I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
u
bli
c
H
ea
lt
h Science
(
I
J
P
H
S)
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
,
p
p
.
1
56
8
~
1
57
7
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijp
h
s
.
v
1
3
i
4
.
2
4
3
8
5
1568
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//
ijp
h
s
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Nea
rest ne
ig
hbo
r
a
na
ly
sis
of t
he sp
read
of t
uberculo
sis
in
Pada
ng
Ra
pito
s
Sid
iq
1
,
I
nd
a
ng
Dew
a
t
a
2
,
H
eldi
3
,
Neni
F
it
ra
H
a
y
a
t
i
4
1
D
o
c
t
o
r
P
r
o
g
r
a
m St
u
d
e
n
t
o
f
Th
e
En
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
a
s Ne
g
e
r
i
P
a
d
a
n
g
,
P
a
d
a
n
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
2
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
M
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
s
a
n
d
N
a
t
u
r
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
a
s Ne
g
e
r
i
P
a
d
a
n
g
,
P
a
d
a
n
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
3
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
La
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
n
d
A
r
t
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
a
s
N
e
g
e
r
i
P
a
d
a
n
g
,
P
a
d
a
n
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
4
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
H
e
a
l
t
h
P
r
o
m
o
t
i
o
n
,
H
e
a
l
t
h
P
o
l
y
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
o
f
P
a
d
a
n
g
,
P
a
d
a
n
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Dec
20
,
2
0
2
3
R
ev
is
ed
Mar
20
,
2
0
2
4
Acc
ep
ted
Ap
r
24
,
2
0
2
4
Th
e
ra
te
o
f
Tu
b
e
rc
u
l
o
sis
(TB)
c
a
se
s
in
P
a
d
a
n
g
h
a
s
n
e
v
e
r
d
ro
p
p
e
d
a
p
p
re
c
iab
ly
fr
o
m
y
e
a
r
to
y
e
a
r.
Ca
se
s
c
o
n
ti
n
u
e
to
b
e
re
p
o
rted
i
n
a
ll
wo
rk
i
n
g
re
g
io
n
s
o
f
P
u
sk
e
sm
a
s
(p
rima
ry
h
e
a
lt
h
c
a
re
c
e
n
ter)
a
lt
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
re
c
ise
tran
sm
issio
n
site
is
u
n
k
n
o
wn
.
T
h
is
stu
d
y
a
ims
to
d
e
term
in
e
th
e
d
i
strib
u
ti
o
n
p
a
tt
e
rn
o
f
TB
su
ffe
re
rs
in
4
He
a
lt
h
Ce
n
ter
w
o
rk
i
n
g
a
re
a
s
with
t
h
e
h
ig
h
e
st
in
c
id
e
n
c
e
u
sin
g
n
e
a
re
st
n
e
ig
h
b
o
r
a
n
a
l
y
sis
.
Th
is
q
u
a
n
ti
tati
v
e
d
e
sc
rip
ti
v
e
stu
d
y
u
se
d
se
c
o
n
d
a
ry
d
a
ta
fro
m
th
e
P
a
d
a
n
g
He
a
lt
h
Offic
e
a
n
d
4
wo
rk
i
n
g
re
g
io
n
s
o
f
p
rima
ry
h
e
a
lt
h
c
a
re
c
e
n
ters
fro
m
2
0
2
2
t
o
M
a
rc
h
2
0
2
3
,
to
t
a
li
n
g
9
38
c
a
se
s.
Th
e
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
is
su
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
a
c
tu
a
l
o
b
se
r
v
a
ti
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
h
y
sic
a
l
c
o
n
d
i
ti
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
w
h
e
re
TB
p
a
ti
e
n
ts
li
v
e
.
Th
e
in
v
e
st
ig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
Arc
G
IS
p
ro
g
ra
m
d
isc
o
v
e
re
d
th
a
t
o
f
t
h
e
4
w
o
rk
i
n
g
re
g
i
o
n
s
o
f
p
rima
ry
h
e
a
lt
h
c
a
re
c
e
n
ters
.
M
a
p
p
i
n
g
re
v
e
a
led
th
a
t
a
ll
lo
c
a
ti
o
n
s
sh
o
we
d
a
c
lu
ste
r
p
a
tt
e
rn
o
f
TB
tran
sm
issio
n
.
It
is
h
o
p
e
d
th
a
t
th
e
se
fin
d
in
g
s
will
b
e
u
se
fu
l
fo
r
h
e
a
lt
h
i
n
stit
u
ti
o
n
s
i
n
d
e
term
in
i
n
g
in
terv
e
n
ti
o
n
s
so
th
e
y
c
a
n
b
re
a
k
th
e
c
h
a
in
o
f
TB
tra
n
sm
issio
n
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Arc
G
IS
p
ro
g
ra
m
Nea
r
est
n
eig
h
b
o
r
T
B
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
atter
n
s
T
u
b
er
cu
l
o
s
is
T
u
b
er
k
u
lo
s
is
m
u
ltid
r
u
g
-
r
esis
tan
t
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
I
n
d
an
g
Dew
ata
Facu
lty
o
f
Ma
th
em
atics a
n
d
N
atu
r
al
Scien
ce
s
,
Un
iv
er
s
itas
Neg
er
i Pad
an
g
Pro
f
.
Dr
.
Ham
k
a
Stre
et,
W
est
Air
T
awa
r
,
Pad
an
g
,
W
est Su
m
ater
a
2
5
1
7
1
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail: in
d
an
g
d
ewa
ta@
f
m
ip
a.
u
n
p
.
ac
.
i
d
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
u
b
er
cu
l
o
s
is
(
T
B
)
i
s
a
v
er
y
o
ld
d
is
ea
s
e
th
at
h
as
p
er
s
is
ted
f
o
r
h
u
n
d
r
ed
s
o
f
y
ea
r
s
y
et
h
as
n
ev
er
b
ee
n
er
ad
icate
d
[
1
]
d
esp
ite
s
o
cial
r
ef
o
r
m
attem
p
ts
b
ec
au
s
e
th
is
m
ed
ical
co
n
d
itio
n
is
r
elate
d
to
p
o
o
r
liv
in
g
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
in
cid
en
ce
r
ate
an
d
k
in
em
atic
n
u
m
b
er
s
f
o
r
T
B
r
em
ain
h
i
g
h
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
Af
ter
I
n
d
ia,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
will
h
av
e
t
h
e
b
ig
g
est
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
T
B
p
atien
ts
g
lo
b
ally
in
2
0
2
1
,
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
C
h
in
a,
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es,
Pak
is
tan
,
Nig
er
ia,
B
an
g
lad
esh
,
an
d
t
h
e
Dem
o
cr
atic
R
ep
u
b
lic
o
f
th
e
C
o
n
g
o
.
I
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
th
e
k
in
em
atic
r
ate
o
f
T
B
r
ea
ch
e
d
1
5
0
,
0
0
0
ca
s
es
(
o
n
e
p
er
s
o
n
ev
er
y
4
m
in
u
tes),
an
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
6
0
%
f
r
o
m
2
0
2
0
with
9
3
,
0
0
0
k
in
em
atic
ca
s
es
o
f
T
B
an
d
a
k
in
em
atic
r
ate
o
f
5
5
p
er
1
0
0
,
0
0
0
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
I
n
2
0
2
1
,
W
est
Su
m
atr
a
Pro
v
in
ce
h
ad
8
,
2
1
6
ca
s
es
an
d
th
u
s
was r
an
k
ed
1
2
th
o
u
t o
f
3
8
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
Pad
an
g
Hea
lth
Of
f
ice'
s
P2
M
d
iv
is
io
n
,
1
4
wo
r
k
in
g
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
ce
n
ter
s
h
ad
a
c
o
n
s
is
ten
tly
h
ig
h
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
T
B
p
atien
ts
in
2
0
2
1
an
d
2
0
2
2
[
5
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
in
ter
v
i
ews
b
y
r
esear
c
h
er
s
with
s
ev
er
al
p
eo
p
le
in
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
p
u
lm
o
n
ar
y
T
B
at
th
e
C
o
m
m
u
n
ity
Hea
lth
C
en
t
er
s
in
Pad
an
g
C
ity
,
n
a
m
ely
th
e
Pen
g
a
m
b
ir
an
,
R
awa
n
g
an
d
L
u
b
u
k
B
u
ay
a
C
o
m
m
u
n
ity
Hea
lth
C
en
ter
s
o
n
Ma
r
ch
1
8
-
22
,
2
0
2
3
,
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
h
an
d
lin
g
p
u
lm
o
n
ar
y
T
B
s
u
f
f
er
er
s
wer
e
r
ev
ea
le
d
,
n
am
e
ly
;
lo
w
co
m
p
lian
ce
o
f
p
atien
t
s
with
co
m
p
lete
tr
ea
tm
en
t,
la
ck
o
f
awa
r
e
n
ess
o
f
p
u
lm
o
n
a
r
y
T
B
s
u
f
f
er
er
s
r
e
g
a
r
d
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
an
itatio
n
,
esp
ec
ially
th
e
h
o
m
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
s
o
th
at
th
e
h
o
u
s
e
is
d
am
p
,
th
e
h
o
u
s
in
g
is
cr
o
wd
ed
,
s
o
th
e
y
liv
e
cr
o
wd
e
d
to
g
eth
er
,
t
h
en
th
e
h
o
u
s
e
h
as m
in
im
al
lig
h
tin
g
o
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
N
ea
r
est n
eig
h
b
o
r
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f tu
b
ercu
lo
s
is
in
P
a
d
a
n
g
(
R
a
p
ito
s
S
id
iq
)
1569
v
en
tilatio
n
,
o
r
h
as
v
en
tilatio
n
b
u
t
is
r
ar
ely
o
p
en
ed
,
th
en
t
h
er
e
ar
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
T
h
e
s
tig
m
a
n
e
v
er
en
d
s
,
s
o
it
is
n
o
t
u
n
co
m
m
o
n
f
o
r
h
ea
lth
wo
r
k
er
s
to
b
e
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
in
v
is
itin
g
p
u
lm
o
n
a
r
y
T
B
s
u
f
f
er
er
s
at
h
o
m
e.
B
ased
o
n
f
ield
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
ese
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
cc
u
r
in
p
e
o
p
le
wh
o
liv
e
in
d
en
s
e
h
o
u
s
in
g
co
m
p
lex
es
an
d
alo
n
g
t
h
e
co
ast,
s
u
ch
as c
o
astal r
esid
en
tial a
r
ea
s
in
Gate
s
s
u
b
d
is
tr
ict
an
d
T
elu
k
B
ay
u
r
,
Pad
an
g
C
ity
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
ch
allen
g
e
i
n
m
an
ag
in
g
T
B
is
th
e
h
ig
h
r
ate
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
wh
ich
is
h
ea
v
ily
im
p
ac
ted
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
b
e
h
av
i
o
r
al,
s
o
cial,
an
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
v
ar
iab
les.
Kn
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
s
tig
m
a
ar
e
two
b
eh
av
io
r
al
is
s
u
es
[
6
]
–
[
1
0
]
th
at
h
av
e
v
ar
io
u
s
im
p
ac
ts
[
1
1
]
–
[
1
4
]
.
Sti
g
m
a
lead
s
T
B
p
atien
ts
to
p
o
s
tp
o
n
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t,
h
asten
in
g
th
e
d
is
ea
s
e's
s
p
r
ea
d
in
s
o
ciety
.
T
h
e
s
tig
m
atiza
tio
n
o
f
T
B
s
tem
s
f
r
o
m
a
lack
o
f
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
d
is
ea
s
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
So
m
e
o
th
e
r
im
p
ac
ts
ar
e
p
h
y
s
ical
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
is
s
u
es
s
u
ch
as
p
o
o
r
h
o
u
s
in
g
,
o
v
er
cr
o
wd
in
g
,
an
d
c
o
n
f
in
e
d
liv
in
g
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
s
,
wh
ich
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
T
B
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
to
c
h
ild
r
en
[
1
7
]
.
Sm
o
k
in
g
h
a
b
its
,
air
co
n
tam
in
a
tio
n
,
an
d
lack
o
f
ac
ce
s
s
to
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
ag
g
r
a
v
ate
th
is
illn
ess
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
I
n
d
ir
ec
t
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
ca
n
also
o
cc
u
r
b
y
s
ewa
g
e
w
o
r
k
er
s
i
n
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
liv
in
g
n
ea
r
s
ewa
g
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
p
lan
ts
[
2
0
]
.
So
cial
an
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
g
r
ea
tly
im
p
ac
t
d
is
ea
s
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
ca
n
e
n
h
an
ce
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
p
ath
o
g
en
s
a
n
d
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
ilit
y
to
d
is
ea
s
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
T
B
.
So
cial
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
im
p
ac
ts
[
2
1
]
,
in
clu
d
in
g
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
p
o
v
er
ty
(
i
n
s
u
f
f
icien
t
m
o
n
ey
,
p
o
o
r
n
u
tr
itio
n
,
in
a
d
eq
u
ate
e
d
u
c
atio
n
,
an
d
a
lack
o
f
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t)
[
1
3
]
,
wh
ich
th
e
n
ca
u
s
es h
ig
h
h
e
alth
ca
r
e
ex
p
e
n
s
es a
n
d
u
n
em
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
[
1
8
]
.
A
h
ig
h
d
is
ea
s
e
b
u
r
d
e
n
ca
u
s
e
d
b
y
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
is
s
u
es
r
ai
s
es
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
T
B
in
ch
ild
r
en
[
2
2
]
,
p
ar
en
ts
with
h
ig
h
b
l
o
o
d
p
r
ess
u
r
e
an
d
d
ia
b
etes
[
2
3
]
–
[
2
7
]
,
asid
e
f
r
o
m
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
,
o
n
e
ef
f
o
r
t
th
at
m
ay
b
e
tak
en
to
co
m
b
at
T
B
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
is
m
ap
p
in
g
T
B
c
ases
.
T
h
is
m
ap
p
in
g
ca
n
aid
in
th
e
id
e
n
tific
atio
n
o
f
T
B
h
o
t
s
p
o
ts
,
en
h
an
cin
g
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
th
e
ca
u
s
es
o
f
th
e
h
i
g
h
b
u
r
d
e
n
o
f
T
B
an
d
its
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
v
ar
iab
les
[
2
3
]
as
well
as
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ac
tio
n
s
to
p
r
e
v
en
t
f
u
tu
r
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
tu
b
er
k
u
lo
s
is
m
u
ltid
r
u
g
-
r
esis
tan
t
(
MD
R
-
TB
)
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
t
o
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
p
atter
n
o
f
T
B
s
u
f
f
er
er
s
in
Pad
an
g
b
ased
o
n
th
e
wo
r
k
ar
ea
s
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
h
ig
h
est
h
ea
lth
ce
n
ter
s
.
T
h
is
is
cr
itical
b
ec
au
s
e
d
is
ea
s
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
m
ap
s
h
av
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
ly
o
n
ly
b
ee
n
cr
ea
ted
b
ased
o
n
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
ar
ea
s
s
u
ch
as
s
u
b
-
d
is
tr
icts
.
A
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
m
ap
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
wo
r
k
in
g
r
eg
io
n
s
ca
n
ass
is
t
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
ce
n
ter
s
in
k
n
o
win
g
d
ir
ec
t
w
o
r
k
tar
g
ets
a
n
d
ep
i
d
em
io
lo
g
ical
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
as we
ll a
s
p
lan
n
in
g
c
o
n
tr
o
l i
n
ter
v
en
ti
o
n
s
th
at
m
atch
p
o
ten
tial e
f
f
ec
t
iv
ely
[
2
9
]
.
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
th
e
T
B
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
atter
n
s
in
Pad
an
g
also
aid
s
in
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
d
in
g
th
e
c
o
m
p
lex
ities
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
d
is
ea
s
es
an
d
id
en
tify
in
g
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
le
lo
ca
tio
n
s
[
3
0
]
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
p
r
o
p
er
p
r
ev
en
tiv
e
an
d
co
n
t
r
o
l
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
o
f
m
u
ltimo
r
b
id
ity
[
3
1
]
.
I
t
ca
n
also
d
ec
id
e
T
B
zo
n
e
-
b
ased
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
So
,
it
ca
n
h
el
p
b
r
ea
k
th
e
c
h
ain
o
f
T
B
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
to
o
th
er
co
m
m
u
n
itie
s
,
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
t
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
T
B
ca
s
es
Activ
ely
,
s
ep
ar
atin
g
s
af
ely
,
a
n
d
tr
ea
tin
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
(
FAST
)
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
was
u
tili
ze
d
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
u
s
in
g
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
d
ata,
n
a
m
ely
all
T
B
s
u
f
f
er
er
s
f
r
o
m
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
2
to
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
3
,
to
talin
g
9
3
8
ca
s
e
s
,
u
s
in
g
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
d
ata,
n
am
e
ly
all
T
B
s
u
f
f
er
er
s
f
r
o
m
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
2
to
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
3
,
to
talin
g
9
3
8
ca
s
es,
s
p
r
ea
d
ac
r
o
s
s
in
Pad
an
g
Hea
lth
Of
f
ice
an
d
4
wo
r
k
in
g
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
ce
n
ter
s
with
th
e
h
ig
h
est
in
cid
en
ce
o
f
T
B
in
Pad
an
g
.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
ar
ea
in
clu
d
es;
L
u
b
u
k
B
u
ay
a,
L
u
b
u
k
B
eg
al
u
n
g
,
B
elim
b
in
g
an
d
Peg
a
m
b
ir
an
.
T
h
e
d
ata
co
llected
c
o
m
es
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
T
B
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
ap
p
licatio
n
/SIT
B
at
ea
ch
co
m
m
u
n
ity
h
ea
lth
ce
n
ter
.
I
n
th
e
Ar
cG
I
S
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
Nea
r
est
Neig
h
b
o
r
Data
An
al
y
s
is
was u
s
ed
with
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
f
o
r
m
u
l
a:
=
√
(
/
)
R
n
is
th
e
n
ea
r
est
n
eig
h
b
o
r
i
n
d
ex
;
D
is
th
e
av
er
ag
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
b
etwe
en
ea
ch
p
o
in
t
an
d
its
n
ea
r
est
n
eig
h
b
o
r
;
n
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
o
in
ts
u
n
d
er
s
tu
d
y
;
an
d
a
is
th
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
ar
ea
u
n
d
er
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
ea
r
est
-
n
e
ig
h
b
o
u
r
an
aly
s
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
R
n
(
th
e
n
ea
r
est
-
n
eig
h
b
o
u
r
in
d
e
x
)
,
wh
ich
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
ex
ten
t
to
wh
ich
t
h
e
ca
s
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
atter
n
s
ar
e
clu
s
ter
ed
,
r
an
d
o
m
,
o
r
r
e
g
u
lar
.
C
lu
s
ter
ed
was
s
h
o
wn
b
y
an
R
n
-
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
All
th
e
d
o
t
s
wer
e
clo
s
e
to
th
e
s
am
e
p
o
i
n
t.
R
an
d
o
m
was
in
d
icate
d
b
y
an
R
n
-
v
alu
e
o
f
1
.
0
with
o
u
t
p
atter
n
s
.
R
eg
u
la
r
was
s
h
o
wn
with
a
n
R
n
-
v
alu
e
o
f
2
.
1
5
with
a
p
er
f
ec
tly
u
n
if
o
r
m
p
atter
n
wh
er
e
ea
ch
d
o
t is eq
u
id
is
tan
t f
r
o
m
its
n
eig
h
b
o
u
r
s
.
T
h
e
m
ain
d
ata
th
at
will
b
e
in
c
lu
d
ed
in
t
h
e
an
aly
s
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
s
r
elate
d
to
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
lo
ca
tio
n
,
latitu
d
e
an
d
lo
n
g
itu
d
e
co
o
r
d
in
ate
p
o
in
t
d
ata,
s
ize
s
ca
le,
it
p
ass
ed
r
ese
ar
ch
eth
ics f
r
o
m
th
e
r
esear
ch
e
th
ics co
m
m
ittee
at
An
d
alas Pad
an
g
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
w
ith
an
eth
ical
ap
p
r
o
v
al
n
u
m
b
er
: 5
0
1
/UN.
1
6
.
2
/KE
P
-
FK/2
0
2
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
1
5
6
8
-
1
5
7
7
1570
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Sev
er
al
d
ata
g
ath
er
e
d
in
cl
u
d
e
d
ata
o
n
th
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
T
B
p
atien
ts
,
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
p
atter
n
o
f
T
B
ca
s
es b
ased
o
n
th
e
wo
r
k
in
g
r
eg
io
n
s
,
an
d
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
n
ea
r
est
-
n
eig
h
b
o
u
r
an
al
y
s
is
.
3
.
1
.
T
B
P
a
t
ient
s
’
c
ha
ra
ct
er
i
s
t
ic
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ac
q
u
ir
ed
was
ab
o
u
t
th
e
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
o
f
T
B
p
atien
ts
i.e
.
,
g
en
d
er
,
ag
e,
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
,
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ca
s
es
p
er
wo
r
k
in
g
r
eg
io
n
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
B
ased
o
n
T
ab
le
2
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
s
u
f
f
er
er
s
ar
e
m
en
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
s
u
f
f
er
er
s
ar
e
ag
ed
b
etwe
en
3
6
-
5
5
y
ea
r
s
,
d
o
n
o
t
h
a
v
e
a
jo
b
,
o
r
ar
e
u
n
em
p
lo
y
ed
,
a
n
d
m
o
s
t o
f
th
em
c
o
m
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
L
u
b
u
k
B
u
ay
a
Hea
lth
C
en
ter
w
o
r
k
in
g
ar
ea
.
T
ab
le
1
.
R
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
’
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
n
%
S
e
x
M
a
l
e
6
4
7
6
9
.
0
F
e
mal
e
2
9
1
3
1
.
0
A
g
e
(
y
e
a
r
s)
*
0
–
5
1
0
6
1
1
.
3
5
–
11
52
5
.
5
12
–
16
23
2
.
4
17
–
25
1
2
4
1
3
.
2
26
–
35
1
3
7
1
4
.
6
36
–
45
1
4
8
1
5
.
8
46
–
55
1
5
0
1
6
.
0
56
–
65
1
3
3
1
4
.
2
O
v
e
r
6
5
y
e
a
r
s
66
7
.
0
P
r
o
f
e
ssi
o
n
La
b
o
r
e
r
59
6
.
3
Te
a
c
h
e
r
/
L
e
c
t
u
r
e
r
2
0
.
2
H
o
u
s
e
w
i
f
e
1
5
3
1
6
.
3
Et
c
24
2
.
6
F
i
sh
e
r
ma
n
19
2
.
0
P
r
i
v
a
t
e
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
e
s
36
21
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
/
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
1
1
0
1
1
.
7
R
e
t
i
r
e
d
1
0
.
1
F
a
r
mers
/
R
a
n
c
h
e
r
s/
F
i
s
h
e
r
me
n
3
0
.
3
c
i
v
i
l
ser
v
a
n
t
s
7
0
.
7
D
r
i
v
e
r
10
1
.
1
D
o
e
s
n
't
w
o
r
k
2
9
7
3
1
.
7
N
o
t
k
n
o
w
n
1
0
.
1
C
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
n
m
a
t
e
s
4
0
.
4
S
e
l
f
-
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
2
3
0
2
4
.
5
P
r
i
mary
h
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
r
e
c
e
n
t
e
r
's
I
n
r
e
g
i
o
n
O
u
t
s
i
d
e
t
h
e
r
e
g
i
o
n
n
%
n
%
B
e
l
i
m
b
i
n
g
2
3
1
25
.
44
6
2
0
.
0
0
Lu
b
u
k
B
e
g
a
l
u
n
g
2
6
0
28
.
63
3
1
0
.
0
0
Lu
b
u
k
B
u
a
y
a
3
0
2
33
.
26
20
6
6
.
6
7
P
e
g
a
mb
i
r
a
n
1
1
5
12
.
67
1
5
.
3
3
To
t
a
l
9
0
8
1
0
0
30
1
0
0
*
A
g
e
c
a
t
e
g
o
r
i
e
s a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
n
M
i
n
i
s
t
r
y
o
f
H
e
a
l
t
h
i
n
2
0
0
9
3
.
2
.
Nea
re
s
t
-
neig
hb
o
r
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ar
e
th
e
r
esu
l
ts
o
f
th
e
n
ea
r
est
-
n
eig
h
b
o
r
a
n
aly
s
is
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
o
u
r
r
esear
ch
ar
ea
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
T
ab
le
2
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
p
atter
n
s
o
f
T
B
ca
s
e
s
in
th
e
wo
r
k
in
g
r
eg
i
o
n
s
an
aly
ze
d
ar
e
in
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
r
clu
s
ter
s
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
th
r
ee
w
o
r
k
in
g
r
eg
io
n
s
s
h
o
wed
r
a
n
d
o
m
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
p
atter
n
s
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Av
e
r
ag
e
n
ea
r
est
-
n
eig
h
b
o
r
a
n
aly
s
is
W
o
r
k
i
n
g
r
e
g
i
o
n
s
o
f
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
h
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
r
e
c
e
n
t
e
r
N
e
a
r
e
st
n
e
i
g
h
b
o
r
r
a
t
i
o
z
-
sco
r
e
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
D
i
st
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
s
B
e
l
i
m
b
i
n
g
0
.
7
2
8
3
4
2
-
7
.
9
1
5
8
4
0
0
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
C
l
u
st
e
r
Lu
b
u
k
B
e
g
a
l
u
n
g
0
.
6
1
9
3
7
1
-
1
1
.
7
6
3
9
3
0
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
C
l
u
st
e
r
Lu
b
u
k
B
u
a
y
a
0
.
5
8
1
2
7
9
-
1
4
.
0
1
2
5
3
0
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
C
l
u
st
e
r
P
e
g
a
mb
i
r
a
n
0
.
5
1
9
8
4
7
-
9
.
8
9
3
2
6
6
0
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
C
l
u
st
e
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
N
ea
r
est n
eig
h
b
o
r
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f tu
b
ercu
lo
s
is
in
P
a
d
a
n
g
(
R
a
p
ito
s
S
id
iq
)
1571
3
.
3
.
T
he
dis
t
ributio
n o
f
T
B
ca
s
es
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
p
atter
n
o
f
T
B
ca
s
es
in
th
e
Prim
ar
y
Hea
lth
ca
r
e
C
en
ter
'
s
4
o
p
er
atin
g
r
eg
i
o
n
s
will
b
e
ex
p
lain
ed
b
ased
o
n
ea
ch
r
eg
io
n
'
s
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
T
h
is
aim
s
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
p
atter
n
o
f
T
B
s
p
r
ea
d
in
th
e
r
e
g
io
n
.
B
ased
o
n
T
ab
le
2
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
n
ea
r
est
n
eig
h
b
o
r
an
aly
s
is
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
p
atter
n
o
f
T
B
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
in
th
e
wo
r
k
ar
ea
o
f
th
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
h
ea
lt
h
ce
n
t
er
was
a
clu
s
ter
.
A
b
r
ief
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
T
B
ca
s
es b
ased
o
n
Pri
m
ar
y
Hea
lth
ca
r
e
C
en
ter
'
s
wo
r
k
ar
ea
is
as:
3.
3
.
1.
B
elim
bin
g
’
s
wo
rk
ing
re
g
io
ns
B
elim
b
in
g
’
s
wo
r
k
in
g
r
eg
io
n
s
ar
e
h
ea
v
ily
in
h
ab
ited
a
n
d
r
elativ
ely
ex
ten
s
iv
e,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
h
ill
y
ter
r
ain
,
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
lan
d
,
an
d
p
lan
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
n
eig
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
s
h
av
e
v
ar
io
u
s
d
en
s
e
h
o
u
s
in
g
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
ts
an
d
p
u
b
lic
s
er
v
ices
lik
e
m
ar
k
etp
lace
s
f
ac
in
g
th
e
Am
b
ac
a
n
g
,
Ku
r
an
ji,
Nan
g
g
alo
,
T
u
n
g
g
u
l
Hitam
,
an
d
Air
Din
g
in
Prim
ar
y
Hea
lth
ca
r
e
C
en
ter
s
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
v
a
r
io
u
s
r
esid
en
tial
zo
n
es
i
n
th
is
a
r
ea
as
p
r
e
s
en
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
W
ith
2
3
1
ca
s
es,
th
ese
r
eg
io
n
s
wer
e
r
an
k
ed
th
ir
d
in
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
,
with
s
ix
ca
s
es
o
r
ig
in
atin
g
f
r
o
m
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
r
eg
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
a
p
p
in
g
r
esu
lt
s
r
ev
ea
led
6
9
T
B
p
atien
ts
in
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
r
cl
u
s
ter
s
,
o
f
w
h
ich
s
ix
ca
s
es
wer
e
o
r
ig
in
atin
g
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
r
eg
io
n
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
m
ap
,
th
er
e
ar
e
m
u
ltip
le
ca
s
es
in
h
ea
v
ily
p
o
p
u
late
d
r
esid
en
tial
n
eig
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
s
an
d
p
u
b
lic
m
ar
k
etp
lace
s
o
f
th
e
s
e
r
eg
io
n
s
.
C
ase
tr
an
s
f
er
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
f
r
o
m
n
ea
r
b
y
l
o
ca
tio
n
s
s
u
ch
as Air
Din
g
in
,
Am
b
ac
an
g
,
an
d
Ku
r
a
n
ji.
3.
3
.
2.
L
ub
uk
B
eg
a
lun
g
’
s
wo
rk
ing
re
g
io
ns
L
u
b
u
k
B
eg
alu
n
g
’
s
wo
r
k
in
g
r
eg
io
n
s
ar
e
b
o
th
h
ea
v
ily
in
h
a
b
ited
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial.
T
h
ey
h
a
v
e
s
ev
er
al
d
en
s
e
h
o
u
s
in
g
co
m
p
lex
es
an
d
p
u
b
lic
s
er
v
ices
s
u
ch
as
m
a
r
k
etp
lace
s
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
th
e
Peg
am
b
ir
an
,
R
awa
n
g
,
Pau
h
,
an
d
An
d
alas
m
ed
ical
ce
n
ter
s
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
r
esi
d
en
tial
n
eig
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
s
in
th
is
ar
ea
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
W
ith
2
6
0
ca
s
es,
o
f
wh
ich
th
r
ee
ca
s
es
wer
e
o
r
ig
in
atin
g
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
r
eg
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
eg
io
n
s
h
a
d
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
lar
g
est
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
ca
s
es,
with
s
ix
ca
s
es
co
m
in
g
f
r
o
m
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
r
eg
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
ap
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
clu
s
ter
s
ar
e
q
u
ite
d
en
s
e
an
d
o
cc
u
r
with
in
ea
ch
o
th
er
.
T
h
is
s
itu
atio
n
m
ay
b
e
s
ee
n
in
s
ev
er
al
h
o
u
s
in
g
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
s
ettlem
en
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t su
b
-
d
is
tr
icts
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
W
o
r
k
i
n
g
r
e
g
io
n
s
o
f
B
elim
b
in
g
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
W
o
r
k
i
n
g
r
e
g
io
n
s
o
f
L
u
b
u
k
B
eg
alu
n
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
1
5
6
8
-
1
5
7
7
1572
3.
3
.
3
.
L
ub
uk
b
ua
y
a
’
s
wo
rk
i
ng
re
g
io
ns
L
u
b
u
k
B
u
ay
a’
s
wo
r
k
in
g
r
eg
i
o
n
s
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
in
h
a
b
ited
,
lo
ca
ted
in
a
v
er
y
d
e
n
s
ely
p
o
p
u
lat
ed
co
astal
ar
ea
with
in
ad
eq
u
ate
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
an
itatio
n
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
r
eg
io
n
s
s
h
ar
e
b
o
r
d
er
s
with
An
ak
Air
T
awa
r
’
s
wo
r
k
in
g
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
e
y
h
ad
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
ca
s
es
in
Pa
d
an
g
,
with
3
0
2
ca
s
es,
o
f
w
h
ich
2
0
ca
s
es
wer
e
o
r
ig
in
atin
g
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
r
eg
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
ap
p
in
g
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
T
B
in
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
r
clu
s
ter
s
.
T
h
e
m
ap
s
h
o
ws
m
an
y
ca
s
es
in
th
is
lo
ca
tio
n
.
Sev
e
r
al
clu
s
ter
s
o
f
d
is
ea
s
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
d
en
s
ely
p
o
p
u
lated
r
eg
io
n
s
an
d
alo
n
g
th
e
s
h
o
r
e.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
th
is
d
is
ea
s
e
is
m
o
s
t
lik
el
y
li
n
k
ed
to
th
e
n
ea
r
b
y
wo
r
k
in
g
a
r
ea
,
n
o
tab
ly
An
ak
Air
.
3.
3
.
4
.
P
eg
a
m
bira
n’s w
o
rk
in
g
re
g
io
ns
Peg
am
b
ir
an
’
s
wo
r
k
in
g
r
eg
io
n
s
ar
e
h
ea
v
ily
in
h
a
b
ited
a
n
d
ex
ten
s
iv
e,
c
o
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
h
illy
ter
r
ain
,
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
lan
d
,
a
n
d
r
u
b
b
e
r
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
c
o
m
p
an
ies.
T
h
is
r
eg
io
n
h
as
v
a
r
io
u
s
p
u
b
lic
s
er
v
ices,
in
clu
d
in
g
m
ar
k
etp
lace
s
,
th
e
T
elu
k
B
ay
u
r
p
o
r
t,
a
n
d
tr
ain
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
.
Mu
ltip
le
d
en
s
e
h
o
u
s
in
g
a
ls
o
ad
jo
in
s
L
u
b
u
k
B
eg
alu
n
g
,
R
awa
n
g
,
an
d
Pau
h
Prim
ar
y
Hea
lth
ca
r
e
C
en
ter
s
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
r
esid
en
tial
n
eig
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
s
in
th
ese
ar
ea
s
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
W
ith
1
1
5
ca
s
es,
th
e
r
e
g
io
n
s
wer
e
r
an
k
e
d
f
o
u
r
th
in
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
,
with
o
n
e
ca
s
e
o
r
ig
in
atin
g
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
r
eg
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
ap
p
in
g
r
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
led
g
r
o
u
p
o
r
clu
s
ter
T
B
c
ases
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
m
ap
,
s
ev
er
al
clu
s
ter
s
o
f
ca
s
es
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
in
v
ar
io
u
s
d
e
n
s
e
co
m
m
u
n
ities
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
ce
n
tr
es
an
d
o
n
th
e
ed
g
es
o
f
r
o
ad
s
an
d
p
o
r
ts
.
T
h
e
ca
s
e
g
r
o
u
p
was
n
ea
r
L
u
b
u
k
B
eg
alu
n
g
’
s
an
d
R
awa
n
g
’
s
wo
r
k
in
g
r
eg
io
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
W
o
r
k
i
n
g
r
e
g
io
n
s
o
f
L
u
b
u
k
B
u
ay
a
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
W
o
r
k
i
n
g
r
e
g
io
n
s
o
f
Peg
am
b
ir
an
T
h
e
to
tal
ca
s
e
r
ate
was
r
elativ
ely
h
ig
h
in
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
wo
r
k
in
g
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
ce
n
ter
s
in
Pad
an
g
.
T
h
is
is
in
ex
tr
icab
ly
lin
k
ed
to
its
ex
tr
em
ely
d
iv
er
s
e
s
tate,
wh
ich
ca
u
s
es th
e
h
ig
h
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
T
B
i
n
u
r
b
an
a
r
ea
s
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
d
is
co
v
er
ed
an
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
T
B
p
atien
ts
in
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
zo
n
es
o
f
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
f
ac
ilit
ies
in
Pad
a
n
g
.
Gen
er
ally
,
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
T
B
ca
s
es
in
Pad
an
g
is
class
if
ied
as
clu
s
ter
s
o
r
r
an
d
o
m
.
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
T
B
ca
s
es
in
th
ese
f
o
u
r
r
eg
io
n
s
is
class
if
ied
as
a
clu
s
ter
.
I
f
w
e
lo
o
k
clo
s
ely
,
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
clu
s
ter
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
cc
u
r
s
in
lo
ca
tio
n
s
wh
er
e
t
h
er
e
ar
e
m
an
y
ca
s
es.
C
lu
s
ter
p
atter
n
s
o
f
d
is
ea
s
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
ac
r
o
s
s
tim
e
in
b
ig
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
.
L
o
o
k
in
g
clo
s
ely
at
t
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
m
a
p
p
in
g
,
we
ca
n
s
ee
th
at
th
e
p
atter
n
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
an
d
g
r
o
wth
in
ca
s
es
h
ap
p
e
n
s
in
h
i
g
h
ly
p
o
p
u
lated
r
esid
en
tial
ar
e
as,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
wo
r
k
in
g
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
L
u
b
u
k
B
u
ay
a,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
N
ea
r
est n
eig
h
b
o
r
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f tu
b
ercu
lo
s
is
in
P
a
d
a
n
g
(
R
a
p
ito
s
S
id
iq
)
1573
L
u
b
u
k
B
eg
alu
n
g
,
Peg
am
b
ir
an
,
an
d
B
elim
b
in
g
.
C
ases
in
th
e
ar
ea
s
s
p
r
ea
d
i
n
clu
s
ter
s
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
n
u
m
b
e
r
s
.
R
eg
io
n
al
d
is
tan
ce
ca
u
s
es
g
r
o
u
p
ca
s
es
to
em
e
r
g
e.
T
h
e
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t
in
wh
ic
h
an
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
r
esid
es
an
d
th
ei
r
ac
tio
n
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
t
t
h
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
T
B
.
T
h
ese
two
t
h
in
g
s
ar
e
lin
k
e
d
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
e
d
is
ea
s
e
s
p
r
ea
d
s
f
r
o
m
m
em
b
e
r
s
to
o
th
er
s
in
clo
s
e
d
is
tan
ce
o
r
in
th
e
s
am
e
h
o
u
s
e.
A
cr
o
wd
ed
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
is
ass
o
ciate
d
with
in
ad
eq
u
ate
air
cir
cu
latio
n
an
d
lig
h
tin
g
,
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
T
B
[
3
5
]
,
esp
ec
ially
am
o
n
g
r
esid
en
ts
wh
o
s
m
o
k
e
[
3
6
]
.
I
f
a
n
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
wis
h
es
to
lim
it
th
e
in
cid
en
ce
a
n
d
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
t
u
b
e
r
cu
lo
s
is
,
y
o
u
m
u
s
t
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
s
m
o
k
i
n
g
.
E
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
cig
ar
ette
s
m
o
k
e
i
s
f
r
eq
u
en
t
in
p
lace
s
with
a
h
i
g
h
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
tu
b
e
r
cu
lo
s
is
.
C
ig
ar
ette
s
m
o
k
e
h
as
a
co
m
p
licated
a
n
d
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
n
lu
n
g
im
m
u
n
ity
ag
ain
s
t
tu
b
er
c
u
l
o
s
is
in
f
ec
tio
n
f
r
o
m
[
3
6
]
,
[
3
7
]
p
o
o
r
p
h
y
s
ical
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
th
e
h
o
u
s
e,
s
u
c
h
as
walls,
v
en
tilatio
n
,
an
d
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
[
3
8
]
,
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
en
,
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
s
m
o
k
in
g
,
p
o
p
u
lat
io
n
d
en
s
ity
[
3
4
]
,
an
d
p
o
o
r
h
o
m
e
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
ar
e
lin
k
ed
to
th
e
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
T
B
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
a
d
o
lescen
ts
[
4
0
]
.
T
h
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
e
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
o
f
p
eo
p
le
liv
in
g
in
d
etr
im
e
n
tal
h
o
u
s
in
g
,
th
e
h
ig
h
e
r
th
e
p
r
ev
ale
n
ce
o
f
T
B
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t o
f
th
e
h
o
u
s
e,
as a
s
ig
n
o
f
a
h
ea
lth
y
h
o
m
e,
is
in
tim
ately
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
T
B
[
4
1
]
.
I
n
ter
ac
tio
n
o
r
co
n
tact
p
atter
n
with
T
B
p
atien
ts
at
h
o
m
e
n
ee
d
s
s
p
ec
ial
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
[
4
2
]
.
T
h
e
p
atte
r
n
s
an
d
len
g
th
o
f
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
ar
e
m
o
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
th
is
s
ce
n
ar
io
th
an
th
e
q
u
a
n
tity
o
f
e
n
co
u
n
ter
s
[
4
1
]
,
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
4
]
.
Po
p
u
latio
n
d
en
s
ity
h
as
an
im
p
ac
t
[
4
5
]
,
a
n
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
o
n
e
in
ev
er
y
3
0
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
co
n
tacts
will
g
et
ac
tiv
e
T
B
[
4
6
]
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
m
ea
s
u
r
es
to
p
r
ev
en
t
T
B
am
o
n
g
f
am
ily
m
e
m
b
er
s
ar
e
ex
tr
em
el
y
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l,
an
d
f
ailu
r
e
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
co
n
tact
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
will
r
esu
lt
in
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
b
u
r
d
en
o
f
d
is
ea
s
e
an
d
m
o
r
tality
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
[
4
7
]
.
T
h
is
is
,
o
f
co
u
r
s
e,
i
n
ex
tr
ic
ab
ly
lin
k
ed
t
o
ex
tr
em
el
y
p
o
o
r
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
if
f
icu
lties
[
4
8
]
,
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
3
1
%
o
f
T
B
p
atien
ts
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
d
id
n
o
t
wo
r
k
o
r
wer
e
jo
b
less
;
h
o
wev
er
,
th
eir
ag
e
an
d
g
en
d
er
ar
e
u
n
k
n
o
wn
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
m
ap
p
in
g
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
lo
w
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
s
ettlem
en
ts
ar
e
lo
ca
ted
alo
n
g
th
e
co
as
t,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
Pen
g
am
b
ir
a
n
an
d
R
awa
n
g
,
wo
r
k
i
n
g
r
eg
io
n
s
,
as
well
as
m
in
in
g
a
r
ea
s
[
3
0
]
s
u
c
h
as
th
e
Pen
g
a
m
b
ir
an
an
d
L
u
b
u
k
B
eg
alu
n
g
ar
ea
,
wh
ich
is
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
ar
ea
o
f
Sem
en
Pad
an
g
,
o
n
e
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esia'
s
lar
g
e
s
t
ce
m
en
t
co
m
p
a
n
ies.
T
h
is
is
ag
g
r
a
v
ated
b
y
th
e
ce
m
en
t f
ac
to
r
y
'
s
d
u
s
t,
wh
ich
r
aises
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
T
B
[
4
9
]
.
T
h
e
ag
e
ele
m
en
t,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
in
c
h
ild
r
en
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
i
m
p
ac
ts
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
ter
ac
tio
n
[
4
8
]
,
[
5
0
]
.
B
ab
ies
an
d
to
d
d
ler
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e
v
u
ln
er
ab
le
to
in
f
ec
tio
n
th
an
ad
u
lts
with
T
B
[
5
1
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
1
8
%
o
f
T
B
ca
s
es
wer
e
d
etec
ted
in
ad
o
le
s
ce
n
ts
(
0
-
1
6
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
)
,
an
d
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
6
9
%
o
f
v
ictim
s
wer
e
m
ale.
Me
n
b
ea
r
a
h
ea
v
ier
lo
a
d
,
wh
ich
h
as r
am
i
f
icatio
n
s
f
o
r
p
o
p
u
latio
n
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
[
5
2
]
.
T
h
e
d
is
ea
s
e
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
r
ate
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
to
n
ewb
o
r
n
s
an
d
ch
i
ld
r
en
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
ex
ten
s
iv
e
p
r
ev
en
tiv
e
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
ar
e
d
esp
e
r
ately
n
ee
d
ed
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
in
p
o
p
u
l
atio
n
s
with
a
h
ig
h
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
T
B
,
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
d
is
ea
s
e
in
ch
ild
r
e
n
u
n
d
er
f
iv
e
[
5
1
]
,
s
o
th
at
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
s
er
v
ices
i
n
h
ea
l
th
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
s
er
v
ice
f
a
cilities
m
u
s
t
b
e
m
ad
e
[
5
3
]
.
A
s
id
e
f
r
o
m
th
at,
t
h
e
d
is
ea
s
e
'
s
b
u
r
d
en
h
as
h
ig
h
ly
u
n
f
av
o
r
ab
le
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
g
r
o
wth
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
b
ec
au
s
e
it
m
o
s
tly
af
f
ec
ts
in
d
iv
id
u
als o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
a
g
e
[
5
4
]
.
Mo
s
t p
atien
ts
ar
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
ag
es o
f
1
7
an
d
6
5
y
e
ar
s
.
Asi
d
e
f
r
o
m
th
at,
th
e
h
ig
h
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
u
r
b
an
izatio
n
an
d
th
e
h
ig
h
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
T
B
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
t
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
T
B
[
5
5
]
.
I
n
t
h
is
in
s
tan
ce
,
Pad
an
g
is
a
m
ajo
r
city
with
a
h
ig
h
p
o
p
u
l
atio
n
an
d
lev
el
o
f
u
r
b
an
izatio
n
.
C
lim
ate
ch
a
n
g
e
h
as
an
im
p
ac
t
o
n
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
in
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
way
s
.
Asi
d
e
f
r
o
m
th
at,
m
o
u
n
tain
s
s
u
ch
as
L
u
b
u
k
Kilan
g
an
,
Air
Din
g
in
,
B
elim
b
in
g
,
an
d
wetlan
d
r
eg
io
n
s
ar
e
ex
tr
em
ely
s
en
s
itiv
e
to
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
a
n
d
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
air
p
o
llu
tio
n
,
p
u
ttin
g
T
B
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
in
d
a
n
g
er
[
5
6
]
,
[
5
7
]
.
T
h
is
c
o
n
d
itio
n
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
s
in
d
iv
id
u
al
h
eter
o
g
e
n
eity
an
d
i
s
cr
itical
in
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
tu
b
er
c
u
lo
s
is
in
s
u
b
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
[
3
4
]
.
C
o
m
m
u
n
ity
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
g
ath
er
in
g
p
atter
n
s
,
also
im
p
ac
t
T
B
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
T
B
p
atien
ts
r
eq
u
ir
e
p
h
y
s
ical
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
s
u
ch
as
wea
r
in
g
m
ask
s
,
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
p
h
y
s
ical
d
is
tan
ce
,
r
estrictin
g
m
ass
m
ee
tin
g
s
,
o
r
f
o
r
b
id
d
in
g
p
atie
n
ts
f
r
o
m
m
i
n
g
lin
g
with
cr
o
w
d
s
[
5
8
]
.
I
t
is
v
ital
to
co
n
s
id
er
a
T
B
co
n
tr
o
l
p
r
o
g
r
am
th
at
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
d
en
s
ity
-
co
n
t
r
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
es,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
i
n
h
ig
h
-
in
cid
e
n
ce
r
eg
io
n
s
[
1
3
]
a
n
d
th
at
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
s
tig
m
a
[
9
]
,
[
5
9
]
,
as
well
as
p
o
o
r
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
attitu
d
es
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
T
B
[
6
0
]
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
c
o
n
tact
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
[
6
1
]
,
o
f
f
er
s
p
r
ev
e
n
tativ
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
to
all
h
o
m
e
co
n
tacts
[
6
2
]
,
im
p
r
o
v
es
h
o
u
s
in
g
q
u
ality
[
6
3
]
,
aid
s
in
o
v
er
co
m
i
n
g
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
T
B
p
atien
ts
s
tr
u
g
g
lin
g
to
r
ea
c
h
h
ea
lth
f
ac
ilit
ies
[
6
4
]
.
As
a
r
es
u
lt,
ef
f
o
r
ts
m
u
s
t
b
e
m
ad
e
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
h
ea
lth
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
w
h
ich
will
in
f
lu
en
ce
p
atien
t
c
o
m
p
lian
ce
to
f
in
is
h
tr
ea
tm
en
t
[
6
5
]
,
h
o
u
s
in
g
af
f
o
r
d
ab
ilit
y
m
u
lti
-
s
ec
to
r
al
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
[
6
6
]
.
T
o
d
o
ev
er
y
th
in
g
,
in
v
o
l
v
e
all
p
ar
ties
,
esp
ec
ially
co
m
m
u
n
ity
lead
er
s
,
in
ter
m
s
o
f
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
d
is
ea
s
e
an
d
o
v
er
co
m
i
n
g
s
tig
m
a
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
esp
ec
ially
in
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
[
6
7
]
.
A
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
to
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
a
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
al
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
ar
e
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
T
B
,
esp
ec
ially
in
ar
ea
s
with
a
h
ig
h
in
cid
en
ce
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
1
5
6
8
-
1
5
7
7
1574
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
T
B
ca
s
es
in
4
co
m
m
u
n
ity
h
ea
lth
ce
n
te
r
s
o
f
wo
r
k
i
n
g
a
r
ea
s
in
Pad
a
n
g
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
in
clu
s
ter
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
a
v
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
im
p
licatio
n
s
,
b
o
th
in
ter
m
s
o
f
ep
id
em
io
lo
g
y
,
p
u
b
li
c
h
ea
lth
an
d
h
ea
lth
p
o
licy
.
As
a
b
asis
f
o
r
k
n
o
win
g
in
d
icatio
n
s
o
f
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
i
n
f
ec
tio
n
i
n
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
co
m
m
u
n
ity
o
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
is
allo
ws
h
e
alth
wo
r
k
er
s
to
f
o
c
u
s
m
o
r
e
o
n
id
en
tify
i
n
g
an
d
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
th
e
in
f
ec
tio
n
.
C
lu
s
ter
in
g
ca
n
also
h
elp
in
co
n
tact
tr
ac
in
g
a
n
d
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
q
u
ar
an
tin
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
I
n
d
icate
s
th
at
t
h
er
e
is
an
in
cr
ea
s
ed
r
is
k
o
f
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
in
ce
r
tain
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
r
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
,
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
s
p
ec
ial
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
to
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
in
th
at
g
r
o
u
p
.
C
lu
s
ter
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
m
o
r
e
f
o
c
u
s
ed
an
d
in
ten
s
iv
e
allo
ca
tio
n
o
f
h
ea
lth
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
in
th
e
af
f
ec
ted
ar
ea
s
o
r
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
is
co
u
ld
in
v
o
lv
e
s
en
d
in
g
m
ed
ical
p
er
s
o
n
n
el,
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t,
an
d
m
ed
icin
es
to
th
e
ar
ea
.
Op
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
u
tr
ea
ch
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
th
e
p
u
b
lic
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
,
s
y
m
p
t
o
m
s
an
d
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
e
ar
ly
d
etec
tio
n
.
T
h
is
co
u
ld
also
in
clu
d
e
v
ac
cin
atio
n
ca
m
p
aig
n
s
an
d
h
y
g
ien
e
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
ev
al
u
a
te
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
h
ea
lth
p
o
licies
an
d
ad
ju
s
t
th
em
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
to
d
is
ea
s
e
s
p
r
ea
d
p
atter
n
s
.
T
h
e
clu
s
ter
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
T
B
h
as
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
s
o
cial
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
im
p
ac
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
o
cial
s
tig
m
a
to
war
d
s
in
f
ec
ted
in
d
iv
id
u
als,
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
to
l
o
ca
l e
co
n
o
m
ic
ac
tiv
ities
,
an
d
in
cr
e
ased
h
ea
lth
co
s
ts
.
R
E
FE
R
E
N
C
E
S
[
1
]
M
.
C
o
l
e
m
a
n
,
L.
M
a
r
t
i
n
e
z
,
G
.
T
h
e
r
o
n
,
R
.
W
o
o
d
,
a
n
d
B
.
M
a
r
a
i
s
,
“
M
y
c
o
b
a
c
t
e
r
i
u
m
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
si
s
t
r
a
n
smi
ssi
o
n
i
n
h
i
g
h
-
i
n
c
i
d
e
n
c
e
set
t
i
n
g
s
-
n
e
w
p
a
r
a
d
i
g
ms a
n
d
i
n
s
i
g
h
t
s,”
Pa
t
h
o
g
e
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
p
a
t
h
o
g
e
n
s1
1
1
1
1
2
2
8
.
[
2
]
M
.
Y
.
G
.
S
.
F
r
e
i
t
a
s
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
o
c
i
o
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
i
n
B
r
a
z
i
l
a
n
d
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
si
s
r
i
s
k
f
a
c
t
o
r
s:
w
h
a
t
h
a
s
c
h
a
n
g
e
d
?
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
H
e
a
l
t
h
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
2
–
9
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
2
5
3
3
/
a
t
.
e
d
.
1
5
9
2
1
2
2
2
2
3
0
2
3
.
[
3
]
A
.
K
h
a
n
n
a
,
R
.
S
a
h
a
,
a
n
d
N
.
A
h
ma
d
,
“
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
TB
e
l
i
mi
n
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
mm
e
-
w
h
a
t
h
a
s
c
h
a
n
g
e
d
,
”
I
n
d
i
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Me
d
i
c
a
l
Mi
c
r
o
b
i
o
l
o
g
y
,
n
o
.
O
c
t
o
b
e
r
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
j
mm
b
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
0
.
0
0
8
.
[
4
]
G
l
o
b
a
l
T
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
si
s
P
r
o
g
r
a
mm
e
,
G
l
o
b
a
l
t
u
b
e
rc
u
l
o
si
s
re
p
o
rt
,
v
o
l
.
2
1
,
n
o
.
1
.
W
o
r
l
d
H
e
a
l
t
h
O
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
2
0
2
0
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s:
/
/
w
w
w
.
w
h
o
.
i
n
t
/
p
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
/
i
/
i
t
e
m
/
9
7
8
9
2
4
0
0
1
3
1
3
1
[
5
]
P
a
d
a
n
g
H
e
a
l
t
h
O
f
f
i
c
e
’
s
P
2
M
d
i
v
i
si
o
n
,
“
P
a
d
a
n
g
c
i
t
y
h
e
a
l
t
h
p
r
o
f
i
l
e
i
n
2
0
2
2
,
”
P
a
d
a
n
g
,
2
0
2
3
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
d
i
n
k
e
s.
p
a
d
a
n
g
.
g
o
.
i
d
/
p
r
o
f
i
l
-
k
e
s
e
h
a
t
a
n
-
k
o
t
a
-
p
a
d
a
n
g
-
t
a
h
u
n
-
2
0
2
2
-
1
2
5
4
[
6
]
M
.
M
o
h
a
mm
e
d
h
u
sse
i
n
,
M
.
H
a
j
u
r
e
,
J
.
E.
S
h
i
f
a
,
a
n
d
T
.
A
.
H
a
ss
e
n
,
“
P
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
st
i
g
m
a
a
m
o
n
g
p
a
t
i
e
n
t
w
i
t
h
p
u
l
mo
n
a
r
y
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
s
i
s
a
t
p
u
b
l
i
c
h
e
a
l
t
h
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
i
n
so
u
t
h
w
e
st
E
t
h
i
o
p
i
a
:
a
c
r
o
ss
-
sec
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
t
u
d
y
,
”
PLo
S
O
N
E
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
1
2
D
e
c
e
mb
e
r
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
7
1
/
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
.
p
o
n
e
.
0
2
4
3
4
3
3
.
[
7
]
D
.
D
e
S
a
n
t
o
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
e
x
p
l
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
p
r
e
se
n
c
e
o
f
T
B
st
i
g
m
a
t
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
c
r
o
ss
t
h
r
e
e
d
i
st
r
i
c
t
s
i
n
S
o
u
t
h
A
f
r
i
c
a
,
”
B
MC
Pu
b
l
i
c
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s1
2
8
8
9
-
0
2
3
-
1
5
4
0
7
-
2.
[
8
]
E.
W
o
u
t
e
r
s
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
H
o
w
t
h
e
H
I
V
/
TB
c
o
-
e
p
i
d
e
mi
c
-
H
I
V
st
i
g
ma
-
T
B
st
i
g
ma
’
sy
n
d
e
m
i
c
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
o
n
t
h
e
u
se
o
f
o
c
c
u
p
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
serv
i
c
e
s
f
o
r
TB
i
n
S
o
u
t
h
A
f
r
i
c
a
n
h
o
s
p
i
t
a
l
s:
a
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
a
l
e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
m
o
d
e
l
l
i
n
g
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
t
h
e
b
a
s
e
l
i
n
e
d
a
t
a
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
H
a
TSaH
st
u
d
y
(
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
R
C
T)
,
”
BM
J
O
p
e
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
4
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
3
6
/
b
m
j
o
p
e
n
-
2
0
2
0
-
0
4
5
4
7
7
.
[
9
]
A
.
D
a
f
t
a
r
y
,
E.
M
.
H
.
M
i
t
c
h
e
l
l
,
M
.
J.
A
.
R
e
i
d
,
E
.
F
e
k
a
d
u
,
a
n
d
E.
G
o
o
sb
y
,
“
T
o
e
n
d
TB
,
f
i
r
st
-
e
v
e
r
h
i
g
h
-
l
e
v
e
l
m
e
e
t
i
n
g
o
n
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
s
i
s m
u
st
a
d
d
r
e
ss st
i
g
ma
,
”
A
m
e
ri
c
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
T
r
o
p
i
c
a
l
M
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
a
n
d
H
y
g
i
e
n
e
,
v
o
l
.
9
9
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
1
1
4
–
1
1
1
6
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
2
6
9
/
a
j
t
m
h
.
1
8
-
0
5
9
1
.
[
1
0
]
G
.
W
.
M
b
u
t
h
i
a
,
H
.
D
.
N
.
N
y
a
mo
g
o
b
a
,
S
.
S
.
C
h
i
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
S
.
T
.
M
c
G
a
r
v
e
y
,
“
B
u
r
d
e
n
o
f
st
i
g
ma
a
mo
n
g
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
si
s
p
a
t
i
e
n
t
s
i
n
a
p
a
s
t
o
r
a
l
i
s
t
c
o
mm
u
n
i
t
y
i
n
K
e
n
y
a
:
a
mi
x
e
d
me
t
h
o
d
s
s
t
u
d
y
,
”
PL
o
S
O
N
E
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
1
0
O
c
t
o
b
e
r
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
7
1
/
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
.
p
o
n
e
.
0
2
4
0
4
5
7
.
[
1
1
]
C
.
B
o
l
s
t
e
r
-
F
o
u
c
a
u
l
t
,
B
.
H
.
M
.
F
a
n
e
,
a
n
d
A
.
B
l
a
i
r
,
“
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
a
l
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
n
t
s
o
f
s
t
i
g
ma
a
c
r
o
ss
h
e
a
l
t
h
a
n
d
s
o
c
i
a
l
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s:
a
r
a
p
i
d
r
e
v
i
e
w
a
n
d
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
f
r
a
mew
o
r
k
t
o
g
u
i
d
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
,
”
H
e
a
l
t
h
Pr
o
m
o
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
C
h
r
o
n
i
c
D
i
se
a
se
Pre
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
i
n
C
a
n
a
d
a
,
v
o
l
.
4
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
8
5
–
1
1
5
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
4
0
9
5
/
H
P
C
D
P
.
4
1
.
3
.
0
3
.
[
1
2
]
A
.
O
.
B
a
s
h
o
r
u
n
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
,
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
a
n
d
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
si
s
i
n
G
a
m
b
i
a
:
a
n
a
t
i
o
n
-
w
i
d
e
c
r
o
ss
-
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
su
r
v
e
y
,
”
BM
C
P
u
b
l
i
c
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s
1
2
8
8
9
-
020
-
0
9
6
8
5
-
3.
[
1
3
]
X
.
C
h
e
n
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
T
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
s
i
s
-
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
st
i
g
ma
a
n
d
i
t
s
d
e
t
e
r
mi
n
a
n
t
s
i
n
D
a
l
i
a
n
,
N
o
r
t
h
e
a
st
C
h
i
n
a
:
a
c
r
o
ss
-
se
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
st
u
d
y
,
”
B
MC
Pu
b
l
i
c
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s1
2
8
8
9
-
0
2
0
-
1
0
0
5
5
-
2.
[
1
4
]
A
.
M
e
d
i
n
a
-
M
a
r
i
n
o
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
p
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
m
e
n
’
s
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
r
e
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
i
n
T
B
c
a
r
e
i
n
S
o
u
t
h
A
f
r
i
c
a
,
”
Am
e
ri
c
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Me
n
’
s H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
5
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
1
5
5
7
9
8
8
3
2
2
1
1
2
9
3
4
9
.
[
1
5
]
I
.
V
.
K
o
l
t
e
,
L.
P
e
r
e
i
r
a
,
A
.
B
e
n
i
t
e
s,
I
.
M
.
C
.
D
e
S
o
u
s
a
,
a
n
d
P
.
C
.
B
a
s
t
a
,
“
Th
e
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
t
i
g
ma
t
o
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
sm
i
ssi
o
n
a
n
d
t
r
e
a
t
me
n
t
o
f
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
s
i
s
i
n
a
h
y
p
e
r
e
n
d
e
mi
c
i
n
d
i
g
e
n
o
u
s
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
B
r
a
z
i
l
,
”
PL
o
S
O
N
E
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
1
2
D
e
c
e
mb
e
r
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
7
1
/
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
.
p
o
n
e
.
0
2
4
3
9
8
8
.
[
1
6
]
O
.
N
k
e
r
e
u
w
e
m
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
o
f
TB
su
r
v
i
v
o
r
s
a
n
d
p
o
l
i
c
y
ma
k
e
r
s
o
n
p
o
s
t
-
TB
d
i
sa
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
”
P
u
b
l
i
c
H
e
a
l
t
h
Ac
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
7
–
2
2
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
5
8
8
/
p
h
a
.
2
2
.
0
0
5
0
.
[
1
7
]
S
.
K
i
m
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
H
i
g
h
p
r
e
v
a
l
e
n
c
e
o
f
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
s
i
s
i
n
f
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
d
i
s
e
a
s
e
i
n
c
h
i
l
d
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
c
o
n
t
a
c
t
s
o
f
a
d
u
l
t
s
w
i
t
h
r
i
f
a
m
p
i
n
-
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
t
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
s
i
s
,
”
P
e
d
i
a
t
r
i
c
I
n
f
e
c
t
i
o
u
s
D
i
s
e
a
s
e
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
4
1
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
e
1
9
4
–
e
2
0
2
,
M
a
y
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
9
7
/
I
N
F
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
5
0
5
.
[
1
8
]
M
.
N
a
j
a
f
i
z
a
d
a
,
A
.
R
a
h
ma
n
,
Q
.
T
a
u
f
i
q
u
e
,
a
n
d
A
.
S
a
r
k
a
r
,
“
S
o
c
i
a
l
d
e
t
e
r
mi
n
a
n
t
s
o
f
m
u
l
t
i
d
r
u
g
-
r
e
s
i
st
a
n
t
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
s
i
s:
a
s
c
o
p
i
n
g
r
e
v
i
e
w
a
n
d
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
g
a
p
s,
”
I
n
d
i
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
T
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
si
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
9
9
–
1
0
5
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
j
t
b
.
2
0
2
0
.
0
9
.
0
1
6
.
[
1
9
]
X
.
W
a
n
g
a
n
d
Y
.
C
a
i
,
“
Th
e
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
a
m
b
i
e
n
t
a
i
r
p
o
l
l
u
t
i
o
n
o
n
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
mi
ssi
o
n
o
f
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
s
i
s
i
n
Ji
a
n
g
s
u
,
C
h
i
n
a
,
”
I
n
f
e
c
t
i
o
u
s
D
i
sea
se
Mo
d
e
l
l
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
9
0
–
4
0
2
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
d
m
.
2
0
2
3
.
0
3
.
0
0
3
.
[
2
0
]
H
.
N
.
M
t
e
t
w
a
,
I
.
D
.
A
mo
a
h
,
S
.
K
u
m
a
r
i
,
F
.
B
u
x
,
a
n
d
P
.
R
e
d
d
y
,
“
Th
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
a
n
d
f
a
t
e
o
f
M
y
c
o
b
a
c
t
e
r
i
u
m
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
si
s
c
o
mp
l
e
x
i
n
w
a
st
e
w
a
t
e
r
a
n
d
p
o
ssi
b
l
e
r
o
u
t
e
s
o
f
t
r
a
n
smissi
o
n
,
”
BM
C
Pu
b
l
i
c
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s
1
2
8
8
9
-
0
2
2
-
1
2
5
2
7
-
z.
[
2
1
]
G
.
A
.
N
o
p
p
e
r
t
,
S
.
T.
H
e
g
d
e
,
a
n
d
J
.
T
.
K
u
b
a
l
e
,
“
P
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
o
f
e
p
i
d
e
m
i
o
l
o
g
y
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
,
s
u
sce
p
t
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
a
n
d
r
e
c
o
v
e
r
y
:
a
f
r
a
mew
o
r
k
f
o
r
e
x
a
mi
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
i
s
k
,
”
Am
e
r
i
c
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
p
i
d
e
m
i
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
7
5
–
4
8
2
,
2
0
2
2
.
[
2
2
]
D
.
W
.
S
.
R
.
W
a
r
d
a
n
i
a
n
d
E.
P
.
W
a
h
o
n
o
,
“
S
o
c
i
o
-
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
p
o
si
t
i
o
n
a
s
r
i
sk
f
a
c
t
o
r
o
f
c
h
i
l
d
h
o
o
d
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
s
i
s,
”
i
n
E
3
S
W
e
b
o
f
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
s
,
T.
R
.
S
o
e
p
r
o
b
o
w
a
t
i
,
B
.
W
a
r
s
i
t
o
,
a
n
d
T.
Tr
i
a
d
i
P
u
t
r
a
n
t
o
,
E
d
s
.
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
1
,
p
.
0
1
0
3
6
.
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
5
1
/
e
3
sc
o
n
f
/
2
0
2
1
3
1
7
0
1
0
3
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
N
ea
r
est n
eig
h
b
o
r
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f tu
b
ercu
lo
s
is
in
P
a
d
a
n
g
(
R
a
p
ito
s
S
id
iq
)
1575
[
2
3
]
F
.
A
.
M
p
h
a
n
d
e
-
N
y
a
s
u
l
u
,
P
.
P
u
e
n
g
p
i
p
a
t
t
r
a
k
u
l
,
M
.
P
r
a
i
p
r
u
k
sa
p
h
a
n
,
A
.
K
e
e
r
e
e
,
a
n
d
K
.
R
u
a
n
n
g
e
a
n
,
“
P
r
e
v
a
l
e
n
c
e
o
f
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
si
s
(
TB
)
,
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
m
u
l
t
i
-
d
r
u
g
-
r
e
si
s
t
a
n
t
a
n
d
e
x
t
e
n
si
v
e
l
y
-
d
r
u
g
-
r
e
s
i
st
a
n
t
TB
,
a
n
d
a
ss
o
c
i
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
o
c
c
u
p
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
a
d
u
l
t
s
a
t
S
i
r
i
n
d
h
o
r
n
H
o
sp
i
t
a
l
,
B
a
n
g
k
o
k
,
”
I
J
I
D
Re
g
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
4
1
–
1
4
8
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
j
r
e
g
i
.
2
0
2
2
.
0
1
.
0
0
4
.
[
2
4
]
M
.
d
o
S
.
N
.
Ev
a
n
g
e
l
i
st
a
,
R
.
M
a
i
a
,
J
.
P
.
T
o
l
e
d
o
,
R
.
G
.
d
e
A
b
r
e
u
,
a
n
d
D
.
B
a
r
r
e
i
r
a
,
“
T
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
si
s
a
ss
o
c
i
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
d
i
a
b
e
t
e
s
m
e
l
l
i
t
u
s
b
y
a
g
e
g
r
o
u
p
i
n
B
r
a
z
i
l
:
a
r
e
t
r
o
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
c
o
h
o
r
t
s
t
u
d
y
,
2
0
0
7
–
2
0
1
4
,
”
Bra
z
i
l
i
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
n
f
e
c
t
i
o
u
s
D
i
s
e
a
ses
,
v
o
l
.
2
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
3
0
–
1
3
6
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
b
j
i
d
.
2
0
2
0
.
0
3
.
0
0
5
.
[
2
5
]
U
.
A
b
b
a
s
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Tu
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
s
i
s
a
n
d
d
i
a
b
e
t
e
s
me
l
l
i
t
u
s:
r
e
l
a
t
i
n
g
i
mm
u
n
e
i
mp
a
c
t
o
f
c
o
-
m
o
r
b
i
d
i
t
y
w
i
t
h
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
i
n
d
i
se
a
s
e
man
a
g
e
me
n
t
i
n
h
i
g
h
b
u
r
d
e
n
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
l
i
n
i
c
a
l
T
u
b
e
rc
u
l
o
s
i
s
a
n
d
O
t
h
e
r
M
y
c
o
b
a
c
t
e
r
i
a
l
D
i
se
a
se
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
9
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
j
c
t
u
b
e
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
0
0
3
4
3
.
[
2
6
]
V
.
M
a
v
e
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
D
i
a
b
e
t
e
s
me
l
l
i
t
u
s
a
n
d
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
s
i
s
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
o
u
t
c
o
m
e
s
i
n
P
u
n
e
,
I
n
d
i
a
,
”
O
p
e
n
F
o
ru
m
I
n
f
e
c
t
i
o
u
s
D
i
sea
ses
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
–
8
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
9
3
/
o
f
i
d
/
o
f
a
b
0
9
7
.
[
2
7
]
I
.
S
.
P
r
a
d
i
p
t
a
,
L.
D
.
F
o
r
sm
a
n
,
J.
B
r
u
c
h
f
e
l
d
,
E
.
H
a
k
,
a
n
d
J.
W
.
A
l
f
f
e
n
a
a
r
,
“
R
i
s
k
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
o
f
m
u
l
t
i
d
r
u
g
-
r
e
si
s
t
a
n
t
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
s
i
s:
a
g
l
o
b
a
l
sy
st
e
ma
t
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
a
n
d
me
t
a
-
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
n
f
e
c
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
7
7
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
4
6
9
–
4
7
8
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
j
i
n
f
.
2
0
1
8
.
1
0
.
0
0
4
.
[
2
8
]
Y
.
X
i
,
W
.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
R
.
J
.
Q
i
a
o
,
a
n
d
J.
Ta
n
g
,
“
R
i
s
k
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
f
o
r
m
u
l
t
i
d
r
u
g
-
r
e
s
i
st
a
n
t
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
s
i
s:
a
w
o
r
l
d
w
i
d
e
s
y
st
e
mat
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
a
n
d
met
a
-
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
,
”
PLo
S
O
N
E
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
6
J
u
n
e
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
7
1
/
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
.
p
o
n
e
.
0
2
7
0
0
0
3
.
[
2
9
]
O
.
J.
D
a
n
i
e
l
,
O
.
A
.
A
d
e
j
u
m
o
,
A
.
D
.
A
l
a
b
i
,
J.
O
.
B
a
mi
d
e
l
e
,
a
n
d
K
.
S
.
O
r
i
t
o
g
u
n
,
“
S
p
a
t
i
a
l
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
si
s a
n
d
r
i
s
k
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
a
t
t
h
e
l
o
w
e
s
t
a
d
m
i
n
i
s
t
r
a
t
i
v
e
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
,
”
A
f
ri
c
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
H
e
a
l
t
h
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
0
–
8
2
,
2
0
2
2
.
[
3
0
]
I
.
G
w
i
t
i
r
a
,
N
.
K
a
r
u
maz
o
n
d
o
,
M
.
D
.
S
h
e
k
e
d
e
,
C
.
S
a
n
d
y
,
N
.
S
i
z
i
b
a
,
a
n
d
J.
C
h
i
r
e
n
d
a
,
“
S
p
a
t
i
a
l
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
s
o
f
p
u
l
m
o
n
a
r
y
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
si
s
(
TB
)
c
a
ses
i
n
Z
i
mb
a
b
w
e
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
5
t
o
2
0
1
8
,
”
PL
o
S
O
N
E
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
4
A
p
r
i
l
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
7
1
/
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
.
p
o
n
e
.
0
2
4
9
5
2
3
.
[
3
1
]
B
.
H
e
r
n
á
n
d
e
z
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
C
o
mp
a
r
i
s
o
n
s
o
f
d
i
se
a
se
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
s,
p
r
e
v
a
l
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
h
e
a
l
t
h
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
i
n
t
h
e
U
S
A
,
C
a
n
a
d
a
,
En
g
l
a
n
d
a
n
d
I
r
e
l
a
n
d
,
”
BM
C
P
u
b
l
i
c
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s
1
2
8
8
9
-
021
-
1
1
7
0
6
-
8.
[
3
2
]
M
.
B
.
B
r
o
o
k
s
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
M
a
p
p
i
n
g
l
o
c
a
l
h
o
t
sp
o
t
s
w
i
t
h
r
o
u
t
i
n
e
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
si
s
d
a
t
a
:
a
p
r
a
g
ma
t
i
c
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
t
o
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
s
p
a
t
i
a
l
v
a
r
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
”
PLo
S
O
N
E
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
3
M
a
r
c
h
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
7
1
/
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
.
p
o
n
e
.
0
2
6
5
8
2
6
.
[
3
3
]
I
.
G
.
N
.
E.
P
u
t
r
a
,
M
.
R
a
h
m
a
n
i
a
t
i
,
T.
S
i
p
a
h
u
t
a
r
,
a
n
d
T.
Er
y
a
n
d
o
,
“
M
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
e
v
a
l
e
n
c
e
o
f
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
s
i
s
i
n
Ja
v
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
:
a
n
e
c
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
st
u
d
y
u
si
n
g
g
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
a
l
l
y
w
e
i
g
h
t
e
d
r
e
g
r
e
ssi
o
n
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
0
,
p
p
.
7
4
1
–
7
6
3
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
5
1
3
3
/
JP
S
S
v
3
0
2
0
2
2
.
0
4
1
.
[
3
4
]
J.
P
.
S
m
i
t
h
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
z
i
n
g
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
s
i
s t
r
a
n
smiss
i
o
n
d
y
n
a
mi
c
s
i
n
h
i
g
h
-
b
u
r
d
e
n
u
r
b
a
n
a
n
d
r
u
r
a
l
se
t
t
i
n
g
s,
”
S
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
Re
p
o
rt
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
3
8
/
s4
1
5
9
8
-
022
-
1
0
4
8
8
-
2.
[
3
5
]
Li
l
i
A
m
a
l
i
a
h
,
A
r
i
e
A
r
d
i
y
a
n
t
i
R
u
f
a
e
d
a
h
,
S
r
i
N
u
r
c
a
h
y
a
t
i
,
R
.
N
u
r
A
b
d
u
r
a
k
h
man
,
a
n
d
A
b
a
s
H
i
d
a
y
a
t
,
“
Th
e
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
sh
i
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
h
o
m
e
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
e
v
e
n
t
o
f
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
s
i
s,
”
W
o
rl
d
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
Re
s
e
a
rc
h
a
n
d
R
e
v
i
e
w
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
6
2
3
–
6
2
8
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
0
5
7
4
/
w
j
a
r
r
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
4
.
3
.
0
6
2
7
.
[
3
6
]
D
.
H
.
Q
u
a
n
,
A
.
J.
K
w
o
n
g
,
P
.
M
.
H
a
n
sb
r
o
,
a
n
d
W
.
J
.
B
r
i
t
t
o
n
,
“
N
o
sm
o
k
e
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
f
i
r
e
:
t
h
e
i
mp
a
c
t
o
f
c
i
g
a
r
e
t
t
e
smo
k
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
i
mm
u
n
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
f
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
s
i
s,
”
E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n
Re
s
p
i
r
a
t
o
r
y
R
e
v
i
e
w
,
v
o
l
.
3
1
,
n
o
.
1
6
4
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
3
/
1
6
0
0
0
6
1
7
.
0
2
5
2
-
2
0
2
1
.
[
3
7
]
W
.
W
a
n
g
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
T
h
e
b
u
r
d
e
n
a
n
d
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
o
r
s
o
f
l
a
t
e
n
t
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
s
i
s
i
n
f
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
m
o
n
g
e
l
d
e
r
a
d
u
l
t
s
i
n
h
i
g
h
e
p
i
d
e
m
i
c
r
u
r
a
l
a
r
e
a
o
f
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
s
i
s
i
n
Z
h
e
j
i
a
n
g
,
C
h
i
n
a
,
”
F
r
o
n
t
i
e
r
s
i
n
C
e
l
l
u
l
a
r
a
n
d
I
n
f
e
c
t
i
o
n
M
i
c
r
o
b
i
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
8
9
/
f
c
i
m
b
.
2
0
2
2
.
9
9
0
1
9
7
.
[
3
8
]
E.
E.
A
mi
r
u
d
d
i
n
a
n
d
N
.
M
e
i
l
a
n
i
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
sh
i
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
h
o
u
se
,
smo
k
i
n
g
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
n
c
i
d
e
n
c
e
o
f
p
u
l
m
o
n
a
r
y
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
si
s
i
n
C
e
n
t
r
a
l
B
u
t
o
n
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
M
u
l
t
i
d
i
s
c
i
p
l
i
n
a
ry
R
e
sea
r
c
h
(
I
J
S
MR
)
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
3
6
1
–
3
7
4
,
2
0
2
3
.
[
3
9
]
R
.
J
.
S
i
r
e
g
a
r
,
S
.
F
.
Y
u
s
u
f
,
a
n
d
D
.
F
e
r
n
a
l
d
y
,
“
T
h
e
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
h
o
u
s
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
n
c
i
d
e
n
c
e
o
f
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
s
i
s
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
u
b
l
i
c
H
e
a
l
t
h
E
x
c
e
l
l
e
n
c
e
(
I
J
P
H
E
)
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
0
1
–
0
5
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
5
2
9
9
/
i
j
p
h
e
.
v
1
i
1
.
2
.
[
4
0
]
N
.
S
i
d
d
a
l
i
n
g
a
i
a
h
,
K
.
C
h
a
w
l
a
,
S
.
B
.
N
a
g
a
r
a
j
a
,
a
n
d
D
.
H
a
z
r
a
,
“
R
i
sk
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
si
s
a
mo
n
g
t
h
e
p
e
d
i
a
t
r
i
c
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
:
a
s
y
st
e
ma
t
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
a
n
d
met
a
-
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
,
”
Eu
r
o
p
e
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Pe
d
i
a
t
ri
c
s
,
p
p
.
3
0
0
7
–
3
0
1
9
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
0
0
4
3
1
-
0
2
3
-
0
4
9
8
8
-
0.
[
4
1
]
M
.
M
u
sf
i
r
a
h
,
D
.
N
u
r
f
i
t
a
,
a
n
d
A
.
F
.
R
a
n
g
k
u
t
i
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
h
e
a
l
t
h
y
h
o
u
s
i
n
g
a
n
d
TB
p
r
e
v
a
l
e
n
c
e
i
n
Y
o
g
y
a
k
a
r
t
a
C
i
t
y
,
”
J
u
r
n
a
l
K
e
se
h
a
t
a
n
M
a
sy
a
r
a
k
a
t
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
0
5
–
4
1
4
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
5
2
9
4
/
k
e
mas
.
v
1
7
i
3
.
2
8
6
9
2
.
[
4
2
]
M
.
Li
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
H
i
g
h
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
s
i
s
t
r
a
n
smiss
i
o
n
a
m
o
n
g
so
c
i
a
l
c
o
n
t
a
c
t
s
i
n
r
u
r
a
l
C
h
i
n
a
:
a
1
2
-
y
e
a
r
p
r
o
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
-
b
a
se
d
g
e
n
o
mi
c
e
p
i
d
e
mi
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
st
u
d
y
,
”
Em
e
rg
i
n
g
M
i
c
r
o
b
e
s
a
n
d
I
n
f
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
1
0
2
–
2
1
1
1
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
2
2
2
2
1
7
5
1
.
2
0
2
2
.
2
1
1
2
9
1
2
.
[
4
3
]
N
.
A
m
o
o
r
i
,
B
.
C
h
e
r
a
g
h
i
a
n
,
P
.
A
m
i
n
i
,
a
n
d
S
.
M
.
A
l
a
v
i
,
“
S
o
c
i
a
l
c
o
n
t
a
c
t
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
s
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
s
i
s
:
a
c
a
s
e
-
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
S
o
u
t
h
w
e
s
t
I
r
a
n
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
v
e
M
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
a
n
d
P
u
b
l
i
c
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
5
5
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
4
8
5
–
4
9
1
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
9
6
1
/
j
p
m
p
h
.
2
2
.
3
3
5
.
[
4
4
]
J.
C
.
E
mery
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Es
t
i
m
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
u
b
c
l
i
n
i
c
a
l
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
si
s
d
i
s
e
a
se
t
o
t
r
a
n
sm
i
ssi
o
n
:
a
n
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
p
a
t
i
e
n
t
d
a
t
a
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
f
r
o
m
p
r
e
v
a
l
e
n
c
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
,
”
e
L
i
f
e
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
p
.
2
0
2
2
.
0
6
.
0
9
.
2
2
2
7
6
1
8
8
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
7
5
5
4
/
e
L
i
f
e
.
8
2
4
6
9
.
[
4
5
]
D
.
L.
Y
a
n
g
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
p
a
t
i
a
l
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
a
n
d
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
i
n
g
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
o
f
p
u
l
m
o
n
a
r
y
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
si
s
a
m
o
n
g
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
i
n
N
a
n
n
i
n
g
,
d
u
r
i
n
g
2
0
1
2
–
2
0
1
8
,
”
PL
o
S
O
N
E
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
5
M
a
y
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
7
1
/
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
.
p
o
n
e
.
0
2
6
8
4
7
2
.
[
4
6
]
G
.
S
e
i
d
,
A
.
A
l
e
mu
,
B
.
D
a
g
n
e
,
W
.
S
i
n
sh
a
w
,
a
n
d
B
.
G
u
mi
,
“
Tu
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
s
i
s
i
n
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
c
o
n
t
a
c
t
s
o
f
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
s
i
s
p
a
t
i
e
n
t
s
i
n
su
b
-
S
a
h
a
r
a
n
A
f
r
i
c
a
n
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s:
a
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
a
n
d
m
e
t
a
-
a
n
a
l
y
si
s,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
l
i
n
i
c
a
l
T
u
b
e
rc
u
l
o
si
s
a
n
d
O
t
h
e
r
M
y
c
o
b
a
c
t
e
r
i
a
l
D
i
sea
ses
,
v
o
l
.
2
9
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
j
c
t
u
b
e
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
0
0
3
3
7
.
[
4
7
]
T.
R
y
c
k
m
a
n
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
I
mp
a
c
t
a
n
d
c
o
st
-
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
o
f
sh
o
r
t
-
c
o
u
r
se
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
si
s
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
v
e
t
r
e
a
t
me
n
t
f
o
r
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
c
o
n
t
a
c
t
s
a
n
d
p
e
o
p
l
e
w
i
t
h
H
I
V
i
n
2
9
h
i
g
h
-
i
n
c
i
d
e
n
c
e
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s
:
a
m
o
d
e
l
l
i
n
g
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
,
”
T
h
e
L
a
n
c
e
t
G
l
o
b
a
l
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
e
1
2
0
5
–
e
1
2
1
6
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
S
2
2
1
4
-
1
0
9
X
(
2
3
)
0
0
2
5
1
-
6.
[
4
8
]
S
.
A
t
k
i
n
s
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
T
h
e
s
o
c
i
o
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
i
mp
a
c
t
o
f
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
si
s
o
n
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
a
n
d
a
d
o
l
e
s
c
e
n
t
s
:
a
s
c
o
p
i
n
g
r
e
v
i
e
w
a
n
d
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
f
r
a
mew
o
r
k
,
”
BM
C
P
u
b
l
i
c
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s
1
2
8
8
9
-
0
2
2
-
1
4
5
7
9
-
7.
[
4
9
]
P
.
Jams
h
i
d
i
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
i
l
i
c
o
s
i
s
a
n
d
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
s
i
s:
a
sy
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
a
n
d
me
t
a
-
a
n
a
l
y
si
s,
”
P
u
l
m
o
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
p
u
l
mo
e
.
2
0
2
3
.
0
5
.
0
0
1
.
[
5
0
]
A
.
D
e
y
,
I
.
R
o
y
,
A
.
K
.
C
h
a
k
r
a
b
a
r
t
t
y
,
A
.
C
h
o
u
d
h
u
r
y
,
a
n
d
A
.
La
h
i
r
i
,
“
C
h
a
n
g
i
n
g
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
s
o
f
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
t
r
a
n
sm
i
ssi
o
n
o
f
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
si
s
i
n
a
n
e
a
s
t
e
r
n
st
a
t
e
o
f
I
n
d
i
a
:
t
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
C
O
V
I
D
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
mi
c
,
”
I
n
d
i
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
T
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
si
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
6
8
2
–
6
8
9
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
j
t
b
.
2
0
2
2
.
0
3
.
0
0
1
.
[
5
1
]
L.
M
a
r
t
i
n
e
z
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Th
e
r
i
sk
o
f
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
si
s
i
n
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
a
f
t
e
r
c
l
o
se
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
:
a
sy
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
a
n
d
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
-
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
m
e
t
a
-
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
,
”
T
h
e
L
a
n
c
e
t
,
v
o
l
.
3
9
5
,
n
o
.
1
0
2
2
8
,
p
p
.
9
7
3
–
9
8
4
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
S
0
1
4
0
-
6
7
3
6
(
2
0
)
3
0
1
6
6
-
5.
[
5
2
]
K
.
C
.
H
o
r
t
o
n
,
A
.
L.
H
o
e
y
,
G
.
B
é
r
a
u
d
,
E.
L
.
C
o
r
b
e
t
t
,
a
n
d
R
.
G
.
W
h
i
t
e
,
“
S
y
s
t
e
ma
t
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
a
n
d
m
e
t
a
-
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
s
e
x
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
i
n
so
c
i
a
l
c
o
n
t
a
c
t
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
s
a
n
d
i
m
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
si
s
t
r
a
n
smiss
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
,
”
Em
e
rg
i
n
g
I
n
f
e
c
t
i
o
u
s
D
i
se
a
s
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
6
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
9
1
0
–
9
1
9
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
2
0
1
/
e
i
d
2
6
0
5
.
1
9
0
5
7
4
.
[
5
3
]
C
.
M
.
Y
u
e
n
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
T
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
si
s
c
a
r
e
m
o
d
e
l
s
f
o
r
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
a
n
d
a
d
o
l
e
sc
e
n
t
s
:
a
sc
o
p
i
n
g
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
Bu
l
l
e
t
i
n
o
f
t
h
e
W
o
r
l
d
H
e
a
l
t
h
O
rg
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
0
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
7
7
7
-
7
8
8
L,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
4
7
1
/
B
LT
.
2
2
.
2
8
8
4
4
7
.
[
5
4
]
F
.
R
.
A
d
e
w
o
y
i
n
,
A
.
O
g
u
n
k
o
r
o
d
e
,
O
.
A
.
A
k
p
o
r
,
a
n
d
A
.
M
.
A
y
o
r
i
n
d
e
,
“
B
u
r
d
e
n
o
f
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
si
s
i
n
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
:
sel
f
c
a
r
e
st
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
a
n
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
1
5
6
8
-
1
5
7
7
1576
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
o
m
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
E
u
r
o
A
f
r
o
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
3
,
2
0
2
2
.
[
5
5
]
H
.
R
e
n
,
W
.
L
u
,
X
.
Li
,
a
n
d
H
.
S
h
e
n
,
“
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
u
r
b
a
n
u
n
i
t
s
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
e
d
i
n
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
si
s
e
p
i
d
e
mi
c
u
s
i
n
g
a
g
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
a
l
d
e
t
e
c
t
o
r
i
n
G
u
a
n
g
z
h
o
u
,
C
h
i
n
a
,
”
I
n
f
e
c
t
i
o
u
s
D
i
se
a
ses
o
f
Po
v
e
r
t
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s4
0
2
4
9
-
0
2
2
-
0
0
9
6
7
-
z.
[
5
6
]
H
.
L
i
,
M
.
G
e
,
a
n
d
M
.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
“
S
p
a
t
i
o
-
t
e
m
p
o
r
a
l
d
i
st
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
s
i
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
i
n
C
h
i
n
a
,
”
BM
C
I
n
f
e
c
t
i
o
u
s Dis
e
a
ses
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s
1
2
8
7
9
-
022
-
0
7
5
3
9
-
4.
[
5
7
]
S
.
K
h
a
r
w
a
d
k
a
r
,
V
.
A
t
t
a
n
a
y
a
k
e
,
J
.
D
u
n
c
a
n
,
N
.
N
a
v
a
r
a
t
n
e
,
a
n
d
J.
B
e
n
so
n
,
“
Th
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
o
n
t
h
e
r
i
s
k
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
f
o
r
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
s
i
s:
a
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
V
o
l
u
me
2
1
2
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
n
v
r
e
s.
2
0
2
2
.
1
1
3
4
3
6
.
[
5
8
]
T.
Jeff
e
r
s
o
n
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
h
y
si
c
a
l
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
s
t
o
i
n
t
e
r
r
u
p
t
o
r
r
e
d
u
c
e
t
h
e
s
p
r
e
a
d
o
f
r
e
sp
i
r
a
t
o
r
y
v
i
r
u
s
e
s,
”
C
o
c
h
r
a
n
e
D
a
t
a
b
a
se
o
f
S
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
R
e
v
i
e
w
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
2
0
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
3
1
1
–
3
1
2
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
1
4
6
5
1
8
5
8
.
C
D
0
0
6
2
0
7
.
p
u
b
5
.
[
5
9
]
A
.
K
.
J
i
n
g
Te
o
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
z
i
n
g
a
n
d
me
a
su
r
i
n
g
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
s
i
s
st
i
g
ma
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
mm
u
n
i
t
y
:
a
mi
x
e
d
-
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
st
u
d
y
i
n
C
a
m
b
o
d
i
a
,
”
O
p
e
n
F
o
r
u
m
I
n
f
e
c
t
i
o
u
s
D
i
sea
ses
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
9
3
/
o
f
i
d
/
o
f
a
a
4
2
2
.
[
6
0
]
M
.
V
e
r
i
c
a
t
-
F
e
r
r
e
r
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
,
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s
,
a
n
d
st
i
g
m
a
:
t
h
e
p
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
si
s
i
n
e
q
u
a
t
o
r
i
a
l
g
u
i
n
e
a
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
En
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
Re
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
n
d
P
u
b
l
i
c
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
,
n
o
.
1
4
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
i
j
e
r
p
h
1
9
1
4
8
2
2
7
.
[
6
1
]
S
.
N
a
r
e
sh
,
M
.
S
h
a
r
ma
,
V
.
S
i
n
g
h
,
B
.
K
.
A
n
a
n
d
,
P
.
V
e
r
ma,
a
n
d
M
.
P
.
S
.
M
a
r
w
a
h
a
,
“
H
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
s
y
mp
t
o
ma
t
i
c
c
o
n
t
a
c
t
s
c
r
e
e
n
i
n
g
o
f
sp
u
t
u
m
sme
a
r
p
o
si
t
i
v
e
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
s
i
s
p
a
t
i
e
n
t
s
a
t
t
h
e
D
O
TS
c
l
i
n
i
c
o
f
S
G
T
h
o
s
p
i
t
a
l
,
G
u
r
u
g
r
a
m,
”
I
n
d
i
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
3
4
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
5
2
1
–
5
2
4
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
7
2
0
3
/
I
JC
H
.
2
0
2
2
.
v
3
4
i
0
4
.
0
1
3
.
[
6
2
]
C
.
M
.
Y
u
e
n
,
J.
A
.
S
e
d
d
o
n
,
S
.
K
e
sh
a
v
j
e
e
,
a
n
d
P
.
J.
D
o
d
d
,
“
R
i
s
k
-
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
s
i
s
i
n
f
e
c
t
i
o
n
t
e
st
i
n
g
f
o
r
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
c
o
n
t
a
c
t
ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
h
i
g
h
-
b
u
r
d
e
n
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s:
a
m
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
l
i
n
g
st
u
d
y
,
”
T
h
e
L
a
n
c
e
t
G
l
o
b
a
l
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
e
6
7
2
–
e
6
8
0
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
S
2
2
1
4
-
1
0
9
X
(
2
0
)
3
0
0
7
5
-
9.
[
6
3
]
J.
Y
.
L
e
e
,
N
.
K
w
o
n
,
G
.
y
e
o
n
G
o
o
,
a
n
d
S
.
i
l
C
h
o
,
“
I
n
a
d
e
q
u
a
t
e
h
o
u
si
n
g
a
n
d
p
u
l
mo
n
a
r
y
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
s
i
s:
a
s
y
st
e
ma
t
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
BM
C
Pu
b
l
i
c
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
2
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s
1
2
8
8
9
-
0
2
2
-
1
2
8
7
9
-
6.
[
6
4
]
P
.
M
a
k
e
s
w
a
r
a
n
,
S
.
A
.
S
h
a
h
,
N
.
S
a
f
i
a
n
,
N
.
A
.
M
u
h
a
m
a
d
,
a
n
d
A
.
A
.
H
a
r
i
t
h
,
“
D
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
n
t
s
o
f
d
e
l
a
y
e
d
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
s
i
s
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
a
m
o
n
g
p
a
t
i
e
n
t
s
i
n
S
e
l
a
n
g
o
r
:
a
s
t
u
d
y
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
,
”
P
L
o
S
O
N
E
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
4
A
p
r
i
l
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
1
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
7
1
/
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
.
p
o
n
e
.
0
2
6
6
7
4
6
.
[
6
5
]
D
.
D
i
l
a
s
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
o
c
i
a
l
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
,
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
o
f
c
a
r
e
,
a
n
d
p
a
t
i
e
n
t
a
d
h
e
r
e
n
c
e
t
o
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
si
s
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
i
n
P
e
r
u
:
t
h
e
med
i
a
t
i
n
g
r
o
l
e
o
f
n
u
r
s
e
h
e
a
l
t
h
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
Pa
t
i
e
n
t
Pr
e
f
e
ren
c
e
a
n
d
A
d
h
e
re
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
7
5
–
1
8
6
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
1
4
7
/
P
P
A
.
S
3
9
1
9
3
0
.
[
6
6
]
N
.
O
r
t
i
z
-
r
u
i
z
,
D
.
Za
m
u
d
i
o
-
e
s
p
i
n
o
sa,
M
.
S
a
t
i
z
a
b
a
l
-
r
e
y
e
s
,
a
n
d
L.
C
.
Lu
n
a
-
m
i
r
a
n
d
a
,
“
S
o
c
i
a
l
v
u
l
n
e
r
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
s
i
s:
a
v
i
c
i
o
u
s
c
i
r
c
l
e
S
o
c
i
a
l
v
u
l
n
e
r
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
s
i
s:
a
v
i
c
i
o
u
s c
i
r
c
l
e
,
”
E
n
t
ra
m
a
d
o
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
0
–
1
9
,
2
0
2
3
.
[
6
7
]
D
.
A
.
O
l
a
d
e
l
e
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
‘
T
h
e
i
r
p
l
a
c
e
i
s
b
e
y
o
n
d
t
h
e
t
o
w
n
’
s b
o
r
d
e
r
’
:
a
q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
e
x
p
l
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
st
i
g
m
a
a
ss
o
c
i
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
u
b
e
r
c
u
l
o
si
s
i
n
r
u
r
a
l
a
n
d
u
r
b
a
n
a
r
e
a
s
o
f
L
a
g
o
s,
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
,
”
H
e
a
l
t
h
a
n
d
S
o
c
i
a
l
C
a
re
i
n
t
h
e
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
9
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
7
8
9
–
1
7
9
8
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
1
1
/
h
sc.
1
3
2
8
7
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Ra
p
ito
s
S
id
iq
He
is
a
p
u
b
li
c
h
e
a
lt
h
lec
tu
re
r
o
n
h
e
a
lt
h
b
e
h
a
v
io
r.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
p
u
rsu
i
n
g
a
d
o
c
to
ra
l
p
ro
g
ra
m
in
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
sc
ien
c
e
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
at
e
m
a
il
:
m
a
li
n
sin
a
ro
0
7
1
@
g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Ind
a
n
g
De
wa
ta
He
is
a
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
o
f
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
sc
ien
c
e
a
n
d
a
lec
tu
re
r
in
th
e
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
sc
ien
c
e
d
o
c
t
o
ra
l
p
r
o
g
ra
m
a
t
Un
i
v
e
rsitas
Ne
g
e
ri
P
a
d
a
n
g
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
at
e
m
a
il
:
in
d
a
n
g
d
e
wa
ta@
fm
ip
a
.
u
n
p
.
a
c
.
id
.
H
e
ld
i
He
is
a
n
e
x
p
e
rt
i
n
th
e
f
ield
s o
f
a
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
a
n
d
p
h
il
o
so
p
h
y
a
n
d
a
lec
tu
re
r
in
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
sc
ien
c
e
d
o
c
to
ra
l
p
r
o
g
ra
m
a
t
P
a
d
a
n
g
S
tat
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
at
e
m
a
il
:
e
n
ste
n
h
e
ld
i@f
b
s.u
n
p
.
a
c
.
i
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
N
ea
r
est n
eig
h
b
o
r
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f tu
b
ercu
lo
s
is
in
P
a
d
a
n
g
(
R
a
p
ito
s
S
id
iq
)
1577
Ne
n
i
Fi
tr
a
H
a
y
a
ti
He
is
a
lec
tu
re
r
in
t
h
e
field
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
n
u
tri
t
io
n
a
n
d
a
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
th
e
He
a
lt
h
P
o
ly
tec
h
n
ic
o
f
P
a
d
a
n
g
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
at
e
m
a
il
:
Ne
n
i@p
o
lt
e
k
k
e
s
-
p
d
g
.
a
c
.
i
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.