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ticle
his
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y:
R
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Sep
2
2
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2
0
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R
ev
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Dec
2
3
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2
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cc
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an
2
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T
h
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rc
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in
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1
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w
it
h
a
s
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ste
m
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p
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h
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h
e
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m
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it
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s
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ste
m
a
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r
e
v
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w
a
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d
m
e
ta
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a
n
a
l
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sis
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RIS
M
A
).
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h
e
re
se
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rc
h
v
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riab
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we
re
so
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io
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e
m
o
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e
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h
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re
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tex
t
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A
d
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ly
sis
w
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s
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a
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se
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e
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lt
s
sh
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t
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n
a
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les
th
a
t
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it
th
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in
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f
1
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h
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m
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h
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t
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ti
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s
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1
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n
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m
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sig
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d
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se
lf
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se
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m
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istan
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g
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COV
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D
-
1
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,
a
n
d
g
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v
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wa
s
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5
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5
4
%
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h
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n
u
m
b
e
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o
f
su
b
sta
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ti
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l
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les
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t
h
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v
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f
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ti
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v
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(in
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sh
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g
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n
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it
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n
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w
a
s 4
5
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K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
A
tt
itu
d
e
C
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D
-
19
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
P
r
ac
tice
T
h
is
is
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n
o
p
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n
a
c
c
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ss
a
rticle
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n
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e
CC B
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SA
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se
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C
o
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r
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s
p
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A
uth
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r
:
Kh
o
lis
E
r
n
a
w
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Facu
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f
Me
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Un
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s
Y
A
R
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al
an
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to
No
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1
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R
T
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I
n
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ail:
k
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g
m
ai
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o
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
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O
N
C
o
r
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u
s
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(
C
OV
ID
-
1
9
)
is
s
till
th
e
m
ain
h
ea
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p
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le
m
i
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t
h
e
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h
e
f
ir
s
t
C
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-
1
9
ca
s
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ac
co
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d
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t
o
a
W
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r
ld
Hea
lth
Or
g
an
iza
t
io
n
(
W
HO)
r
ep
o
r
t
alleg
ed
l
y
,
f
ir
s
t
ap
p
ea
r
ed
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n
Dec
e
m
b
er
3
1
,
2
0
1
9
,
f
r
o
m
W
u
h
a
n
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H
u
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J
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u
ar
y
3
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2
0
2
0
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W
HO
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g
n
a
ted
C
OV
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1
9
s
tat
u
s
a
s
a
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lt
h
e
m
er
g
e
n
c
y
o
f
i
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
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ce
r
n
(
P
HE
I
C
)
.
T
h
e
in
c
r
ea
s
e
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
ca
s
es
is
h
ap
p
en
in
g
r
elati
v
el
y
q
u
ic
k
l
y
,
a
n
d
th
er
e
is
alr
ea
d
y
a
s
p
r
ea
d
b
et
w
ee
n
co
u
n
tr
ies;
o
n
Ma
r
ch
1
1
,
2
0
2
0
,
W
HO
h
as
d
esig
n
ated
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
as
a
p
an
d
e
m
ic
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
ca
n
b
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t.
J
.
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci.
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
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-
8806
C
o
mmu
n
ity
kn
o
w
led
g
e,
a
ttit
u
d
es a
n
d
b
e
h
a
vio
r
s
in
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
o
f COVI
D
-
1
9
…
(
K
h
o
lis
E
r
n
a
w
a
ti
)
17
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ir
ec
t
co
n
tact,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
o
r
v
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u
s
-
co
n
ta
m
i
n
ated
o
b
j
ec
ts
,
air
w
a
y
d
r
o
p
lets
,
an
d
air
b
o
r
n
e
p
ar
ticles
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
to
tal
g
lo
b
al
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
co
n
f
ir
m
a
tio
n
ca
s
es
o
f
A
u
g
u
s
t
1
0
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2
0
2
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er
e
1
9
,
7
1
8
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0
3
0
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s
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w
it
h
2
5
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,
4
0
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ca
s
es p
er
d
ay
an
d
7
2
9
,
0
1
3
d
ea
th
s
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
e
f
f
o
r
t
i
n
p
r
ev
en
ti
n
g
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
is
ea
s
e
is
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
f
ac
e
m
as
k
s
in
p
u
b
l
ic
p
lace
s
,
w
h
er
e
th
er
e
ca
n
b
e
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
g
lo
b
al
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
p
r
e
v
en
t
in
g
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
is
to
m
o
b
ilize
a
l
l
s
ec
to
r
s
o
f
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
s
o
ciet
y
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
i
n
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
s
u
ch
as
h
a
n
d
h
y
g
ie
n
e,
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
etiq
u
ette,
an
d
p
h
y
s
ica
l
d
is
ta
n
ci
n
g
;
f
in
d
in
g
a
n
d
i
s
o
latin
g
al
l
ca
s
e
s
i
n
clu
d
i
n
g
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
ca
r
e
an
d
tr
ac
k
in
g
an
d
q
u
ar
a
n
ti
n
e;
r
estrictio
n
s
o
n
d
o
m
e
s
tic
a
n
d
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
tr
av
el;
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
m
o
r
ta
lit
y
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
p
r
o
p
er
clin
ical
ca
r
e
a
n
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
h
ea
lt
h
o
f
f
r
o
n
tli
n
e
w
o
r
k
er
s
an
d
v
u
l
n
er
ab
le
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
; d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
s
a
f
e
a
n
d
ef
f
ec
t
i
v
e
v
ac
ci
n
es a
n
d
th
er
ap
ies
[
5
]
.
I
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia
i
ts
el
f
,
v
ar
io
u
s
e
f
f
o
r
ts
ar
e
b
ein
g
m
ad
e
to
s
u
p
p
r
ess
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
is
to
p
r
ac
tice
s
o
cial
d
is
tan
ci
n
g
in
p
u
b
lic
,
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
u
b
lic
h
y
g
ien
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
r
e
g
u
lar
h
an
d
w
a
s
h
in
g
.
Oth
er
m
ea
s
u
r
es
s
o
cialize
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
ar
io
u
s
m
ed
ia
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ask
p
eo
p
le
to
s
ta
y
at
h
o
m
e,
r
ef
r
ain
f
r
o
m
u
s
i
n
g
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
,
al
w
a
y
s
w
ea
r
m
as
k
s
,
k
ee
p
a
s
a
f
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
u
b
lic
w
h
ile
i
n
t
h
e
cr
o
w
d
,
an
d
av
o
id
g
o
in
g
to
ar
ea
s
w
it
h
h
ig
h
n
u
m
b
er
s
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
in
f
ec
t
io
n
s
[
6
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
b
ig
p
r
o
b
le
m
w
i
t
h
s
o
cial
d
is
ta
n
cin
g
p
o
licy
is
th
a
t
m
o
s
t
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
s
d
o
n
o
t
ad
h
er
e
to
it
.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
s
s
till
d
o
o
t
h
er
ac
ti
v
ities
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
h
o
u
s
e
,
v
ac
atio
n
to
v
ar
io
u
s
p
lace
s
,
a
n
d
r
etu
r
n
to
th
eir
h
o
m
eto
w
n
[
7
]
.
I
n
r
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
P
r
ak
as
h
et
a
l.
ab
o
u
t
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
o
n
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
an
d
g
lo
b
al
p
an
d
e
m
i
c
ch
alle
n
g
e
s
co
n
d
u
cted
in
Ne
w
Delh
i,
I
n
d
ia,
in
2
0
2
0
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
n
ee
d
ed
to
co
o
p
er
ate
an
d
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
t
h
e
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
[
8
]
.
Z
h
o
n
g
et
al
.
r
esear
ch
o
n
th
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
,
attitu
d
es,
a
n
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
t
h
e
C
h
i
n
e
s
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
to
w
ar
d
s
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
p
an
d
e
m
i
c
p
er
io
d
co
n
d
u
cted
in
H
u
b
ei
,
C
h
i
n
a,
in
2
0
2
0
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
a
t
h
ea
l
th
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
ai
m
ed
at
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
C
OVI
D
-
19
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
ar
e
h
elp
f
u
l
f
o
r
C
h
in
e
s
e
citize
n
s
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
an
o
p
ti
m
is
tic
attit
u
d
e
an
d
m
a
in
tai
n
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
p
r
ac
tices
[
9
]
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
aim
s
to
ex
a
m
i
n
e
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
's
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
t
h
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
w
i
th
a
s
y
s
te
m
ic
r
ev
ie
w
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
u
s
e
d
a
s
y
s
te
m
atic
r
ev
ie
w
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
ite
m
s
f
o
r
s
y
s
te
m
a
tic
r
ev
i
e
w
a
n
d
m
eta
-
a
n
al
y
s
es
(
P
R
I
SM
A
)
p
r
o
to
co
l
[
1
0
]
as
s
ee
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
PR
I
SM
A
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
u
s
ed
to
id
en
tify
r
esear
ch
ar
t
icles
r
elev
a
n
t
to
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
p
r
ac
tices
an
d
in
cl
u
d
es
k
n
o
w
led
g
e,
attit
u
d
e,
p
r
ac
tice
(
KA
P
)
,
a
n
d
s
o
cio
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
v
ar
iab
les.
T
h
e
ar
ticle
s
ea
r
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
ac
ce
s
s
ed
o
n
th
r
ee
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
atab
ases
,
n
a
m
e
l
y
P
L
OS
ONE
,
P
r
o
-
Qu
e
s
t,
an
d
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
.
Ke
y
w
o
r
d
s
u
s
ed
in
j
o
u
r
n
al
ar
ticle
s
ea
r
ch
es a
r
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
,
attitu
d
e,
p
r
ac
tice,
an
d
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
P
R
I
SMA
p
r
o
to
co
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t.
J
.
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci.
Vo
l.
1
0
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
21
:
16
–
26
18
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
is
a
s
i
n
ce
r
e
w
illi
n
g
n
e
s
s
o
f
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
to
h
elp
w
i
th
d
is
ea
s
e
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
ac
tiv
i
ties
in
t
h
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
r
eg
io
n
s
s
o
th
at
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
d
o
es
n
o
t
ex
p
an
d
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
p
e
o
p
le
w
it
h
th
eir
a
w
ar
e
n
ess
d
o
s
o
cial
d
is
tan
ci
n
g
a
n
d
s
elf
-
is
o
lat
io
n
.
I
n
th
i
s
ca
s
e,
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
ed
b
y
m
o
b
ilizatio
n
t
h
at
co
n
ta
in
s
e
le
m
e
n
ts
o
f
co
er
cio
n
o
r
n
ec
es
s
it
y
,
eit
h
er
b
y
t
h
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t o
r
b
y
o
t
h
er
p
ar
ties
w
h
o
h
a
v
e
m
o
r
e
p
o
w
er
[
1
1
]
.
E
lig
ib
ilit
y
s
t
u
d
ies
w
er
e
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
i
n
g
i
n
clu
s
io
n
an
d
e
x
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia.
T
h
is
r
ev
ie
w
's
in
cl
u
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
ar
e
q
u
an
t
itati
v
e
r
esear
ch
,
p
r
i
m
ar
y
d
ata,
p
u
b
licatio
n
y
ea
r
(
J
an
u
ar
y
-
J
u
l
y
2
0
2
0
)
,
E
n
g
lis
h
la
n
g
u
a
g
e,
o
p
en
-
ac
ce
s
s
ar
ticle,
ar
ticles
t
h
at
h
av
e
g
o
n
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
p
ee
r
r
e
v
ie
w
s
ta
g
e,
f
u
ll
-
te
x
t
ar
tic
les,
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
o
n
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
o
f
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
is
r
ev
ie
w
's
ex
cl
u
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
ar
e
q
u
alitativ
e
r
esear
c
h
,
liter
atu
r
e
o
th
er
t
h
an
ar
ticle
s
,
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
ie
w
s
,
an
d
h
ea
lt
h
w
o
r
k
er
s
s
a
m
p
les.
Data
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
th
e
f
lo
w
ch
ar
t
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
a
n
ar
r
ativ
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
's
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
w
a
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Resul
t
s
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
b
ased
o
n
k
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
a
n
d
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
P
R
I
SM
A
p
r
o
to
co
l
o
b
tain
ed
a
to
tal
o
f
1
0
,
7
0
6
ar
ticles,
th
e
n
in
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
b
as
ed
o
n
th
e
y
ea
r
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
(
J
an
u
ar
y
-
J
u
l
y
2
0
2
0
)
,
g
o
t
a
to
t
al
o
f
4
0
0
9
ar
ticles.
Scr
ee
n
i
n
g
b
a
s
ed
o
n
E
n
g
l
is
h
j
o
u
r
n
als,
o
p
en
ac
ce
s
s
,
f
u
ll
tex
t
,
an
d
ar
ticles
th
at
h
a
v
e
g
o
n
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
ee
r
r
ev
ie
w
s
tag
e
s
f
r
o
m
P
L
O
S
ONE
,
P
r
o
Qu
est,
a
n
d
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
,
o
b
tain
ed
3
2
2
4
ar
ticles.
E
lig
ib
il
it
y
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
c
ted
to
eli
m
in
a
te
ar
ticle
d
u
p
licatio
n
,
ar
ticles
th
at
ar
e
less
r
elev
a
n
t
to
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
an
d
ar
ticles
th
at
d
o
n
o
t
co
m
p
l
y
w
it
h
t
h
e
estab
lis
h
ed
in
cl
u
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia.
T
h
e
last
s
tag
e
is
o
b
tain
ed
as
m
an
y
a
s
ten
ar
ticles
t
h
a
t
m
atch
t
h
e
cr
iter
ia
o
f
in
cl
u
s
io
n
.
T
ab
le
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
u
s
ed
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
1
0
ar
ticles
o
f
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
r
es
u
lts
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
f
o
u
r
f
ac
to
r
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
s
o
cio
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
i
n
1
0
ar
ticle
s
(
1
0
0
%),
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
e
f
ac
to
r
s
ea
ch
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
in
9
ar
ticles (
9
0
%),
an
d
p
r
ac
ti
ce
f
ac
to
r
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
8
ar
ticle
s
(
8
0
%).
T
ab
le
1
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
ar
ticle
s
b
ased
o
n
f
ac
to
r
s
u
s
ed
in
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
r
esear
c
h
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
S
o
c
i
o
d
e
mo
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
10
1
0
0
%
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
9
9
0
%
A
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
9
9
0
%
P
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
8
8
0
%
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
a
m
p
les
u
s
ed
a
n
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
it
e
m
ca
te
g
o
r
ies
i
n
t
h
e
a
s
p
ec
ts
a
s
s
es
s
ed
b
y
ea
ch
f
ac
to
r
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
d
iv
er
s
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
es
ea
r
c
h
s
a
m
p
les,
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
s
a
m
p
le
s
-
6
0
0
0
s
a
m
p
les
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
item
s
o
f
t
h
e
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t
asp
ec
t
o
n
th
e
f
ac
to
r
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1
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[
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5
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4
11
N
A
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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So
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s
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co
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Ag
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s
[
1
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.
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m
en
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h
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ca
tio
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ican
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% o
f
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ticles.
3
.
1
.
2
.
K
no
w
ledg
e,
a
t
t
it
ud
e,
a
nd
pra
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f
a
ct
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rs
KA
P
q
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est
io
n
n
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e
q
u
esti
o
n
p
atter
n
s
o
n
C
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-
1
9
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
ar
e
u
s
u
a
ll
y
c
ateg
o
r
ized
in
s
ev
er
al
p
o
i
n
ts
:
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
d
is
ea
s
e
(
k
n
o
w
in
g
ab
o
u
t
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
e
m
ic)
,
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
,
g
e
n
er
al
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
,
an
d
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
Her
e
ar
e
s
o
m
e
ar
ticle
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t
r
esu
lts
b
ased
o
n
th
e
K
A
P
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
'
s
m
ai
n
p
o
in
ts
i
n
p
r
ev
en
ti
n
g
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
tab
le.
T
ab
le
4
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
a
s
p
ec
ts
o
f
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
f
a
cto
r
s
to
p
r
ev
en
t
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
in
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
ied
as
p
ec
t
an
d
h
as
t
h
e
h
ig
h
est
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
t
v
a
lu
e
i
s
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
elem
e
n
t
i
n
7
7
.
7
8
%
o
f
ar
ticles.
T
h
ey
w
er
e
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
o
t
h
er
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
c
h
as
p
r
ev
en
ti
n
g
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
w
it
h
a
s
u
b
s
tan
t
ial
am
o
u
n
t
in
6
6
.
6
7
%
o
f
p
ap
e
r
s
,
th
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
d
is
ea
s
e
i
n
5
5
.
5
6
%
o
f
p
ap
er
s
,
an
d
g
e
n
e
r
al
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
k
n
o
w
le
d
g
e
in
4
4
.
4
4
%
o
f
p
ap
er
s
.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
r
esear
ch
ar
ticle
o
n
th
is
f
ac
to
r
a
m
o
u
n
ted
to
6
1
.
1
1
%
o
f
p
a
p
er
s
.
Sig
n
i
f
ican
t
r
es
u
lt
s
w
er
e
o
b
tain
ed
in
all
s
tu
d
ie
s
th
at
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
th
ese
a
s
p
ec
ts
,
ex
ce
p
t th
o
s
e
t
h
at
d
id
n
o
t h
a
v
e
a
p
-
v
al
u
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
n
o
a
v
a
ilab
le
(
NA
)
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
f
ac
to
r
s
in
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
r
ese
ar
ch
of
C
OVI
D
-
19
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
F
a
c
t
o
r
s
R
e
su
l
t
s
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
C
o
d
e
F
r
e
q
.
%
A
r
t
i
c
l
e
I
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
i
se
a
se
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
N
o
n
-
si
g
n
.
NA
T
o
t
a
l
(
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
9
)
-
(
1
,
6
,
7
,
1
0
)
5
0
4
9
5
5
,
5
6
0
4
4
,
4
4
1
0
0
T
r
a
n
smissi
o
n
o
f
C
O
V
I
D
-
19
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
N
o
n
-
si
g
n
.
NA
T
o
t
a
l
(
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
,
9
)
-
(
1
,
1
0
)
7
0
2
9
7
7
,
7
8
0
2
2
,
2
2
1
0
0
G
e
n
e
r
a
l
s
y
mp
t
o
ms
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
N
o
n
-
si
g
n
.
NA
T
o
t
a
l
(
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
)
-
(
1
,
2
,
3
,
9
,
1
0
)
4
0
5
9
4
4
,
4
4
0
5
5
,
5
6
1
0
0
P
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
r
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t.
J
.
P
u
b
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Hea
lth
Sci.
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
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C
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mmu
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kn
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a
ttit
u
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d
b
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h
a
vio
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s
in
p
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tio
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f COVI
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1
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(
K
h
o
lis
E
r
n
a
w
a
ti
)
21
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ab
le
7
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
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ese
ar
ch
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
a
n
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clu
s
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ea
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h
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ticles
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s
ed
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
.
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h
e
r
ep
o
r
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co
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clu
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t
h
at
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
in
d
icate
d
th
at
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
h
ad
g
o
o
d
k
n
o
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ed
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e
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
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m
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t
h
e
m
g
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l
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at
p
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tr
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s
m
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o
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19.
T
ab
le
7
.
R
esear
ch
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i
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d
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g
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R
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(
B
.
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.
,
2
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)
[
7
]
A
mo
n
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sp
o
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d
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n
t
s w
h
o
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a
v
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.
(
M
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2
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[
1
2
]
T
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[
1
3
]
P
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me
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(
D
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2
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)
[
6
]
M
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st
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f
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m
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d
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q
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E.
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2
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[
1
4
]
M
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st
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k
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w
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b
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[
1
5
]
M
o
st
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f
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m
k
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w
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b
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A
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,
2
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[
1
6
]
T
h
e
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i
s a
si
m
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9
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t
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H
.
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2
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[
1
7
]
H
a
l
f
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f
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sp
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d
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C
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-
1
9
w
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(
S
.
A
l
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al
.
,
2
0
2
0
)
[
1
8
]
M
o
st
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
p
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a
t
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o
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sp
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d
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w
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v
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sy
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t
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b
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)
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T
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(
P
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P
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k
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,
2
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2
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)
[
1
9
]
M
o
st
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f
t
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h
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sy
mp
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C
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1
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.
3
.
2
.
Dis
cus
s
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B
ased
o
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th
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ar
ticle
s
cr
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n
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lt
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to
co
l
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f
th
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n
q
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a
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titati
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esear
ch
,
T
ab
le
1
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escr
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d
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tr
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ar
ticles
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ased
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h
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T
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2
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les 3
-
6
d
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to
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d
T
ab
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7
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es th
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p
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at
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lts
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it
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.
T
h
e
r
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lt
s
p
r
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n
tatio
n
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
s
3
-
6
illu
s
tr
ates
t
h
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p
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.
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n
th
e
asp
ec
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
,
th
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
v
al
u
e
w
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
in
3
0
%
o
f
th
e
ar
ticles,
n
a
m
el
y
M.
S.
Af
za
l
et
a
l
.
,
Y.
Keb
ed
e
et
a
l
.
,
an
d
A
.
A
zla
n
et
a
l.
[
1
2
,
1
5
,
1
6
]
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Y.
Keb
ed
e
et
a
l
.
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
w
h
o
w
o
r
k
as
f
ar
m
er
s
h
av
e
a
lo
w
er
av
er
a
g
e
MD
K
s
co
r
e
th
an
t
h
o
s
e
w
h
o
w
o
r
k
as
p
r
iv
ate/
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
b
u
s
i
n
ess
e
s
an
d
s
t
u
d
en
ts
,
w
h
ile
th
e
u
n
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
h
a
v
e
lo
w
er
m
ea
n
t
h
a
n
f
ar
m
er
s
[
1
5
]
.
S.
No
to
at
m
o
d
j
o
s
u
g
g
es
ts
th
at
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
r
co
g
n
iti
v
e
i
s
a
d
o
m
a
in
th
a
t
is
es
s
en
t
ial
f
o
r
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
o
n
e
's
ac
tio
n
s
,
s
o
it
ca
n
b
e
s
aid
th
a
t
lear
n
in
g
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
p
r
ev
en
t
io
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
a
f
ac
to
r
th
a
t
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
a
f
f
ec
t
s
e
f
f
o
r
ts
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
19
[
3
0
]
.
I
n
d
iv
id
u
als
w
h
o
h
a
v
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
w
ill d
eter
m
i
n
e
h
o
w
to
r
ea
ct
an
d
m
ak
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
w
h
e
n
en
co
u
n
ter
i
n
g
a
p
r
o
b
le
m
[
3
1
]
.
A
d
d
itio
n
all
y
,
co
n
f
u
s
io
n
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
n
r
ed
u
cin
g
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
an
d
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
th
e
v
ir
u
s
p
u
ts
p
eo
p
le
at
r
is
k
o
f
i
n
f
ec
tio
n
[
3
2
,
33]
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
b
y
E
.
Hag
er
et
a
l
.
,
A
.
Azla
n
et
a
l
.
,
an
d
S.
A
l
m
o
f
ad
a
et
a
l
.
w
er
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
h
a
v
e
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
19
[
1
2
-
14]
.
R
esear
ch
b
y
M.
S.
Af
za
l
et
a
l
.
,
L
au
et
a
l
.
,
a
n
d
D.
Sar
i
et
a
l
.
s
h
o
w
ed
t
h
at
t
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
b
y
th
e
asp
ec
t
s
in
T
ab
le
4
co
u
ld
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
a
n
d
ex
p
ec
ted
b
eh
a
v
i
o
r
,
s
u
ch
a
s
w
a
s
h
in
g
h
an
d
s
f
r
e
q
u
en
tl
y
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
C
O
VI
D
-
19
[
6
,
1
2
,
1
3
]
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
t
h
er
e
is
a
m
as
s
iv
e
g
ap
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
ab
o
u
t
p
r
ev
en
ti
v
e
m
et
h
o
d
s
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
o
n
l
y
7
7
.
3
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
w
as
h
in
g
t
h
eir
h
an
d
s
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
w
it
h
w
ater
an
d
s
o
ap
,
al
th
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
w
as
as
h
i
g
h
a
s
9
5
.
5
%
[
1
5
]
.
B
esid
es
th
at,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
b
y
M.
S.
A
f
za
l
et
a
l
.
an
d
A
.
A
zla
n
et
a
l
.
,
g
o
o
d
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
w
as
ass
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
a
n
o
p
ti
m
is
tic
attitu
d
e,
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
i
g
h
t
p
r
ac
tices
ag
a
in
s
t
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
h
ea
lt
h
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
t
h
at
ai
m
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
h
elp
s
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
o
p
ti
m
is
m
an
d
d
eter
m
in
e
b
est
p
r
ac
tice
[
1
2
,
1
6
]
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
i
s
in
li
n
e
w
it
h
L
au
et
a
l
.
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
w
h
o
h
as
l
i
m
i
ted
ac
ce
s
s
to
h
ea
lt
h
s
er
v
ices
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
ca
n
af
f
ec
t
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
attit
u
d
es
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
is
m
atter
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
n
o
v
er
v
ie
w
o
f
th
e
n
ee
d
to
s
tr
i
v
e
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
m
o
t
iv
ate
p
e
o
p
le
if
th
e
y
w
a
n
t to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
ac
tiv
itie
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
.
A
t
p
r
ese
n
t,
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
p
la
y
s
a
v
ita
l
r
o
le
as
a
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
d
u
e
to
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
m
o
r
e
q
u
ick
l
y
a
n
d
allo
w
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
f
r
ee
d
is
clo
s
u
r
e
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t.
J
.
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci.
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8806
C
o
mmu
n
ity
kn
o
w
led
g
e,
a
ttit
u
d
es a
n
d
b
e
h
a
vio
r
s
in
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
o
f COVI
D
-
1
9
…
(
K
h
o
lis
E
r
n
a
w
a
ti
)
23
k
n
o
w
led
g
e;
it
ap
p
ea
r
s
t
h
at
tel
ev
is
io
n
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
ac
cu
r
ate
a
n
d
tr
u
s
t
w
o
r
th
y
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
b
y
t
h
e
g
en
er
al
p
u
b
lic
[
3
4
-
36]
.
A
d
eq
u
ate
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
o
f
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
p
latf
o
r
m
s
to
co
n
f
ir
m
a
n
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
q
u
a
lit
y
o
f
n
e
w
s
d
eliv
er
ed
to
th
e
p
eo
p
le
i
s
o
f
p
r
i
m
e
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
m
es
s
ag
e
f
r
o
m
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
o
r
h
ea
lth
au
th
o
r
itie
s
is
t
h
e
k
e
y
to
ass
is
ti
n
g
t
h
e
p
u
b
lic
's k
n
o
w
led
g
e
a
n
d
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
19
[
1
6
]
.
A
tt
itu
d
e
is
a
te
n
d
en
c
y
t
h
at
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
ac
co
m
p
a
n
ied
b
y
co
n
cr
ete
ac
tio
n
s
to
w
ar
d
s
b
e
h
av
io
r
[
3
8
]
.
A
tt
itu
d
e
h
a
s
th
r
ee
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
,
i.e
.
,
a
w
ar
en
es
s
,
f
ee
li
n
g
s
,
an
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
[
3
9
]
.
T
w
o
f
a
cto
r
s
ca
n
in
f
lu
e
n
c
e
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
a
n
at
titu
d
e.
First,
p
eo
p
le
ca
n
q
u
ic
k
l
y
r
ec
eiv
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
(
k
n
o
w
led
g
e)
.
Seco
n
d
,
th
i
n
k
in
g
ab
o
u
t
a
p
r
o
b
lem
ca
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
ten
d
e
n
c
y
to
f
o
r
m
a
n
attit
u
d
e
[
4
0
]
.
B
ased
o
n
d
ata
f
r
o
m
T
a
b
le
5
,
th
e
n
in
e
ar
ticles
w
h
ic
h
d
is
cu
s
s
asp
ec
ts
o
f
attitu
d
e
f
ac
to
r
in
co
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
19
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
r
esu
lts
ar
e
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
t
w
o
a
s
p
ec
ts
,
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
t
h
e
v
ie
w
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
(
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
,
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
a
n
d
tr
ea
t
m
e
n
t)
an
d
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
's
id
ea
o
f
h
an
d
lin
g
C
O
VI
D
-
19
w
h
ic
h
b
o
th
a
m
o
u
n
ted
to
5
ar
ticles
(
5
5
.
5
6
%)
w
i
th
d
if
f
er
en
t
ar
ticles.
T
h
e
v
ie
w
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
i
n
q
u
e
s
tio
n
is
f
o
u
n
d
in
t
h
e
r
esear
c
h
o
f
L
a
u
e
t
a
l
.
,
n
a
m
el
y
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
p
u
b
lic
co
n
ce
r
n
ab
o
u
t
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
h
o
w
th
e
y
r
ea
ct
i
f
th
e
y
s
h
o
w
ed
th
e
s
ig
n
s
a
n
d
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
o
f
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
,
h
o
w
to
h
a
n
d
le
tr
ea
t
m
en
t
if
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
ese
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
an
d
t
h
e
a
w
ar
en
e
s
s
to
d
o
an
ex
a
m
i
n
at
io
n
to
th
e
h
o
s
p
ita
l
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
s
o
m
e
ca
s
e
s
,
a
w
ar
e
n
es
s
o
f
tr
ea
t
m
e
n
t
in
s
o
ciet
y
is
s
till
la
ck
in
g
b
ec
au
s
e
s
o
m
e
p
eo
p
le
w
a
n
t
to
g
et
f
r
ee
tr
ea
t
m
en
t
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
Af
za
l
et
a
l
.
w
h
er
e
al
m
o
s
t
th
e
m
aj
o
r
it
y
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
w
a
n
t
to
g
et
f
r
ee
tr
ea
t
m
en
t
an
d
v
ac
ci
n
at
io
n
f
o
r
C
OVI
D
-
19
[
1
2
]
.
B
ased
o
n
s
e
v
er
al
o
t
h
er
s
t
u
d
ies,
t
h
e
v
ie
w
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
is
in
Keb
ed
e
et
a
l
.
,
Seale
et
a
l
.
an
d
Hag
er
et
a
l
.
'
s
ar
ticles,
n
a
m
el
y
th
e
p
er
s
p
ec
ti
v
e
o
n
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
as
y
m
p
to
m
at
ic
p
atien
ts
,
s
el
f
-
ef
f
icac
y
to
co
n
tr
o
l
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
,
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
e
to
w
ar
d
s
p
r
o
tectio
n
an
d
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
f
r
o
m
W
HO
[
1
4
-
1
5
,
1
7
]
.
B
ased
o
n
r
esear
ch
,
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
'
s
v
ie
w
o
f
C
O
VI
D
-
19
also
h
o
ld
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
i
n
th
i
s
attit
u
d
e's
asp
e
ct,
am
o
n
g
o
t
h
er
s
,
in
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
A
zla
n
et
a
l
.
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
ir
b
elief
s
to
w
ar
d
s
t
h
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
's
ab
ilit
y
to
d
ea
l
w
it
h
C
OVI
D
-
19
[
1
6
]
.
On
s
ev
er
al
o
t
h
er
s
tu
d
ies
also
e
x
p
l
ain
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
v
ie
w
s
o
n
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
e
f
f
o
r
ts
i
n
r
e
g
u
lati
n
g
i
n
ter
n
at
io
n
al
f
li
g
h
ts
an
d
s
tab
ilizi
n
g
t
h
e
ec
o
n
o
m
y
d
u
r
in
g
p
an
d
e
m
ics,
p
o
s
it
iv
e
at
titu
d
es
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
ac
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
lo
ca
l
h
ea
lt
h
au
th
o
r
itie
s
,
th
e
s
tig
m
a
o
f
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
ar
is
e
in
s
o
ciet
y
,
as
well
as
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
n
es
s
o
f
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
p
r
o
m
o
ted
b
y
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
[
1
2
,
1
4
,
1
5
,
1
7
]
.
Fear
o
f
b
ein
g
s
o
ciall
y
m
ar
g
i
n
alize
d
an
d
s
tig
m
at
ize
d
d
u
e
to
a
d
is
ea
s
e
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
m
a
y
ca
u
s
e
p
eo
p
le
to
d
en
y
ea
r
l
y
cli
n
ical
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
an
d
m
a
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
t
h
eir
f
ai
lu
r
e
to
s
ee
k
ti
m
el
y
m
ed
ical
ca
r
e
[
4
1
]
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
a
ll
attit
u
d
e
f
ac
to
r
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
av
er
a
g
e
s
co
r
e
o
f
3
5
.
5
4
%,
wh
ich
h
o
ld
s
a
lo
w
er
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
th
a
n
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
v
alu
e
o
f
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tice.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
E
r
f
an
i,
ag
e,
b
ein
g
m
ale,
h
a
v
i
n
g
a
lo
w
er
lev
e
l
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
b
ein
g
s
i
n
g
le,
an
d
h
a
v
i
n
g
a
h
ig
h
er
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
n
u
m
b
er
w
er
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
h
av
i
n
g
a
lo
w
er
att
itu
d
e
to
w
ar
d
s
C
OVI
D
-
19
[
4
2
]
.
T
ab
le
6
d
is
cu
s
s
es
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
p
r
ac
ti
ce
(
ac
tio
n
)
in
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
r
esear
ch
.
An
e
x
p
ec
ted
ef
f
o
r
t
is
a
f
o
r
m
o
f
b
e
h
av
io
r
i
n
p
r
ev
en
ti
n
g
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
C
OV
ID
-
19
p
an
d
e
m
i
c.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
No
to
at
m
o
d
j
o
,
h
ea
lth
b
eh
a
v
io
r
is
a
p
er
s
o
n
's
(
o
r
g
an
i
s
m
)
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
t
o
s
ti
m
u
li
r
elate
d
t
o
illn
e
s
s
a
n
d
d
i
s
ea
s
e,
t
h
e
h
ea
lt
h
s
er
v
ice
s
y
s
te
m
,
f
o
o
d
,
an
d
t
h
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
Hea
lt
h
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
i
n
clu
d
es
h
ea
lt
h
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
b
e
h
av
io
r
,
w
h
ic
h
is
a
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
p
r
ev
en
t
in
f
ec
ti
o
n
[
3
0
]
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
B
an
d
u
r
a
s
o
cial
co
g
n
iti
v
e
t
h
eo
r
y
,
an
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
'
s
s
elf
-
e
f
f
icac
y
p
la
y
s
a
cr
u
c
ial
r
o
le
in
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
'
s
li
k
eli
h
o
o
d
to
en
g
ag
e
i
n
t
h
e
d
esire
d
b
eh
av
io
r
.
I
f
an
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
b
eliev
e
th
at
s
h
e
/h
e
ca
n
c
ar
r
y
o
u
t
th
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
,
th
er
e
is
litt
le
m
o
t
iv
atio
n
to
en
g
a
g
e
[
4
3
]
.
I
n
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
an
y
p
h
ar
m
ac
e
u
tical
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
t
h
e
o
n
l
y
s
tr
ate
g
y
a
g
ai
n
s
t
C
OVI
D
1
9
is
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
m
ix
in
g
o
f
s
u
s
ce
p
ti
b
le
an
d
in
f
ec
tio
u
s
p
eo
p
le
th
r
o
u
g
h
ea
r
l
y
a
s
ce
r
tai
n
m
e
n
t
o
f
ca
s
es
o
r
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
co
n
ta
ct,
h
o
w
i
n
d
i
v
id
u
al
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
ac
t
io
n
s
ca
n
h
elp
m
i
tig
a
te
an
d
m
a
n
ag
e
th
e
co
s
ts
o
f
an
ep
id
e
m
ic
[
4
4
,
45]
.
Han
d
h
y
g
ie
n
e
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
t
ak
en
to
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
p
ath
o
g
en
s
a
n
d
p
r
ev
e
n
t
i
n
f
ec
tio
n
w
it
h
th
e
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
v
ir
u
s
[
4
6
]
.
P
r
o
p
er
h
an
d
w
as
h
in
g
w
it
h
s
o
ap
an
d
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
w
at
er
g
a
v
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
r
esu
lt
s
i
n
s
i
x
o
u
t o
f
e
ig
h
t
ar
tic
les (
7
5
%),
w
h
ile
w
a
s
h
in
g
h
an
d
s
p
r
o
p
er
ly
u
s
i
n
g
a
d
is
in
f
ec
ta
n
t/
h
an
d
s
an
it
izer
w
a
s
o
n
l
y
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t i
n
t
w
o
o
u
t
o
f
ei
g
h
t
ar
ticles (
2
5
%).
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
L
a
u
et
a
l
.
,
t
h
e
r
elativ
el
y
lo
w
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
p
r
ev
en
ti
v
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
in
d
icate
s
t
h
e
n
ee
d
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
p
u
b
lic
h
e
alth
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
th
at
m
a
y
n
o
t
h
av
e
r
e
g
u
lar
ac
ce
s
s
t
o
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
o
th
er
b
ar
r
ier
s
s
u
c
h
as
lo
w
-
i
n
co
m
e
p
o
p
u
lat
io
n
s
[
1
3
]
.
Dr
o
p
lets
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
co
u
g
h
in
g
an
d
s
n
e
ez
in
g
ar
e
th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
in
f
l
u
en
za
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
T
h
u
s
s
o
cial
d
is
tan
ci
n
g
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
-
to
-
p
er
s
o
n
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
at
a
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
3
–
6
f
ee
t
[
4
7
]
.
M
ain
tai
n
i
n
g
d
is
ta
n
ce
,
d
o
in
g
s
o
cial
d
is
ta
n
cin
g
,
an
d
a
v
o
id
in
g
cr
o
w
d
ed
p
lace
s
s
h
o
wed
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
r
es
u
lts
i
n
6
o
u
t
o
f
8
ar
ticles
(
7
5
%
)
in
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
Keb
ed
e
et
a
l
.
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
w
h
o
r
ep
o
r
ted
av
o
id
in
g
cr
o
w
d
ed
p
lace
s
w
er
e
3
3
.
2
%,
alth
o
u
g
h
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
t
h
is
b
eh
a
v
io
r
was 9
0
.
3
%.
T
ar
g
eted
s
o
cial
d
is
tan
ci
n
g
m
a
y
b
e
p
r
o
m
o
ted
b
y
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
s
an
d
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
b
o
d
ies
as
a
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
ep
id
e
m
ic
s
,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
i
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
s
c
h
o
o
l
o
r
w
o
r
k
p
lace
clo
s
u
r
e
s
[
4
8
]
.
T
h
er
e
m
a
y
b
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
ea
s
o
n
s
w
h
y
it
is
n
o
t
ea
s
y
f
o
r
p
eo
p
le
to
av
o
id
c
r
o
w
d
ed
p
lace
s
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
th
e
liv
i
n
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
w
it
h
a
h
i
g
h
p
o
p
u
latio
n
,
s
o
cial
an
d
r
elig
io
u
s
ce
r
e
m
o
n
ies
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
co
u
n
tr
y
,
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
u
n
e
m
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
r
ate
s
b
r
id
g
e
th
e
g
ap
b
et
w
ee
n
k
n
o
w
l
ed
g
e
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
[
1
5
]
.
Usi
n
g
a
m
as
k
w
h
en
g
o
in
g
o
u
t
an
d
d
o
in
g
s
el
f
-
is
o
lat
io
n
g
av
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
r
esu
lt
s
in
2
o
u
t
o
f
8
ar
ticles
(
2
5
%).
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
A
zla
n
et
a
l
.
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
a
s
k
s
h
a
s
n
o
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t.
J
.
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci.
Vo
l.
1
0
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
21
:
16
–
26
24
b
ec
o
m
e
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
in
s
o
ciet
y
,
an
d
also
th
e
e
m
er
g
e
n
ce
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
h
as
led
to
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
d
e
m
a
n
d
f
o
r
m
ed
ical
m
a
s
k
s
(
an
d
h
a
n
d
-
s
a
n
i
tizer
s
)
in
ev
er
y
co
u
n
tr
y
s
o
t
h
at
th
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
is
li
m
ited
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
a
n
d
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
ar
t
icle
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
T
ab
le
7
.
Fro
m
t
h
ese
r
esu
lts
,
i
t
w
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
m
an
y
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
h
ad
g
o
o
d
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
m
co
n
clu
d
e
t
h
at
a
ctu
al
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
co
r
r
elate
s
w
ith
t
h
e
r
i
g
h
t
attit
u
d
e
an
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
[
7
,
1
7
-
19]
.
I
t
w
as
t
h
e
n
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
a
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
ac
tiv
el
y
r
ep
o
r
ted
a
w
ar
en
e
s
s
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
(
v
ir
u
s
,
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
,
in
cu
b
atio
n
)
[
1
8
]
.
B
ased
o
n
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
,
a
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
ex
i
s
ts
b
et
w
ee
n
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
a
n
d
attit
u
d
es
i
n
d
e
alin
g
w
it
h
t
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
e
m
ic,
w
h
er
e
a
n
attitu
d
e
i
s
a
p
r
ed
is
p
o
s
itio
n
t
o
ac
tio
n
an
d
r
ea
d
i
n
ess
to
r
ea
ct
in
p
ar
tic
u
lar
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
al
o
b
j
ec
ts
[
4
9
-
51]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
n
o
t
all
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
'
g
o
o
d
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
h
a
s
a
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
w
it
h
g
o
o
d
attitu
d
es
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
.
So
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
d
o
n
o
t p
r
ac
tice
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
u
c
h
a
s
n
o
t
m
ai
n
tai
n
i
n
g
s
o
cial
d
is
ta
n
ci
n
g
,
n
o
t
w
a
s
h
i
n
g
h
an
d
s
,
n
o
t
w
ea
r
in
g
f
ac
e
m
a
s
k
s
,
o
r
co
m
p
l
y
i
n
g
w
it
h
h
ea
l
th
p
r
o
to
co
ls
[
6
,
14
-
16]
.
On
l
y
a
s
m
all
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
r
esear
c
h
er
s
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
w
it
h
a
p
o
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
f
el
t
t
h
at
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
w
o
u
ld
o
n
l
y
s
lig
h
tl
y
a
f
f
ec
t
th
eir
h
ea
lt
h
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
d
is
co
v
er
y
o
f
a
n
e
w
i
n
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
e
m
a
y
in
cr
ea
s
e
m
o
ti
v
atio
n
a
l
p
r
ess
u
r
es
a
n
d
ch
a
n
g
e
t
h
e
le
v
el
o
f
b
eh
av
io
r
,
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
c
h
as
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t a
co
n
d
itio
n
(
k
n
o
w
led
g
e)
[
4
4
,
5
2
]
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
a
cto
r
s
th
at
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
p
u
b
lic
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
to
p
r
ev
en
t
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
T
h
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
asp
ec
t
ass
es
s
ed
is
th
e
d
is
ea
s
e
(
k
n
o
w
i
n
g
t
h
e
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
e
m
ic)
,
m
o
d
es
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
co
m
m
o
n
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
,
a
n
d
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
o
f
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
.
P
r
ev
en
tiv
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
is
an
e
s
s
e
n
tial
a
s
p
ec
t
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
e
f
f
o
r
ts
to
r
ed
u
ce
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic.
P
r
ev
en
ti
v
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
is
also
r
elate
d
to
th
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
a
n
d
attitu
d
es
o
f
ea
ch
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
.
I
n
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
ie
s
,
th
e
th
r
ee
asp
ec
ts
o
f
K
A
P
h
a
v
e
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
/co
r
r
elatio
n
,
th
u
s
in
d
ica
t
in
g
th
at
ad
eq
u
ate
p
u
b
lic
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
h
as
a
p
o
s
it
iv
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
att
itu
d
es
to
w
ar
d
s
p
r
ev
e
n
ti
v
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
a
n
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
to
w
ar
d
s
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
r
ed
u
ce
v
ir
u
s
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
a
g
o
o
d
KA
P
a
s
p
ec
t
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
ir
ec
t
o
u
tp
u
t,
n
a
m
e
l
y
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
t
h
e
i
n
ci
d
en
ce
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
in
ea
c
h
co
u
n
tr
y
in
a
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
ti
m
e
an
d
t
h
e
lo
n
g
ter
m
.
T
h
is
ar
ticle
also
p
r
o
v
id
es
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
ite
m
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
o
r
f
u
r
t
h
er
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
h
o
p
es
t
h
at
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
c
h
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
l
i
m
itatio
n
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
Als
o
,
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
'
s
r
esu
lt
s
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
b
y
r
elev
a
n
t
s
tak
e
h
o
ld
er
s
in
h
ea
lt
h
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
ac
tiv
itie
s
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
b
lic
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
p
r
ev
en
ti
n
g
C
OVI
D
-
19
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
to
m
ak
e
it
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
a
n
d
ef
f
ic
ien
t.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
an
k
s
to
Y
AR
SI
U
n
iv
er
s
it
y
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t so
th
at
t
h
is
ar
ticle
ca
n
b
e
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Ke
m
e
n
k
e
s
RI,
"
G
u
id
e
li
n
e
s
f
o
r
th
e
P
re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Co
n
tro
l
o
f
Co
ro
n
a
V
i
ru
s
Dise
a
se
(
COV
I
D
-
19
)
/
Ped
o
ma
n
Pen
c
e
g
a
h
a
n
d
a
n
Pe
n
g
e
n
d
a
li
a
n
C
o
ro
n
a
Vi
r
u
s Dise
a
se
(
COVI
D
-
19
)
,"
2
0
2
0
.
[2
]
Z.
W
a
n
g
,
W
.
Qia
n
g
,
a
n
d
H.
Ke
,
"
A
Ha
n
d
b
o
o
k
o
f
2
0
1
9
-
n
Co
V
P
n
e
u
m
o
n
ia
Co
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
P
re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
,
"
Hu
b
e
i
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
Pre
ss
,
2
0
2
0
.
[3
]
W
HO
,
“
Co
ro
n
a
v
iru
s
d
ise
a
se
(CO
V
ID
-
1
9
)
S
it
u
a
ti
o
n
Re
p
o
rt
–
2
0
3
,
”
A
A
Pra
c
t.
,
v
o
l.
1
4
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
.
e
0
1
2
1
8
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
2
1
3
/x
a
a
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
1
8
.
[4
]
W
o
rld
He
a
lt
h
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
,
“
S
A
RS
-
Co
V
-
2
tra
n
sm
issio
n
:
im
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
i
n
f
e
c
ti
o
n
p
re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
p
re
c
a
u
ti
o
n
s
/
T
ra
n
sm
isi
S
AR
S
-
C
o
V
-
2
:
imp
li
k
a
si
ter
h
a
d
a
p
k
e
wa
s
p
a
d
a
a
n
p
e
n
c
e
g
a
h
a
n
in
fek
s
i,
”
Per
n
y
a
t
a
a
n
k
e
il
mu
a
n
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
0
,
2
0
2
0
,
[
O
n
li
n
e
].
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
w
h
o
.
in
t.
[5
]
W
o
rld
He
a
lt
h
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
,
“
C
o
v
id
‑1
9
stra
teg
y
u
p
d
a
te
,
”
n
o
.
A
p
ril
,
p
.
1
8
,
2
0
2
0
,
[
On
l
in
e
]
.
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
w
h
o
.
in
t.
[6
]
D.
K.
S
a
ri,
R.
Am
e
li
a
,
R.
Dh
a
rm
a
ja
y
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
o
siti
v
e
Co
rre
latio
n
Be
tw
e
e
n
G
e
n
e
ra
l
P
u
b
li
c
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
a
n
d
A
tt
it
u
d
e
s
Re
g
a
rd
in
g
C
OV
ID
-
1
9
Ou
tb
re
a
k
1
M
o
n
t
h
A
f
ter
F
irst
Ca
se
s
Re
p
o
rted
i
n
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
C
o
mm
u
n
it
y
He
a
lt
h
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/s1
0
9
0
0
-
0
2
0
-
0
0
8
6
6
-
0.
[7
]
B.
Ya
n
ti
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Co
m
m
u
n
it
y
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
,
A
tt
it
u
d
e
s,
a
n
d
Be
h
a
v
io
r
T
o
wa
rd
s
S
o
c
ial
Dista
n
c
in
g
P
o
li
c
y
As
P
re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
T
ra
n
s
m
issio
n
o
f
CO
V
ID
-
19
in
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
Ad
m
i
n
istra
si
K
e
se
h
a
t
an
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
e
sia
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
.
4
,
2
0
2
0
,
doi
:
1
0
.
2
0
4
7
3
/
jak
i.
v
8i
2
.
2
0
2
0
.
4
-
1
4
.
[8
]
P
.
a
n
d
R.
R.
S
h
y
a
m
P
ra
k
a
sh
,
A
k
a
n
k
sh
a
P
riy
a
,
“
C
u
rre
n
t
p
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
o
f
COV
ID
-
19
in
I
n
d
ia
a
n
d
a
g
lo
b
a
l
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
,
”
In
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
Pu
b
li
c
He
a
l
th
Cli
n
in
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
.
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
1
1
-
1
2
8
,
2
0
2
0
.
[9
]
B.
L
.
Zh
o
n
g
,
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25
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3
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4
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I.
A
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n
,
O.
Bo
larin
w
a
,
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t
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l.
,
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ic:
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n
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l
su
rv
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Af
rica
,
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o
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5
]
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Ke
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d
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Yitay
ih
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Bir
h
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u
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.
M
e
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v
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o
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.
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.
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l
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.
R.
Ha
m
z
a
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T
.
J.
S
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rn
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,
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u
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:
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M
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"
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7
]
H.
S
e
a
le
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
COV
ID
-
1
9
is
ra
p
id
ly
c
h
a
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g
in
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:
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a
m
in
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ic,”
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8
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.
K.
A
l
m
o
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d
a
,
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t
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l.
,
“
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in
a
S
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ra
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ian
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[1
9
]
P
.
A
.
P
a
rik
h
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
C
OV
ID
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1
9
P
a
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d
e
m
ic:
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o
w
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P
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”
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1
2
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0
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0
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4
4
.
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0
]
N.
Du
e
ll
,
L
.
S
tein
b
e
rg
,
G
.
I
c
e
n
o
g
le,
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Ch
e
in
,
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Ch
a
u
d
h
a
ry
,
a
n
d
L
.
Di
G
iu
n
ta,
“
Ag
e
p
a
tt
e
rn
s
in
risk
ta
k
in
g
a
c
ro
ss
th
e
w
o
rld
,
”
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o
u
rn
a
l
Y
o
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t
h
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les
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e
n
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e
,
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7
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p
.
1
0
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2
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1
0
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2
,
2
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1
8
.
[2
1
]
X
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
Y.
S
u
n
,
D.
Ye
,
Z.
S
u
n
,
H.
S
u
,
J
N
i,
“
A
n
a
l
y
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o
n
m
e
n
tal
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e
a
lt
h
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t
u
s
o
f
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o
m
m
u
n
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y
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s
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e
n
ts
i
n
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f
e
i
d
u
ri
n
g
S
A
RS
sp
re
a
d
,
”
Ch
i
n
e
se
J
.
Dis.
Co
n
tr
o
l
Pre
v
.
,
v
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l
.
7
,
p
p
.
2
8
0
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2
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2
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0
0
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.
[2
2
]
N.
M
.
F
e
rg
u
so
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Im
p
a
c
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o
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o
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h
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a
c
e
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l
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s
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Is
)
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u
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e
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ID
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o
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e
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re
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m
a
n
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,
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.
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.
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5
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/7
7
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.
[2
3
]
C.
J.
M
.
Ko
e
n
ra
a
d
t,
W
.
T
u
it
e
n
,
R.
S
it
h
i
p
ra
sa
sn
a
,
U.
Kijch
a
lao
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
n
g
u
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
a
n
d
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
s
a
n
d
th
e
ir
im
p
a
c
t
a
n
a
e
d
e
s
a
e
g
y
p
ti
p
o
p
u
lati
o
n
s
i
n
k
a
m
p
h
a
e
n
g
p
h
e
t,
T
h
a
il
a
n
d
,
”
Am
e
ric
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
T
ro
p
ica
l
M
e
d
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e
Hy
g
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n
e
,
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l.
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4
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o
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4
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.
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0
0
6
,
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M
ID:
1
6
6
0
7
0
0
7
.
[2
4
]
G
.
L
e
u
n
g
,
T
.
La
m
,
L
.
Ho
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
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l
re
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o
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se
s
o
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o
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tb
re
a
k
c
o
n
tro
l
f
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se
v
e
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a
c
u
te
re
sp
irato
ry
s
y
n
d
ro
m
e
in
H
o
n
g
Ko
n
g
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
E
p
id
e
mi
o
l
ogy
Co
mm
u
n
it
y
He
a
lt
h
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l.
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.
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.
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5
7
.
[2
5
]
J.
L
a
u
,
X.
Ya
n
g
,
H.
T
su
i,
J.
Kim
,
“
M
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
re
sp
o
n
se
s
to
th
e
S
A
RS
e
p
id
e
m
ic
in
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7
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Ng
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[2
9
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A
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.
[3
1
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h
m
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,
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s
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.
[3
2
]
K.
G
.
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t
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o
rd
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En
ria
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m
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n
n
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k
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z
u
C,
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ID
-
1
9
:
to
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rd
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a
n
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o
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.
[3
3
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.
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rre
tt
,
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ID
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1
9
:
th
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o
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p
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0
.
[3
4
]
C.
K.
L
.
P
a
sto
r,
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n
ti
m
e
n
t
A
n
a
l
y
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o
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y
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ro
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o
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s
On
li
n
e
De
li
v
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In
stru
c
ti
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to
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trem
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m
m
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ra
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il
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p
p
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s
c
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y
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ID
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1
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P
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e
m
ic,”
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ia
n
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o
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ry
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0
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.
[3
5
]
Y.
S
h
i
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
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o
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led
g
e
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n
d
a
tt
it
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o
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m
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sta
ff
in
Ch
i
n
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p
s
y
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h
iatric
h
o
sp
i
tals
re
g
a
rd
in
g
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1
9
,
”
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in
,
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a
v
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r
,
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u
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.
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b
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.
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6
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.
[3
6
]
P
.
G
e
ld
se
tze
r,
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e
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p
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o
f
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1
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a
m
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g
th
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tate
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n
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th
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it
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d
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n
g
d
o
m
:
A
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ro
ss
-
s
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ti
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n
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l
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li
n
e
su
rv
e
y
,
”
An
n
a
ls
of
In
ter
n
al
M
e
d
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e
,
v
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l.
1
5
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o
.
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rc
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7
]
A
.
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rth
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.
B
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lsm
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.
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,
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ti
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ig
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ti
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VID
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p
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n
d
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m
ic,”
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ti
e
n
t
E
d
uc
t
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o
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.
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