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u
l
t
o
f
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
;
t
h
e
m
a
jo
r
i
ty
(
3
7
4
c
a
s
es
)
w
e
r
e
p
h
y
s
i
c
i
an
s
an
d
n
u
r
s
e
s
(
3
1
1
c
ase
s
)
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
l
a
ck
o
f
s
u
p
p
ly
o
f
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
p
r
o
t
e
c
tiv
e
e
q
u
i
p
m
en
t
(
PP
E
)
a
n
d
i
n
a
d
e
q
u
a
t
e
b
a
s
i
c
t
r
ai
n
in
g
r
e
g
a
r
d
i
n
g
in
f
e
ct
i
o
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
a
r
e
t
a
k
i
n
g
h
ea
l
th
c
a
r
e
p
e
r
s
o
n
n
e
l
a
t
g
r
e
at
e
r
r
is
k
o
f
a
c
q
u
i
r
in
g
th
e
C
O
V
I
D
-
19
[
6
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
,
d
i
s
h
o
n
e
s
t
p
a
t
i
en
t
s
in
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
h
e
a
lt
h
c
a
r
e
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
i
o
n
a
ls
in
f
o
r
m
a
ti
o
n
c
o
u
l
d
b
e
d
e
em
e
d
a
g
r
e
a
t
ch
al
l
en
g
e
in
d
e
a
lin
g
w
ith
th
e
p
a
n
d
em
ic
[
9
]
.
A
c
c
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
c
ase
s
,
m
an
y
h
e
a
l
th
c
a
r
e
w
o
r
k
e
r
s
w
e
r
e
a
t
h
ig
h
r
is
k
o
f
in
f
ec
t
i
o
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
o
n
g
o
in
g
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
em
ic
,
o
w
in
g
to
t
h
e
i
r
c
l
o
s
e
c
o
n
t
a
c
t
w
i
th
p
a
ti
en
ts
an
d
/
o
r
p
o
t
en
t
i
al
ly
in
f
e
ct
i
o
u
s
c
o
-
w
o
r
k
e
r
s
[
1
0
]
.
R
is
k
p
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
is
a
m
a
jo
r
d
r
i
v
in
g
f
a
ct
o
r
t
o
e
li
c
i
t
in
d
iv
i
d
u
a
l
h
ea
l
th
b
eh
av
i
o
r
in
r
es
p
o
n
s
e
t
o
th
e
p
a
n
d
em
i
c
.
N
o
t
a
b
ly
,
th
e
ef
f
e
c
tiv
en
es
s
o
f
C
OV
I
D
-
1
9
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
s
t
r
a
te
g
i
e
s
w
il
l
d
e
p
en
d
u
p
o
n
p
er
s
o
n
al
b
eh
av
i
o
r
an
d
a
d
h
e
r
en
c
e
t
o
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
p
r
e
v
e
n
ti
v
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
a
d
e
q
u
a
t
e
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
an
d
r
i
s
k
p
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
am
o
n
g
h
e
a
lth
c
a
r
e
w
o
r
k
e
r
s
c
o
u
l
d
i
n
c
r
ea
s
e
th
e
i
n
f
ec
t
i
o
n
r
a
t
es
c
a
u
s
e
d
b
y
d
e
l
ay
e
d
t
h
e
r
a
p
eu
t
i
c
m
a
n
a
g
em
en
t
o
f
C
OV
I
D
-
19
[
1
2
]
.
U
n
d
e
r
s
t
an
d
in
g
th
e
c
r
it
i
ca
l
f
a
ct
o
r
s
th
at
in
f
lu
en
c
e
h
e
a
l
th
c
a
r
e
w
o
r
k
e
r
s
'
r
i
s
k
p
e
r
c
e
p
ti
o
n
i
s
v
i
t
a
l
f
o
r
h
e
l
p
in
g
n
av
ig
a
te
th
ei
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
in
th
e
f
ac
e
o
f
a
p
an
d
em
ic
[
1
3
]
.
T
o
t
h
e
b
e
s
t
o
f
o
u
r
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
,
t
h
i
s
i
s
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
s
tu
d
y
i
n
v
es
t
ig
at
in
g
r
is
k
p
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
an
d
it
s
as
s
o
c
ia
t
e
d
f
ac
t
o
r
am
o
n
g
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
an
h
e
al
th
c
a
r
e
w
o
r
k
e
r
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
e
a
r
l
y
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
th
e
n
e
w
n
o
r
m
a
l
-
e
r
a
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
an
d
in
g
th
ei
r
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
r
i
s
k
p
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
m
ig
h
t
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
v
alu
a
b
le
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
t
o
d
ev
e
l
o
p
m
o
r
e
ef
f
e
c
ti
v
e
r
i
s
k
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
at
i
o
n
s
s
t
r
a
teg
i
es
in
p
an
d
em
i
c
p
r
ev
en
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
S
t
ud
y
des
ig
n a
nd
da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n
Th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
b
ee
n
ap
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
th
e
R
esear
c
h
E
th
ics
C
o
m
m
ittee
o
f
A
i
s
y
i
y
a
h
U
n
iv
er
s
it
y
(
r
ef
er
en
ce
n
u
m
b
er
:
1
3
0
5
/KE
P
-
UNI
SA/IV
/2
0
2
0
)
.
A
ll
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
in
f
o
r
m
ed
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
a
n
d
th
e
co
n
f
id
e
n
tial
d
ata
d
etailed
o
n
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
a
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
o
n
li
n
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
w
as
p
r
o
ce
ed
ed
af
ter
o
b
tain
i
n
g
t
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t
a
n
d
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
f
r
o
m
ea
c
h
p
ar
ticip
an
t.
A
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
w
as
d
e
s
ig
n
ed
to
ex
a
m
in
e
th
e
r
i
s
k
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
19
an
d
it
s
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
f
ac
to
r
a
m
o
n
g
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
.
W
e
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
a
n
o
n
l
in
e
s
u
r
v
ey
q
u
es
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
s
h
a
r
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
o
c
i
a
l
m
e
d
i
a
p
l
a
tf
o
r
m
s
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
e
a
r
ly
p
h
as
e
o
f
“
n
ew
b
eh
av
io
r
n
o
r
m
s
”
im
p
l
em
en
ta
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
A
p
r
i
l
to
J
u
ly
2
0
2
0
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
l
i
n
g
t
e
ch
n
i
q
u
e
w
as
u
s
e
d
w
i
th
n
o
n
-
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
ty
s
am
p
l
i
n
g
te
ch
n
i
q
u
e
,
n
am
ely
c
o
n
v
en
i
en
c
e
s
am
p
li
n
g
.
T
h
e
r
es
p
o
n
d
e
n
ts
w
e
r
e
i
d
en
t
if
ie
d
a
n
d
ch
o
s
en
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
o
p
u
l
a
ti
o
n
b
as
e
d
o
n
th
e
r
el
a
t
iv
e
e
as
e
o
f
a
c
c
es
s
t
o
th
e
r
es
e
a
r
ch
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
e
l
ig
i
b
i
l
ity
c
r
it
e
r
ia
i
n
cl
u
d
e
d
h
e
a
lt
h
c
a
r
e
p
r
o
f
es
s
i
o
n
a
ls
o
v
e
r
th
e
ag
e
o
f
1
7
y
e
ar
s
a
n
d
r
e
s
i
d
i
n
g
in
I
n
d
o
n
es
i
a
.
W
e
e
x
c
l
u
d
e
d
th
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
an
ts
w
h
o
d
i
d
n
o
t
f
i
ll
th
e
w
h
o
l
e
q
u
es
ti
o
n
n
ai
r
e
an
d
f
o
r
eig
n
h
e
a
l
th
ca
r
e
w
o
r
k
e
r
s
l
iv
in
g
in
I
n
d
o
n
es
i
a
.
2
.
2
.
Resea
rc
h
i
ns
t
ru
m
ent
T
h
e
d
a
t
a
c
o
l
l
ec
t
i
o
n
w
as
c
a
r
r
i
ed
o
u
t
b
y
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
in
g
th
e
q
u
es
t
io
n
n
a
i
r
e
v
i
a
G
o
o
g
l
e
F
o
r
m
s
.
T
h
e
p
a
r
t
i
cu
l
a
r
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
c
o
m
p
r
i
s
e
d
th
r
e
e
p
a
r
t
s
,
n
am
e
ly
s
o
c
i
o
-
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
i
c
,
r
i
s
k
p
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
ef
f
ic
a
cy
b
e
l
ie
f
.
T
h
e
r
i
s
k
p
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
w
as
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
a
c
c
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
o
u
r
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
y
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
B
e
f
o
r
e
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
in
g
th
e
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
,
v
a
li
d
i
ty
an
d
r
e
l
ia
b
i
l
i
ty
t
es
ts
w
e
r
e
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
o
n
3
0
a
n
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
t
en
t
v
a
li
d
i
ty
t
e
s
t
o
f
th
e
q
u
es
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
w
as
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
Pe
a
r
s
o
n
Pr
o
d
u
c
t
M
o
m
en
t
C
o
r
r
e
l
a
ti
o
n
m
e
th
o
d
w
it
h
S
PS
S
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
2
2
.
A
c
c
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
v
a
l
i
d
i
ty
t
es
t
,
e
ac
h
i
tem
o
f
th
e
q
u
es
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
w
as
v
a
li
d
w
ith
a
p
-
v
a
lu
e
<
0
.
0
0
1
.
T
h
e
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
f
o
r
p
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
r
i
s
k
a
n
d
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
b
e
l
i
e
f
w
a
s
0
.
8
0
6
a
n
d
0
.
7
3
4
(
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
’
s
a
l
p
h
a
)
.
R
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
w
e
r
e
a
s
k
e
d
t
o
a
n
s
w
e
r
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
s
r
e
g
a
r
d
i
n
g
p
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
r
i
s
k
d
im
e
n
s
i
o
n
s
,
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
p
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
s
e
v
e
r
i
t
y
,
v
u
l
n
e
r
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
f
o
l
l
o
w
e
d
b
y
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6
No
2
3
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94
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.
3
No
44
1
7
.
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r
C
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ata
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C
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-
1
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les
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p
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tiv
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lu
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x
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a
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d
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
[
2
3
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–
[
2
5
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.
Old
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p
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[
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C
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1
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ce
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m
ic
[
2
7
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Desp
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t
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C
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-
1
9
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ic,
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ld
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to
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ei
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s
tr
ess
[
2
8
]
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cc
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C
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w
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tak
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p
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p
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ev
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p
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m
o
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co
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a
v
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r
elate
d
to
C
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-
19
[
1
1
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sitas
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id
.
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