I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
u
bli
c
H
ea
lt
h Science
(
I
J
P
H
S)
Vo
l.
5
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
6
,
p
p
.
3
5
4
~
3
5
8
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8806
354
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
jo
u
r
n
a
l.c
o
m/o
n
lin
e/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/
I
JP
HS
Sensitiv
ity a
nd
Sp
ecifici
ty o
f
Ra
pid
Dia
g
no
stic Test w
ith
M
icro
sco
pic G
o
ld
St
a
nda
rd
to Iden
tif
y
P
la
s
m
o
diu
m
Species
Sa
hrir
Sil
leh
u
1
,
H
eny
Arw
a
t
i
2
,
Yo
es P
rij
a
t
na
Da
chla
n
3
,
Su
dja
j
a
di
K
e
m
a
n
4
1
,4
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
P
u
b
li
c
He
a
lt
h
,
A
irl
a
n
g
g
a
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
S
u
ra
b
a
y
a
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
2
,3
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
M
e
d
icin
e
,
A
irl
a
n
g
g
a
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
S
u
ra
b
a
y
a
In
d
o
n
e
sia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Feb
2
5
,
2
0
1
6
R
ev
i
s
ed
Ma
y
20
,
2
0
1
6
A
cc
ep
ted
Ma
y
2
6
,
2
0
1
6
M
a
laria
is
a
m
a
in
h
e
a
lt
h
p
ro
b
le
m
in
islan
d
s
a
re
a
w
h
ich
is
u
n
d
e
r
d
e
v
e
lo
p
e
d
a
n
d
iso
late
d
.
Na
ti
o
n
-
w
id
e
,
in
2
0
1
4
M
a
lu
k
u
p
r
o
v
in
c
e
wa
s
r
e
c
o
rd
e
d
to
h
a
v
e
A
n
n
u
a
l
M
a
laria
In
c
i
d
e
n
t
(A
M
I)
v
a
lu
e
o
f
3
0
.
4
%
,
p
o
sit
iv
e
in
c
id
e
n
ts
o
f
1
3
.
3
0
%
,
A
BER
3
.
7
6
%
,
S
P
R
2
1
.
5
0
%
,
a
n
d
A
n
n
u
a
l
P
a
ra
site
In
c
i
d
e
n
t
(A
P
I
)
8
.
1
0
%
,
w
h
il
e
S
o
u
t
h
Bu
r
u
Re
g
e
n
c
y
h
a
s
a
v
a
lu
e
o
f
A
n
n
u
a
l
M
a
lari
a
In
c
id
e
n
t
(A
M
I)
o
f
1
4
.
4
9
%
,
4
9
4
p
o
sit
iv
e
in
c
id
e
n
ts,
A
BER
1
.
1
2
%
,
S
P
R
6
0
.
9
1
%
,
a
n
d
A
n
n
u
a
l
P
a
ra
site
In
c
id
e
n
t
(A
P
I)
6
.
8
6
%
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
se
o
f
th
is
stu
d
y
w
a
s
to
id
e
n
ti
f
y
P
las
m
o
d
iu
m
sp
e
c
ies
in
m
a
laria
in
c
id
e
n
ts
in
Na
m
ro
le
S
u
b
d
istri
c
t,
S
o
u
t
h
Bu
r
u
Re
g
e
n
c
y
,
M
a
lu
k
u
P
r
o
v
in
c
e
.
Ob
se
rv
a
ti
o
n
a
l
re
se
a
rc
h
w
it
h
a
sa
m
p
le
o
f
6
4
re
sp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
f
o
r
sy
m
p
to
m
a
ti
c
a
n
d
a
s
y
m
p
to
m
a
ti
c
m
a
laria
.
T
h
e
in
stru
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
re
se
a
rc
h
w
a
s
Ra
p
id
Dia
g
n
o
stic
Tes
t
(
RDT
)
a
n
d
m
icro
sc
o
p
ic
G
o
ld
S
tan
d
a
rd
.
Re
su
lt
:
M
a
laria
e
x
a
m
in
a
ti
o
n
b
y
u
sin
g
RDT
su
g
g
e
ste
d
3
k
in
d
s
o
f
p
a
ra
sites
,
i.
e
.
,
P
.
f
a
lcip
a
ru
m
,
P
.
Viv
a
x
,
a
n
d
a
m
ix
b
e
tw
e
e
n
P
.
f
a
lcip
a
ru
m
a
n
d
P
.
v
iv
a
x
.
M
o
st
p
a
ra
sites
f
o
u
n
d
w
e
re
P
.
f
a
lcip
a
ru
m
5
6
.
3
%
.
T
h
e
a
c
c
u
ra
c
y
o
f
RD
T
e
x
a
m
in
a
ti
o
n
w
a
s
p
ro
v
e
n
w
it
h
m
icro
sc
o
p
ic
tes
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
re
su
lt
su
g
g
e
ste
d
th
a
t
th
e
RDT
se
n
siti
v
it
y
w
a
s
1
0
0
%
a
n
d
th
e
sp
e
c
if
icit
y
wa
s
6
3
.
3
%
.
P
o
siti
v
e
p
re
d
ictiv
e
v
a
lu
e
w
a
s
9
2
.
9
%
a
n
d
n
e
g
a
ti
v
e
p
re
d
ictiv
e
v
a
lu
e
w
a
s
1
0
0
%
,
b
o
th
w
e
re
f
o
r
p
o
siti
v
e
l
ik
e
li
h
o
o
d
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
2
.
7
5
%
.
W
h
il
e
f
o
r
n
e
g
a
ti
v
e
li
k
e
li
h
o
o
d
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
0
%
,
th
e
v
a
lu
e
o
f
d
e
g
re
e
o
f
c
o
n
f
o
rm
it
y
(
Ka
p
p
a
)
b
e
tw
e
e
n
RDT
a
n
d
m
icro
sc
o
p
ic
is
0
%
.
RDT
h
a
s
o
n
e
b
e
n
e
f
it
th
a
t
it
c
a
n
b
e
u
se
to
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
m
a
laria
d
iag
n
o
sis
ra
p
id
ly
,
p
a
r
ti
c
u
larly
in
iso
late
d
a
re
a
s.
T
h
e
b
e
n
e
f
it
o
f
Ra
p
id
Dia
g
n
o
stic
T
e
st
(RD
T
)
wa
s
t
h
a
t
it
c
o
u
ld
b
e
u
se
d
in
re
m
o
te
a
n
d
iso
late
d
a
re
a
s
to
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
d
iag
n
o
sis.
RD
T
is
h
ig
h
l
y
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
a
n
d
e
ff
ici
e
n
t.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
:
M
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
m
alar
ia
R
ap
id
D
iag
n
o
s
tic
T
est
Sen
s
iti
v
it
y
S
p
ec
if
icit
y
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
201
6
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Sah
r
ir
Sil
le
h
u
,
Do
cto
r
al
Stu
d
en
t a
t Fac
u
lt
y
o
f
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
,
A
ir
la
n
g
g
a
U
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
,
C
a
m
p
u
s
C
UN
A
I
R
,
M
u
l
y
o
r
ej
o
,
Su
r
ab
ay
a,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
.
Em
a
il
:
u
m
a
y
_
0
1
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Ma
lar
ia
is
a
ty
p
e
o
f
in
f
ec
tio
n
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
p
r
o
to
zo
a
f
r
o
m
P
las
m
o
d
i
u
m
g
e
n
u
s
.
Ma
lar
ia
is
an
in
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
e
w
h
ic
h
is
v
er
y
d
o
m
i
n
a
n
t
i
n
tr
o
p
ical
a
n
d
s
u
b
tr
o
p
ical
ar
ea
s
.
I
t
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
m
ill
io
n
s
o
f
d
ea
th
a
n
n
u
a
ll
y
.
B
ased
o
n
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
iles
o
f
9
9
co
u
n
tr
ies
w
o
r
ld
w
id
e,
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
lli
n
g
a
n
d
eli
m
i
n
atio
n
o
f
Ma
lar
ia
in
cid
en
t
s
h
as
p
r
o
g
r
ess
i
n
g
g
lo
b
all
y
.
A
s
m
an
y
a
s
8
0
co
u
n
tr
i
es
ar
e
c
u
r
r
en
tl
y
i
n
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
p
h
a
s
e,
w
h
ile
1
9
o
th
er
s
ar
e
in
p
r
e
-
eli
m
in
a
tio
n
p
h
ase
o
f
m
alar
ia.
I
t
is
esti
m
ate
d
th
at
3
.
3
b
illi
o
n
p
eo
p
le
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
g
lo
b
e
ar
e
in
a
r
is
k
o
f
g
e
tti
n
g
i
n
f
ec
ted
b
y
m
a
lar
ia.
I
n
Af
r
ica,
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
g
et
tin
g
in
f
ec
ted
b
y
m
alar
ia
is
ar
o
u
n
d
8
1
%
ca
s
e,
it
is
esti
m
ated
th
at
9
1
%
m
o
r
talit
ies
o
cc
u
r
o
n
ch
ild
r
en
ag
ed
u
n
d
er
5
y
ea
r
s
a
n
d
p
r
eg
n
a
n
t
w
o
m
a
n
[
1
]
.
I
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
Ma
lar
ia
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
th
e
tar
g
ets
o
f
Mille
n
n
i
u
m
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
Go
als
(
MD
Gs),
i.e
.
,
s
to
p
p
in
g
t
h
e
s
p
r
ea
d
an
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
m
a
lar
ia
i
n
cid
en
ts
in
2
0
1
5
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
in
d
icate
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
P
HS
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8806
S
en
s
itivity a
n
d
S
p
ec
ificity o
f R
a
p
id
Dia
g
n
o
s
tic
Tes
t wi
th
Mic
r
o
s
co
p
ic
Go
ld
S
ta
n
d
a
r
d
to
.
.
.
.
(
S
a
h
r
ir
S
illeh
u
)
355
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
o
f
m
o
r
b
id
it
y
an
d
m
o
r
ta
lit
y
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
m
alar
ia.
Glo
b
al
Ma
lar
ia
P
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
e
(
GM
P
)
s
ta
ted
th
at
m
alar
ia
is
a
n
il
n
es
s
th
a
t
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
l
y
o
b
s
er
v
ed
,
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
,
an
d
ev
al
u
ated
an
d
it
t
ak
es
a
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
o
f
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
p
o
licies an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
[
2
]
.
S
taid
th
at
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
i
n
ci
d
en
ts
o
f
m
alar
ia
f
r
o
m
y
ea
r
t
o
y
ea
r
a
n
d
t
h
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
Ma
lar
ia
E
x
tr
ao
r
d
in
ar
y
I
n
cid
en
t
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
p
er
io
d
o
f
1
9
9
7
-
2
0
0
0
w
er
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
s
o
m
e
f
ac
t
o
r
s
in
cl
u
d
in
g
:
1
)
.
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
ch
a
n
g
e
lead
in
g
to
w
id
er
ar
ea
f
o
r
m
alar
ia
b
r
e
ed
in
g
s
)
,
2
)
h
ig
h
p
eo
p
le
m
o
b
il
it
y
,
3
)
r
ain
s
ea
s
o
n
ch
an
g
es,
it
h
as
b
ee
n
m
u
ch
lo
n
g
er
th
a
n
d
r
y
s
ea
s
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
r
e
ce
n
t
y
ea
r
s
,
4
)
li
n
g
er
i
n
g
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
cr
i
s
is
b
r
i
n
g
in
g
ab
o
u
t
m
aln
u
tr
itio
n
in
s
o
m
e
ar
ea
s
th
at
th
e
y
b
ec
o
m
e
ad
v
er
s
e
to
m
alar
ia
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e,
5
)
lo
w
le
v
el
o
f
co
n
ce
r
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
ciet
y
to
co
n
tr
ib
u
tr
i
n
th
e
ef
f
o
r
t
s
o
f
p
r
ev
en
t
in
g
an
d
m
it
i
g
atin
g
m
alar
ia
[
3
]
.
I
n
d
o
n
es
ia
i
s
a
co
u
n
tr
y
s
ti
ll
f
a
cin
g
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
m
alar
ia,
s
o
m
e
8
0
%
o
f
r
eg
e
n
cies/to
w
n
s
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
ca
m
b
e
in
c
lu
d
ed
in
to
m
alar
ia
en
d
e
m
ic
ca
te
g
o
r
y
.
Ma
lar
ia
at
t
ac
k
s
p
eo
p
le
d
o
m
icili
n
g
in
r
e
m
o
te
ar
ea
s
w
i
th
p
o
o
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
,
h
ar
d
to
r
ea
ch
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
,
a
n
d
li
m
i
te
d
ac
ce
s
s
to
h
ea
lt
h
f
ac
ilit
ies.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
ep
o
r
ted
clin
ical
in
c
id
en
ts
i
n
2
0
0
9
w
er
e
as
m
a
n
y
as
1
,
1
4
3
,
0
2
4
p
eo
p
le
w
it
h
p
o
s
it
if
e
ca
s
e,
b
ased
in
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
ex
a
m
i
n
atio
n
w
er
e
1
9
9
,
5
7
7
p
eo
p
le.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
m
o
r
talit
y
o
f
in
f
ec
tio
u
s
an
d
n
o
n
in
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
e,
m
alar
ia
r
an
k
s
n
u
m
b
er
6
(
4
.
6
%)
[
4
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
d
ata
o
f
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
Hea
lt
h
o
f
R
ep
u
b
lic
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia,
g
en
er
a
ll
y
m
alar
ia
s
u
f
f
er
er
s
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia
ar
e
i
n
h
ab
ita
n
t
s
o
f
r
e
m
o
te
an
d
h
ar
d
to
r
ea
ch
ar
ea
s
,
an
d
liv
e
i
n
p
o
v
er
t
y
.
O
n
to
p
o
f
th
at,
f
r
o
m
1
9
9
8
to
2
0
0
3
,
th
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
s
o
f
E
x
tr
a
o
r
d
in
ar
y
I
n
cid
en
t
s
(
KL
B
)
in
cl
u
d
ed
1
4
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
an
d
2
6
r
eg
en
cies
in
1
6
2
v
il
lag
es
w
it
h
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
u
f
f
er
r
e
s
o
f
2
7
,
9
5
6
p
eo
p
le
an
d
3
2
8
m
o
r
talities
)
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
alar
ia
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
i
n
Ma
l
u
k
u
P
r
o
v
in
ce
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
1
-
20
1
4
s
u
g
g
ested
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
;
in
2
0
1
1
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
alar
ia
d
ec
lar
ed
as
p
o
s
itiv
el
y
s
u
f
f
er
in
g
m
alar
ia
p
er
1
,
0
0
0
citizen
w
a
s
as
m
a
n
y
a
s
1
3
.
8
5
7
%,
A
B
E
R
2
.
3
7
%,
SP
R
3
4
.
4
8
%,
A
P
I
8
.
1
0
%
I
n
2
0
1
2
;
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
cid
e
n
ts
1
6
.
6
9
%,
A
B
E
R
2
.
6
2
%,
SP
R
3
7
.
6
4
%,
A
P
I
9
.
8
6
%.
I
n
2
0
1
3
;
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
cid
e
n
ts
1
6
.
5
0
8
%,
A
B
E
R
3
.
3
2
%,
SP
R
2
9
.
3
4
%,
A
P
I
9
.
7
6
%.
I
n
2
0
1
4
;
p
o
s
itiv
e
i
n
cid
en
t
s
1
3
.
3
0
7
%,
A
B
E
R
3
.
7
6
%,
SP
R
2
1
.
5
0
%,
A
P
I
8
.
1
0
%
(
Hea
lth
P
r
o
f
ile,
2
0
1
4
)
[
6
]
.
So
u
t
h
B
u
r
u
R
e
g
e
n
c
y
i
n
0
1
1
,
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
o
s
iti
v
e
in
c
id
en
ts
o
f
m
alr
ia
w
a
s
as
m
an
y
as
4
7
7
,
A
B
E
R
0
.
9
1
%,
SP
R
7
2
.
4
9
%,
A
P
I
6
.
6
3
%.
I
n
2
0
1
2
; p
o
s
itiv
e
i
n
cid
en
t
s
2
0
8
,
A
B
E
R
0
.
5
3
%,
SP
R
5
4
.
0
2
%,
A
P
I
2
.
8
9
%.
I
n
2
0
1
3
;
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
c
id
en
t
s
3
6
1
,
A
B
E
R
0
.
6
9
%,
SP
R
7
1
.
9
1
%,
A
P
I
5
.
0
1
%.
I
n
2
0
1
4
; p
o
s
itiv
e
i
n
cid
en
t
s
4
9
4
,
A
B
E
R
1
.
1
2
%
,
S
P
R
6
0
.
9
1
%,
A
P
I
6
.
8
6
%
[
7
]
.
I
n
So
u
th
B
u
r
u
r
e
g
e
n
c
y
,
t
h
er
e
ar
e
s
o
m
e
is
o
lated
p
eo
p
le
in
h
a
b
itin
g
m
o
u
n
tai
n
o
u
s
o
r
in
lan
d
ar
ea
s
w
it
h
li
m
ited
in
f
r
as
tr
u
ct
u
r
es.
T
h
ese
p
eo
p
le
s
till
liv
e
p
r
i
m
iti
v
el
y
an
d
d
o
n
o
t
d
o
m
a
n
y
i
n
ter
a
ctio
n
s
w
it
h
m
o
d
er
n
p
eo
p
le
lif
e.
W
h
ile
th
eir
d
ail
y
lif
e
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
n
at
u
r
e
s
o
r
th
e
y
li
v
e
v
eg
eta
tiv
el
y
s
o
to
s
a
y
.
I
f
an
y
m
e
m
b
er
o
f
t
h
eir
f
a
m
ilie
s
s
u
f
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
m
alar
ia,
t
h
e
y
w
il
l
atte
m
p
t
to
c
u
r
e
t
h
e
m
w
i
th
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
i
n
g
r
ed
ien
ts
tak
en
f
r
o
m
n
at
u
r
al
h
er
b
s
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
m
[
8
]
.
C
li
n
ical
m
a
n
i
f
es
tatio
n
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
s
p
ec
if
icall
y
f
o
u
n
d
in
m
ala
r
ia
en
d
e
m
ic
ar
ea
s
,
w
h
ich
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
in
itial
s
tep
i
n
d
ia
g
n
o
s
in
g
c
lin
ical
m
a
lar
ia,
ar
e
v
er
y
h
elp
f
u
l
in
r
ap
id
,
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate,
an
d
r
atio
n
al
d
ia
g
n
o
s
is
o
f
m
alar
ia,
h
o
w
ev
er
,
cli
n
ical
m
a
lar
ia
d
iag
n
o
s
is
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
n
f
i
r
m
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
r
es
u
lt
o
f
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
test
,
w
h
ic
h
r
e
m
ain
s
a
g
o
ld
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
in
d
i
ag
n
o
s
in
g
m
alar
ia.
L
ac
k
in
g
o
f
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
ce
i
n
t
h
e
f
ield
o
f
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
tec
h
n
ician
s
s
k
il
led
en
o
u
g
h
i
n
u
s
in
g
m
icr
o
s
co
p
e
to
p
r
o
p
er
ly
d
iag
n
o
s
e
m
alar
ia
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
ac
to
r
s
lead
in
g
to
s
lo
w
m
ed
icatio
n
a
n
d
in
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
m
alar
ia
d
iag
n
o
s
i
s
[
9
]
.
Mo
b
ilit
y
o
r
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
in
h
ab
itan
ts
f
r
o
m
m
alar
ia
en
d
e
m
i
c
ar
ea
s
to
n
o
n
en
d
em
ic
ar
ea
s
,
in
h
ab
ita
n
t
s
tr
av
eli
n
g
an
d
co
m
i
n
g
h
o
m
e
f
o
r
ce
r
tain
p
er
io
d
o
f
tim
e
(
in
c
u
b
atio
n
p
er
io
d
)
o
f
P
lasm
o
d
iu
m
,
p
o
ten
tiall
y
lead
to
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
r
in
f
ec
tio
n
o
f
m
alar
ia.
P
eo
p
le'
s
m
i
g
r
atio
n
b
r
in
g
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
o
p
u
latio
n
i
n
f
ec
ted
b
y
P
.
f
alcip
ar
u
m
,
e
s
p
ec
iall
y
i
n
c
h
ild
r
en
.
So
m
e
r
ep
o
r
ts
m
en
tio
n
ed
th
a
t
M
u
ltip
licit
y
o
f
I
n
f
ec
tio
n
(
MO
I
)
w
il
l
r
ef
lect
in
d
i
v
id
u
a
ls
i
n
f
ec
ted
b
y
h
av
i
n
g
i
m
m
u
n
it
y
ag
ai
n
s
t
m
ala
r
ia
[
1
0
]
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
W
HO
,
R
DT
is
alter
n
at
iv
e
m
et
h
o
d
b
ased
d
ip
s
tick
m
aj
o
r
clin
ical
m
a
n
i
f
e
s
tatio
n
s
o
f
m
alar
ia,
esp
ec
iall
y
i
n
p
lace
s
th
at
d
o
n
o
t
h
a
v
e
a
q
u
al
if
ied
tech
n
ician
an
d
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
m
ea
n
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
h
elp
f
u
l
R
DT
u
n
i
t
e
m
er
g
e
n
c
y
m
ed
ical
s
er
v
ices,
w
h
e
n
ex
tr
ao
r
d
in
ar
y
ev
e
n
t
m
alar
ia,
a
s
w
ell
as
in
ar
ea
s
t
h
at
ar
e
v
er
y
d
if
f
ic
u
lt a
n
d
d
is
ad
v
a
n
tag
ed
ar
e
n
o
t a
v
ailab
le
clin
ical
la
b
o
r
ato
r
y
f
ac
ili
ties
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
ai
m
ed
to
k
n
o
w
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
iti
v
it
y
an
d
s
p
ec
i
f
icit
y
o
f
R
ap
id
Diag
n
o
s
tic
T
est
w
it
h
Mic
r
o
s
co
p
ic
as
g
o
ld
s
tad
ar
d
i
n
co
n
d
u
cti
n
g
d
iag
n
o
s
is
o
f
m
al
ar
ia
in
cid
en
ts
i
n
Na
m
r
o
le
S
u
b
d
is
tr
ict,
So
u
th
B
u
r
u
R
eg
e
n
c
y
,
Ma
l
u
k
u
P
r
o
v
i
n
ce
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
B
ased
o
n
th
e
t
y
p
e,
th
i
s
r
ese
ar
ch
is
an
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
a
l
r
ese
ar
ch
w
h
ich
w
as
co
n
d
u
cted
i
n
Na
m
r
o
le
s
u
b
d
is
tr
ict,
So
u
th
B
u
r
u
R
e
g
e
n
c
y
,
Ma
l
u
k
u
P
r
o
v
in
ce
.
T
h
e
s
a
m
p
les
u
s
ed
in
t
h
i
s
r
esear
ch
w
er
e
as
m
an
y
as
6
4
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
w
i
th
s
y
m
p
to
m
a
t
ic
an
d
as
y
m
p
to
m
atic
m
alar
i
a.
T
h
e
to
o
l
u
s
ed
in
th
i
s
r
esear
ch
w
as
R
ap
id
Diag
n
o
s
tic
T
est
(
R
DT
)
an
d
M
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
as
Go
ld
Stan
d
ar
d
[
1
2
-
16]
.
Data
g
ath
er
i
n
g
tech
n
i
q
u
e
w
as
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
tak
i
n
g
b
lo
o
d
s
a
m
p
les
in
all
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
w
h
ic
h
is
th
e
n
co
n
ti
n
u
ed
w
it
h
b
lo
o
d
ch
ec
k
in
g
to
d
etec
t
t
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8806
I
J
P
HS
Vo
l.
5
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
1
6
:
3
5
4
–
358
356
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
p
ar
asit
ic
s
p
ec
ies o
f
P
las
m
o
d
i
u
m
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
R
ap
id
Diag
n
o
s
tic
T
o
o
l (
R
DT
)
an
d
M
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
as Go
ld
Stan
d
ar
d
f
o
r
s
en
s
iti
v
it
y
an
d
s
p
ec
if
icit
y
tes
t
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
w
e
s
t
h
at
m
o
s
t
o
f
m
alar
ia
i
n
f
ec
tio
n
w
as
o
cc
u
r
r
e
d
to
w
ar
d
ch
ild
r
en
in
th
e
ag
e
o
f
0
-
1
0
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
in
3
9
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
6
0
.
9
%),
m
ea
n
w
h
ile,
t
h
e
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
2
1
-
3
0
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
an
d
3
1
-
4
0
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
w
er
e
9
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
1
4
.
1
%).
T
ab
le
1
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
Fre
q
u
en
c
y
B
ased
o
n
Ag
e
Gr
o
u
p
(
n
=
6
4
)
A
g
e
G
r
o
u
p
N
%
0
–
1
0
y
e
a
r
s o
l
d
39
60
.
9
11
–
2
0
y
e
a
r
s o
l
d
2
3
.
1
21
–
3
0
y
e
a
r
s o
l
d
9
14
.
1
31
–
4
0
y
e
a
r
s o
l
d
9
14
.
1
>
4
0
y
e
a
r
s o
l
d
5
7
.
8
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
w
e
s
t
h
at
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
id
en
ti
f
icatio
n
r
esu
lt
o
f
P
.
f
alcip
ar
u
m
s
p
ec
ies
w
as
i
n
3
6
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
5
6
.
3
%)
m
o
r
e
th
an
P
.
v
i
v
a
x
s
p
ec
ies,
m
ea
n
w
h
ile,
m
i
x
in
f
ec
tio
n
w
as o
n
l
y
1
0
.
9
%.
T
ab
le
2
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
I
d
en
ti
f
icatio
n
R
es
u
lt o
f
P
las
m
o
d
iu
m
s
p
ec
ies b
y
Usi
n
g
R
DT
Ty
p
e
o
f
P
a
r
a
si
t
e
N
%
P.
F
a
l
c
i
f
a
r
u
m
36
56
.
3
P.
V
i
v
a
x
14
21
.
9
Mix
7
10
.
9
N
o
d
e
t
e
c
t
e
d
7
10
.
9
T
o
t
a
l
64
1
0
0
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
w
e
s
t
h
at
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
r
e
s
u
l
t
o
f
P
las
m
o
d
i
u
m
s
p
ec
ies
b
y
u
s
in
g
g
ie
m
s
a
p
ain
tin
g
r
e
m
o
v
al
t
h
ic
k
an
d
th
i
n
b
lo
o
d
d
r
o
p
s
w
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
P
las
m
o
d
iu
m
s
ta
g
e
in
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic,
w
h
ich
w
a
s
P
.
f
alcip
ar
u
m
s
p
ec
ie
s
w
it
h
g
a
m
eto
cy
tes i
n
2
7
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
4
2
%).
T
ab
le
3
.
Di
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
I
d
en
ti
f
icatio
n
R
es
u
lt o
f
P
las
m
o
d
iu
m
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
Mic
r
o
s
co
p
ic
T
est as
a
Go
ld
Stan
d
ar
d
Ty
p
e
o
f
P
a
r
a
si
t
e
N
%
P
f
.
S
t
d
G
a
me
t
o
si
t
27
42
.
2
P
f
.
S
t
d
C
i
n
c
i
n
7
10
.
9
P
v
.
S
t
d
T
r
o
p
o
z
o
i
d
10
15
.
7
P
v
.
S
t
d
C
i
n
c
i
n
2
3
.
1
P
f
.
S
t
d
G
a
me
t
o
si
t
+
r
i
n
g
7
10
.
9
N
o
d
e
t
e
c
t
e
d
11
17
.
2
T
o
t
a
l
64
1
0
0
T
ab
el
4
s
h
o
w
e
s
t
h
at
p
ar
asi
te
m
ia
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
w
as
m
o
s
tl
y
o
n
t
h
e
a
g
e
o
f
0
-
1
0
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
w
it
h
P
.
f
alcip
ar
u
m
s
p
ec
ies,
P
.
v
iv
a
x
s
p
ec
ies,
a
n
d
Mix
I
n
f
ec
tio
n
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
P
ar
asit
e
m
ia
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
Ag
e
Gr
o
u
p
A
g
e
G
r
o
u
p
(
Y
e
a
r
)
P
.
F
a
l
c
i
f
a
r
u
m
P
.
V
i
v
a
x
Mix
0
–
1
0
23
7
5
1
1
–
2
0
0
0
0
2
1
–
3
0
3
5
0
3
1
–
4
0
5
1
1
>
4
0
y
e
a
r
s o
l
d
5
1
1
T
o
t
a
l
36
14
7
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
P
HS
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8806
S
en
s
itivity a
n
d
S
p
ec
ificity o
f R
a
p
id
Dia
g
n
o
s
tic
Tes
t wi
th
Mic
r
o
s
co
p
ic
Go
ld
S
ta
n
d
a
r
d
to
.
.
.
.
(
S
a
h
r
ir
S
illeh
u
)
357
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
s
en
s
iti
v
it
y
a
n
d
s
p
ec
if
icit
y
te
s
t
(
T
ab
le
5
)
th
at
R
DT
w
as
a
to
o
l
th
a
t
w
as
u
s
ed
t
o
id
en
ti
f
y
th
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
p
ar
asit
e
s
p
ec
ies i
n
th
e
d
iag
n
o
s
is
o
f
m
a
lar
ia
in
r
e
m
o
te
an
d
is
o
lated
ar
ea
.
T
ab
le
5
.
A
cc
u
r
ac
y
R
ap
id
Diag
n
o
s
tic
T
est
(
R
DT
)
M
i
c
r
o
sco
p
i
c
(
+
)
M
i
c
r
o
sco
p
i
c
(
-
)
T
o
t
a
l
R
D
T
(
+
)
53
4
57
R
D
T
(
-
)
0
7
7
T
o
t
a
l
53
11
64
Sen
s
iti
v
it
y
:
100%
Sp
ec
if
icit
y
:
63%
P
o
s
itiv
e
P
r
ed
ictiv
e
Valu
e
:
92
.
9%
Neg
ati
v
e
P
r
ed
ictiv
e
Valu
e
:
100%
L
i
k
eli
h
o
o
d
r
atio
o
f
a
Po
s
itiv
e
T
est
:
2
.
7
5
L
i
k
el
i
h
o
o
d
r
atio
o
f
a
Neg
ativ
e
T
est
:
0
C
o
h
e
n
'
s
k
ap
p
a
(
Un
w
e
ig
h
ted
)
:
0
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
w
a
s
a
C
r
o
s
s
Se
ctio
n
al
d
iaag
n
o
s
t
ic
test
,
w
h
ic
h
w
as
co
n
d
u
cted
i
n
Na
m
r
o
le
s
u
b
d
is
tr
ict
,
So
u
t
h
B
u
r
u
R
eg
e
n
c
y
,
Ma
lu
k
u
P
r
o
v
in
ce
.
T
h
e
s
a
m
p
les
o
f
t
h
i
s
r
esear
ch
w
er
e
6
4
p
eo
p
le
in
d
icate
d
as
s
u
f
f
er
in
g
f
r
o
m
m
a
lar
ia,
o
f
6
4
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
7
p
eo
p
le
w
er
e
d
ec
lar
ed
n
eg
ati
v
e
f
r
o
m
m
alar
ia
af
ter
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
test
.
Mo
s
t
s
u
f
f
er
er
s
w
er
e
in
a
g
e
u
n
d
er
1
y
ea
r
o
ld
to
1
0
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
,
as
m
a
n
y
as
3
9
s
u
f
f
er
er
s
o
r
6
0
.
9
%.
C
h
ild
r
en
ag
ed
u
n
d
er
1
y
ea
r
to
1
0
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
w
er
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
f
f
er
er
s
i
n
t
h
is
r
esear
c
h
,
th
i
s
w
as
d
u
e
t
h
at
c
h
ild
r
en
o
f
th
a
t
ag
e
w
er
e
s
til
l
ad
v
er
s
e
to
th
e
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ch
a
n
g
e,
an
d
t
h
eir
i
m
m
u
n
it
y
w
er
e
r
elativ
el
y
w
e
ak
er
th
an
t
h
o
s
e
o
f
ad
u
lts
.
P
las
m
o
d
i
u
m
f
alcip
ar
u
m
w
a
s
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
o
u
n
d
p
ar
asit
es
o
n
c
h
ild
r
en
,
w
i
th
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
las
m
o
d
iu
m
f
alcip
ar
u
m
as
m
a
y
as
2
3
s
u
f
f
er
er
s
.
W
h
ile
7
o
th
er
s
w
er
e
p
o
s
itiv
el
y
h
a
v
i
n
g
p
la
s
m
o
d
i
u
m
v
iv
a
x
,
w
h
ile
5
o
f
w
h
o
m
w
er
e
m
i
x
ed
.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
e
r
es
u
lt
o
f
m
alar
i
ch
ec
k
in
g
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
R
DT
in
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
t,
i
t
w
a
s
k
n
o
w
n
t
h
at
th
er
e
w
er
e
3
t
y
p
es
i.e
.
,
P
.
f
alcip
ar
u
m
,
P
.
v
iv
ax
,
a
n
d
Mix
ed
.
Mo
s
t
d
etec
te
d
p
ar
asit
es
is
P
.
f
alcip
ar
u
m
5
6
.
3
%,
th
en
P
.
Viv
a
x
2
1
.
9
%,
an
d
m
i
x
ed
1
0
.
9
%.
Af
t
er
p
r
o
v
en
w
it
h
ad
v
an
ce
test
i.e
.
Mic
r
o
s
co
p
ic
as Go
ld
Sta
n
d
ar
d
,
it
w
as
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
4
r
esu
lts
o
f
R
DT
w
er
e
n
o
t
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
w
it
h
m
icr
o
s
co
p
i
c
test
.
B
esid
es,
th
er
e
w
er
e
2
s
a
m
p
les
w
h
ic
h
w
as
id
en
ti
f
ied
w
ith
R
DT
as
P
.
Viv
ax
,
h
o
w
ev
er
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
tes
t
s
u
g
g
ested
t
h
at
t
h
e
p
ar
asit
es
w
er
e
P
.
f
alcip
ar
u
m
s
td
g
a
m
eto
c
y
te.
I
n
T
ab
le
5
,
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
test
w
i
th
R
ap
id
Dia
g
n
o
s
tic
T
est
(
R
DT
)
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
v
en
w
it
h
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
a
r
esu
lt
th
at
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
2
x
2
tab
le,
th
e
s
en
s
iti
v
it
y
o
f
R
DT
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
w
as
1
0
0
%,
w
h
i
le
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ici
t
y
o
f
R
DT
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
w
a
s
6
3
.
3
%
f
o
r
ea
r
l
y
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
m
alar
ia.
P
o
s
itiv
e
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
v
a
lu
e
w
a
s
9
2
.
9
%,
w
h
i
le
n
eg
at
iv
e
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
v
al
u
e
w
a
s
1
0
0
%
w
it
h
p
o
s
i
tiv
e
li
k
eli
h
o
o
d
r
atio
o
f
2
.
7
5
,
n
eg
ati
v
e
lik
e
lih
o
o
d
r
atio
n
w
a
s
0
,
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
co
n
f
o
r
m
it
y
(
Kap
p
a)
b
etw
ee
n
R
DT
a
n
d
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
w
a
s
0
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
w
a
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
in
Ker
u
a
k
C
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
h
ea
lth
C
e
n
tr
e,
E
as
t
L
o
m
b
o
k
R
eg
e
n
c
y
,
s
u
g
g
est
in
g
s
e
n
s
iti
v
i
t
y
v
alu
e
o
f
1
0
0
%,
s
p
ec
if
icit
y
o
f
9
6
.
9
9
%,
p
o
s
itiv
e
lik
eli
h
o
o
d
v
alu
e
o
f
8
3
.
2
%,
an
d
n
eg
a
tiv
e
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
1
0
0
%.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
R
DT
h
as
g
o
o
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
v
alid
it
y
to
b
e
u
s
ed
as d
iag
n
o
s
tic
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t [
1
7
]
.
R
es
u
lts
o
f
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
co
n
d
u
cted
it
is
k
n
o
w
n
t
h
at
s
e
n
s
iti
v
it
y
v
a
lu
e
a
n
d
s
p
ec
i
f
icit
y
v
al
u
e
o
f
m
i
cr
o
s
co
p
ic
w
er
e
b
etter
th
an
R
DT
in
m
ala
r
ia
test
f
o
r
p
r
eg
n
an
t
w
o
m
an
[
4
].
T
h
e
s
en
s
iti
v
it
y
o
f
r
ap
id
d
i
ag
n
o
s
tic
test
i
n
th
i
s
r
esear
ch
is
v
er
y
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
p
ar
asit
e
d
en
s
i
t
y
.
Ge
n
er
all
y
,
p
ar
asit
e
d
en
s
it
y
in
r
ap
id
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
te
s
t
(
+)
an
d
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
(
+)
w
er
e
r
el
ativ
el
y
h
ig
h
er
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
at
o
f
r
ap
id
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
te
s
t
(
-
)
an
d
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
[
9
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
R
DT
ca
n
b
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
f
o
r
ea
r
l
y
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
m
alar
ia,
esp
ec
ial
l
y
i
r
e
m
o
te,
in
la
n
d
,
an
d
is
o
lated
ar
ea
,
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
at
o
f
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
test
.
R
ap
id
Diag
n
o
s
tic
T
est
i
n
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
(
R
DT
)
h
as
b
en
e
f
it
i
n
d
etec
tin
g
p
la
s
m
o
d
i
u
m
r
ap
id
l
y
an
d
ea
s
il
y
.
T
h
e
lack
i
n
g
o
f
R
DT
is
th
at
it
ca
n
n
o
t
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
p
r
asit
es in
o
n
e
's b
lo
o
d
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
ar
e:
1
)
T
h
e
b
en
ef
it
o
f
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
as
Go
ld
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
is
t
h
at
t
h
i
s
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
h
as
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
est
ac
cu
r
ac
y
v
al
u
e
f
o
r
id
en
t
if
y
i
n
g
p
las
m
o
d
i
u
m
s
p
ec
ies
a
n
d
p
ar
asit
ae
m
ia
le
v
el
ca
lcu
latio
n
,
h
o
w
e
v
er
it
m
u
s
t
b
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
s
k
il
led
tech
n
ic
ian
s
i
n
co
n
d
u
cti
n
g
d
iag
n
o
s
i
s
,
2
)
M
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
test
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8806
I
J
P
HS
Vo
l.
5
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
1
6
:
3
5
4
–
358
358
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
b
etter
r
es
u
lt
t
h
an
th
at
o
f
R
ap
id
Dia
g
n
o
s
tic
T
est,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
f
o
r
lo
w
p
ar
as
ites
d
en
s
it
y
.
R
ap
id
Diag
n
o
s
tic
te
s
t
s
u
g
g
ested
s
h
o
r
tag
e
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
al
ter
n
ati
v
e
m
alar
ia
tes
t
m
eth
o
d
,
b
u
t
R
ap
id
Diag
n
o
s
ti
c
test
is
s
till
v
er
y
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
i
n
ar
ea
s
lac
k
in
g
o
f
la
b
o
r
ato
r
y
tech
n
icia
n
s
a
n
d
f
o
r
s
u
r
v
eil
lan
ce
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
3
)
T
h
e
b
en
ef
it
o
f
R
ap
id
Diag
n
o
s
tic
T
es
t
(
R
DT
)
w
a
s
t
h
at
it
c
o
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
in
r
e
m
o
te
a
n
d
is
o
lated
ar
ea
s
to
ea
r
ly
d
etec
t
m
alar
ia
i
n
th
e
ef
f
o
r
t
o
f
co
n
d
u
cti
n
g
m
alar
ia
d
iag
n
o
s
is
.
B
esid
es,
R
DT
ca
n
b
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
an
d
w
a
s
p
r
o
v
en
v
er
y
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
an
d
ef
f
i
cien
t to
b
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
i
n
ca
s
e
o
f
E
x
tr
ao
r
d
in
ar
y
I
n
cid
e
n
ts
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
W
e
w
o
u
ld
li
k
e
to
th
a
n
k
t
h
e
m
alar
ia
p
atien
ts
in
Na
m
r
o
l
e
Su
b
Dis
tr
ic
t
f
o
r
th
e
ir
w
ill
in
g
n
e
s
s
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
.
W
e
g
r
atef
u
ll
y
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
t
h
e
H
ea
d
an
d
Staf
f
s
o
f
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t
o
f
Hea
lt
h
o
f
So
u
t
h
B
u
r
u
Dis
tr
ict,
Na
m
r
o
le
S
u
b
Dis
tr
ict
as
w
e
ll
as
t
h
e
Hea
d
an
d
Sta
f
f
s
o
f
Na
m
r
o
le
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
Hea
lth
C
e
n
ter
(
P
u
s
ke
s
ma
s
).
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
W
o
rld
He
a
lt
h
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
,“
T
h
e
W
o
rld
M
a
laria
Re
p
o
r
t
,”
G
e
n
e
v
a
,
W
o
rld
He
a
lt
h
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
]
He
a
lt
h
M
i
n
istry
o
f
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,“
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
G
u
id
e
li
n
e
s
f
o
r
E
x
a
m
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
M
a
laria
P
a
ra
sites
.
Dire
c
to
r
a
te
o
f
c
o
n
tro
ls
a
n
im
a
l
-
b
o
rn
e
d
ise
a
se
s
,
”
Ja
k
a
rt
a
,
He
a
lt
h
M
in
istry
o
f
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
2
0
1
0
.
[3
]
A
c
h
m
a
d
i
,“
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
A
re
a
-
Ba
se
d
Dise
a
se
s E
ra
d
ica
ti
o
n
,”
Ja
k
a
rta
,
P
u
b
li
s
h
e
r
Bo
o
k
K
o
m
p
a
s
,
2
0
0
5
.
[4
]
He
a
lt
h
M
in
istry
o
f
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,“
Re
g
io
n
a
l
He
a
lt
h
Re
se
a
rc
h
(Risk
e
sd
a
s
2
0
0
7
)
,”
Ja
k
a
rta
,
He
a
lt
h
M
i
n
istr
y
o
f
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
2
0
0
7
.
[5
]
W
o
rld
He
a
lt
h
0
rg
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
,“
M
a
la
ria
e
li
m
in
a
ti
o
n
.
A
f
ield
m
a
n
u
a
l
f
o
r
lo
w
a
n
d
m
o
d
e
ra
te en
d
e
m
ic co
u
n
tri
e
s
,”
G
e
n
e
v
a
,
W
o
rld
He
a
lt
h
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
,
20
07
.
[6
]
He
a
lt
h
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
M
a
lu
k
u
P
r
o
v
in
c
e
,“
He
a
lt
h
P
ro
f
il
e
o
f
M
a
lu
k
u
P
r
o
v
in
c
e
,
”
2
0
1
4
.
[7
]
He
a
lt
h
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
S
o
u
th
Bu
r
u
District
,“
He
a
lt
h
P
ro
f
il
e
o
f
S
o
u
t
h
Bu
r
u
District
,
”
2
0
1
4
.
[8
]
L
a
tu
c
o
n
sin
a
,“
P
a
tah
e
ri
a
n
d
P
a
su
n
o
In
i
ti
a
ti
o
n
Rit
u
a
l,
”
Na
u
l
u
tri
b
e
,
Ce
n
ter M
a
lu
k
u
District
,
2
0
0
7
.
[9
]
S
iah
a
a
n
,
“
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
o
f
Ra
p
id
Dia
g
n
o
stic
T
e
st
w
it
h
M
icr
o
sc
o
p
y
to
Dia
g
n
o
se
M
a
laria
Dise
a
se
s
,”
J
u
rn
a
l
Ke
se
h
a
ta
n
M
a
sy
a
ra
k
a
t
Na
sio
n
a
l
,v
ol
/i
ss
u
e
:
5
(
6
)
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
0
]
B.
M
.
H
o
ld
e
r,
“
W
h
a
t
is
t
h
e
F
u
n
c
ti
o
n
o
f
M
S
P
-
1
o
n
t
h
e
M
a
laria
M
e
r
o
z
o
it
?
”
Fo
c
u
s
,
p
p
.
1
-
3
,
2
0
0
5
.
[1
1
]
W
o
rld
He
a
lt
h
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
,“
M
a
laria
Ra
p
id
Dia
g
n
o
stic
T
e
st
P
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
Re
su
lt
s
o
f
W
HO
P
ro
d
u
c
t
e
sti
n
g
o
f
M
a
laria
RDT
:
Ro
u
n
d
1
,
”
G
e
n
e
v
a
,
W
o
rld
He
a
lt
h
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
2
]
W
o
rld
He
a
lt
h
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
,“
G
u
id
e
li
n
e
s f
o
r
T
h
e
T
re
a
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
M
a
lar
ia
,”
G
e
n
e
v
a
,
W
o
rld
He
a
lt
h
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
,
2
0
0
6
.
[1
3
]
Q.
A
.
A
c
to
n
,
“
Iss
u
e
in
G
lo
b
a
l
P
a
sif
ic Co
m
m
u
n
it
y
a
n
d
In
stit
u
ti
o
n
a
l
He
a
lt
h
,
”
G
e
o
rg
ia,
S
c
h
o
larly
Ed
it
io
n
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
4
]
Q.
A
.
A
c
to
n
,
“
M
a
laria
Ne
w
In
sig
t
h
s f
o
r
T
h
e
He
a
lt
h
Ca
re
P
r
o
f
e
ss
io
n
a
l
,”
G
e
o
rg
ia
,
S
c
h
o
larly
Ed
it
io
n
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
5
]
Bru
n
e
tt
G
.
W
.,“
CDC He
a
lt
h
In
f
o
r
m
a
ti
o
n
Istit
u
to
n
a
l
T
ra
v
e
l,
”
Ox
f
o
r
d
,
T
h
e
Ye
ll
o
Bo
o
k
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
6
]
S
o
e
d
a
rto
,
“
M
a
laria
,
G
lo
b
a
l
Ep
id
e
m
io
lo
g
y
o
f
P
las
m
o
d
iu
m
A
n
o
p
h
e
les
o
n
th
e
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
M
a
laria
P
a
ti
e
n
t,
”
Ja
k
a
rta
,
S
a
g
u
n
g
S
e
to
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
7
]
A
ru
m
I
.
L
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,“
Dia
g
n
o
stic
T
e
st
M
e
th
o
d
Us
i
n
g
Im
u
n
o
k
ro
m
a
t
o
g
ra
f
i
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
w
it
h
m
icro
sc
o
p
ic
e
x
a
m
in
a
ti
o
n
M
a
laria
P
las
m
o
d
iu
m
F
a
lcip
a
ru
m
,
”
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
Of
Cli
n
ica
l
Pa
th
o
lo
g
y
A
n
d
M
e
d
ica
l
L
a
b
o
ra
t
o
ry
,
2
0
0
6
.
[1
8
]
R
.
S
in
a
g
a
,“
T
h
e
S
e
n
siti
v
it
y
a
n
d
S
p
e
c
if
icit
y
A
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
Ra
p
id
Dia
g
n
o
stic
T
e
st
(RDT
)
to
T
h
e
G
o
ld
S
tan
d
a
rd
o
f
M
icro
sc
o
p
e
S
l
id
e
s o
f
Blo
o
d
f
o
r
Early
De
te
c
ti
o
n
o
f
M
a
laria
in
P
r
e
g
n
a
n
c
y
,
”
2
0
0
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.