
n
d
s
elf
-
p
r
o
tectio
n
p
r
ac
tices
[
7
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
ese
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
r
ev
ea
l
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
th
e
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
s
elf
-
r
e
p
o
r
t
ed
wo
r
r
y
an
d
s
elf
-
p
r
o
tectio
n
p
r
ac
tices
p
r
ac
tis
ed
am
o
n
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
a
n
d
em
ic.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
1
6
4
1
-
1
6
4
6
1644
3
.
2
.
F
a
ct
o
rs a
s
s
o
cia
t
ed
wit
h
s
elf
-
re
po
rt
ed
wo
rr
y
T
h
e
p
o
ly
n
o
m
ial
lo
g
is
tic
r
eg
r
e
s
s
io
n
is
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
I
t
c
an
b
e
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ata
th
at
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
ar
e
n
o
t
s
tatis
tica
lly
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
(
p
>0
.
0
5
)
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
m
o
d
el
s
h
o
wed
th
at
f
ea
r
o
f
lo
s
in
g
th
eir
h
o
m
e
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
m
ad
e
s
tu
d
y
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
b
e
class
if
ied
as
h
ig
h
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
wo
r
r
y
an
d
h
ig
h
ac
tio
n
th
an
lo
w
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
wo
r
r
y
an
d
m
o
d
e
r
ate
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
wo
r
r
y
(
p
<0
.
0
5
)
.
Mu
ltin
o
m
ial
lo
g
is
tic
m
o
d
els
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
p
e
o
p
le
w
o
r
r
ied
ab
o
u
t
lo
s
in
g
th
eir
h
o
m
es
d
u
e
to
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
elf
-
r
e
p
o
r
ted
wo
r
r
y
an
d
s
elf
-
p
r
o
tectio
n
p
r
ac
tices
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
em
ic.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
m
o
r
e
wo
r
r
ied
ab
o
u
t
p
o
ten
t
ially
lo
s
in
g
th
eir
h
o
m
es
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
p
an
d
em
ic
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
tak
e
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
a
ctio
n
s
to
p
r
o
tect
th
em
s
elv
es a
n
d
o
th
e
r
s
.
I
t m
ea
n
s
th
at
f
ea
r
o
f
h
o
u
s
in
g
in
s
tab
ilit
y
ca
n
ac
t
as
an
in
ce
n
tiv
e
to
ta
k
e
p
r
ev
e
n
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
h
o
u
s
in
g
in
s
tab
ilit
y
ca
n
lead
to
em
o
tio
n
al
d
is
tr
ess
,
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
s
tu
d
y
's
r
esu
lt
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
is
is
co
n
s
is
t
en
t
with
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
"p
er
ce
iv
ed
r
is
k
",
wh
er
e
in
d
iv
id
u
als
p
er
ce
iv
e
th
e
th
r
ea
t
o
f
an
ad
v
er
s
e
ev
e
n
t
to
af
f
ec
t
th
eir
b
eh
av
io
u
r
al
r
esp
o
n
s
e
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
th
e
f
ea
r
o
f
lo
s
in
g
th
eir
h
o
m
e
m
ay
h
a
v
e
h
ei
g
h
ten
ed
in
d
i
v
id
u
als'
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
th
e
r
is
k
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
,
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
th
e
m
t
o
tak
e
m
o
r
e
d
ec
is
iv
e
ac
tio
n
s
t
o
r
ed
u
ce
th
o
s
e
r
is
k
s
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
lin
k
b
etwe
en
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
t
ed
wo
r
r
y
a
b
o
u
t
h
o
u
s
in
g
l
o
s
s
an
d
en
g
a
g
in
g
in
p
r
ev
e
n
tiv
e
b
eh
av
io
u
r
s
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
p
an
d
em
ic
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t.
I
t
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
an
d
ca
m
p
aig
n
s
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
ad
h
er
en
ce
to
p
r
ev
en
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
co
u
ld
b
en
ef
it
f
r
o
m
ad
d
r
e
s
s
in
g
co
n
ce
r
n
s
r
elate
d
to
h
o
u
s
in
g
s
tab
ilit
y
.
Pu
b
lic
h
ea
lth
ef
f
o
r
ts
ca
n
b
etter
alig
n
s
y
s
tem
s
b
y
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
an
d
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
in
d
iv
id
u
als'
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
p
o
ten
tial
f
in
an
cial
h
a
r
d
s
h
ip
an
d
h
o
u
s
in
g
in
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
m
ess
ag
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
to
en
co
u
r
ag
e
d
esire
d
b
e
h
av
io
u
r
s
.
I
t
is
wo
r
th
n
o
tin
g
th
at
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
in
th
is
ar
ea
.
A
s
tu
d
y
in
th
e
US
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
in
d
iv
id
u
als
f
ac
i
n
g
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
tu
r
m
o
il
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
wer
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
tak
e
p
r
ev
e
n
tiv
e
ac
tio
n
s
[
2
5
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
m
an
y
s
tu
d
ies
also
f
o
u
n
d
a
r
elati
o
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
,
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
h
ea
lth
,
an
d
h
ea
lth
b
eh
a
v
io
u
r
s
[
2
6
]
-
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
in
ter
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
,
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
h
ea
lth
,
an
d
h
ea
l
th
b
eh
av
i
o
u
r
s
d
u
r
in
g
c
r
is
es su
ch
as th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
i
c
.
T
ab
le
2
.
I
n
f
lu
en
ci
n
g
f
ac
t
o
r
s
a
m
o
n
g
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
te
d
wo
r
r
y
g
r
o
u
p
s
an
d
s
elf
-
p
r
o
tectio
n
p
r
ac
tic
es o
f
Vietn
am
ese
p
eo
p
le
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
19
I
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
i
n
g
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
se
l
f
-
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
w
o
r
r
y
a
n
d
L
o
w
a
c
t
i
o
n
H
i
g
h
se
l
f
-
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
w
o
r
r
y
a
n
d
H
i
g
h
a
c
t
i
o
n
R
R
R
(
9
5
%C
I
)
R
R
R
(
9
5
%C
I
)
A
g
e
B
e
l
o
w
a
n
d
f
r
o
m
3
0
y
e
a
r
s
o
l
d
1
1
A
b
o
v
e
3
0
y
e
a
r
s
o
l
d
1
.
5
(
1
–
2
.
4
)
0
.
9
(
0
.
6
–
1
.
5
)
A
d
d
r
e
ss
H
a
n
o
i
c
i
t
y
1
1
H
o
C
h
i
M
i
n
h
c
i
t
y
0
.
9
(
0
.
5
–
1
.
3
)
1
.
4
(
0
.
9
–
2
.
2
)
Li
v
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
f
a
mi
l
y
No
1
1
Y
e
s
1
.
4
(
0
.
8
–
2
.
3
)
1
.
6
(
0
.
9
–
2
.
8
)
G
o
o
u
t
i
n
t
h
e
l
a
s
t
t
w
o
w
e
e
k
s
No
1
1
Y
e
s
1
.
5
(
0
.
7
–
3
.
0
)
0
.
7
(
0
.
4
–
1
.
2
)
F
e
a
r
o
f
l
o
si
n
g
h
o
me
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
o
f
C
O
V
I
D
-
19
No
1
1
Y
e
s
1
.
3
(
0
.
8
–
2
.
1
)
2
.
2
(
1
.
3
–
3
.
6
)
*
*
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
<
0
.
0
5
*
L
o
w
s
e
l
f
-
re
p
o
r
t
e
d
w
o
rry
a
n
d
m
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
a
c
t
i
o
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
w
e
re
u
s
e
d
a
s
re
f
e
re
n
c
e
g
ro
u
p
s
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
r
esear
ch
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
in
Vietn
am
s
h
o
ws
th
r
ee
d
if
f
er
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
b
ased
o
n
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
wo
r
r
y
an
d
s
elf
-
p
r
o
tectio
n
p
r
a
ctice
s
o
f
Vietn
am
ese
p
eo
p
le
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
e
m
ic.
T
h
e
p
o
ly
n
o
m
ial
lo
g
is
tic
m
o
d
el
in
d
icate
s
th
at
p
eo
p
le
wo
r
r
ied
ab
o
u
t
lo
s
in
g
th
eir
h
o
m
es
d
u
e
to
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
im
p
ac
t
th
ei
r
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
wo
r
r
y
an
d
s
elf
-
p
r
o
tectio
n
p
r
ac
tices
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
e
m
ic.
T
h
is
f
i
n
d
in
g
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
h
o
u
s
in
g
s
tab
ilit
y
co
n
ce
r
n
s
in
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
ad
h
er
en
ce
t
o
p
r
ev
en
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
B
y
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
a
n
d
m
itig
atin
g
e
co
n
o
m
ic
an
x
ieties,
in
ter
v
en
t
io
n
s
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
d
iv
id
u
als'
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
p
r
o
tectiv
e
b
eh
av
i
o
u
r
s
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
p
an
d
em
ic.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
S
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
w
o
r
r
y
a
n
d
a
ctio
n
a
mo
n
g
V
ietn
a
mese
citiz
en
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OV
I
D
-
1
9
… (
Hu
n
g
P
h
a
m
Qu
o
c
)
1645
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
H
.
Li
,
S
.
-
M
.
Li
u
,
X
.
-
H
.
Y
u
,
S
.
-
L.
T
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
C
.
-
K
.
Ta
n
g
,
“
C
o
r
o
n
a
v
i
r
u
s
d
i
s
e
a
se
2
0
1
9
(
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
)
:
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
t
a
t
u
s
a
n
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
p
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
A
n
t
i
m
i
c
ro
b
i
a
l
Ag
e
n
t
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
5
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
.
1
0
5
9
5
1
,
M
a
y
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
j
a
n
t
i
mi
c
a
g
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
0
5
9
5
1
.
[
2
]
N
.
H
.
L.
L
e
u
n
g
,
“
Tr
a
n
s
mi
ss
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
t
r
a
n
smi
ssi
o
n
o
f
r
e
s
p
i
r
a
t
o
r
y
v
i
r
u
ses,
”
N
a
t
u
r
e
Re
v
i
e
w
s
M
i
c
r
o
b
i
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
5
2
8
–
5
4
5
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
3
8
/
s4
1
5
7
9
-
021
-
0
0
5
3
5
-
6.
[
3
]
D.
-
Y
.
O
h
,
S
.
B
ö
t
t
c
h
e
r
,
S
.
K
r
ö
g
e
r
,
a
n
d
M
.
v
o
n
K
l
e
i
s
t
,
“
S
A
R
S
-
C
o
V
-
2
t
r
a
n
s
mi
ssi
o
n
r
o
u
t
e
s
a
n
d
i
m
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
s
e
l
f
-
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
o
t
h
e
r
s
,
”
(
i
n
G
e
r
ma
n
y
)
,
Bu
n
d
e
s
g
e
s
u
n
d
h
e
i
t
s
b
l
a
t
t
-
G
e
s
u
n
d
h
e
i
t
sf
o
rs
c
h
u
n
g
-
G
e
s
u
n
d
h
e
i
t
ss
c
h
u
t
z
,
v
o
l
.
6
4
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
1
0
5
0
–
1
0
5
7
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
0
0
1
0
3
-
0
2
1
-
0
3
3
8
9
-
8.
[
4
]
Y
.
G
u
o
a
n
d
T
.
L
i
,
“
M
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
mi
ss
i
o
n
o
f
sec
o
n
d
‐
w
a
v
e
C
O
V
I
D
‐
1
9
c
a
u
s
e
d
b
y
i
m
p
o
r
t
e
d
c
a
ses
:
A
c
a
se
s
t
u
d
y
,
”
Ma
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
a
l
M
e
t
h
o
d
s
i
n
t
h
e
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
4
5
,
n
o
.
1
3
,
p
p
.
8
0
9
6
–
8
1
1
4
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
mm
a
.
8
0
4
1
.
[
5
]
A
.
S
.
B
a
z
a
i
d
,
A
.
A
l
d
a
r
h
a
m
i
,
N
.
K
.
B
i
n
sa
l
e
h
,
S
.
S
h
e
r
w
a
n
i
,
a
n
d
O
.
W
.
A
l
t
h
o
mal
i
,
“
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
n
d
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
o
f
p
e
r
so
n
a
l
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
v
e
mea
s
u
r
e
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
mi
c
:
A
c
r
o
s
s
-
sec
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
S
a
u
d
i
A
r
a
b
i
a
,
”
PLO
S
O
N
E
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
7
1
/
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
.
p
o
n
e
.
0
2
4
3
6
9
5
.
[
6
]
A
.
M
u
sh
i
,
Y
.
Y
a
ss
i
n
,
A
.
K
h
a
n
,
S
.
Y
e
z
l
i
,
a
n
d
Y
.
A
l
m
u
z
a
i
n
i
,
“
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
,
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
,
a
n
d
p
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
r
i
s
k
s
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
C
O
V
I
D
-
19
p
a
n
d
e
mi
c
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
r
i
s
k
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
m
e
ssa
g
e
s
o
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
r
e
w
o
r
k
e
r
s
i
n
S
a
u
d
i
A
r
a
b
i
a
,
”
R
i
sk
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
H
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
re
Po
l
i
c
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
p
p
.
2
8
1
1
–
2
8
2
4
,
J
u
l
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
1
4
7
/
R
M
H
P
.
S
3
0
6
4
0
2
.
[
7
]
B
.
L.
D
u
mas,
S
.
H
.
Le
e
,
D
.
M
.
H
a
r
r
i
s,
A
.
L
.
Y
a
r
o
c
h
,
M
.
A
.
P
o
mer
o
y
,
a
n
d
H
.
M
.
B
l
a
n
c
k
,
“
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
a
ss
o
c
i
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
sel
f
-
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
w
o
r
r
y
a
mo
n
g
a
d
u
l
t
s
a
b
o
u
t
f
o
o
d
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
f
o
o
d
safe
t
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
P
a
n
d
e
m
i
c
—
U
n
i
t
e
d
S
t
a
t
e
s,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
0
su
r
v
e
y
d
a
t
a
,
”
Am
e
r
i
c
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
H
e
a
l
t
h
Pr
o
m
o
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
3
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
9
4
–
1
9
6
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
0
8
9
0
1
1
7
1
2
1
1
0
3
9
4
9
9
.
[
8
]
E
.
L
.
P
a
p
a
u
t
s
k
y
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
z
i
n
g
h
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
r
e
d
e
l
a
y
s
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
r
u
p
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
U
n
i
t
e
d
S
t
a
t
e
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
C
O
V
I
D
-
19
p
a
n
d
e
m
i
c
:
I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
-
B
a
s
e
d
,
C
r
o
s
s
-
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
S
u
r
v
e
y
S
t
u
d
y
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
M
e
d
i
c
a
l
I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
3
,
n
o
.
5
,
M
a
y
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
1
9
6
/
2
5
4
4
6
.
[
9
]
G
.
I
mb
r
i
a
n
o
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
O
n
l
i
n
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
o
f
t
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
C
O
V
I
D
-
19
r
i
sk
a
n
d
c
o
st
e
st
i
ma
t
e
s
o
n
w
o
r
r
y
a
n
d
h
e
a
l
t
h
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
c
o
m
p
l
i
a
n
c
e
i
n
y
o
u
n
g
a
d
u
l
t
s,
”
Fr
o
n
t
i
e
rs
i
n
P
u
b
l
i
c
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
8
9
/
f
p
u
b
h
.
2
0
2
1
.
6
1
2
7
2
5
.
[1
0
]
R
.
C
.
C
o
n
r
a
d
,
H
.
“
C
h
r
i
s”
H
a
h
m
,
A
.
K
o
i
r
e
,
S
.
P
i
n
d
e
r
-
A
ma
k
e
r
,
a
n
d
C
.
H
.
Li
u
,
“
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
st
u
d
e
n
t
m
e
n
t
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
r
i
sk
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
mi
c
:
I
mp
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
c
a
m
p
u
s
r
e
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ps
y
c
h
i
a
t
ri
c
R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
6
,
p
p
.
1
1
7
–
1
2
6
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
j
p
s
y
c
h
i
r
e
s.
2
0
2
1
.
0
1
.
0
5
4
.
[1
1
]
A
.
N
.
N
g
u
y
e
n
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
n
d
sel
f
-
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
v
e
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
a
g
a
i
n
st
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
a
m
o
n
g
h
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
r
e
w
o
r
k
e
r
s
i
n
V
i
e
t
n
a
m
,
”
Fro
n
t
i
e
rs
i
n
P
u
b
l
i
c
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
8
9
/
f
p
u
b
h
.
2
0
2
1
.
6
5
8
1
0
7
.
[1
2
]
T.
P
.
T.
Tr
a
n
,
T.
H
.
Le
,
T.
N
.
P
.
N
g
u
y
e
n
,
a
n
d
V
.
M
.
H
o
a
n
g
,
“
R
a
p
i
d
r
e
s
p
o
n
se
t
o
t
h
e
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
m
i
c
:
V
i
e
t
n
a
m
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
’
s
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
p
r
e
l
i
mi
n
a
r
y
s
u
c
c
e
ss,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
G
l
o
b
a
l
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
7
1
8
9
/
j
o
g
h
.
1
0
.
0
2
0
5
0
2
.
[1
3
]
L.
T
.
Ta
m
,
H
.
X
.
H
o
,
D
.
P
.
N
g
u
y
e
n
,
A
.
E
l
i
a
s
,
a
n
d
A
.
N
.
H
.
L
e
,
“
R
e
c
e
p
t
i
v
i
t
y
o
f
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
i
t
s
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
s
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
C
O
V
I
D
-
19
p
a
n
d
e
mi
c
e
mer
g
e
n
c
y
i
n
v
i
e
t
n
a
m:
a
q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
s
t
u
d
y
,”
G
l
o
b
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Fl
e
x
i
b
l
e
S
y
st
e
m
s
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
,
n
o
.
S
1
,
p
p
.
4
5
–
6
4
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
4
0
1
7
1
-
0
2
1
-
0
0
2
6
9
-
7.
[1
4
]
K
.
A
.
F
i
s
h
e
r
,
S
.
J
.
B
l
o
o
mst
o
n
e
,
J.
W
a
l
d
e
r
,
S
.
C
r
a
w
f
o
r
d
,
H
.
F
o
u
a
y
z
i
,
a
n
d
K
.
M
.
M
a
z
o
r
,
“
A
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s T
o
w
a
r
d
a
P
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
S
A
R
S
-
C
o
V
-
2
V
a
c
c
i
n
e
,
”
A
n
n
a
l
s
o
f
I
n
t
e
rn
a
l
M
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
3
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
9
6
4
–
9
7
3
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
7
3
2
6
/
M
2
0
-
3
5
6
9
.
[1
5
]
M
.
A
mi
r
r
u
d
i
n
,
K
.
N
a
s
u
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
S
.
S
u
p
a
h
a
r
,
“
Ef
f
e
c
t
o
f
v
a
r
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
n
c
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
a
l
p
h
a
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
i
n
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
,
”
J
u
rn
a
l
Ma
t
e
m
a
t
i
k
a
,
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
k
a
d
a
n
K
o
m
p
u
t
a
s
i
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
2
3
–
2
3
0
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
0
9
5
6
/
j
msk
.
v
1
7
i
2
.
1
1
6
5
5
.
[1
6
]
B
.
E.
W
e
l
l
e
r
,
N
.
K
.
B
o
w
e
n
,
a
n
d
S
.
J.
F
a
u
b
e
r
t
,
“
L
a
t
e
n
t
c
l
a
ss
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
:
a
g
u
i
d
e
t
o
b
e
st
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
B
l
a
c
k
Ps
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
4
6
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
8
7
–
3
1
1
,
M
a
y
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
0
0
9
5
7
9
8
4
2
0
9
3
0
9
3
2
.
[1
7
]
Y
.
Lo
,
“
Te
s
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
u
mb
e
r
o
f
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
i
n
a
n
o
r
m
a
l
m
i
x
t
u
r
e
,
”
Bi
o
m
e
t
ri
k
a
,
v
o
l
.
8
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
7
6
7
–
7
7
8
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
0
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
9
3
/
b
i
o
me
t
/
8
8
.
3
.
7
6
7
.
[1
8
]
C
.
S
o
n
,
S
.
H
e
g
d
e
,
A
.
S
m
i
t
h
,
X
.
W
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
F
.
S
a
sa
n
g
o
h
a
r
,
“
Ef
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
o
n
c
o
l
l
e
g
e
st
u
d
e
n
t
s’
me
n
t
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
U
n
i
t
e
d
S
t
a
t
e
s:
i
n
t
e
r
v
i
e
w
s
u
r
v
e
y
st
u
d
y
,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
M
e
d
i
c
a
l
I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
,
n
o
.
9
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
1
9
6
/
2
1
2
7
9
.
[1
9
]
A
.
A
I
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
I
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
s’
se
l
f
-
r
e
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
t
o
w
a
r
d
C
O
V
I
D
-
19
p
a
n
d
e
mi
c
i
n
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
t
h
e
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss
o
f
t
h
e
d
i
se
a
se,
a
n
d
p
sy
c
h
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
h
a
r
d
i
n
e
ss
i
n
S
a
u
d
i
A
r
a
b
i
a
,
”
Fr
o
n
t
i
e
rs
i
n
p
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
2
0
2
0
.
[
20
]
S
.
M
a
j
u
m
d
a
r
,
P
.
A
c
h
o
l
i
a
,
S
.
S
a
r
a
f
,
a
n
d
S
.
K
h
u
r
a
n
a
,
“
W
o
r
r
y
,
p
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
d
i
scri
mi
n
a
t
i
o
n
,
l
i
f
e
st
y
l
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
s,
a
n
d
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
v
e
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
:
a
st
u
d
y
w
i
t
h
r
e
c
o
v
e
r
i
n
g
p
a
t
i
e
n
t
s
i
n
D
e
l
h
i
,
I
n
d
i
a
,
”
S
AG
E
O
p
e
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
Jan
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
2
1
5
8
2
4
4
0
2
2
1
0
7
9
8
7
8
.
[
21
]
C
.
S
e
g
r
i
n
a
n
d
R
.
A
ma
n
d
a
C
o
o
p
e
r
,
“
N
e
i
g
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
d
i
s
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
a
n
d
me
n
t
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
,
”
i
n
E
n
c
y
c
l
o
p
e
d
i
a
o
f
M
e
n
t
a
l
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
El
s
e
v
i
e
r
,
2
0
2
3
,
p
p
.
5
9
0
–
5
9
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
B
9
7
8
-
0
-
3
2
3
-
9
1
4
9
7
-
0
.
0
0
1
6
7
-
3.
[
22
]
O
.
R
e
n
n
,
“
T
h
e
r
o
l
e
o
f
r
i
s
k
p
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
r
i
s
k
m
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
”
Re
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
&
S
y
s
t
e
m
S
a
f
e
t
y
,
v
o
l
.
5
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
9
–
6
2
,
Jan
.
1
9
9
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
S
0
9
5
1
-
8
3
2
0
(
9
7
)
0
0
1
1
9
-
1.
[
23
]
T.
W
i
s
e
,
T.
D
.
Z
b
o
z
i
n
e
k
,
G
.
M
i
c
h
e
l
i
n
i
,
C
.
C
.
H
a
g
a
n
,
a
n
d
D
.
M
o
b
b
s,
“
C
h
a
n
g
e
s
i
n
r
i
sk
p
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
se
l
f
-
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
v
e
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
u
r
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
i
r
st
w
e
e
k
o
f
t
h
e
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
m
i
c
i
n
t
h
e
U
n
i
t
e
d
S
t
a
t
e
s,
”
Ro
y
a
l
S
o
c
i
e
t
y
O
p
e
n
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
9
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
9
8
/
r
s
o
s.
2
0
0
7
4
2
.
[
24
]
O
.
K
o
ç
a
k
,
Ö
.
E.
K
o
ç
a
k
,
a
n
d
M
.
Z.
Y
o
u
n
i
s
,
“
T
h
e
p
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
c
o
n
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
s
o
f
C
O
V
I
D
-
19
f
e
a
r
a
n
d
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
r
a
t
o
r
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
s’
U
n
d
e
r
l
y
i
n
g
I
l
l
n
e
ss
a
n
d
W
i
t
n
e
ss
i
n
g
I
n
f
e
c
t
e
d
F
r
i
e
n
d
s
a
n
d
F
a
m
i
l
y
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
R
e
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
Pu
b
l
i
c
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
.
1
8
3
6
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
i
j
e
r
p
h
1
8
0
4
1
8
3
6
.
[
25
]
S
.
H
.
S
h
i
n
,
H
.
Ji
,
a
n
d
H
.
Li
m
,
“
H
e
t
e
r
o
g
e
n
e
i
t
y
i
n
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
v
e
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
:
H
e
a
l
t
h
r
i
sk
,
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
i
n
se
c
u
r
i
t
y
,
a
n
d
sl
a
n
t
e
d
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
,
”
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
& M
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
,
v
o
l
.
2
7
8
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
so
c
sc
i
me
d
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
1
3
9
4
4
.
[
26
]
J.
M
a
t
a
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
H
e
a
l
t
h
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s
a
n
d
men
t
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
m
i
c
:
A
l
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
-
b
a
se
d
s
u
r
v
e
y
i
n
G
e
r
man
y
,
”
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
& M
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
,
v
o
l
.
2
8
7
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
so
c
s
c
i
m
e
d
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
1
4
3
3
3
.
[
27
]
F
.
K
ä
m
p
f
e
n
,
I
.
V
.
K
o
h
l
e
r
,
A
.
C
i
a
n
c
i
o
,
W
.
B
r
u
i
n
e
d
e
B
r
u
i
n
,
J.
M
a
u
r
e
r
,
a
n
d
H
.
-
P
.
K
o
h
l
e
r
,
“
P
r
e
d
i
c
t
o
r
s
o
f
me
n
t
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
C
o
v
i
d
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
mi
c
i
n
t
h
e
U
S
:
R
o
l
e
o
f
e
c
o
n
o
mi
c
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
s
,
h
e
a
l
t
h
w
o
r
r
i
e
s
a
n
d
s
o
c
i
a
l
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
i
n
g
,
”
PLO
S
O
N
E
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
7
1
/
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
.
p
o
n
e
.
0
2
4
1
8
9
5
.
[
28
]
X
.
L
u
a
n
d
Z.
Li
n
,
“
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
,
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
i
mp
a
c
t
,
me
n
t
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
,
a
n
d
c
o
p
i
n
g
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s:
a
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
e
sea
r
c
h
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
Fro
n
t
i
e
rs i
n
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
8
9
/
f
p
s
y
g
.
2
0
2
1
.
7
5
9
9
7
4
.
[
29
]
M
.
S
t
-
P
i
e
r
r
e
,
I
.
S
i
n
c
l
a
i
r
,
G
.
El
g
b
e
i
l
i
,
P
.
B
e
r
n
a
r
d
,
a
n
d
K
.
N
.
D
a
n
c
a
u
se
,
“
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
p
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
d
i
st
r
e
ss
a
n
d
h
e
a
l
t
h
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s
a
mo
n
g
C
a
n
a
d
i
a
n
a
d
u
l
t
s:
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
g
e
n
d
e
r
,
i
n
c
o
m
e
,
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
i
mm
i
g
r
a
n
t
st
a
t
u
s,
a
n
d
e
t
h
n
i
c
i
t
y
,
”
S
S
M
-
Po
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
ssm
p
h
.
2
0
1
9
.
1
0
0
3
8
5
.
[
30
]
M
.
J.
Zv
o
l
e
n
sk
y
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
sy
c
h
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
,
a
d
d
i
c
t
i
v
e
,
a
n
d
h
e
a
l
t
h
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
i
mp
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
mi
c
,
”
Be
h
a
v
i
o
u
r
Re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
T
h
e
ra
p
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
4
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
b
r
a
t
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
0
3
7
1
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
1
6
4
1
-
1
6
4
6
1646
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
H
u
n
g
P
h
a
m
Q
u
o
c
is
t
h
e
se
n
io
r
re
se
a
rc
h
e
r
a
n
d
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
Tru
n
g
Vu
o
n
g
Un
iv
e
rsity
.
Dr.
Hu
n
g
P
h
a
m
Qu
o
c
is
a
d
isti
n
g
u
is
h
e
d
re
se
a
rc
h
e
r
sp
e
c
ializin
g
in
Nu
tr
it
io
n
a
n
d
P
u
b
l
ic
He
a
lt
h
,
d
e
v
o
te
d
to
e
n
h
a
n
c
in
g
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
we
ll
-
b
e
in
g
th
ro
u
g
h
e
v
id
e
n
c
e
-
b
a
se
d
in
terv
e
n
t
io
n
s.
Dr.
Hu
n
g
'
s
c
o
m
m
it
m
e
n
t
to
p
re
v
e
n
ti
v
e
h
e
a
lt
h
c
a
re
is
e
v
id
e
n
t
i
n
h
is
c
o
ll
a
b
o
ra
ti
v
e
e
ffo
rts
with
i
n
terd
isc
ip
li
n
a
ry
tea
m
s,
a
imin
g
to
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
in
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
stra
teg
ies
th
a
t
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
p
u
b
li
c
h
e
a
lt
h
e
q
u
i
ty
a
n
d
f
o
ste
r
n
u
tri
t
io
n
a
l
we
ll
-
b
e
in
g
i
n
d
iv
e
rse
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
ies
.
H
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
h
u
n
g
v
rc
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
S
o
n
Da
o
Anh
is
a
d
e
d
ica
ted
p
u
b
li
c
h
e
a
lt
h
re
se
a
rc
h
e
r
c
o
m
m
it
ted
to
a
d
v
a
n
c
in
g
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
we
ll
-
b
e
i
n
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
h
is
e
p
i
d
e
m
io
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
h
e
a
lt
h
p
r
o
m
o
ti
o
n
e
x
p
e
rti
se
.
Wi
th
a
n
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
M
a
ste
r
o
f
P
u
b
li
c
He
a
lt
h
(IM
P
H)
d
e
g
re
e
,
h
e
h
a
s
fo
c
u
se
d
h
is
c
a
re
e
r
o
n
a
d
d
re
ss
in
g
h
e
a
lt
h
d
isp
a
rit
ies
a
n
d
imp
lem
e
n
ti
n
g
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
-
b
a
se
d
in
terv
e
n
ti
o
n
s
to
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
p
o
p
u
lati
o
n
h
e
a
lt
h
.
S
o
n
'
s
c
o
ll
a
b
o
r
a
ti
v
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
a
n
d
p
a
ss
io
n
fo
r
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
we
ll
-
b
e
i
n
g
d
riv
e
h
is
re
se
a
rc
h
e
ffo
rts,
m
a
k
in
g
a
m
e
a
n
in
g
f
u
l
imp
a
c
t
o
n
p
u
b
li
c
h
e
a
lt
h
i
n
it
iati
v
e
s
a
n
d
p
ro
m
o
ti
n
g
a
h
e
a
lt
h
ier
fu
t
u
re
fo
r
d
i
v
e
rse
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
ies
.
H
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
a
n
h
so
n
.
h
m
u
@
g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Tu
n
g
Ph
a
m
Anh
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
M
a
ste
r
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
i
n
E
p
i
d
e
m
io
lo
g
y
stu
d
e
n
t
a
t
Th
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Qu
e
e
n
sla
n
d
,
with
a
b
a
c
k
g
ro
u
n
d
w
o
rk
i
n
g
in
t
h
e
HIV
/AIDS
d
e
p
a
rtme
n
t
a
t
th
e
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
In
st
it
u
te
o
f
Hy
g
ien
e
a
n
d
Ep
i
d
e
m
io
l
o
g
y
Vie
tn
a
m
.
His
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
in
th
e
fiel
d
o
f
HIV
/AIDS
a
n
d
h
is
c
u
rre
n
t
p
u
rsu
i
t
o
f
a
re
se
a
rc
h
-
fo
c
u
se
d
d
e
g
re
e
i
n
e
p
id
e
m
io
l
o
g
y
p
o
siti
o
n
h
im
to
m
a
k
e
si
g
n
if
ica
n
t
c
o
n
tri
b
u
t
io
n
s
to
p
u
b
li
c
h
e
a
lt
h
,
p
a
rti
c
u
larly
i
n
t
h
e
a
re
a
s
o
f
in
fe
c
ti
o
u
s
d
ise
a
se
e
p
id
e
m
io
lo
g
y
,
p
h
y
sic
a
l
a
c
ti
v
it
y
a
n
d
c
h
r
o
n
ic
d
ise
a
se
re
se
a
r
c
h
a
n
d
p
re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
p
a
tu
n
g
.
y
h
d
p
.
h
m
u
@
g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.