Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
u
bli
c Hea
lt
h S
c
ie
nce (IJPH
S)
Vo
l.
6
,
No.
4
,
D
ece
m
ber
201
7
, pp.
324
~
330
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8806,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
phs
.
v6
i
4
.
1
07
78
324
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
https:
//
ww
w.i
aesco
re
.c
om
/j
our
nals/
ind
ex.
php/IJP
H
S
Safe Foo
d Handli
ng Kn
owledg
e,
Attitude
and Pr
actice
o
f Fo
od Hand
ler
s
i
n H
osp
ital Kitchen
Da
r
u Lest
ant
yo
1
, Adi Her
u
Husodo
2
, Susi
Ira
vati
3
, Z
ah
r
oh
Sh
aluhiy
ah
4
1,
2
Dept. Fac
u
lty
of
Medicine
Gad
ja
h
Mad
a
Univ
er
sit
y
,
Indon
esia
3
Depa
rtment
of
Public
He
al
th
,
F
ac
ul
t
y
of
Medici
ne
Gadj
ah
Mad
a
Univer
sit
y
,
Indo
nesia
4
Depa
rtment
of
Hea
lt
h
Prom
oti
on
,
Facu
lty
of
Pu
bli
c
Hea
l
th, Dip
onegor
o
Univer
s
ity
,
Indone
si
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
hist
or
y:
Re
cei
ved
Sep
12, 201
7
Re
vised
N
ov
6
, 201
7
Accepte
d
Nov
26, 201
7
Hos
pit
al
food
hy
gi
ene
pl
a
y
s
an
important
role
to
pat
i
ent
’s
heal
th.
Studie
s
prove
d
that
improper
pra
ct
i
ce
s
and
lack
of
k
nowledge
ar
e
c
ontri
buti
n
g
fac
tors
of
food
borne
disea
ses
.
Thi
s
stud
y
was
conduc
t
ed
t
o
det
ermin
e
knowledge
,
at
t
itude
and
pra
c
tice
of
hospita
l
safe
food
handl
ing
in
Sem
ara
ng,
Cent
ra
l
Java
.
A
cro
ss
sec
ti
o
nal
stud
y
was
conduc
t
ed
in
two
gene
ra
l
hospita
ls’
kit
ch
en.
Data
wer
e
col
l
ec
t
ed
from
60
food
handl
ers
through
val
id
at
ed
qu
estionnaire.
Respon
dent
s
were
grou
ped
int
o
two
cat
hegor
ie
s
:
a.
Te
a
chi
ng
Hos
pi
ta
l
,
and
b.
Non
-
teac
hing
Hos
pit
al.
Dat
a
wer
e
col
l
ec
t
ed
i
n
Februa
r
y
-
April
2017.
Mos
t
of
food
handl
ers
(80
%)
were
gra
duat
ed
from
voca
t
iona
l
senio
r
high
school
(
SM
K).
Respond
en
t’s
age
wer
e
28
-
37
y
ea
rs
(36
.
7%)
in
ave
r
age
.
Mos
t
of
responde
nt’s
work
expe
ri
ence
(85%)
w
as
le
ss
tha
n
15
y
ea
rs
.
T
he
resul
t
show
e
d
tha
t
m
ore
th
an
80%
of
food
ha
ndle
rs
hav
e
good
knowledge
in
safe
food
ha
ndl
ing
proc
edur
es,
good
attit
ud
e
(
66%
)
and
good
pra
ct
i
ce
s
(
90%).
The
r
e
was
no
sign
ifi
ca
n
t
diffe
ren
ce
of
knowledge
,
at
titude
and
pra
ct
i
ce
s
bet
wee
n
t
wo
groups.
Res
ult
s
strongl
y
em
phasiz
e
th
e
nee
d
of
food
h
ygie
ne
tra
in
ing
of
hospita
l
food
h
andl
ers.
I
t
a
lso
suggest
that
non
food
handle
rs
such
as
nurse
or
k
it
ch
en
super
visor
should
inv
olve
d
in
the
tra
ini
ng
.
Som
e
aspe
ct
s
of
food
handl
ers’
safe
t
y
beh
avi
or
nee
d
to
b
e
emphasize
d.
Ke
yw
or
d:
Food
ha
ndle
r
s
Ho
s
pital
kitche
n
Safe
foo
d hand
li
ng
Safety
be
ha
viour
Copyright
©
201
7
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Daru Le
sta
ntyo,
PhD
Dep
a
rtm
e
nt
,
Fac
ulty
of
Me
dicine,
Gadja
h
Ma
da
Un
i
ver
sit
y,
Jo
gja
kar
ta
,
In
done
sia
.
Em
a
il
:
dar
u71@gm
ai
l.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Food
born
e
dis
eases
are
sti
ll
com
m
on
pr
obl
e
m
s
in
al
l
ov
er
asi
an
countrie
s.
It
m
ai
nly
ca
us
e
d
by
the
or
al
r
ou
te
of
m
ic
roorgan
ism
or
tox
i
n
w
hich
pro
du
ce
d
by
pa
thogenic
bacteria
in
su
f
fici
ent
am
ou
nt
to
de
vel
op
path
ologic
co
ndit
ion
s
.
Re
sea
rch
s
howe
d
t
ha
t
la
ck
of
kn
owle
dge
a
nd
food
m
ishan
dlin
g
we
re
ide
ntifi
ed
as
cause
of
f
ood
po
is
onin
g
[
1
]
.
Know
le
dge,
Atti
tud
e
an
d
P
racti
ce
(KAP)
of
f
ood
handl
ers
is
belie
ve
d
hav
e
influ
e
nce
i
n
f
ood
po
is
on
i
ng
c
ases.
Ayci
cek
et
al
f
ound
th
a
t
S.
aure
us
co
ntam
inati
on
i
n
heal
thca
re
fac
il
ities
was
co
ntri
bu
te
d
by
f
ood
ha
ndle
rs
’
pe
rs
on
al
hygiene
[
2
]
.
Ho
s
pital
kitche
n
cat
er
a
la
r
ge
popula
ti
on
c
onsist
ed
of
patie
nts,
do
ct
or
,
nu
rses
an
d
m
any
visi
tor
s.
Re
ady
to
eat
fo
od
prep
are
d
in
ho
s
pital
wer
e
in
la
rg
e
qua
ntit
ie
s
and
is
m
or
e
su
scepti
ble
to
co
ntam
inati
on
.
F
ood
ha
ndle
rs
pl
ay
an
i
m
po
rtant
ro
le
in
prev
ention
of
f
ood
bor
ne
diseases
.
T
he
y
hav
e
to
ens
ure
hygiene
sta
nd
a
r
ds
of
prep
arati
on,
proces
s
an
d
foo
d
se
r
ving
bu
t
t
hey
al
so
do
no
t
reali
zed
c
ould
car
ry
so
m
e
fo
od
bor
n
e
pat
hoge
ns
su
c
h
as
E.
coli,
Sa
l
monell
a
Spp,
S.a
ure
us
an
d
Shige
ll
a
in
their
bodies i
n partic
ula
r on t
he
ir sk
i
n or n
os
e
[
3
]
.
Poor
foo
d
hy
gi
enic
pr
act
ic
es
cou
l
d
c
on
tri
bute
f
ood
bor
ne
diseases
in
ho
sp
it
al
.
Foo
d
ha
nd
le
rs
w
ho
wer
e
S
aureus
carrier
an
d
ha
ve
direct
co
nta
ct
with
pre
pared
f
ood
can
c
on
ta
m
inate
patho
l
og
ic
orga
nism
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPHS
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8806
Sa
fe
Fo
od
Han
dling Kn
owled
ge,
Att
it
ud
e
and
Pr
actic
e o
f
F
ood H
andlers i
n Ho
s
pital
....
(
Da
r
u Lest
anty
o)
325
ho
s
pital
inp
at
i
ents
[
4
]
.
Stu
dy
showe
d
that
t
her
e
was
a
si
gnific
ant
c
orrelat
ion
bet
wee
n
per
s
onal
hygie
ne
an
d
m
ic
ro
bial
sta
tu
s
of
f
ood
handl
er’
s
.
Se
ver
al
st
ud
ie
s
sta
te
d
th
at
ho
s
pital
foo
d
pois
on
i
ng
c
ould
be
a
real
th
reat
to
ho
s
pital
qual
it
y
assur
a
nce
[
5
]
.
Fo
od
po
is
onin
g
co
uld
res
ults
in
hos
pital
huge
fina
nci
al
losses
an
d
public
confide
nce.
Food
hygie
ne
trai
ning
are
ne
eded
t
o
im
pr
ov
e
ho
s
pital
foo
d
ha
ndle
r’
s
kn
ow
le
dg
e
,
eve
n
though
this
d
oe
s
no
t
al
way
s
change
em
pl
oyee’s
be
ha
vior.
Most
of
studi
es
su
ggest
to
im
pr
ov
e
f
ood
ha
nd
le
r’
s
knowle
dge
,
at
ti
tud
e and
pract
ic
e in f
ood hygiene
[
6
]
. In
I
ndonesi
a, Mi
nistry of
Healt
h
sti
ll
d
oes
not im
ple
m
ented
H
ACCP
for ho
s
pital
k
it
chen y
et
.
T
his
increases
the i
m
po
rtance
of
s
a
fe fo
od h
a
ndli
ng stan
dards
fo
r ho
s
pital
.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
The
ai
m
of
th
is
stud
y
is
to
descr
i
be
foo
d
ha
ndle
r
’s
knowle
dge,
at
ti
tud
e
a
nd
prac
ti
ce
a
m
on
gs
t
ho
s
pital
f
ood
handler
an
d
c
om
par
e
it
between
tw
o
gr
oups.
Re
gardin
g
the
gro
ups
to
be
com
pared,
t
he
respo
nd
e
nts
cl
assifi
ed
as
te
achin
g
ho
s
pital
a
nd
no
n
te
achi
ng
ho
s
pital
f
ood
ha
nd
le
rs.
As
m
entioned
earl
ie
r,
the
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
w
ere
di
vid
e
d
in
to
two
gro
ups
.
Teachi
ng
ho
sp
it
al
represe
nt
ed
f
ood
hand
le
rs
w
hose
tra
ined
fr
e
qu
e
ntly
.
Non
te
achin
g
hos
pital
rep
rese
nt
ed
of
foo
d
ha
nd
le
rs
w
ho
se
t
raine
d
inf
requ
ently
fo
r
pur
pose
of
analy
sis.
By
com
par
ing
t
rain
ing
e
xperie
nce
s
of
the
gro
ups
,
the
st
ud
y
w
ould
be
a
ble
to
analy
ze
pa
rtic
ipant
’s
knowle
dge
in
f
ood
hy
giene
re
sp
ect
ively
.
Altho
ugh
f
ood
sa
f
et
y
trai
nin
g
program
are
still
lim
it
ed,
ho
s
pital
has
to serve
d pati
ents a
nd em
plo
ye
es w
it
h a
valu
able sta
ndar
d.
This
is
a
cross
se
ct
ion
al
stu
dy
condu
ct
e
d
in
two
hos
pital
s
of
Ce
ntral
Jav
a
Pr
ovinc
e.
T
he
stud
y
wa
s
carried
out
between
Fe
bruary
–
A
pri
l
2017
am
on
gs
t
f
ood
ha
nd
le
r
s
w
ork
ing
i
n
2
hos
pital
kitchen
in
C
entra
l
Java
P
rovi
nce.
A
no
n
prob
a
bili
ty
sa
m
plin
g
w
as
co
nducted
in
this
st
ud
y.
60
foo
d
ha
ndle
rs
wer
e p
a
rtic
ipate
d
i
n
this
stud
y.
All
par
ti
ci
pan
ts
e
it
her
had
direc
t
con
ta
ct
and
or
delive
rin
g
f
oods
an
d
di
vid
ed
int
o
two
gro
ups
wh
ic
h
c
onsist
s
of
30
par
ti
ci
pan
ts
each
.
T
he
quest
ion
ai
r
e
co
ns
ist
s
of
t
hr
ee
pa
rts
;
know
le
dg
e
,
at
ti
tu
de
a
nd
pr
act
ic
e.
It
were
m
ai
nly
con
ta
ined
m
ulti
ple
cho
ic
e
qu
e
sti
ons.
Each
quest
io
ns
in
knowle
dge
pa
rt
co
ns
ist
ed
of
two
op
ti
onal
answ
e
r
of
“y
es”
or
“n
o”.
Th
e
knowle
dge
que
sti
onnaire
us
e
d
to
asses
fo
od
safety
know
le
dge.
It
was
orga
nized
into
th
ree
m
ain
sect
io
ns
i)
ba
sic
f
ood
hygi
ene,
ii
)
sa
fety
and
healt
h,
ii
i)
H
AI
s
pr
e
ven
ti
on.
It
was
fill
ed
ei
th
er
by
pa
rtic
ipants
or
fiel
d
e
nu
m
e
rator
.
T
he
quest
io
nn
ai
r
e
were
de
vel
oped
on
t
he
ba
sis
of
regulat
ion
s
a
nd guideli
nes
of
The In
done
sia
n
Mi
nistry
o
f
Healt
h wit
h
a
da
ptati
on
s
fro
m
p
re
vious
stu
dies.
The
quest
io
nna
ires it
e
m
s f
or
a
tt
it
ud
e q
uesti
ons w
e
re r
at
e
d
on
a 5
-
point Li
ke
rt Scale
f
r
om
1
(S
t
ron
gly
Agree/Al
ways
)
to
5
(S
tro
ngly
Disagr
ee/
Ne
ver).
Atti
tud
e
qu
e
sti
onnaire
wer
e
de
velo
pe
d
to
track
i)
pe
rsonal
hygiene
,
ii
)
sa
fety
an
d
healt
h
op
i
nions.
Pra
ct
ic
e
qu
est
io
nn
ai
res
c
onsist
ed
of
t
wo
opt
ion
al
a
nswer
wh
i
c
h
desig
ne
d
to
de
te
rm
ine
e
m
plo
ye
es’
ob
e
dien
t
on
f
ood
hygie
ne
pract
ic
e.
Th
e
con
te
nt
valid
at
ion
an
d
reli
abili
ty
of
the
qu
est
io
nn
ai
res
was
done
by
sta
ti
stical
te
st
with
Cronbac
h’s
al
f
a
fo
r
eac
h
nu
m
ber
of
qu
e
sti
on
s
.
All
stud
y m
e
m
ber
tea
m
w
ere trai
ned to e
nsure
c
on
sist
e
nt inter
vi
ewing com
plete
ness
sta
nd
a
rds.
The
quest
io
nnai
re
wer
e
de
li
ve
red
to
al
l
p
art
ic
ipants
after
work
i
ng
hours
.
All
par
ti
ci
pant
s
rep
li
ed
to
the
qu
e
sti
onna
ire.
The
inter
vi
ew
was
car
ried
after
fi
nish
i
ng
their
jo
bs
to
ensure
pa
rtic
ipants
c
om
plete
their
qu
e
sti
onnaire
without
distra
ct
ion
from
th
ei
r
du
ti
es.
Sta
ti
sti
cal
analy
si
s
was
perf
orm
ed
us
in
g
co
m
pu
te
r
sta
ti
sti
cs
so
ftwar
e.
Des
cripti
ve
sta
ti
sti
cs
was
us
ed
to
s
umm
arize
the
ge
neral
char
act
erist
ic
s
of
p
arti
ci
pa
nts
a
nd
to
descr
i
be
in
te
rv
ie
w
res
ults
of
knowle
dg
e,
at
ti
tud
e
and
pr
act
ic
e.
Ind
epende
n
t
t
te
s
t
was
per
f
orm
ed
to
com
par
e
m
eans
bet
ween
tw
o
unrelat
ed
gr
oups.
T
he
stu
dy
prot
oco
ls
was
re
viewe
d
a
nd
ap
pro
ved
by
Ethic
s
Com
m
ittee
O
f Fac
ulty
Of P
ub
li
c H
eal
th, Dip
on
e
gor
o U
niv
e
rsity
.
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
3.1.
Fo
od
h
andl
er’
s
profi
le
A
great
er
n
um
ber
of
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
in
gr
oup
1
wer
e
i
n
the
a
ge
br
ac
ket
48
-
57
y
ea
rs
an
d
in
group
2
we
re
28
-
37
y
ear
s.
T
he
a
ver
a
ge
age
was
28.
5
ye
ar
s
ini
gro
up
1
a
nd
23.
6
in
gro
up
2
.
Wor
king
ex
per
i
e
nce
wa
s
2.3
2
ye
ars
in
gro
up
1
and
12
ye
ar
s
in
group
2
.
All
of
pa
rtic
ip
ants
(10
0%)
w
e
re
fem
al
e
.
Ta
ble
1
sho
ws
th
at
m
os
t
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
(
36.
7%)
in
both
gro
up
s
ha
d
c
om
ple
te
d
vocat
ion
al
high
sch
ool
(
SMK
)
in
f
ood
pr
ocessin
g.
So
m
e
of
them
wer
e
grad
uated
f
r
om
facu
lt
y
of
nutri
ti
on
al
sci
ences.
Su
r
pr
isi
ngly
,
our
stu
dy
found
that
there
we
re
11
p
arti
ci
pa
nts in
gro
up one
gr
a
duat
ed fr
om
Pr
im
ary and Juni
or H
i
gh Sc
hool
(
SD
an
d
SMP
).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
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:
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IJPHS
V
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.
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,
Decem
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7
:
324
–
330
326
Table
1
.
Partic
ipants
’
P
r
of
il
e
Cath
eg
o
ry
Frequ
en
cy
Percentag
e
Grou
p
1
Grou
p
2
Grou
p
1
Grou
p
2
Gen
d
er
Ag
e
W
o
rkin
g
ex
p
eriences
Edu
catio
n
lev
el
Male
Fe
m
ale
18
-
27
28
-
37
38
-
47
48
-
57
1
-
15
16
-
30
31
-
45
Pri
m
a
r
y
Scho
o
l
Ju
n
io
r
Hig
h
Sch
o
o
l
Sen
io
r
Midd
le Sch
o
o
l
Sen
io
r
Vo
catio
n
al
Sch
o
o
l
Co
lleg
e
Bach
elo
r
0
30
5
4
4
17
12
12
6
3
8
5
11
1
2
1
29
7
20
3
0
27
3
0
0
0
7
16
5
2
0
100
1
6
.7
3
6
.7
1
3
.3
3
3
.3
40
40
20
10
2
6
.7
1
6
.7
3
6
.7
3
.3
6
.7
3
.3
9
6
.7
2
3
.3
6
6
.7
10
0
90
10
0
0
0
2
3
.3
3
6
.7
1
6
,7
6
.7
3.2.
Kno
w
le
d
ge
In
c
o
m
m
on
,
pa
rtic
ipants’s
knowle
dge
m
ea
n
pe
rce
ntage
s
cor
e
was
14.9
33
SD
1
.
94
in
group
1
a
nd
15.03
3
S
D
2.17
i
n
gro
up
2.
All
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
(
100%
)
in
group
1
ha
ve
answ
e
re
d
c
orrect
ly
in
“w
ashin
g
veg
et
a
bles
as
a
risk
i
n
foo
d
process”
sta
te
m
ent
and
“eat
le
ftov
e
r
c
ooke
d
f
ood
co
uld
c
ause
foo
d
pois
on
i
ng
”
.
Con
tra
ry,
a
la
ck
of
f
ood
hy
giene
knowle
dge
wa
s
f
ound
in
oth
e
r
quest
i
on
s
.
83.
3%
i
n
gro
up
1
an
d
60%
in
gro
up
2
h
a
ve
unc
orrect
a
nswe
r
in p
at
ho
gen
ic
m
ic
ro
bes
a
s
a
gen
t of
f
ood
poiso
ning.
All
pa
rtic
ipants
in
gro
up 2
agr
ee
d
that
foo
d
co
ntact
with
bar
e
ha
nd
s
co
ul
d
cause
f
ood
po
is
onin
g
but
20%
of
res
pondents
i
n
gr
oup
1
di
d
no
t
a
gr
ee
with
the
sam
e
sta
teme
nt.
Table
2
sh
ows
th
e
f
ood
ha
ndle
r’
s
kn
ow
le
dg
e
.
I
nd
e
pende
nt
t
te
st
s
howe
d
there
wa
s
no
s
ign
ific
a
nt
dif
fe
ren
ces
of
knowle
dge
bet
wee
n
pa
rtic
ipants
i
n
gro
up
1
a
nd
group
2
(
p
0.852
).
Tab
Table
2.
Foo
d Handle
r
’s K
nowled
ge
No
State
m
en
t
An
swer
Grou
p
1
Grou
p
2
F
%
F
%
1
Fo
o
d
p
o
is
o
n
in
g
is caus
ed
on
ly
by
p
at
h
o
g
en
ic
m
ic
rob
es
Co
rr
ect
5
1
6
.7
12
40
No
t corre
ct
25
8
3
.3
18
60
2
Eating
r
aw
or half
co
o
k
ed
f
o
o
d
is highly
risk
f
o
r
f
o
o
d
p
o
iso
n
in
g
Co
rr
ect
26
8
6
.6
27
90
No
t corre
ct
4
1
3
.3
3
10
3
Un
wash
ed
v
eg
etab
les h
av
e
m
an
y
r
is
k
s
o
f
f
o
o
d
con
ta
m
in
atio
n
Co
rr
ect
30
100
28
9
3
.3
No
t corre
ct
0
0
2
6
.66
4
Po
o
r
in
d
iv
id
u
al hygien
e of
f
o
o
d
hand
lers ca
n
c
au
se f
o
o
d
bo
rne
in
f
ectio
n
to h
o
sp
it
al patien
t
Co
rr
ect
28
9
3
.3
28
9
3
.3
No
t corre
ct
2
6
.66
2
6
.66
5
Eating
lef
to
v
er
co
o
k
ed
f
o
o
d
f
o
r
m
o
re
th
an
6
h
o
u
rs is at
h
ig
h
r
isk
to
caus
e
f
o
o
d
p
o
iso
n
i
n
g
Co
rr
ect
30
100
25
8
3
.3
No
t corre
ct
0
5
1
6
.7
6
Keepin
g
f
o
o
d
at
re
f
rigeratorh
elp
s to
prev
en
t bacterial
co
n
ta
m
in
atio
n
Co
rr
ect
23
7
6
.6
22
7
3
.3
No
t corre
ct
7
2
3
.3
8
2
6
.6
7
Co
n
tactin
g
r
eady t
o
eat fo
o
d
with b
are
h
an
d
s
m
ig
h
t caus
e
f
o
o
d
b
o
rne in
f
ectio
n
s
Co
rr
ect
24
80
30
100
No
t corre
ct
6
20
0
8
The corre
ct
m
eth
o
d
s f
o
r
th
awin
g
f
roz
en
m
eat
is to k
eep
th
e
m
in
roo
m
te
m
p
erature
Co
rr
ect
24
80
24
80
No
t corre
ct
6
20
6
20
9
Fo
o
d
po
is
o
n
in
g
cou
ld
caus
e sev
ere
d
i
seas
es th
at end
in
h
o
sp
italizatio
n
and
so
m
eti
m
es d
eath
Co
rr
ect
29
9
6
.6
25
8
3
.3
No
t corre
ct
1
3
.33
5
1
6
.7
10
Health
y
f
o
o
d
h
an
d
l
ers
m
ig
h
t car
r
y
f
o
o
d
b
o
rne p
ath
o
g
en
s
Co
rr
ect
28
9
3
.3
29
9
6
.7
No
t corre
ct
2
6
.66
1
3
.33
11
Ins
ect su
ch
as
co
c
k
roach
es an
d
f
lies m
g
h
t t
rans
m
it
f
o
o
d
b
o
rne
p
ath
o
g
en
s
Co
rr
ect
28
9
3
.3
27
90
No
t corre
ct
2
6
.66
3
10
3.3.
Attitude
Table
3
s
hows
the
res
ults
of
f
ood
ha
nd
le
r’
s
r
esp
on
on
at
ti
tu
de
qu
e
sti
ons.
Our
st
ud
y
pro
ve
d
t
hat
f
oo
d
handler
’s
at
ti
tud
e
t
ow
a
r
ds
s
afe
f
ood
ha
nd
l
ing
sc
ore
was
72.97
SD
8.7
5
in
gro
up
1
a
nd
73.
93
SD
7.25
i
n
gro
up
2.
I
nd
e
pe
nd
e
nt
t
te
st
re
su
lt
sh
owe
d
th
at
there
was
no
sign
i
ficance
di
ff
ere
nces
of
f
ood
handler
’s
at
ti
tud
e
in
both
gro
up
(
p
0.6
4).
56.
7%
of
pa
rtic
ipa
nts
in
gro
up
1
disag
ree
that
t
hey
sho
uld
c
ut
raw
ve
getable
s
with
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPHS
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8806
Sa
fe
Fo
od
Han
dling Kn
owled
ge,
Att
it
ud
e
and
Pr
actic
e o
f
F
ood H
andlers i
n Ho
s
pital
....
(
Da
r
u Lest
anty
o)
3
27
diff
e
re
nt
cutti
ng
boar
d,
but
con
t
rar
y
63.
3%
of
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
in
gro
up
1
a
gr
ee
t
hat
theu
sh
ould
not
cu
t
ra
w
veg
et
a
bles
by
sam
e
cutti
ng
knife.
Mo
st
of
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
ag
ree
that
they
sh
ould
be
m
edi
cal
ly
exa
m
ine
d
eve
ry
six m
on
ths.
Table
3.
Foo
d Handle
r
’s Att
it
ud
e
No
State
m
en
t
An
swer
Grou
p
1
Grou
p
2
f
%
f
%
1
Saf
e Foo
d
han
d
lin
g
is an i
m
p
o
rtant p
art
o
f
m
y
jo
b
SA
9
30
10
30
A
19
6
3
.3
18
60
N
D
2
6
.66
2
6
.66
SD
2
Fo
o
d
Saf
ety
cou
rses sh
o
u
ld
be con
d
u
cted
every y
ear
SA
11
3
6
.6
10
30
A
17
5
6
.7
18
60
N
D
2
6
,66
2
6
,66
SD
3
Raw f
o
o
d
sh
o
u
ld
b
e kep
t sep
arate
l
y
f
r
o
m
coo
k
ed
f
o
o
d
s
SA
19
6
3
,3
20
70
A
11
3
6
.6
10
30
N
D
SD
4
Fo
o
d
han
d
lers ca
n
be a so
u
rce
o
f
f
o
o
d
bo
rne d
iseas
es
SA
5
1
6
,6
6
20
A
19
6
3
.3
18
60
N
3
10
3
10
D
3
10
SD
3
10
5
W
ip
in
g
veg
etab
les o
r
f
ruits
m
ak
e
them
saf
e to b
e
e
aten
SA
4
1
.33
2
6
.66
A
5
1
6
,7
3
10
N
7
2
3
.3
D
13
4
3
.3
19
6
3
.3
SD
1
3
.33
6
Male
Fo
o
d
han
d
ler
s sh
o
u
ld
n
o
t hav
e beards
or
m
o
u
stac
h
e
SA
10
30
12
40
A
12
40
14
4
6
.7
N
2
6
.66
1
3
.33
D
6
20
2
6
.66
SD
1
3
.33
7
Fe
m
ale
f
o
o
d
han
d
l
ers
sh
o
u
ld
no
t have
lo
n
g
nails
SA
19
6
3
.3
16
5
3
.3
A
11
3
6
.6
14
4
6
.7
N
D
SD
8
Raw v
eg
etab
les an
d
m
eat sh
o
u
ld
no
t be cu
t on
the sa
m
e
kn
if
e
SA
19
6
3
.3
19
6
3
.3
A
9
30
8
2
6
.6
N
D
2
6
.66
3
10
SD
9
Raw
v
eg
etab
les
a
n
d
m
eat
sh
o
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
cu
t
o
n
th
e
sa
m
e
cu
ttin
g
bo
ard
SA
2
6
.66
2
6
.66
A
3
10
N
4
1
3
.3
D
17
5
6
.7
19
6
3
.3
SD
6
20
6
20
10
Fo
o
d
h
a
n
d
lers
shou
ld
b
e
m
ed
ical
l
y
ex
a
m
in
ed
ev
er
y
six
m
o
n
th
s
SA
13
4
3
.3
15
50
A
17
5
6
.7
15
50
N
D
SD
SA :
St
ron
g
ly
Agr
ee; A
:
Agree;
N
:
No
t agree
n
o
r
d
isa
g
ree;
D:
Disag
ree;
SD: Str
o
n
g
ly
Disa
g
ree
3.4.
Pract
ic
e
The
res
ults
of
pr
act
ic
e
quest
i
on
s
a
re
disp
la
ye
d
in
T
able
4.
Of
The
t
otal
par
ti
ci
pa
nts,
100%
w
ou
l
d
wash
their
ha
nds
befor
e
prep
arin
g
f
oods
in
bo
t
h
group,
bu
t
on
ly
93.
3
%
(
in
both
gro
up)
of
pa
rtic
ipants
was
h
th
ei
r
ha
nds af
t
er prep
a
rin
g
f
oods
. Our
st
ud
y
al
so
foun
d
6
(
20%) ou
t
of
30
people sti
ll
w
ork wh
e
n
ha
ve
l
esi
on
s
on
the
hands
.
93.3%
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
in
gro
up
1
an
d
66.
7%
in
gro
u
p
2
w
ou
ld
sti
ll
wo
rk
e
ven
th
ough
the
y
hav
e
diarrhea
sym
pt
om
s.
In
ge
ner
al
,
foo
d
ha
ndle
r
’s
pra
ct
ic
e
towards
s
afe
f
ood
ha
nd
li
ng
was
high
w
it
h
m
ean
per
ce
ntage
sc
ore
of
13.43
S
D
1.
65
i
n
gro
up
1a
nd
13.63
S
D
1.
75
i
n
gro
up
2.
Inde
pende
nt
t
t
est
resu
lt
show
ed
that
there
w
as
no
sign
ific
a
nce
di
ff
e
ren
ces
of
food h
a
ndle
r’s
pract
ic
e in both g
rou
p
(
p
0.1
6).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8806
IJPHS
V
ol.
6
, No
.
4
,
Decem
ber
201
7
:
324
–
330
328
Table
4.
Foo
d Handle
r
’s Prac
ti
ce
No
State
m
en
t
An
swer
Grou
p
1
Grou
p
2
f
%
F
%
1
W
e
aring
Glov
es
wh
en
han
d
le r
eady
-
to
-
eat
f
o
o
d
Po
sitiv
e
29
9
6
.6
28
9
3
.3
Neg
ativ
e
1
3
.33
2
6
.66
2
W
ash
in
g
han
d
s with
water
an
d
so
ap
bef
o
re
p
reparing
f
o
o
d
s
Po
sitiv
e
30
100
30
100
Neg
ativ
e
0
0
3
W
ash
in
g
han
d
s with
water
an
d
so
ap
af
ter
p
reparing
f
o
o
d
s
Po
sitiv
e
28
9
3
.3
28
9
3
.3
Neg
ativ
e
2
6
.66
2
6
.66
4
Still work
when
h
a
v
e diarr
h
ea s
y
m
p
to
m
s
Po
sitiv
e
2
6
.66
10
3
3
.3
Neg
ativ
e
28
9
3
.3
20
6
6
.7
5
W
o
rk wh
en
hav
e l
esio
n
s o
n
the h
an
d
s
Po
sitiv
e
24
80
22
7
3
.3
Neg
ativ
e
6
20
8
2
6
.7
6
Allo
w f
in
g
er
n
ails to
gro
w
Po
sitiv
e
30
100
30
100
Neg
ativ
e
0
7
W
ash
Vegetab
les
b
ef
o
re
slicin
g
Po
sitiv
e
29
9
6
.6
29
9
6
.6
Neg
ativ
e
1
3
.33
1
3
.33
8
Keep co
o
k
ed
m
eat
at
roo
m
te
m
p
e
ratu
refo
r
m
o
re
than
4
h
o
u
rs
Po
sitiv
e
19
6
3
.3
20
6
6
.7
Neg
ativ
e
11
3
6
.6
10
3
3
.3
9
Keep wo
rkin
g
when
hav
e co
m
m
o
n
co
ld
s
Po
sitiv
e
25
8
3
.3
25
8
3
.3
Neg
ativ
e
5
1
6
.6
5
1
6
.7
10
W
ea
r
f
u
lly
equ
ip
p
ed
Perso
n
al P
rotectiv
e E
q
u
ip
m
en
t
wh
en
on
du
ty
Po
sitiv
e
29
9
6
.6
29
9
6
.7
Neg
ativ
e
1
3
.33
1
3
.33
Po
sitiv
e =
o
b
ed
ien
t to f
o
o
d
hygien
e p
rincip
les ,
n
eg
ativ
e
=
d
iso
b
ed
ien
t to foo
d
hygien
e prin
cip
les
4.
DISCU
SSI
ON
Ther
e
wer
e
a
lot
of
stu
dies
of
fo
od
ha
ndle
rs
or
f
ood
hygi
ene
in
the
past
decad
e
but
on
ly
a
fe
w
fo
c
us
e
d
in
hos
pital
[
7
]
.
Most
stud
ie
s
sug
ges
te
d
that
i
m
pr
op
er
f
ood
ha
ndli
ng
le
ad
to
a
pproxim
a
te
ly
80
%
-
90%
of
f
ood
po
is
oning
.
T
his
stud
y
sh
owed
that
the
ed
ucati
on
l
evel
and
wor
kin
g
e
xp
e
riences
had
dif
fe
ren
t
r
esult
s
in
saf
e
f
ood
ha
nd
li
n
g
kn
ow
le
dg
e
,
at
ti
tud
e
a
nd
pract
ic
e.
It
is
interest
in
g
t
o
obser
ve
t
hat
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
w
ho
ha
ve
lowe
r
ed
ucati
on
le
vel
(
pr
im
ary
and
ju
nior
hi
gh
sc
hool
)
perform
ed
no
t
w
orse
tha
n
tho
se
who
gra
du
at
e
d
fr
om
senio
r hig
h
sc
hool,
co
ll
ege
s
or h
ig
he
r
e
du
cat
i
on.
Our
st
u
dy s
howe
d
that
only
4
0%
of
foo
d handlers
ing
roup
2
chose
the
co
rrec
t
ans
wer
s
i
n
foo
d
bo
rn
e
dis
eases
quest
io
n.
It
in
dicat
ed
t
ha
t
60%
of
pa
rtic
ipants
hav
e
a
poor
knowle
dge
in
workplace
haz
ard
s
.
P
rev
i
ou
s
stud
ie
s
fou
nd
t
hat
f
ood
hygie
ne
trai
ni
ng
inc
reased
pa
rtic
ipant’s
knowle
dge re
ga
rd
i
ng
foo
d
bo
rn
e
diseases iss
ues
[
8
]
.
Trai
nin
g wil
l resu
lt
knowled
ge
a
nd
at
ti
tud
e increas
es b
ut
rar
e
im
pr
ov
e
s
in
be
hav
i
or
c
ha
ng
e
[
9
].
Re
ce
nt
stud
ie
s
al
s
o
rev
eal
that
la
ck
of
pe
rs
on
al
hy
giene
kn
ow
le
dg
e
i
n
foo
d handlers
cou
l
d
res
ult food
poiso
ning
incidents
[
10
]
.
Inform
at
ion
wh
ic
h
dissem
ina
te
d
in
trai
ning
pro
gr
am
m
us
t
m
eet
ta
rg
et
aud
ie
nce
’s
inf
or
m
at
ion
need.
Stud
ie
s
in
dica
te
d
that
foo
d
hygiene
i
nform
at
ion
m
us
t
con
ta
ine
d
ris
k
com
m
un
ic
at
i
on
s
.
Pe
op
le
w
it
h
le
ss
ignor
a
nce
on
f
ood
hygie
ne
w
ere
a
vulne
rab
l
e
popula
ti
on.
Ma
ny
stu
dies
r
eported
that
food
ha
ndle
rs
of
var
i
ous
ages
t
hink
that
they
kn
ow
ho
w
to
ha
ndle
f
ood
safely
,
but
their
pr
act
ic
e
di
d
not
pro
ve
it
[11]
.
Foo
d
ha
nd
le
rs
with
youn
ger
ages
an
d/or
la
ck
of
f
or
m
al
kn
ow
le
dge
m
or
e
li
kely
to
hav
e
risky
foo
d
hy
giene
be
ha
vio
r
th
a
n
oth
e
rs.
Insu
ff
ic
ie
nt
trai
ning
i
n
foo
d
hygiene
will
le
ad
to
i
na
dequate
foo
d
handlin
g
pr
act
i
ce
[
12
]
.
Alla
m
et
a
l
fou
nd
i
n
their s
tud
y t
hat lo
w
e
du
cat
io
nal leve
ls wil
l
m
ake f
ood ha
nd
le
rs
un
awar
e
of
f
ood safet
y pr
act
ic
e
s
[
13
]
In
I
ndonesi
a,
foo
d
hy
giene
trai
ning
is
a
n
obli
gation
f
or
hos
pital
f
ood
se
rv
ic
e
facil
it
y.
All
foo
d
serv
ic
e
auth
or
it
ie
s i
n I
ndonesi
a m
us
t im
ple
m
ent co
nt
inu
ous
cour
se
s in
sa
fe
foo
d h
and
li
ng.
In
ge
ner
al
,
ou
r
stu
dy
sho
we
d
that
par
ti
ci
pa
nts’s
knowle
dg
e
i
n
sa
fe
f
ood
ha
nd
li
ng
is
qu
it
e
high.
Ma
j
ori
ty
of
pa
rtic
ipants
ag
re
ed
that
safe
food
handlin
g
ha
d
to
be
i
m
ple
m
ented
in
their
dai
ly
ro
utine
job.
Iron
ic
al
ly
,
som
e
qu
est
io
ns
in
m
ic
ro
bi
ologica
l
aspects
of
sa
fe
f
ood
handlin
g
we
re
answ
e
re
d
w
r
ong
by
respo
nd
e
nts
(83
.
3%
in
gr
oup
1
a
nd
60%
in
gro
up
2).
Stu
dy
in
G
ha
na
prov
e
d
t
hat
76
.
2%
of
re
spo
nd
e
nts
di
d
no
t
know
t
hat
Salm
on
el
la
is
a
f
ood
bor
ne
path
og
e
ns
[
14
]
.
Anothe
r
resear
ch
i
n
Ma
la
ysi
a
rev
e
al
that
appr
ox
im
at
ely
71
.
4%
of
re
s
pondents
did
no
t
know
that
S.
aureus
is
an
age
nt
of
foodb
orne
disea
ses
[
8
]
.
Ed
ucati
on
le
ve
l
will
influ
e
nce
d
r
esp
onde
nt’s
knowle
dge
bu
t
in
so
m
e
cases
,
s
om
e
risky
pract
ic
es
bei
ng
m
or
e
com
m
on
withi
n
higher
ed
uca
ti
on
le
vel
[
4
]
.
Re
search
in
I
n
dia
sho
wed
that
that
knowl
edg
e
on
f
ood
hygien
e
was no
t
alway
s
sig
nificantl
y i
ncr
ease
am
on
g w
orker
s
w
it
h hig
her k
nowle
dg
e
[
1
5]
.
If
we
lo
oked
at
the
at
ti
tud
e
of
res
ponden
ts
there
wer
e
var
i
ou
s
a
nswe
rs
in
sa
fe
f
oo
d
ha
ndli
ng
per
ce
ptio
ns
.
T
he
stu
dy
re
ve
al
that
eve
n
thou
gh
63
.
3%
(
gro
up
1)
a
greed
that
sa
fe
foo
d
ha
ndli
ng
is
a
n
i
m
po
rtant
pa
rt
of
their
jo
b
only
16
.
7%
(grou
p
1)
belie
ve
th
at
wipi
ng
ve
ge
ta
bles
an
d
f
ru
it
s
co
uld
pre
ven
t
f
ood
bor
ne
m
ic
ro
bes
con
ta
m
inati
on
s.
F
r
om
p
ast
stud
ie
s
we
le
arn that
the m
os
t fo
od
hygiene
a
buse
d
we
re : w
e
arin
g
cl
ean
unifo
rm
,
hav
in
g
lo
ng
na
il
s,
un
c
ov
e
re
d
f
ood
an
d
w
ashin
g
ha
nds
after
visit
ing
t
oilet
[
7
]
.
Lit
eratur
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPHS
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8806
Sa
fe
Fo
od
Han
dling Kn
owled
ge,
Att
it
ud
e
and
Pr
actic
e o
f
F
ood H
andlers i
n Ho
s
pital
....
(
Da
r
u Lest
anty
o)
329
sh
owe
d
that
f
ood
hy
giene
c
ourse
will
rais
e
awar
e
ness
of
knowle
dge
in
f
ood
safety
bu
t
fail
ed
to
c
hang
e
beh
a
viou
r
[
16
].
Ma
j
ori
ty
of
pa
rtic
ipants
we
re
fa
m
iliar
with
fo
od
hy
giene
con
ce
pts
of
sep
arate
process
a
nd
m
at
erial
s.
The
te
rm
‘sep
a
rate’
re
ferre
d
to
ra
w
f
ood
a
nd
cooke
d
f
o
od,
diff
e
re
nt
w
ork
sp
aces
a
nd
dif
f
eren
t
to
ols.
Althou
gh
there
wer
e
ac
quai
ntanc
e
in
se
par
at
in
g
thi
ng
s
bu
t
it
did
not
ref
le
ct
ed
i
n
the
ir
ans
wer
s
.
O
ur
stu
dy
showe
d
tha
t
63
.
3%
of
pa
rtic
ipants
(
group
1
and
2)
agr
e
ed
that
they
sh
ou
l
d
not
cut
raw
ve
getables
and
m
e
at
with
sam
e
kn
i
fe
but
only
6
.
66%
(
in
both
gro
up)
ag
ree
d
that
raw
ve
getables
an
d
m
eat
sh
oul
d
not
be
cut
in
sam
e
cutti
ng
bo
a
r
d.
U
sin
g
the
sam
e
cutti
ng
boar
d
ca
n
ca
us
e
cr
os
s
c
ontam
inati
on
bet
ween
raw
ve
ge
ta
bles
an
d
m
e
at
[
17
]
.
In
s
om
e
resear
chs,
foo
d
hand
le
rs
ha
d
poor
knowle
dge
a
nd
at
ti
tud
e
for
f
ood
hygien
e
[
18
]
.
Alth
ough
hosp
it
al
foo
d
ha
ndle
rs
wer
e
re
ported
to
ex
hib
it
good
per
s
onal
hy
gi
ene,
howe
ver
they
we
re
ne
gl
i
gen
ce
t
o
c
ompli
ance
with
a
dequate
hygiene
pract
ic
es
[
19
]
.
I
n
c
om
m
on
,
ou
r
stu
dies
f
ound
t
hat
m
ajo
rity
of
re
sp
on
de
nts
ha
ve
good
pr
act
ic
e
in
f
oo
d
hy
giene.
H
oweve
r,
16
.
6%
keep
w
orkin
g
wh
e
n
they
have
com
m
on
cold.
T
he
re
su
lt
s
howe
d
that
eve
n
th
ou
gh
the
sc
ore
was
high
in
knowle
dge
a
nd
at
ti
tud
e,
res
po
nd
e
nts
did
not
total
ly
per
f
or
m
fo
od
hygiene
pract
ic
es.
O
ur
stu
dy
rev
eal
e
d
a
discre
pan
cy
be
tween
knowl
edg
e
an
d
pr
a
ct
ic
e
in
foo
d
safety
beh
a
viou
r.
Re
search
in
T
urke
y
fo
und
that
even
th
ough
al
l
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
ha
ve
stron
g
belie
ve
that
food
sa
fety
is
an
im
po
rtant
pa
rt of thei
r job,
but it
n
e
ver im
plem
ented
in
da
il
y wo
r
k
[
20
].
Ma
ny
facto
rs
wer
e
rela
te
d
to
f
ood
hygien
e
com
pliance.
Th
ose
are
a
va
il
able
of
s
upplies
(
gl
ov
e
s
,
so
a
p,
to
wels),
work
e
r
bu
sy
ness
a
nd
foo
d
safety
procedures
[
21
]
.
A
high
sta
ndar
d
of
per
s
onal
hygie
ne
pr
act
ic
es
am
on
g
pa
rtic
ipants
is
nee
de
d.
Pa
nd
it
a
et
al
f
ound
t
hat
only
20%
of
em
plo
ye
es
wea
r
com
plete
require
d
PP
E
[
15
]
.
Sam
e
resul
t
was
repor
te
d
by
Kastu
r
war’
s
researc
h.
O
nly
22
.
89%
fem
al
e
e
m
plo
ye
es
keep
m
ou
th,
nose
a
nd
hair
co
ver
e
d
[
3
]
.
St
ud
ie
s
fou
nd
t
hat
ha
vi
ng
good
know
le
dg
e
a
nd
at
ti
tud
e
will
le
ad
t
o
go
od
pr
act
ic
es.
How
ever
s
om
e
stud
ie
s
al
so
found
con
t
rad
ic
ts
wit
h
the
res
ults.
T
hey
fou
nd
th
at
good
knowle
dge
in
foo
d
hygiene
di
d
no
t
co
ns
e
quently
le
ads
to
go
od
f
ood
ha
ndli
ng
pract
ic
es
[
1
]
,[
11
]
.
T
her
e w
ere
s
om
e
com
m
on
hygiene
a
bu
s
e
d
in
foo
d
safe
handlin
g.
O
ur
stud
y
f
ound
that
so
m
e
e
m
plo
ye
es
will
k
eep
wo
r
king
w
he
n
they
hav
e
diarrhea
sy
m
pto
m
s.
Resear
ch
in
India
found
that
12.
96
%
of
f
ood
handlers
wer
e
fou
nd
s
uffer
i
ng
fro
m
tub
e
rcu
l
os
is,
le
prosy
an
d
s
kin
diseases
[
2
2
]
.
Most
of
f
ood
ha
nd
le
rs
w
ho
be
longs
to
belo
w
under
pove
rty
li
ne
in
de
velo
ping
countries
we
re
fou
nd
suffe
red
from
m
any
diseases.
Wor
king
under
ba
d
he
al
th
co
nd
it
io
n
i
s
one
of the m
os
t c
om
m
on
ly
r
ep
or
t
ed practi
ces.
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
This
st
ud
y
re
vealed
f
ood
s
afety
be
hav
i
or
in
hosp
it
al
ki
tc
hen
sta
ff
s
.
Ther
e
w
ere
no
si
gn
ific
a
nt
sta
ti
sti
cal
m
ea
n
diferences
be
tween
te
ac
hing
an
d
non
te
ach
ing
hos
pital
s
on
kno
wled
ge,
at
ti
tud
e
an
d
pr
act
ic
e.
Th
ough
the
stu
dy
res
ult
ind
ic
at
ed
a
posit
ive
knowle
dge
in
foo
d
hygie
ne
but
their
pract
ic
e
was
ave
ra
ge.
It
is
reco
m
m
end
ed
f
or
hos
pital
kitchen
s
up
e
rvi
so
r
t
o
c
ondu
ct
foo
d
a
nd
pe
rsonal
hygien
e
trai
ning.
H
ospit
al
m
anag
em
ent
sh
ould
buil
d
f
ood
sa
fety
be
ha
vior
am
on
gs
t
f
ood
handlers
t
o
ens
ure
the
sa
fety
of
f
ood
c
onsu
m
ed
by p
at
ie
nts
and
h
eal
thca
re
work
e
rs.
Nev
e
rtheless
,
our
stu
dy
r
eve
al
ed
a
ge
ne
ral
posit
ive
at
ti
tud
e
to
ward
foo
d
hy
giene
i
nvolv
in
g
us
i
ng
adequate
cl
ot
hi
ng
a
nd
P
PE
and
ha
nd
hygi
ene.
Foo
d
sa
f
et
y
in
hosp
it
al
nee
ds
s
pecial
at
te
ntion
t
o
de
finite
pr
e
ve
ntive acti
on r
e
gardin
g
m
ini
m
iz
e the h
az
ard o
f
m
ic
ro
be
s and c
hem
ic
al
co
ntam
inati
ons.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
We
a
c
knowle
dg
e
stu
den
ts
of
Faculty
o
f
Publi
c
Healt
h,
Dipone
gor
o
Un
i
ver
sit
y
f
or
coope
rati
on
durin
g
t
he
stu
dy
an
d f
ood ha
ndle
rs w
ho p
a
rtic
ipate
d
i
n
this
stud
y
REFERE
NCE
S
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Sharif
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and
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t
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.
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,
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th
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t
y
Prac
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orking
in
E
at
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abl
ishm
ent
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Loc
a
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thi
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ore
ti
c
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fo
od
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t
y
tr
ai
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in
g
on
Braz
i
lian
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ood
handl
ers’
k
n
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attit
ud
e
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ni
c
pr
ac
t
ic
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i
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food
safe
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in
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service
oper
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t
th
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sit
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Keb
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Ta
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t
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Im
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Resta
ura
nt
Emplo
y
e
es’
Inte
nti
ons
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Perform
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Three
Im
porta
nt
Foo
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Safe
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Beh
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Food
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gie
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ce
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uni
ver
sit
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ie
n
e
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sm
al
l
and
m
edi
um
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siz
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companie
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we
stern
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,
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Food
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tt
i
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pra
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i
c
es
of
insti
tu
ti
on
a
l
food
-
handlers
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n
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Prac
t
ic
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d
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ti
ar
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l
in
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Prac
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Microbi
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attit
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pra
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