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C
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Scien
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p
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1.
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[
1
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.
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[
3
]
.
Acc
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to
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[
5
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.
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6
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.
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[
7
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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Hea
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2252
-
8
8
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6
R
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k
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No
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in
u
n
wan
te
d
p
r
eg
n
a
n
cy
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia o
v
e
r
t
h
e
p
ast 6
0
y
ea
r
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
Dem
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
an
d
Hea
lth
Su
r
v
ey
is
a
n
atio
n
al
s
u
r
v
ey
o
f
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
an
d
h
ea
lth
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
C
en
tr
al
B
u
r
ea
u
o
f
Statis
tics
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
Po
p
u
latio
n
a
n
d
Fam
ily
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
Netwo
r
k
,
a
n
d
th
e
Mi
n
is
tr
y
o
f
Hea
lth
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
d
ata
o
n
f
er
tili
ty
,
f
am
ily
p
lan
n
in
g
,
m
a
ter
n
al
an
d
ch
ild
h
ea
lth
,
m
ate
r
n
al
m
o
r
tality
,
a
n
d
atten
tio
n
to
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
f
ac
q
u
ir
ed
im
m
u
n
e
an
d
d
ef
icien
cy
s
y
n
d
r
o
m
e
an
d
s
ex
u
ally
tr
an
s
m
itted
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
r
ef
er
s
to
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
h
ea
lth
s
u
r
v
e
y
in
2
0
0
2
,
2
0
0
7
,
2
0
1
2
,
an
d
2
0
1
7
.
T
h
e
d
at
a
h
as
b
ee
n
weig
h
ed
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
m
o
r
e
tan
g
ib
le
d
at
a.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
2
0
0
2
(
1
2
,
6
1
2
)
,
2
0
0
7
(
1
4
,
4
7
1
)
,
2
0
1
2
(
1
4
,
2
1
2
)
,
a
n
d
2
0
1
7
(
8
,
8
3
8
)
s
o
th
e
to
tal
s
am
p
le
was
5
0
,
2
3
3
co
u
p
les
o
f
ch
ild
b
ea
r
in
g
ag
e
with
th
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
s
am
p
le
m
eth
o
d
.
Data
an
aly
s
is
u
s
in
g
lo
g
is
tic
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
.
C
o
m
p
ar
e
th
e
o
d
d
s
r
a
tio
o
f
ea
ch
s
u
r
v
ey
y
ea
r
to
s
ee
p
atter
n
s
an
d
tr
en
d
s
o
f
u
n
wa
n
ted
p
r
e
g
n
an
cies.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
P
a
r
t
i
ci
p
a
n
t
s
r
a
n
g
e
d
i
n
a
g
e
f
r
o
m
1
5
t
o
4
9
a
n
d
h
a
d
a
n
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
a
g
e
o
f
3
0
.
M
o
s
t
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
a
r
e
o
v
e
r
2
0
y
e
a
r
s
o
l
d
w
i
t
h
a
h
i
g
h
s
c
h
o
o
l
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
a
g
e
o
f
m
a
r
r
i
a
g
e
o
f
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
i
s
m
o
s
t
l
y
o
v
e
r
t
h
e
a
g
e
o
f
2
0
y
e
a
r
s
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
h
a
l
f
o
f
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
u
s
e
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
o
r
f
r
e
e
d
o
m
i
n
c
h
o
o
s
i
n
g
h
e
a
l
t
h
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
is
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
d
t
o
g
e
t
h
e
r
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
c
o
u
p
l
e
.
M
o
s
t
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
h
a
v
e
a
m
a
r
r
ia
g
e
a
g
r
e
e
m
e
n
t
t
h
at
i
s
d
e
c
i
d
e
d
t
o
g
e
t
h
e
r
w
it
h
t
h
e
c
o
u
p
l
e
.
F
r
o
m
t
h
e
h
u
s
b
a
n
d
f
a
c
t
o
r
,
m
o
s
t
h
u
s
b
a
n
d
s
'
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
i
s
h
ig
h
s
c
h
o
o
l
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
m
a
j
o
r
i
t
y
h
a
v
e
a
n
o
c
c
u
p
a
t
i
o
n
.
D
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
b
o
r
n
t
o
m
o
s
t
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
t
o
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
e
q
u
a
l
c
o
u
p
l
e
s
.
Ma
ter
n
al
p
r
ed
is
p
o
s
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
in
d
icate
th
at
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
co
n
tr
ac
ep
tiv
e
u
s
e,
s
elf
-
f
r
ee
d
o
m
,
s
i
m
ilar
ity
o
f
in
ten
tio
n
s
,
an
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ch
il
d
r
en
in
f
l
u
en
ce
u
n
wan
ted
p
r
eg
n
an
cies.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
m
o
t
h
er
s
g
et
th
e
d
esire
d
p
r
e
g
n
an
c
y
ten
d
s
to
b
e
th
e
s
am
e.
Mo
t
h
er
s
wh
o
u
s
e
co
n
tr
ac
ep
tio
n
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
el
y
to
h
a
v
e
a
d
esire
d
p
r
eg
n
a
n
cy
.
T
h
e
m
o
th
er
'
s
s
elf
-
f
r
ee
d
o
m
will
h
av
e
a
g
r
ea
ter
r
i
s
k
th
an
if
it
is
d
ec
id
ed
t
o
g
eth
er
with
th
e
c
o
u
p
le.
Mo
s
t
m
o
th
er
s
an
d
co
u
p
les
h
a
v
e
th
e
s
am
e
in
ten
tio
n
in
p
lan
n
in
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ch
ild
r
e
n
.
Mo
th
er
s
wh
o
h
av
e
two
ch
ild
r
e
n
ar
e
4
.
7
tim
es
m
o
r
e
lik
el
y
to
g
i
v
e
b
ir
th
t
h
a
n
u
n
wan
ted
m
o
th
e
r
s
.
Acc
ess
to
t
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
m
o
s
t
m
o
th
er
s
is
e
asy
.
Mo
th
er
s
w
h
o
h
ad
ea
s
y
ac
ce
s
s
to
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
h
ad
a
1
.
6
tim
es
g
r
ea
ter
r
is
k
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
d
esire
d
p
r
eg
n
a
n
cy
th
an
th
o
s
e
with
d
if
f
icu
lty
g
ettin
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
f
ac
to
r
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
ac
ce
s
s
to
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
h
as a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t e
f
f
ec
t,
m
o
th
e
r
s
wh
o
ea
s
ily
ac
ce
s
s
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
h
av
e
a
1
.
6
tim
es
g
r
ea
ter
r
is
k
o
f
g
ettin
g
t
h
e
d
esi
r
ed
p
r
e
g
n
an
c
y
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
m
o
th
er
s
with
u
n
wan
ted
p
r
e
g
n
an
cies.
3
.
1
.
Cha
ra
c
t
er
is
t
ics o
f
re
s
po
nd
ent
s
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
at
o
v
er
te
n
y
ea
r
s
ag
e
o
f
m
o
th
e
r
s
in
th
e
v
u
l
n
er
ab
le
ca
te
g
o
r
y
h
as
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
b
y
3
.
4
%.
T
h
e
m
ar
r
iag
e
ag
e
o
f
<2
0
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
m
o
th
er
s
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
b
y
2
.
7
%.
C
ash
in
co
m
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
5
7
%.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
th
e
y
h
av
e
h
as
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
.
Mo
th
er
s
wh
o
h
av
e
two
ch
ild
r
en
ten
d
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
b
y
1
3
%,
in
co
n
tr
ast
to
m
o
th
er
s
wh
o
h
av
e
c
h
ild
r
en
>
4
ch
ild
r
e
n
,
with
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
1
7
%.
T
h
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
o
f
m
o
t
h
er
s
wh
o
ar
e
o
u
t
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
an
d
o
n
l
y
p
ass
ed
th
eir
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
b
y
7
%
a
n
d
2
0
%,
wh
ile
f
o
r
s
e
co
n
d
ar
y
an
d
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
it
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
2
0
%
an
d
6
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
W
o
r
k
i
n
g
m
o
th
er
s
in
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
1
1
%.
Mo
th
er
s
wh
o
u
s
ed
co
n
tr
ac
ep
tio
n
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
b
y
4
.
1
%.
C
o
n
tr
ac
ep
tiv
e
f
ailu
r
e
ten
d
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
b
y
1
.
5
%.
T
h
e
ag
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
th
er
b
y
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
ten
d
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
at
th
e
ag
e
o
f
1
9
y
ea
r
s
b
y
0
.
7
%
.
3
.
2
.
Unwa
nte
d pre
g
na
ncy
f
a
ct
o
rs
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
at
s
tatis
tical
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
o
u
r
Dem
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
an
d
Hea
lth
Su
r
v
ey
(
DHS)
d
ata
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
er
e
was
a
ch
an
g
e
in
th
e
OR
o
f
4
v
ar
iab
les
o
v
er
f
if
teen
y
ea
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
m
ater
n
al
ag
e,
ag
e
at
f
ir
s
t
m
ar
r
iag
e,
co
n
tr
ac
e
p
tiv
e
u
s
e,
an
d
co
n
tr
ac
ep
tiv
e
f
ailu
r
e.
T
h
er
e
is
an
in
f
lu
en
ce
b
etwe
en
m
ater
n
al
ag
e
an
d
u
n
wan
ted
p
r
e
g
n
an
c
y
in
co
u
p
les
o
f
ch
ild
b
ea
r
in
g
ag
es
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
(
p
<0
.
0
0
5
)
.
Un
wan
te
d
p
r
eg
n
a
n
cies
at
a
v
u
ln
er
ab
le
ag
e
h
a
v
e
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
o
v
e
r
th
e
p
ast
te
n
y
ea
r
s
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
af
ter
en
ter
in
g
t
h
e
las
t
f
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
.
T
h
er
e
was
an
in
f
lu
en
ce
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
ag
e
o
f
f
ir
s
t
m
ar
r
iag
e
a
n
d
u
n
wa
n
ted
p
r
e
g
n
an
c
y
(
p
<0
.
0
0
5
)
.
Un
wan
ted
p
r
eg
n
a
n
cies
at
th
e
ag
e
o
f
f
ir
s
t
m
ar
r
iag
e
ten
d
to
b
e
s
tab
le
an
d
co
n
s
tan
t.
T
h
er
e
was
an
ef
f
ec
t
b
etwe
en
co
n
tr
ac
ep
tiv
e
u
s
e
a
n
d
u
n
w
an
ted
p
r
eg
n
a
n
cy
(
p
<
0
.
0
0
5
)
.
Un
wan
ted
p
r
e
g
n
an
cies
i
n
wo
m
en
wh
o
u
s
e
co
n
tr
ac
ep
tio
n
ten
d
to
f
lu
ctu
a
te
(
u
p
an
d
d
o
wn
)
.
T
h
er
e
is
an
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
b
etwe
en
co
n
tr
a
ce
p
tiv
e
f
ailu
r
e
an
d
u
n
wan
ted
p
r
eg
n
a
n
cy
(
p
<0
.
0
0
5
)
.
Un
wan
ted
p
r
eg
n
a
n
cies in
co
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
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Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
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u
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u
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E
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[
8
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.
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[
9
]
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atten
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[
1
0
]
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o
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o
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ig
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o
r
u
n
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o
r
u
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ted
p
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n
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[
7
]
.
W
o
m
en
wh
o
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e
m
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r
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ed
u
ca
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d
ar
e
m
o
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e
lik
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t p
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[
1
0
]
W
h
ile
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e
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2
0
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e
m
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'
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n
o
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r
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esire
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p
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h
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th
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with
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ev
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[
9
]
,
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
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n
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p
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b
y
t
h
e
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r
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ter
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ay
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ir
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ay
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eq
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en
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ex
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in
te
r
co
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r
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e
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
Yo
u
n
g
er
m
o
th
er
s
ar
e
a
r
is
k
f
a
cto
r
f
o
r
u
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wan
te
d
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cie
s
.
Un
wan
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p
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u
s
u
ally
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
s
o
cially
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
ed
w
o
m
en
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
it
y
o
f
m
o
th
er
s
u
s
e
c
o
n
tr
ac
ep
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,
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d
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en
wh
o
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s
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co
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t
r
ac
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an
d
th
o
s
e
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o
d
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n
o
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u
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e
co
n
tr
ac
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n
h
a
v
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th
e
s
am
e
r
is
k
.
T
h
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ab
o
u
t
c
o
n
tr
ac
ep
tio
n
p
lay
s
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
co
n
t
r
ac
ep
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
it
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ac
to
r
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
u
n
wan
ted
p
r
eg
n
a
n
cy
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
is
an
in
v
e
r
s
e
r
e
latio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
co
n
tr
ac
e
p
tiv
e
u
s
e
an
d
u
n
wan
ted
p
r
e
g
n
an
cy
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
er
e
is
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
co
n
t
r
ac
ep
ti
v
e
u
s
e
an
d
u
n
wan
ted
p
r
eg
n
an
c
y
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J
Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
1
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4
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1
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a)
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b
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u
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iag
es
th
at
ar
e
d
e
cid
ed
to
g
eth
er
with
th
e
s
p
o
u
s
e.
B
ec
au
s
e
f
em
ale
au
to
n
o
m
y
is
ass
o
ciate
d
with
u
n
wan
ted
p
r
eg
n
a
n
cy
.
W
o
m
e
n
wh
o
h
a
v
e
lo
w
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
ar
e
at
r
is
k
o
f
u
n
wan
ted
p
r
e
g
n
an
cies
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
W
o
m
en
with
au
to
n
o
m
y
ten
d
to
d
is
cu
s
s
co
n
tr
ac
ep
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
s
with
th
eir
p
ar
tn
er
s
an
d
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
t
o
u
s
e
m
o
d
er
n
f
am
ily
p
lan
n
i
n
g
s
er
v
ices
o
r
in
te
n
d
t
o
d
o
s
o
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
t
h
er
eb
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
u
n
wan
ted
p
r
eg
n
an
ci
es,
wo
m
en
'
s
au
to
n
o
m
y
b
ein
g
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
u
n
wan
ted
p
r
e
g
n
an
cies
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
Mo
r
e
wo
m
en
h
av
e
th
e
s
am
e
i
n
ten
tio
n
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ch
il
d
r
en
.
Mo
s
t
m
o
t
h
er
s
an
d
co
u
p
l
es
h
av
e
th
e
s
am
e
in
ten
tio
n
in
p
lan
n
in
g
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
ch
ild
r
e
n
.
T
h
e
in
ten
tio
n
to
im
p
lem
en
t
f
am
il
y
p
lan
n
in
g
am
o
n
g
co
n
tr
ac
ep
tiv
e
u
s
er
s
cu
r
r
en
tly
r
ef
lects
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
wo
m
en
'
s
awa
r
en
es
s
o
f
u
n
wan
ted
p
r
eg
n
a
n
cies
an
d
r
ea
d
in
ess
to
av
o
id
th
em
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
No
n
-
c
o
n
tr
ac
ep
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
1
0
0
%
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
.
I
t
is
esti
m
ated
th
at
8
-
3
0
m
illi
o
n
p
r
e
g
n
an
cies
ea
c
h
y
ea
r
h
av
e
r
esu
lted
f
r
o
m
co
n
tr
ac
ep
tiv
e
f
ailu
r
e
th
at
is
in
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
o
r
in
co
r
r
ec
t
in
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
t
r
ac
ep
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
o
r
s
im
p
ly
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
f
ailu
r
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
ac
ep
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
its
elf
.
T
h
o
s
e
wh
o
ar
e
m
o
tiv
ated
n
o
t
to
h
av
e
m
o
r
e
ch
ild
r
en
a
n
d
h
av
e
u
s
ed
co
n
tr
ac
ep
tio
n
b
u
t
s
till
f
ailed
will
u
s
u
ally
f
in
d
a
way
o
u
t b
y
ab
o
r
tio
n
[
2
4
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
R
is
k
fa
cto
r
s
a
n
d
tr
en
d
s
a
n
a
lys
is
o
f u
n
w
a
n
ted
p
r
eg
n
a
n
cy
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia
(
S
u
p
r
iya
d
i
)
1869
T
h
e
h
u
s
b
an
d
'
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
m
o
s
tly
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
d
eter
m
in
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
u
n
wa
n
ted
p
r
e
g
n
an
c
y
.
T
h
er
e
is
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
o
f
th
e
u
n
wan
ted
s
p
o
u
s
e/h
u
s
b
an
d
a
n
d
th
e
d
esire
d
p
r
e
g
n
an
c
y
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
h
u
s
b
a
n
d
s
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
a
n
d
th
is
b
ein
g
o
f
lo
w
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
,
s
o
cial
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
p
o
u
s
es/h
u
s
b
an
d
s
m
ay
b
e
at
r
is
k
o
f
l
o
w
f
er
tili
ty
co
n
tr
o
l
r
esu
ltin
g
in
u
n
wan
ted
p
r
e
g
n
an
cies
[
2
5
]
.
Acc
ess
to
t
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
m
o
s
t
m
o
th
er
s
is
ea
s
y
.
Mo
th
er
s
wh
o
h
av
e
ea
s
y
ac
ce
s
s
to
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
h
av
e
a
1
.
6
tim
es
g
r
e
ater
r
is
k
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
d
esire
d
p
r
eg
n
an
cy
th
an
th
o
s
e
with
d
if
f
icu
lt
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Acc
ess
to
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t,
wo
m
e
n
wh
o
h
av
e
ea
s
y
ac
ce
s
s
to
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
h
a
v
e
a
1
.
6
tim
es
g
r
ea
ter
r
is
k
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
d
esire
d
p
r
eg
n
an
c
y
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
wo
m
en
with
u
n
wan
ted
p
r
eg
n
a
n
cies
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
is
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
d
o
m
i
n
an
t
f
ac
to
r
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
u
n
wan
ted
p
r
eg
n
an
ci
es,
as
th
e
in
cid
en
ce
o
f
u
n
wan
ted
p
r
eg
n
a
n
cies
wo
u
ld
in
d
icate
a
h
ig
h
r
i
s
k
in
wo
m
en
wh
o
h
av
e
g
iv
e
n
b
ir
th
th
r
ee
o
r
m
o
r
e
tim
es
[
2
7
]
.
Similar
r
esu
lts
wer
e
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
in
th
e
Un
ited
States
.
A
f
ter
g
iv
in
g
b
ir
th
to
d
esire
d
ch
ild
r
en
,
wo
m
en
wh
o
wan
t
to
lim
it
th
eir
f
er
til
ity
an
d
p
r
eg
n
a
n
cy
ten
d
to
co
n
s
id
er
u
n
wan
ted
p
r
eg
n
a
n
cies
r
ath
er
th
an
im
p
r
o
p
er
p
r
e
g
n
an
cies.
I
n
ad
d
iti
o
n
,
b
ir
th
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
ch
a
n
ce
s
o
f
u
n
wa
n
ted
p
r
eg
n
a
n
cy
a
n
d
in
c
r
ea
s
es
th
e
ch
an
ce
s
o
f
u
n
tim
ely
p
r
eg
n
an
cy
[
6
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
W
o
m
en
wh
o
d
o
n
o
t
h
a
v
e
ch
ild
r
en
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
r
eg
n
a
n
cy
will
ten
d
to
h
av
e
a
r
is
k
o
f
u
n
wan
t
ed
p
r
eg
n
a
n
cy
,
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
wo
m
en
w
h
o
wan
t
to
h
av
e
m
o
r
e
c
h
ild
r
en
b
ef
o
r
e
p
r
eg
n
an
c
y
[
1
5
]
.
An
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
liv
in
g
ch
il
d
r
en
is
p
o
s
itiv
ely
ass
o
ciate
d
with
u
n
wan
ted
p
r
e
g
n
an
cies
[
2
8
]
.
3
.
3
.
3
.
Ris
k
o
f
un
wa
nte
d pre
g
na
ncy
Po
s
s
ib
le
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
o
f
an
u
n
wan
ted
p
r
e
g
n
an
c
y
in
clu
d
e:
i
)
An
u
n
wan
ted
p
r
eg
n
an
cy
ca
n
lead
to
th
e
b
ir
th
o
f
a
n
u
n
wan
ted
ch
ild
.
T
h
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
o
f
th
is
u
n
wa
n
ted
c
h
ild
o
f
ten
d
o
es
n
o
t
g
et
p
r
o
p
er
lo
v
e
an
d
n
u
r
tu
r
in
g
f
r
o
m
h
e
r
p
ar
en
ts
s
o
h
er
g
r
o
wt
h
ca
n
b
e
d
is
r
u
p
ted
;
ii
)
T
h
e
o
c
cu
r
r
en
ce
o
f
an
u
n
wan
te
d
p
r
e
g
n
an
cy
ca
n
lead
to
ab
o
r
tio
n
b
ec
a
u
s
e
m
o
s
t
wo
m
en
h
av
in
g
u
n
wan
ted
p
r
e
g
n
an
cies
m
ak
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
o
r
way
s
to
g
et
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
(
u
n
wan
ted
p
r
eg
n
an
cies)
,
let
a
lo
n
e
u
n
s
af
e
a
b
o
r
tio
n
s
[
1
5
]
.
U
n
wan
ted
p
r
e
g
n
an
c
y
will
also
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
co
m
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
d
ea
th
in
p
r
eg
n
a
n
t
wo
m
en
,
i
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
ca
u
s
in
g
u
n
s
af
e
ab
o
r
ti
o
n
s
th
at
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
m
ater
n
al
m
o
r
tality
(
MM
R
)
[
1
9
]
.
Un
wan
ted
p
r
eg
n
an
cies
ca
n
a
d
v
er
s
ely
af
f
ec
t
th
e
h
ea
lth
,
s
o
cial,
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
o
f
m
o
th
er
s
an
d
b
ab
ies,
th
er
e
b
y
n
o
t
o
n
ly
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
m
ater
n
al
m
o
r
b
i
d
ity
an
d
m
o
r
tality
b
u
t
also
r
esu
ltin
g
in
h
ig
h
-
r
is
k
f
etu
s
es
an
d
b
ab
ies,
s
u
ch
as
im
p
air
ed
g
r
o
wth
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
c
o
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
o
f
an
u
n
wan
ted
p
r
eg
n
a
n
cy
e
v
en
t
will
af
f
ec
t
,
i
)
I
n
ad
eq
u
at
e
p
r
en
atal
ca
r
e
wh
ich
ad
v
er
s
ely
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
h
ea
lth
o
f
wo
m
en
an
d
ch
il
d
r
en
d
u
e
to
lack
o
f
p
r
e
p
ar
ati
o
n
f
o
r
p
a
r
en
th
o
o
d
.
T
h
is
u
n
wan
ted
p
r
eg
n
an
cy
b
esi
d
es
h
av
in
g
a
f
ac
to
r
o
f
d
ela
y
r
i
s
k
,
th
e
u
n
wan
ted
p
r
eg
n
an
cy
h
as
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
b
ein
g
m
is
tim
ed
(
n
o
t
o
n
tim
e)
;
ii
)
Un
wan
ted
p
r
eg
n
an
cy
h
i
n
d
er
s
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
f
o
r
cu
r
e
f
o
r
s
ex
u
ally
tr
an
s
m
itted
d
is
ea
s
es
(
STD
s
)
b
ef
o
r
e
p
r
eg
n
an
cy
.
Un
tr
ea
ted
s
ex
u
ally
tr
a
n
s
m
itted
d
is
ea
s
es
in
p
r
eg
n
an
t
wo
m
en
ca
n
lea
d
to
p
r
em
atu
r
e
b
ir
t
h
,
in
f
ec
tio
n
o
f
n
ewb
o
r
n
s
,
o
r
in
f
an
t
d
ea
th
;
iii
)
W
o
m
en
with
u
n
wan
ted
p
r
e
g
n
an
cies
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
s
u
f
f
er
f
r
o
m
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
d
u
r
in
g
o
r
af
ter
p
r
e
g
n
an
c
y
;
iv
)
I
m
p
ac
t o
n
m
ater
n
al
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
;
v
)
I
n
c
r
ea
s
ed
r
is
k
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
v
io
len
ce
d
u
r
in
g
p
r
eg
n
a
n
cy
;
vi
)
R
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
ch
a
n
ce
o
f
b
r
ea
s
tf
ee
d
in
g
,
s
o
th
e
c
h
ild
is
less
h
ea
lth
y
;
v
ii
)
T
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
m
o
th
er
-
ch
ild
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
is
lo
wer
;
v
iii
)
Dete
r
io
r
atio
n
in
t
h
e
h
ea
lth
s
tatu
s
o
f
th
e
m
o
th
er
an
d
th
e
b
a
b
y
;
ix
)
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
m
o
th
er
an
d
th
e
b
a
b
y
is
less
h
ar
m
o
n
io
u
s
;
x
)
Mo
r
e
lik
ely
to
d
elay
t
h
e
in
itiatio
n
o
f
p
r
en
atal
ca
r
e.
Oth
er
ef
f
ec
ts
th
at
co
u
ld
p
o
ten
tially
af
f
ec
t
ch
ild
r
en
with
u
n
w
an
ted
b
ir
th
s
ar
e:
i
)
B
ab
ies
ar
e
at
g
r
ea
ter
r
is
k
o
f
lo
w
b
ir
th
weig
h
t.
T
h
is
is
tr
ig
g
er
ed
b
y
an
in
cr
ea
s
ed
r
is
k
o
f
p
r
em
atu
r
e
b
ir
th
.
I
n
th
e
USA,
elim
in
atin
g
u
n
wan
ted
p
r
eg
n
an
cy
e
v
en
ts
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
s
ev
er
ely
l
o
w
b
ir
th
weig
h
t
b
y
7
%
f
o
r
b
lack
s
an
d
4
%
f
o
r
wh
ites
;
ii
)
Hig
h
er
in
f
an
t
m
o
r
tality
.
I
f
all
s
ex
u
ally
ac
tiv
e
c
o
u
p
les
r
eg
u
lar
ly
u
s
ed
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
co
n
tr
ac
ep
tio
n
it
wo
u
ld
r
ed
u
ce
ab
o
r
tio
n
s
,
u
n
w
an
ted
liv
e
b
ir
th
s
,
an
d
in
f
an
t
d
ea
th
s
,
iii
)
I
n
f
an
ts
m
ay
p
o
te
n
tially
s
u
f
f
er
f
r
o
m
m
en
tal
an
d
p
h
y
s
ical
d
is
ab
ilit
i
es
d
u
r
in
g
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
;
iv
)
Hig
h
er
r
is
k
o
f
ch
ild
ab
u
s
e
an
d
n
eg
lect
;
v
)
C
h
ild
r
en
h
av
e
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
h
av
e
lear
n
in
g
d
if
f
ic
u
lties
in
s
ch
o
o
l
;
v
i
)
Mo
r
e
lik
ely
to
liv
e
in
p
o
v
er
ty
an
d
n
ee
d
p
u
b
lic
ass
is
tan
ce
;
v
ii
)
Mo
r
e
lik
ely
t
o
ex
p
er
ien
ce
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
h
a
r
d
s
h
ip
an
d
c
r
im
in
al
b
e
h
av
io
r
;
v
i
ii
)
T
h
e
c
h
ild
h
as
a
wea
k
n
ess
in
in
tellig
en
ce
; ix
)
t
en
d
s
to
h
av
e
a
clo
s
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
th
eir
m
o
th
e
r
[
3
1
]
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
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Mo
th
er
s
wh
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h
av
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two
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4
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7
tim
es
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
g
iv
e
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ir
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h
th
a
n
u
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wan
te
d
m
o
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r
s
.
Mo
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o
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v
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ac
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to
in
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1
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6
ti
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cy
th
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th
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s
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with
d
if
f
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lt
in
f
o
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m
atio
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.
T
h
e
ag
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
th
er
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
ch
ild
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e
n
th
at
af
f
ec
t
p
r
eg
n
an
c
y
ar
e
u
n
d
esira
b
le.
Mo
th
er
s
y
o
u
n
g
er
th
an
2
0
y
ea
r
s
h
av
e
a
2
.
5
tim
es
r
is
k
o
f
g
ettin
g
u
n
wan
ted
p
r
eg
n
a
n
cies
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
m
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t
h
er
s
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er
2
0
y
ea
r
s
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ld
af
ter
co
n
tr
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llin
g
f
o
r
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
an
d
m
o
th
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s
wh
o
h
av
e
two
ch
ild
r
e
n
wer
e
4
.
4
tim
es
m
o
r
e
lik
el
y
to
g
et
u
n
wan
te
d
p
r
eg
n
an
cies
th
a
n
m
o
th
er
s
w
h
o
h
av
e
m
o
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e
th
an
two
ch
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r
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af
ter
c
o
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tr
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llin
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f
o
r
m
ater
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e.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
d
o
m
in
a
n
t
f
ac
to
r
af
f
ec
tin
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RE
F
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NC
E
S
[
1
]
H
a
d
i
R
.
La
j
u
P
e
r
t
u
m
b
u
h
a
n
P
e
n
d
u
d
u
k
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n
d
o
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e
s
i
a
M
e
n
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r
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n
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j
a
k
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a
h
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n
2
0
2
0
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M
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n
g
a
p
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?
[
I
n
t
e
r
n
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t
]
.
2
0
2
4
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
f
r
o
m
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
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g
o
o
d
s
t
a
t
s.
i
d
/
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
/
l
a
j
u
-
p
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r
t
u
m
b
u
h
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n
-
p
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n
d
u
d
u
k
-
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d
o
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a
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m
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r
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n
-
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k
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t
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n
-
2
0
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0
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me
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g
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p
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-
i
x
c
i
W
#
:
~
:
t
e
x
t
=
D
i
t
a
h
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n
2
0
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%
2
C
l
a
j
u
p
e
r
t
u
m
b
u
h
a
n
,
p
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se
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t
a
s
e
h
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y
a
se
b
e
s
a
r
1
%
2
C
1
7
.
(
a
c
c
e
sse
d
:
M
a
r
1
7
,
2
0
2
3
).
[
2
]
C
e
n
t
e
r
s
f
o
r
D
i
se
a
se
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
a
n
d
P
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
,
“
U
n
i
n
t
e
n
d
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d
P
r
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g
n
a
n
c
y
,
”
U
S
A
,
2
0
2
1
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
2
0
2
3
A
v
a
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l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
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w
w
.
c
d
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g
o
v
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p
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d
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t
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h
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l
t
h
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h
c
p
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y
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?
C
D
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_
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l
=
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t
t
p
s:
/
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w
w
.
c
d
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.
g
o
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p
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(
a
c
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d
:
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r
1
7
,
2
0
2
3
).
[
3
]
H
.
D
.
N
e
l
s
o
n
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
sso
c
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
U
n
i
n
t
e
n
d
e
d
P
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g
n
a
n
c
y
W
i
t
h
M
a
t
e
r
n
a
l
a
n
d
I
n
f
a
n
t
H
e
a
l
t
h
O
u
t
c
o
mes
:
A
S
y
st
e
ma
t
i
c
R
e
v
i
e
w
a
n
d
M
e
t
a
-
a
n
a
l
y
si
s,
”
J
AM
A
,
v
o
l
.
3
2
8
,
n
o
.
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
7
1
4
–
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7
2
9
,
2
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2
2
,
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1
0
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1
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j
a
m
a
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
9
0
9
7
.
[
4
]
R
.
Ja
l
a
l
i
,
M
.
M
o
h
a
m
ma
d
i
,
A
.
V
a
i
si
-
R
a
y
g
a
n
i
,
A
.
G
h
o
b
a
d
i
,
a
n
d
N
.
S
a
l
a
r
i
,
“
P
r
e
v
a
l
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n
c
e
o
f
u
n
w
a
n
t
e
d
p
r
e
g
n
a
n
c
y
i
n
I
r
a
n
i
a
n
w
o
m
e
n
:
a
sy
st
e
ma
t
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
a
n
d
me
t
a
-
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
,
”
Re
p
ro
d
u
c
t
i
v
e
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
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o
.
1
,
p
.
1
3
3
,
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p
.
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0
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9
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:
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1
8
6
/
s1
2
9
7
8
-
0
1
9
-
0
8
0
4
-
8.
[
5
]
E.
K
.
A
me
y
a
w
,
E.
B
u
d
u
,
F
.
S
a
m
b
a
h
,
L.
B
a
a
t
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e
ma
,
F
.
A
p
p
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a
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,
A
.
-
A
.
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e
i
d
u
,
a
n
d
B
.
O
p
o
k
u
A
h
i
n
k
o
r
a
h
,
“
P
r
e
v
a
l
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n
c
e
a
n
d
d
e
t
e
r
mi
n
a
n
t
s o
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f
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a
:
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m
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c
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l
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s
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mo
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a
p
h
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c
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n
d
h
e
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l
t
h
s
u
r
v
e
y
s,”
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S
O
n
e
,
v
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l
.
1
4
,
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o
.
8
,
p
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e
0
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9
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j
o
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r
n
a
l
.
p
o
n
e
.
0
2
2
0
9
7
0
.
[
6
]
L.
E
.
B
a
i
n
,
M
.
B
.
M
.
Zw
e
e
k
h
o
r
st
,
a
n
d
T.
d
e
C
o
c
k
B
u
n
i
n
g
,
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P
r
e
v
a
l
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
D
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
n
t
s
o
f
U
n
i
n
t
e
n
d
e
d
P
r
e
g
n
a
n
c
y
i
n
S
u
b
-
S
a
h
a
r
a
n
A
f
r
i
c
a
:
A
S
y
st
e
ma
t
i
c
R
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
A
f
r
i
c
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Re
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
v
e
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
4
,
n
o
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c
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c
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d
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m
a
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:
P
u
rn
a
wa
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a
c
.
id
.
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