Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
u
bli
c Hea
lt
h S
c
ie
nce (IJPH
S)
Vo
l.
7
, No
.
2,
J
un
e
201
8,
pp. 120~
129
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8806,
DOI: 10
.11
591/ij
phs.
v7
i
2.
1
13
97
120
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
https:
//
ww
w.i
aesco
re
.c
om
/j
our
nals/
ind
ex.
php/IJP
H
S
Infant
’
s
Growth
and
Developmen
t a
t
the
Age of 6
-
12 Mont
hs
Based on
B
reasf
ee
din
g
Ma
id
a A
yu
A
ra,
E
tty Surd
ar
yati
, Z
ulhaid
a
Lubi
s
Facul
t
y
of
Publi
c
Hea
lt
h
,
Univ
er
sit
y
of
Sum
at
er
a Utara
,
Indone
si
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Feb
2
, 2
01
8
Re
vised
Jun
1
,
201
8
Accepte
d
J
un
8
, 2
01
8
Infa
nc
y
is
a
gol
den
and
cri
t
ical
per
iod
in
the
c
ycl
e
of
li
f
e.
In
this
per
iod,
a
n
infa
nt
th
at
is
not
provide
d
with
e
xcl
usive
bre
astf
ee
ding
has
14
tim
es
highe
r
risk
to
death
c
om
par
ed
with
an
infa
n
t
th
at
i
s
provide
d
wit
h
exc
lusiv
e
bre
astfeedi
ng
.
Malnut
rition
in
the
first
y
e
ar
ca
u
ses
red
uce
d
bra
i
n
ce
ll
s
up
to
15
-
20%
which
le
ads
to
impaire
d
growth
a
nd
deve
lopmen
t
of
infa
n
t.
Exc
lusiv
e
bre
ast
fee
ding
c
an
fulf
il
l
the
ne
ed
for
nutri
ent
s
withi
n
the
first
6
m
onths
of
li
fe.
The
objecti
v
e
of
thi
s
study
was
to
ana
l
y
z
e
the
d
iffe
ren
ce
i
n
growth
and
deve
lopment
of
infa
nts
at
the
age
of
6
-
12
m
onths
base
d
on
bre
astfeedi
ng
in
the
working
a
r
ea
of
Pus
kesm
as
Pera
wata
n
Ngkera
n,
Ace
h
Te
nggar
a
Reg
en
c
y
.
Th
is
is
used
compara
ti
v
e
an
aly
tica
l
resa
erc
h
with
cro
ss
sec
ti
on
al
design
.
The
sam
pl
e
was
124
infa
nts
consisti
ng
of
62
infa
nts
with
exc
lusiv
e
bre
as
tfe
ed
ing
and
62
non
exc
lusiv
e
bre
astfeedi
ng
,
ta
ken
b
y
purposive
sam
pli
ng.
Th
e
data
we
re
collecte
d
b
y
u
sing
questi
onnaires
through
int
erv
i
ews,
m
eas
ure
m
ent
and
o
bserva
ti
on
.
Th
e
y
wer
e
an
aly
z
e
d
usi
ng
chi
square
and
logis
ti
c
reg
ression
t
esti
ng
for
conf
ounding
che
ck
.
The
result
s
show
ed
tha
t
the
r
e
was
a
sign
ifi
c
a
nt
diffe
r
ence
in
growth
and
dev
e
lopment
of
infa
nts
base
d
on
bre
astfe
ed
in
g
(p
val
ue=
0.
0
00)
with
pre
va
le
nc
e
rat
io
(PR)=4.
167
(95
%CI:
1.
867
-
9.
30
1
),
which
ind
ic
a
te
d
that
the
infant
who
did
not
get
exclusive
bre
astfe
ed
ing
had
4.
167
ti
m
es
highe
r
risk
to
expe
rie
n
ce
ba
d
growth
and
d
evelopm
ent
.
B
ase
d
on
the
exa
m
inati
on
of
conf
ound
i
ng
var
i
abl
e
found
tha
t
foo
d
supplementa
tion
was
the
var
ia
bl
e
with
the
risk
tha
t
infl
uen
ce
s
infant’s
growth
and
deve
lopment
.
Mothers
are
expe
c
te
d
to
pra
ctice
exclusi
ve
bre
astf
ee
d
in
g,
health
pr
ac
t
it
ione
rs
are
su
ggeste
d
to
conduc
t
m
ore
co
unseli
ng
of
exc
l
usive
bre
astfe
ed
i
ng
for
pre
gnan
t
m
othe
rs,
to
have
e
arly
bre
as
tfe
ed
ing
initiatio
n,
to
cr
ea
t
e
supporting
groups
of
exc
lusiv
e
bre
astfeedi
ng
an
d
to iss
ue
he
al
th
poli
c
y
of excl
usi
ve
bre
astfeedi
ng
.
Ke
yw
or
d:
Dev
el
op
m
ent
Exclusi
ve brea
stfeedin
g
Grow
t
h
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ma
ida A
y
u Ara
,
Dep
a
rt
m
ent o
f R
eproducti
ve
Healt
h,
Facult
y of Publi
c
He
al
th,
Un
i
ver
sit
y
of
S
um
at
era U
ta
ra
,
Un
i
ver
sit
y N
o.21 Ca
m
pu
s US
U
Me
da
n 2
0115
, I
ndonesi
a.
Em
a
il
:
ay
uar
a2
4@gm
ai
l.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
First
ye
ars
of
a
c
hild
’s
li
fe
are
ver
y
im
po
rtant.
T
his
peri
od
is
c
al
le
d
golde
n
a
ge,
t
he
wind
ow
of
opport
un
it
y
an
d
crit
ic
al
per
io
d.
T
he
golde
n
age
is
the
pe
ri
od
i
n
w
hich
th
e
grow
t
h
of
ne
rv
e
cel
ls
an
d
s
ynapse
s
occurs
s
o
ra
pid
ly
that
com
pl
ex
brai
n
ti
ssu
e
(±
80
%
)
f
or
m
s
and
a
bsor
bs
inf
or
m
at
ion
fas
te
st.
It
is
the
per
i
od
with
oppo
rtu
nity
to
m
axi
m
iz
e
al
l
po
te
ntial
of
the
child
,
w
he
re
ade
qu
at
e
nutrit
ion,
good
healt
h
sta
tus,
pro
per
par
e
ntin
g,
an
d
app
r
opriat
e
stim
ulati
on
help
the
child
achieve
optim
al
ab
il
ity.
It
is
al
so
cal
le
d
a
vu
ln
erab
le
per
i
od where
m
al
nu
trit
ion
i
n t
his
per
io
d wil
l hav
e
lo
ng
-
te
r
m
an
d
eve
n per
m
anen
t ef
fects
[1
]
.
Exclusi
ve
br
e
a
stfeedin
g
can
fu
lfil
l
the
nee
d
for
nutrie
nts
withi
n
the
fi
rst
6
m
on
ths
of
li
fe
[2
]
.
G
lo
bally
,
le
ss
than
43
pe
rce
n
t
of
6
m
on
th
-
ol
d
infa
nts
w
e
re
exclusi
vely
br
east
fe
d
[3
]
.
This
rate
is
37%
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPHS
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8806
Gro
wt
h and D
evel
opmen
t
of
In
f
an
ts
at the
A
ge of 6
-
12 Mon
ths B
as
e
d on B
reasfeedi
ng
(
Maid
a
Ay
u
A
ra
)
121
dev
el
op
i
ng
c
ount
ries
[4
]
a
nd
it
is
30
.2
%
in
Indonesia
[
5].
The
Re
sea
rch
s
hows
that
an
infan
t
that
is
no
t
pro
vid
e
d
wit
h
exclusi
ve
br
ea
stfe
e
d
ing
has
14
tim
es
high
er
ris
k
for
dea
th
c
om
par
e
d
with
the
in
fan
t
that
is
pro
vid
e
d
with
exclusi
ve
br
ea
stfeedin
g
[6
]
.
S
eve
ral
gl
ob
al
facts
re
ported
by
The
La
ncet
Breast
fee
ding
Series
pro
ve
that
bre
ast
feed
in
g
bo
ost
s
intel
li
gen
ce
(IQ
)
on
ave
ra
ge
of
1
-
3
po
i
nt
s,
preve
nt
ove
rw
ei
gh
t
(13%
)
an
d
ob
e
sit
y.
Ex
cl
usi
ve
br
ea
stfee
ding
is
an
inv
est
m
ent
in
pr
eve
ntin
g
low
birth
wei
gh
t
(
LB
W
)
,
stu
nting
a
nd
infecti
ous
dise
ases
[4
]
.
T
hose
who
survi
ve
due
to
m
al
nu
trit
ion
ha
ve
a
n
i
m
pact
on
s
ubse
quent
lo
w
qual
it
y
of
li
fe and
ca
n not
b
e im
pr
oved
even
th
ough at
the n
e
xt a
ge
t
h
e nutrit
ion
al
ne
eds
a
re
fu
lfil
le
d [6
]
.
In
In
donesia,
gro
wth disr
up
ti
on
has
be
en
se
en
f
ro
m
the h
igh
pr
e
valence
of
stu
ntin
g
(
37
.2
%
),
w
a
sti
ng
(12.1
%
),
an
d
unde
rw
ei
gh
t
(
19.6%)
[
5]
,
an
d
there
we
re
12.
8
-
28.
5%
of
childre
n
le
ss
than
2
ye
ars
old
with
dev
el
op
m
ental
disorde
rs
[7
]
.
Lack
of
nutrit
ion
i
n
the
first
ye
ars
of
li
fe
ca
us
es
br
ai
n
cel
ls
to
de
crease
15
-
20%
.
This
process
l
eads
t
o
dev
el
op
m
ental
disorde
rs
s
uc
h
as
ps
yc
hom
oto
r,
cogniti
ve
a
nd
so
ci
al
dis
orders
[
8]
.
Grow
t
h
a
nd
de
velo
pm
ent o
f
i
nf
a
nts is lar
gel
y determ
ine
d
by
the am
ou
nt
of
br
east
m
il
k
[9]
.
The
rese
arc
h
of
Uk
e
gbu
et
.
al
[1
0]
s
hows
grow
t
h
patte
r
ns
(m
ean
of
body
weig
ht
an
d
le
ngth)
i
n
exclusi
vely
breast
fed
in
fan
ts
accor
ding
to
the
W
H
O
gro
wth
cu
r
ve
co
m
par
ed
to
non
exclusively
breast
fe
d
infa
nts.
The
st
ud
y
al
so
s
h
owed
excl
us
ive
breast
feed
in
g
prom
otes
op
tim
al
gr
owth
i
n
the
first
6
m
on
ths
of
li
fe.
Syst
e
m
at
ic
rev
ie
w
stud
ie
s
a
nd
m
et
a
analy
sis
hav
e
f
ound
a
po
sit
ive
ef
f
ect
of
breast
fe
edin
g
on
co
gn
it
ive
dev
el
op
m
ent.
Breast
fed
chil
dr
e
n
ha
d
a
higher
m
ean
of
I
Q
i.e.
2.6
2
poi
nts
higher
t
ha
n
non
breast
fe
d
infa
nts
after
c
on
tr
olle
d
wit
h
m
at
ern
al
IQ
[11].
Le
e
et
.al'
s
stud
y
[12]
sho
w
s
th
at
longer
dura
ti
on
of
br
ea
stf
eedin
g
boos
ts
bab
ie
s
’
cogniti
ve
devel
op
m
ent.
Ba
sed
on
t
he
ex
pl
anati
on
ab
ove,
it
is
necessar
y
to
co
nduct
f
ur
t
he
r
stud
ie
s
to
st
udy
the
eff
ect
ive
ness
of
excl
usi
ve
br
ea
stfeedi
ng
for
gro
wth
and
dev
el
opm
ent
of
infa
nt
s.
Th
e
obj
ect
ive
of
t
he
stu
dy
wa
s
to
analy
ze
the
diff
e
ren
ce
in
gro
wth
an
d
de
velop
m
ent
of
6
-
12
m
on
th
-
ol
d
i
nf
a
nt
s
base
d on breas
tfeedin
g
i
n
the
work
i
ng area
of Pus
kes
m
as Per
awata
n Ngke
ran,
Aceh Ten
gg
a
ra Re
gen
cy
.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
This
resea
rch
has
bee
n
pass
ed
et
hical
cl
earance
with
nu
m
ber
13
03/X
I
I/SP/2
017.
Th
e
stud
y
was
e
m
plo
y
ed
the
us
e
d
of
qua
n
t
it
at
ive
resea
rch
with
c
omparati
ve
a
naly
ti
c
design
t
hroug
h
cr
os
s
se
ct
ion
al
appr
oach.
T
he
popula
ti
on
of
t
his
stu
dy
we
re
al
l
infan
ts
a
ge
d
6
-
12
m
on
ths
in
the
w
ork
i
ng
area
of
Pusk
esm
a
s
Pera
watan
Ngker
a
n,
Ace
h
T
engga
ra
Re
ge
nc
y
.
Tw
o
hu
ndr
ed
twe
nty
res
ponde
nts
ha
ve
been
c
hose
n
f
or
t
his
stud
y.
T
he
t
ot
al
sa
m
ple
was
124
res
pondents
,
62
wit
h
e
xcl
us
ive
breasfee
ding
a
nd
62
non
e
xc
lusive
br
east
fe
edi
ng
.
The
s
am
pling t
echn
i
qu
e
appli
ed was t
he pur
po
si
ve ran
dom
sam
pling
.
T
he
ind
e
pe
nde
nt
var
ia
ble
in
this
stud
y
was
br
east
feed
i
ng
consi
sti
ng
of
exclusi
ve
br
east
feed
i
ng
an
d
no
n
e
xclusi
ve
br
ea
stfee
ding
.
E
xcl
us
ive
br
east
feed
in
g
is
def
i
ned
as
be
ing
br
e
ast
fe
d
an
d
not
giv
e
n
a
ny
add
it
io
nal
f
ood
an
d
be
ve
rages
includi
ng
water
or
prel
a
ct
al
fo
ods
be
f
or
e
br
eas
fee
din
g
is
release
d,
except
m
edicat
ion
s
an
d
vitam
ins
when
the
ba
b
ie
s
are
ill
,
from
birth
unti
l
6
m
on
ths.
No
n
e
xclus
ive
Breast
fee
di
ng
i
s
def
i
ned
a
s
bei
ng
breast
fe
d
a
nd
al
so
giv
e
n
oth
e
r
f
oods
a
nd
dri
nks
or
bein
g
fe
d
with
f
or
m
ula
m
ilk
wit
h
add
it
io
nal
foo
d
an
d
ot
her
be
ver
a
ges
in
in
fan
ts
be
f
or
e
6
m
on
ths
ol
d
.
Data
colle
ct
ion
was
c
onduc
te
d
in
Decem
ber
2017
us
i
ng
quest
i
onnai
res
co
ntain
ing
the
c
ha
racteri
sti
cs
of
m
oth
ers
a
nd
in
fan
t
s
age
d
6
-
12
m
on
t
hs,
anth
rop
om
et
ric
m
easur
em
ents
of
in
fa
nts,
de
velo
pm
ental
pr
e
-
scree
ning
quest
ionnaires
a
nd
the
qu
est
io
nnai
re
s
wer
e
the
m
od
if
ic
at
ion
of
hea
ring test
[13
]
c
onduct
ed
th
rou
gh inte
rv
ie
ws,
obser
vatio
n
a
nd
m
easur
em
ents.
Un
i
var
ia
te
ana
ly
sis
was
con
duct
ed
on
desc
r
ipti
on
of
the
da
ta
abo
ut
the
f
reque
ncy
distribu
ti
on
of
var
i
ou
s
ch
a
ract
erist
ic
s o
n
stu
di
ed
va
riables
,
both
i
nd
e
pe
nd
e
nt
an
d de
pe
nd
e
nt
v
ariables
. Biv
ariat
e analy
sis was
perform
ed
with
chi
square
at
sign
ific
ance
l
evel
of
95%
(α
=
0,
05).
Valu
e
of
p
<0
.05
in
dicat
es
that
there
is
a
diff
e
re
nce
in
the
gro
wth
a
nd
de
velo
pm
ent
of
6
-
12
m
on
th
-
ol
d
in
fan
ts
ba
sed
on
br
east
f
eedin
g
(ex
cl
usi
ve
a
nd
non
e
xclu
sive)
and the l
og
ist
ic
r
e
gr
essi
on test
ing
f
or
c
onf
ou
nd
i
ng v
a
riable.
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
3.1
.
Un
iv
aria
te
An
al
ys
is
The
univa
riat
e
analy
sis
c
on
si
ste
d
of
cha
ract
erist
ic
s
on
m
oth
er
with
I
nf
a
nt
s
age
d
6
-
12
m
on
t
hs
,
birt
h
weig
ht,
foo
d
s
upplem
entat
ion
base
d on bre
ast
feed
in
g
a
re i
ll
us
trat
ed
i
n
T
a
ble
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8806
IJPHS
V
ol.
7
,
No.
2
,
J
une
20
18
:
12
0
–
129
122
Table
1.
C
har
a
ct
erist
ic
s
of
M
oth
e
r
s
,
Bi
rt
h Weig
ht
,
a
nd
F
ood Su
pple
m
e
ntati
on
Ch
arac
teristic
Breasf
eedi
n
g
Exclu
siv
e breasf
eedi
n
g
No
n
exclu
siv
e breasf
eedi
n
g
n
=6
2
%
n
=6
2
%
Moth
er’
s ag
e
< 20
y
ea
rs
20
-
35
y
ears
> 35
y
ea
rs
4
53
5
6
.
4
8
.
5
8
.
1
1
54
7
1
.
6
87
.
1
11
.
3
Edu
catio
n
of
m
o
th
er
Pri
m
a
r
y
Inter
m
ed
iat
e
Up
p
er
(dip
lo
m
a,
bach
elo
r)
27
18
17
43
.
5
29
.
0
27
.
5
25
25
12
40
.
3
40
.
3
19
.
4
Occup
atio
n
of
m
o
t
h
er
W
o
rkin
g
Un
wo
rkin
g
5
57
8
.
1
91
.
9
5
57
4
.
8
95
.
2
Fa
m
il
y
inco
m
e
> Rp
2.5
0
0
.00
0
,
-
< Rp
2
.50
0
.00
0
,
-
6
56
9
.
7
90
.
3
3
59
4
.
8
95
.
2
Inf
an
t's
b
irth
weig
h
t
< 25
0
0
gra
m
2500
-
4
0
0
0
gra
m
> 40
0
0
gra
m
2
58
2
3
.
2
93
.
6
3
.2
6
55
1
9
.7
8
8
.7
1
.6
F
ood
s
u
p
p
le
m
en
tat
io
n
Go
o
d
Bad
46
16
7
4
.2
2
5
.8
42
20
6
7
.7
3
2
.3
3.
1.
1.
Gr
owth
o
f
6
-
12
Mo
nth
-
Ol
d
Infa
nts
ba
sed o
n
Bre
ast
feeding
The
norm
al
g
ro
wt
h
by
hea
d
ci
rcu
m
fer
ence
for
a
ge
z
-
sc
or
e
was
fou
nd
to
be
hi
gh
e
r
i
n
infa
nts
w
ho
ha
ve
bee
n
e
xc
lusively
brea
stfed
t
han
t
hose
with
non
exclusi
ve
breast
feed
in
g
i.e
.
96.
8%
a
nd
93.5%
resp
ect
ively
.
Ba
sed
on
wei
gh
t
f
or
age
z
-
sco
re
(
WAZ)
,
it
was
fou
nd
out
that
inf
ants
with
e
xc
lusive
br
east
feed
i
ng
had
higher
W
AZ
with
good
nu
trit
io
n
than
tho
se
with
non
exclu
sive
br
east
feed
in
g
i.e.
90
.
4%
and
69.
4%
res
pecti
vely
.
B
ase
d
on
le
ngth
for
age
z
-
sc
ore
(L
AZ)
,
the
r
esear
ch
f
ound
out
that
i
nf
a
nts
w
ho
ha
ve
been
e
xclusi
ve
ly
br
east
fed
ha
d
highe
r
norm
al
LAZ
than
th
os
e
w
ho
wer
e
no
t
excl
us
ively
br
east
fe
d
i.e.
93.6%
and
87.
1%
res
pecti
vely
. I
t i
s
pr
ese
nted
in
T
able
2.
Table
2.
T
he
F
reque
ncy D
ist
r
ibu
ti
on
o
f
Growth
o
n
6
-
12 M
on
t
h
-
Old I
nf
a
nt
s
base
d on
Bre
ast
feed
in
g
Growth
Breasf
eedi
n
g
Exclu
siv
e breasf
eedi
n
g
No
n
exclu
siv
e breasf
eedi
n
g
n
=6
2
%
n
=6
2
%
H
ead circu
m
f
e
renc
e
f
o
r
ag
e z
-
sco
r
e
No
r
m
al
(
2
s/d
-
2
SD
)
Ab
n
o
r
m
al
(
>2
SD
a
n
d
<
-
2
SD)
60
2
96
.
8
3
.
2
58
4
93
.
5
6
.
5
W
eig
h
t f
o
r
ag
e z
-
s
co
re
Go
o
d
n
u
trition
(2s
/
d
-
2
SD)
Less n
u
trition
(
-
2
s/
d
-
3
SD)
Malnu
trition
(<
-
3
S
D)
56
3
3
90
.
4
4
.
8
4
.
8
43
13
6
69
.
4
20
.
9
9
.
7
Leng
th
f
o
r
ag
e z
-
s
co
re
No
r
m
al
(
2
s/d
-
2
SD
)
Heig
h
t (
>2
SD)
Stu
n
tin
g
(
-
2
s/d
2
S
D)
Sev
ere
stu
n
tin
g
(<
-
3
SD)
58
0
3
1
93
.
6
0
.
0
4
.
8
1
.
6
54
2
4
2
87
.
1
3
.
2
6
.
5
3
.
2
3.1.2.
Dev
el
op
me
nt
of 6
-
12
M
onth
-
Old I
nfan
ts
b
as
ed
on
Br
ea
s
tf
eedi
n
g
Dev
el
op
m
ent
of
infa
nts
i
n
gross
m
oto
r
,
fi
ne
m
oto
r,
s
pe
ech
la
ngua
ge
and
s
ocial
inde
pende
nce
i
n
accor
da
nce
with
a
ge
is
t
hat
it
is
hi
gh
e
r
i
n
in
fan
ts
w
ho
ha
ve
bee
n
e
xclusi
ve
ly
breast
fe
d
than
t
hose
with
non
exclusi
ve
brea
stfeedin
g
i.e
.
95.
2%
a
nd
82.
3%
res
pecti
vely
.
The
de
velo
pm
ent
of
norm
a
l
hear
in
g
was
f
ou
nd
ou
t
to
be
hi
gher
in
exclusi
ve
ly
br
east
fed
in
fan
ts
tha
n
tho
s
e
with
non
ex
cl
us
ive
breast
f
eedin
g
i.e
.
91
.
9%
an
d
80
.
6%
re
sp
ect
i
vely
this is i
ll
ust
rated in
Ta
ble 3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPHS
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8806
Gro
wt
h and D
evel
opmen
t
of
In
f
an
ts
at the
A
ge of 6
-
12 Mon
ths B
as
e
d on B
reasfeedi
ng
(
Maid
a
Ay
u
A
ra
)
123
T
ab
l
e
3.
T
he
F
reque
ncy D
ist
r
ibu
ti
on
o
f
D
e
ve
lop
m
ent
o
n
6
-
12 Mo
nth
-
Ol
d Infants
base
d o
n
Brea
stfeedi
ng
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
Breasf
eedi
n
g
Exclu
siv
e breasf
eedi
n
g
No
n
exclu
siv
e breasf
eedi
n
g
n
=6
2
%
n
=6
2
%
Gros
s
m
o
to
r
,
f
in
e
m
o
to
r
,
sp
eech
lan
g
u
ag
e and
so
cia
l ind
ep
en
d
en
ce
Ap
p
rop
riate
Su
sp
ect
Delayed
59
3
0
95
.
2
4
.
8
0
.
0
51
8
3
82
.
3
12
.
9
4
.
8
Hear
in
g
Poten
cy
N
o
r
m
al
Hear
in
g
dis
o
rder
57
5
91
.
9
8
.
1
50
12
80
.
6
19
.
4
3.2.
Bi
va
ri
ate Analysis
3.2.1.
T
he
D
iff
erence
in
G
ro
w
th
of
6
-
12
M
on
t
h
-
old
I
nfa
nt
s
ba
se
d
on
B
reastfeedi
n
g
The
in
fa
nts w
it
h
no
n
e
xclusi
ve
b
rea
stfeedi
ng h
ad
lo
wer
perce
ntage of
norm
al
g
rowth
t
ha
n
th
os
e
with
exclusi
ve
brea
stfedin
g
i.e.
64.
5%
an
d
88.
7%
res
pecti
ve
ly
.
The
sta
ti
st
ic
al
resu
lt
s
showe
d
that
the
re
was
diff
e
re
nce
in
t
he
i
nf
a
nts’
gr
owth
base
d
on
br
east
feed
i
ng
(
p=0.00
1)
with
PR=4
.32
1
(95
%
CI:
1.6
83
-
11
.096)
wh
ic
h
is
dem
on
strat
ed
in
t
he follo
win
g
T
a
bl
e 4
.
3.2.2.
T
he
D
iff
erence
in
D
ev
el
op
men
t of 6
-
12
M
onth
-
old
I
nfants
b
as
ed
on
B
re
asfeedi
ng
The
infa
nts
wi
th
non
exclu
sive
br
ea
stfee
din
g
had
lo
wer
per
ce
ntage
of
norm
al
dev
el
opm
ent
than
tho
se
with
exc
lusive
br
ea
stfe
ding
i.e
71.
0%
an
d
90.3
%
res
pecti
vely
.
T
he
sta
ti
sti
cal
resu
lt
s
showe
d
t
hat
there
was
dif
fer
e
nce
of
in
fa
nts’
de
velo
pm
ent
ba
s
ed
on
br
east
fe
edin
g
(p
=
0.0
06)
with
PR=
3.818
(
95
%
CI:
1.398
-
10.42
9) is pres
ented
i
n
T
a
ble
4
.
3.2.3.
T
he
Differ
ence
in
G
ro
w
th
and
D
e
velop
men
t 6
-
12
M
onth
-
old
I
n
f
an
t
s b
as
ed
on
B
reasf
ee
ding
The
Dif
fer
e
nce
betwee
n
gro
w
th
an
d
de
velo
pm
ent
of
6
-
12
m
on
th
-
ol
d
in
fa
nts
based
on
breast
fee
ding
was
that
the
in
fan
ts
with
non
exclusi
ve
brea
stfeedin
g
had
a
balance
d
am
ou
nt
of
bad
a
nd
good
i.e.
50.
0%
an
d
m
os
t
of
infan
ts
with
exclusi
ve
br
east
fee
ding
ha
d
norm
al
grow
t
h
an
d
de
velo
pm
ent
i.e.
80.6%.
The
sta
ti
sti
cal
resu
lt
s
how
e
d
t
hat
the
re w
as di
ff
ere
nce o
f
in
f
ants’
gro
wth
a
nd
de
velo
pm
e
nt
ba
sed
on b
re
ast
feed
in
g
(
p=
0.000
)
with PR=
4.1
67 (95
%
CI:
1.8
6
7
-
9.3
01) wh
ic
h i
s prese
nted
i
n
T
able
4
.
Table
4.
T
he
D
iffer
e
nce i
n
G
r
ow
t
h
a
nd
D
e
ve
lop
m
ent o
f
6
-
12
M
ont
h
-
old
I
nfants
base
d o
n
B
reas
t
feed
i
ng
Variable
Su
b
v
ariables
No
n
exclu
siv
e
b
reasf
eedi
n
g
Exclu
siv
e
b
reasf
eedi
n
g
p
valu
e
PR 9
5
% CI
n
%
n
%
G
rowth
Bad
Go
o
d
22
40
35
.
5
64
.
5
7
55
1
1
.3
88
.
7
0
.
001
4
.
321
(1
.
683
-
11
.
0
9
6
)
De
v
elo
p
m
en
t
Bad
Go
o
d
18
44
29
.
0
71
.
0
6
56
9
.7
90
.
3
0
.
006
3
.
818
(1
.
398
-
10
.
4
2
9
)
Growth
an
d
D
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
Bad
Go
o
d
31
31
50
.
0
50
.0
12
50
1
9
.4
80
.
6
0
.
000
4
.
167
(1
.
867
-
9
.
301)
3.3
.
The
E
xa
mi
na
ti
on
of
C
on
f
oundin
g V
ariab
le
s
The
e
xam
inatio
n
of
c
onf
oundin
g
var
ia
bles
intende
d
to
val
idly
est
i
m
at
e
t
he
relat
ion
s
hip
betw
een
on
e
m
ai
n
var
ia
ble
and
de
pende
nt
var
ia
ble
by
con
t
ro
ll
in
g
so
m
e
confou
nd
i
ng
var
ia
bles
.
Th
e
analy
sis
in
te
sti
ng
conf
oundin
g v
ariables
was d
on
e
b
y em
plo
yi
ng
re
gr
essi
o
n
log
ist
ic
s m
et
ho
d.
Ba
sed
on
t
he
r
egr
es
sio
n
lo
gis
ti
c
s
analy
sis
re
su
lt
s,
it
was
s
how
t
hat
f
ood
supp
le
m
entat
i
on
va
riable
had
p=0.00
0
wh
ic
h
ind
ic
at
e
d
that
foo
d
supp
le
m
entat
ion
was
a
factor
that
influ
e
nce
d
infa
nt'
s
gr
owth
an
d
dev
el
op
m
ent.
Me
anwhil
e,
bi
rth
wei
gh
t
a
nd
fam
i
ly
income
had
p
value
>0.05
w
hich
i
nd
ic
at
ed
t
hat
they
di
d
no
t i
nf
l
uen
ce
inf
a
nt'
s g
r
ow
t
h and de
velo
pm
ent. Res
ults o
f d
at
a analy
sis
are
presente
d
as
s
how
n
in
T
a
ble
5
.
Table
5.
T
he
T
est
ing
of
C
onf
oundin
g
V
aria
bles
with
C
om
plete
M
odel
ing
us
in
g
R
e
gr
es
sion
L
og
ist
ic
s
M
et
hod
Variables
W
ald
p
va
lu
e
Exp
(
B)
9
5
% CI
Lower
Up
p
er
Breastf
eedi
n
g
F
ood
s
u
p
p
le
m
en
tat
io
n
Inf
an
t's b
irth weig
h
t
Fa
m
il
y
inco
m
e
1
0
.70
0
1
2
.59
9
1
.40
7
0
.04
9
0
.00
1
0
.00
0
0
.23
6
0
.82
6
4
.37
4
5
.15
9
0
.39
4
0
.83
4
1
.80
7
2
.08
5
0
.08
4
0
.16
5
1
0
.59
1
1
2
.76
6
1
.83
7
4
.20
8
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8806
IJPHS
V
ol.
7
,
No.
2
,
J
une
20
18
:
12
0
–
129
124
The
co
nfo
undi
ng
var
ia
bles
w
ere
issue
d
one
by
on
e
f
ro
m
t
he
com
plete
m
od
el
in
g
i.e.
br
east
feed
in
g
with
sup
plem
e
ntati
on
f
ood,
f
ollow
e
d
by
breast
feed
in
g
with
infa
nt'
s
birth
wei
gh
t
an
d
br
east
feed
i
ng
with
fam
i
ly
incom
e
.
The
res
ult
pr
ov
e
d
t
hat
thre
e
var
ia
bles
did
not
cha
nge
P
R
>10%
w
hic
h
in
dicat
ed
t
ha
t
food
su
pple
m
entat
ion
,
in
fan
t'
s
birt
h
wei
gh
t,
a
nd
fam
i
ly
incom
e
wh
ic
h
we
re
s
us
pe
ct
ed
as
co
nfo
unding
va
ri
ables
wer
e
not the
r
i
sk
facto
r
as t
he
y did n
ot sig
nif
ic
antly
inf
lue
nc
e inf
a
nt'
s g
r
owth a
nd
dev
el
opm
ent.
Eve
n
th
o
ugh
f
ood
s
upplem
entat
ion
s
howe
d
p
value
0.0
00
ind
ic
at
in
g
th
at
sta
ti
sti
cally
,
it
sign
ific
a
ntly
influ
e
nce
d
in
fa
nt'
s
gr
owt
h
an
d
dev
el
op
m
ent,
but
w
he
n
views
c
hange
d
P
R
after
the
pro
of
t
urns
was
not
m
or
e
than
10%,
w
hich
in
dicat
ed
that
infan
t'
s
gr
owth
a
nd
dev
el
o
pm
ent
was
not
on
ly
influ
e
nced
by
fo
od
su
pple
m
entat
ion
,
but
there
wer
e
al
so
othe
r
facto
rs
that
influ
en
ced
gr
o
wt
h
an
d
de
ve
lop
m
ent
of
infa
nts.
The dat
a as
show
n
i
n
T
a
ble
6
.
Table
6.
T
he
O
ne
b
y O
ne
A
na
ly
sis o
f
C
onf
oundin
g Va
riabl
es
w
it
h R
eg
res
sion
L
ogist
ic
s
Variables
W
ald
p
va
lu
e
Exp
(
B)
9
5
% CI
Lower
Up
p
er
Breastf
eedi
n
g
F
ood
s
u
p
p
le
m
en
tat
io
n
Breastf
eedi
n
g
Birth
W
eig
h
t
Breastf
eedi
n
g
Fa
m
il
y
Inco
m
e
1
1
.61
9
1
3
.79
0
1
0
.82
7
2
.55
7
1
2
.16
2
0
.07
3
0
.00
1
0
.00
0
0
.00
1
0
.11
0
0
.00
1
0
.78
6
4
.56
0
5
.48
8
3
.91
2
0
.30
8
4
.21
5
0
.80
9
1
.90
6
2
.23
4
1
.73
6
0
.07
3
1
.87
8
0
.17
5
1
0
.91
0
1
3
.48
1
8
.81
5
1
.30
4
9
.46
0
3
.74
0
3.4
.
Discussi
on
s
3.4.1.
Grow
th
of
6
-
12
M
onth
-
old
I
nfan
ts
B
as
ed
on Br
ea
s
tf
eedi
n
g
Norm
al
gr
ow
t
h
is
ref
le
ct
ed
in
the
gro
wing
siz
e
of
anth
r
opom
et
rics
that
corres
ponds
to
the
age
of
the
infa
nt.
A
healt
hy
child
is
t
he
on
e
w
hose
w
ei
gh
t
a
nd
le
ngth
of
bo
dy
inc
reases
as
it
ag
es
[13].
T
he
gro
wth
ref
e
rr
e
d
in
t
his
stud
y
is
the ov
erall
m
easur
e
m
ent
resu
lt
s o
f
hea
d
ci
rc
um
fe
ren
ce f
or
a
ge
z
-
sco
re,
weig
ht f
or
ag
e
z
-
sco
re,
len
gth
for
a
ge
z
-
sco
re
of
6
-
12 m
on
th
-
ol
d
in
fan
ts
.
The
norm
al
gr
ow
t
h
by
hea
d
ci
rcu
m
fer
ence
for
a
ge
z
-
sc
or
e
was
fou
nd
to
be
hi
gh
e
r
i
n
infa
nts
w
ho
hav
e
bee
n
e
xc
lusively
brea
stfed
t
han
th
o
se
with
no
n
exclusi
ve
br
ea
stfeedin
g.
T
his
stu
dy
was
al
so
in
accor
da
nce
with
the
stu
dy
by
An
a
nta
et
al
[14]
invol
ving
1.804
m
oth
ers
a
nd
0
-
11
m
on
t
h
-
ol
d
in
fan
ts
f
rom
17
sel
ect
ed
prov
i
nces
w
hich
f
ou
nd
a
sign
i
ficant
correla
ti
on
(p
=
0.0
31)
.
Infan
ts
gi
ven
form
ula
m
il
k
had
m
or
e
abno
rm
al
of
he
ad
ci
rc
um
fer
ence
tha
n
t
hose
w
ho
we
re
e
xc
lusively
breast
fed.
T
he
stu
dy
in
Kelur
a
ha
n
Kebo
n
Jeruk
Ja
kar
ta
[
15
]
al
so
f
ou
nd
the
sam
e
resu
lt
that
there
was
a
s
m
al
l
diff
ere
nce
in
hea
d
ci
r
cum
fer
ence
be
twee
n
exclusi
vely
bre
ast
fed
i
nf
a
nts
a
nd th
os
e
w
h
o
wer
e
for
m
ula fe
d wit
h p val
ue
=
0.002 a
nd eta
squar
e=
0.0
076.
Breast
m
il
k
has
a
c
om
posit
ion
of
LC
PU
F
As
(L
ong
-
chai
n
poly
un
sat
ur
at
ed
fatt
y
aci
ds
)
or
po
ly
unsat
ur
at
e
d
fatt
y
aci
d
w
hich
is
a
l
ong
chain
of
esse
ntial
fatt
y
aci
ds
su
c
h
as
AA
(
A
racb
i
donic
A
ci
d)
a
nd
DHA
(
Do
c
os
a
hex
ae
noic
Acid).
T
his
c
om
po
sit
ion
s
hould
be
a
vaila
bl
e
i
n
suffici
ent
qua
ntit
ie
s
for
gro
wth
of
infa
nts’ br
ai
n [
13
]
.
Ther
e
we
re 2
i
nf
a
nts (
3.2%
)
exclusi
vely
br
e
ast
fed
w
it
h
a
bn
or
m
al
head
ci
r
cum
fer
ence f
or
age
z
-
sc
ore
(m
ic
ro
sefali
)
that
we
re
bor
n
with
lo
w
birth
weig
ht
(LB
W).
The
gr
ow
t
h
of
the
hea
d
ci
rc
um
fer
ence
of
t
he
l
ow
birth
wei
gh
t
in
fan
ts
was
sl
ower
tha
n
th
os
e
with
norm
al
bi
rth
weig
ht.
B
ut
this
sit
uatio
n
did
not
directl
y
m
ean
the b
aby ha
d b
rain
gro
wth dis
orders. Mea
sur
e
m
ent o
f
hea
d
ci
rcu
m
fer
ence
is req
ui
red
fo
r
the n
ext
3
m
on
ths to
m
ake
su
re
,
w
hi
le
i
m
pr
ov
in
g
i
n
diet,
the
en
vi
ronm
ent
that
su
pp
or
ts
gro
wth
an
d
dev
el
opm
ent
and
rev
ie
w
th
e
infa
nt'
s
healt
h
histo
ry.
It
is
ex
pected
t
ha
t
the
inter
ve
nt
ion
will
cha
ng
e
or
inc
rea
se
the
siz
e
of
he
ad
ci
rcu
m
fer
ence
because
infa
nc
y
is
st
il
l
a
per
iod
of
ra
pid
gro
wth.
Af
te
r
3
m
o
nt
hs
,
if
hea
d
ci
rcu
m
fer
ence
is
stil
l
le
ss nor
m
al
then
it
is im
m
ediat
el
y refer
r
ed
to
the
higher
h
ea
lt
h
facil
it
ie
s.
Infan
ts
e
xclusi
vely
br
east
fe
d
had
hi
gher
WA
Z
with
good
nu
trit
io
n
than
tho
se
with
non
exclu
siv
e
br
east
feed
i
ng.
This
stu
dy
is
in
li
ne
with
Vy
as
[16]
w
ho
sta
te
d
that
excl
usi
vely
br
east
f
e
d
in
fan
ts
had
a
sta
ble
weig
ht
gai
n
ba
sed
on
WA
Z
an
d
a
ca
us
al
it
y
relat
ion
sh
i
p
with
the
vi
abili
ty
of
e
xclusiv
e
breast
fe
edin
g.
Ma
[17]
f
ound
that
the
re
wa
s
a
lo
wer
pre
va
le
nce
of
le
ngth
an
d
weig
ht
by
age
,
weig
ht
by
bod
y
le
ngth
in
arti
fici
al
ly
fed
infa
nts,
infa
nts
who
we
re
fe
d
with
breast
m
ilk
ad
de
d
with ot
her
f
oods
c
ompare
d
to
e
xclus
ively
br
east
fed
in
fa
nt
s.
Ram
ok
ol
o
et
al
.
[1
8]
in
Sub
-
S
aha
ran
Afri
ca
found
that
non
e
xclusi
vely
br
east
fed
in
fa
nt
s
at
12
-
24
weeks
of
age
wer
e
at
hi
gh
e
r
risk
of
over
weig
ht
an
d
ob
e
sit
y
by
2
ye
ars
of
age
.
Th
is
sh
ows
that
the
firs
t
6
m
on
ths
of lif
e is a crit
ic
al
perio
d of
a
ch
il
d’s
grow
t
h for s
uffer
i
ng fro
m
o
ve
r
weig
ht and
ob
e
sit
y.
The
c
onte
nt
of
fat
i
n
breast
m
il
k
is
easi
ly
dig
est
e
d
a
nd
abs
orbed
c
om
par
e
d
t
o
f
or
m
ula
m
i
lk
fat.
Ca
rboh
y
dr
at
es
(lact
os
e)
as
a
so
urce
of
cal
ori
es
in
br
ea
st
m
il
k
is
absorbed
by
body
acc
ordi
ng
t
o
the
in
fan
t'
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPHS
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8806
Gro
wt
h and D
evel
opmen
t
of
In
f
an
ts
at the
A
ge of 6
-
12 Mon
ths B
as
e
d on B
reasfeedi
ng
(
Maid
a
Ay
u
A
ra
)
125
needs
w
hile
breast
feed
in
g.
T
he
rati
o
of
whey
pr
otei
n
an
d
casei
n
in
brea
st
m
i
lk
is
60
:4
0,
wh
il
e
co
w
m
il
k
is
20
:
80.
This
w
hey
protei
n
in
a
bab
y'
s
gu
t
form
s
a
so
ft
cl
ot
that
is
easily
abs
orbed
by
the
bab
y'
s
intest
i
ne.
I
n
cow
'
s
m
i
lk
car
bohydrat
e
a
nd
fat
co
ntent
pr
oduce
high
ca
lories
s
o
that
i
nf
a
nts
ar
e
at
r
isk
of
obesi
ty
[19].
Breast
m
i
lk
co
ntains
i
ns
uli
n
a
nd
le
ptin
that
c
an
regulat
e
the
m
e
ta
bo
li
sm
of
fats
a
nd
car
bo
hydrat
es
in
t
he
body
so
br
ea
stfed
in
fan
ts
weig
h
a
nd
le
ngth
in
a
cc
orda
nce
with
t
he
WHO
gro
w
th
cu
r
ve
a
nd
te
nd
not
to
be
ob
e
se
wh
e
n
c
om
par
e
d
to
for
m
ula f
e
d
in
fa
nts, or t
he
m
ix ofbreast
f
ed
in
fa
nts and
form
ula
m
il
k
[2
0].
Ba
sed
on
the
res
ults
of
thi
s
resea
rch,
th
ere
we
re
sti
ll
3
i
nf
a
nts
(
4.8%)
w
ho
we
r
e
exclu
sivel
y
br
east
fed
had
m
al
nu
trit
ion
(
≤
3SD)
i.e
an
in
f
ant
who
was
bor
n
with
lo
w
bi
rth
weig
ht
(20
00
gr
am
s
of
ge
m
el
l
i
pr
e
gnancy)
,
an
infa
nt
was
bor
n
with
e
xcessi
ve
wei
gh
t
(
4,8
00
gram
s)
and
an
in
fan
t
with
norm
al
weigh
t.
Lo
w
birth
weig
ht
i
nf
a
nts
te
nd
to
exp
e
rience
la
t
e
gro
wth
as
a
resu
lt
of
im
m
a
ture
orga
ns
.
Infan
ts
with
e
xc
essive
weig
ht
are
m
or
e
gen
e
rall
y
bo
r
n
by
obesi
ty
m
oth
e
rs
or
m
oth
ers
with
dia
bet
es
so
in
the
fir
st
days
of
birt
h
they
exp
e
rience
m
or
e
se
ver
e
a
da
ptati
on
s
s
uc
h
as
increase
d
inci
de
nce
of
hypo
glyc
e
m
ia
and
at
risk
of
ex
pe
riencin
g
grow
t
h
dis
orde
rs
due
to g
ene
r
al
ly
distur
be
d
m
et
abo
li
s
m
.
Bir
th
wei
gh
t
is
ju
st
on
e o
f
the f
a
ct
or
s
that
in
flu
ences
infa
nts’ gro
wth;
en
orm
ou
s
ge
netic
and e
nvir
on
m
ental
f
act
ors als
o
in
flue
nc
e the
gro
wth of i
nf
a
ncy.
Infan
ts
w
ho
ha
ve
bee
n
e
xcl
us
ively
br
east
f
ed
ha
d
higher
norm
al
of
L
AZ
t
han
th
ose
with
no
n
exclusi
vely
breast
fed
.
T
his
stud
y
is
in
li
ne
with
researc
h
by
Zal
la
e
t.al
[2
1]
in
Hait
i,
that
discov
e
r
ed
the
durati
on o
f
e
xc
lusive breast
fe
edin
g
(until
6
m
on
ths o
ld) w
as p
os
it
ively
co
r
relat
ed
with the p
r
olon
ge
d
increase
and
wei
gh
t
gai
n
of
i
nf
a
nts
ac
cordin
g
t
o
age
.
It
in
dicat
ed
e
xc
lusive
br
ea
stf
eedin
g
e
ff
ect
iv
el
y
pr
e
ven
ts
w
ast
ing
and
st
un
ti
ng
in
inf
ants.
T
he
re
was
a
gain
in
the
norm
al
ran
ge
an
d
increa
s
ed
body
le
ngth
in
al
l
age
gr
oups
i
n
the f
ir
st 6
m
on
ths
[22].
Breast
m
i
lk
co
ntains
cy
to
kine
an
d
gro
wth
factors
that
pl
ay
an
im
po
rta
nt
r
ole
i
n
pr
e
pa
rin
g
for
t
he
infa
nt'
s
i
mm
u
ne
syst
e
m
.
A
stud
y
on
39
8
pr
e
g
nan
t
w
ome
n
in
Lo
ndon,
Russia
and
It
al
y
fo
und
a
n
inv
e
rs
e
relat
ion
s
hip
be
tween
breast
f
eedin
g
tim
e
l
eng
t
h
an
d
gro
wth
fact
or
f
or
hep
at
ocyt
e
gro
wth
fact
or
(
HGF
)
con
te
nt,
in
w
hich
the
HGF
con
te
nt
was
higher
in
c
olost
ru
m
than
m
at
ur
e
breast
m
il
k.
H
GF
is
a
m
ulti
fu
nctio
nal cyt
okine,
which
p
la
ys a r
ole in a
ng
iog
e
nesis, t
umor
ogenesis
and
r
e
pair of
bo
dy ti
ssu
es
[23].
Ba
sed
on
the
r
esults
of
th
e
st
ud
y,
it
was
f
ound
out
that
th
ere
w
ere
a
n
e
xc
lusively
breas
tfed
i
nf
a
nt
(1.6
%
)
with
se
ver
e
stu
ntin
g
(
≤
3SD
);
the
bab
y
was
bor
n
w
it
h
a
low
birth
weig
ht
(2
,
000
gr
am
s).
In
LB
W,
the
infa
nts
w
ho
w
ere
not
treat
e
d
pro
per
ly
a
nd
no
t
giv
e
n
good
sti
m
ulati
on
m
os
t
l
ikely
cause
d
the
i
nf
a
nt
to
be
un
a
ble to
pu
rs
ue
the
d
el
ay
of the
gro
wth
a
nd
dev
el
op
m
ent in th
e
f
ir
st y
ear
of
li
fe
.
Stat
ist
ic
ally,
si
gn
i
ficant
res
ults
wer
e
f
ound
i
n
gro
wth
betw
een
the
no
n
ex
cl
us
ive
breast
f
eedin
g
a
nd
exclusi
ve
brea
stfeedin
g
in
fa
nt
s.
The
in
fa
nts
who
wer
e
not
exclusi
vely
breast
fed
had
4.321
ti
m
es
hig
he
r
ris
k
to
suff
er
from
poor
gr
ow
t
h.
T
he
non
e
xclu
sive
br
east
feed
i
ng
gro
wt
h
of
th
e
m
ajo
rity
al
so
has
norm
al
grow
t
h
a
m
on
g
oth
e
rs
du
e
la
r
gely
inf
ants
bor
n
with
norm
al
weigh
t
(2
,
500
-
4,0
00
gr
am
s).
Be
side
s
that,
this
are
a
is
a
rural
area,
w
he
re
en
vir
on
m
ental
po
ll
utio
n,
especial
ly
ai
r
po
ll
utio
n
is
s
ti
ll
li
ttle,
so
it
is
condu
ci
ve
fo
r
the
grow
t
h
of
the
infa
nts,
a
nd
m
oth
e
r
ar
e
sti
ll
act
ively
carrying
he
r
ba
by
to
the
inte
gr
at
e
d
se
rv
ic
e
post
in
t
he
vill
age
(it
is
cal
le
d
as
posya
ndu)
beca
us
e
i
nf
a
nts
un
der
one
ye
ar
old
sti
ll
need
s
im
m
u
nizat
ion
s
o
tha
t
the
infa
nt'
s g
r
ow
t
h st
il
l ob
se
rv
e
d.
3.4.2.
De
velopm
ent o
f 6
-
12
Month
-
old I
n
f
an
t
Base
d
on
Br
eastfeedin
g
Dev
el
op
m
ent
durin
g
i
nf
a
ncy
occ
ur
s
ve
ry
ra
pid
ly
an
d
bri
ef
ly
,
and
this
pe
r
iod
is
the
basis
f
or
t
he
ne
xt
sta
ge
of
dev
el
op
m
ent.
A
hea
lt
hy
child
is
th
e
who
gets
c
le
ver
e
r
as
they
ge
t
old
er
[
13
]
.
Exclusi
vely
breast
fed
infa
nts
ha
ve
be
tt
er
gross
m
oto
r,
fi
ne
m
oto
r,
s
peech
la
ngua
ge
and
s
ocial
ind
epe
ndence
i
n
accor
da
nce
wit
h
age
than
th
os
e
wit
h
non
e
xclusi
ve
br
east
fee
ding.
T
his
stud
y
is
in
li
ne
with
the
on
e
done
by
Dew
ey
et
.a
l
[2
4]
wh
ic
h
show
s
that
excl
us
i
vely
br
east
fe
d
infa
nts
are
able
to
craw
l
earli
er
a
nd
a
ble
to
walk
at
12
m
on
ths
of
ag
e
than
th
os
e
w
ho
receive
s
uppl
e
m
entary
fo
od
s
too
early
.
Th
e
stud
y
by
Sety
arini
et
.al
[2
5]
de
m
on
strat
ed
that
a
histor
y
of
br
e
ast
feed
in
g
had
sign
ific
a
nt
(
p=
0.001
)
infl
ue
nc
e
on
the
em
otion
al
m
ental
dev
el
op
m
ent
of
3
-
4
ye
ar
-
ol
d
c
hild
r
en
a
fter
bein
g
con
t
ro
ll
ed
by
m
oth
er'
s
knowle
dg
e,
at
ti
tud
e,
ed
ucati
on
le
ve
l,
an
d
c
hild'
s
birth
weig
ht.
Breast
m
il
k
con
ta
ins
c
om
po
ne
nts
of
Hsc/
p
70
t
hat
protect
s
the
w
hite
m
a
tt
er
of
the
br
ai
n
cel
l
from
the
deat
h
(a
popt
os
is)
a
nd
wh
ic
h
re
duces
de
velo
pm
ent
al
disorde
r
of
m
oto
r,
la
ngua
ge,
c
ogniti
ve
,
a
nd
beh
a
vioral
inte
ll
igence
espe
ci
al
ly
in
pr
em
atu
re
i
nf
a
nt
[
26]
.
Breast
fee
ding
in
flue
nces
e
m
ot
ion
al
an
d
m
ental
dev
el
op
m
ent thro
ugh
t
he bon
ding att
achm
ent [
9]
.
Infan
ts
who
ha
ve
bee
n
e
xclusiv
el
y
breast
f
ed
ha
d
hi
gh
e
r
hear
in
g
tha
n
tho
se
with
no
n
excl
us
ive
br
east
feed
i
ng.
This
stu
dy
is
in
li
ne
with
the
publica
ti
on
of
Da
rlin
gton
[27]
descr
i
bin
g
the
res
ults
of
the
researc
h
by
Ma
nd
y
Be
lf
or
t,
f
ro
m
a
childre
n
hosp
it
al
i
n
B
os
to
n,
t
hat
the
re
is
a
ca
us
al
relat
ion
s
hip
be
tween
br
east
feed
i
ng
in
in
fa
ncy
an
d
receptive
la
ng
uag
e
at
a
ge
th
r
ee
an
d
with
ve
rb
al
a
nd
non
-
ve
rb
al
IQs
at
a
bette
r
sch
oo
l a
ge.
The
or
et
ic
al
ly
,
the
de
vel
op
m
ent
of
hear
i
ng
abili
ty
is
in
li
ne
with
th
e
de
velo
pm
ent
of
sp
eec
h
a
nd
la
nguag
e
wh
ic
h
is
influ
e
nced
by
br
ai
n
gro
w
th
and
de
vel
opm
ent
[1
3].
Ba
s
ed
on
the
resu
l
ts
of
the
stud
y,
there
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8806
IJPHS
V
ol.
7
,
No.
2
,
J
une
20
18
:
12
0
–
129
126
wer
e
5
infa
nts
(8.1
%
)
w
ho
w
ere
exclu
sively
br
east
fe
d
had
hear
i
ng
disorde
rs.
It
did
not
directl
y
identif
y
any
abno
rm
aliti
es.
The
infa
nt
ha
d
a
sp
an
of
6
m
on
ths
to
com
plete
the
dev
el
op
m
ent
of
hea
rin
g.
E
xclusi
ve
br
east
feed
i
ng
a
nd
ade
quat
e
sti
m
ula
ti
on
an
d
a
s
the
in
fa
nt
get
s
old
e
r,
it
is
ex
pected
t
hat
the inf
a
nt
'
s
hear
in
g
will
al
so
be norm
al
.
Stat
ist
ic
ally,
si
gn
i
ficant
res
ults
wer
e
f
ound
be
twe
en
the
de
ve
lop
m
ent
of
non
excl
us
ive
bre
ast
feed
i
ng
and
excl
us
ive
br
east
feed
i
ng
infa
nts.
The
inf
ants
who
wer
e
not
excl
us
ivel
y
br
east
fed
ha
d
3.818
ti
m
es
highe
r
risk
t
o
ex
pe
rience
poor
de
ve
lop
m
ent.
That
the
de
vel
op
m
ent
ha
d
norm
a
l
m
ajo
rity
in
both
gro
ups
is
par
tly
because
m
os
t
of
m
oth
ers
do
not
wor
k,
in
w
hich
the
m
oth
er
had
a
whole
day
with
the
ba
by
,
so
the
stim
ulati
on
s
fo
r
ba
by
can
be
giv
en
m
or
e
fr
e
qu
e
ntly
and
anyt
i
m
e,
add
it
ion
al
ly
m
os
t
of
in
fan
ts
bor
n
with
norm
al
w
ei
gh
t
(2
,
500
-
4
,
000 g
ram
).
Th
is
birt
h weig
ht h
a
d
t
he
lo
west
risk
t
han the
oth
e
r g
rou
ps
of
birt
h weig
ht
from
irreg
ulari
ti
es
dev
el
opm
e
nt
in
in
fan
cy
.
Gen
e
rall
y,
infa
nts
bor
n
with
norm
al
weigh
t
hav
e
a
physi
ol
og
ic
a
l
body that
w
ork
s b
et
te
r
c
orrela
te
d
with
go
od
dev
el
op
m
ent.
3.4.3.
Grow
th
an
d
D
e
velo
pm
ent of
6
-
12 Month
-
old Inf
ants B
as
ed
on
Br
eastfeedin
g
The
golde
n
pe
rio
d
is
the
m
os
t
i
m
po
rtant
pe
rio
d
in
the
gr
ow
t
h
an
d
de
ve
lop
m
ent
sta
ge
of
a
child
.
The
in
fa
nts’
gro
wth
a
nd
devel
op
m
ent
is
la
rg
el
y
dete
rm
in
ed
by
the
am
ount
of
br
ea
stfeedi
ng
t
hat
infa
nt
s
acqu
i
red.
Stat
ist
ic
al
ly
,
there
was
a
sign
ific
ant
resu
lt
bet
ween
non
exc
lusively
br
east
fed
a
nd
e
xclu
sively
br
east
fed
infa
nt
s
i.e.
the
infa
nt
s
who
a
re
not
e
xclusi
vely
bre
ast
fed
ha
ve
4.1
67
tim
es
highe
r
ris
k
to
e
xp
e
rience
poor
grow
t
h
a
nd
dev
el
op
m
ent.
This
stu
dy
is
in
li
ne
with
the
researc
h
by
P
erera
et
.al
[
21
]
wh
ic
h
sho
we
d
that
none
of
exclusively
br
east
fed
i
nf
a
nt
s
had
gro
wth
falt
ering.
A
r
e
s
earch
by
J
ohnson
e
t.al
[
28
]
,
de
scribe
d
that
non
breast
fe
d
in
fan
ts
as
ind
e
pende
nt
factor
s
we
re
associat
ed
with
low
grow
t
h
rat
es.
Stu
dies
by
Keli
sh
a
di
et
.al
[29]
in
Iran
s
howe
d
longer
durati
on
of
br
east
feedi
ng
(≥6
m
on
th
s)
wa
s
ass
ociat
ed
with
lo
wer
risk
of
over
we
igh
t
in
c
hildr
e
n
an
d
ado
le
sce
nts
co
m
par
ed
to
th
ose
with
a
breast
feed
i
ng
durati
on
of
le
ss
t
han
6
m
on
ths,
with
an
odds
rati
o
(O
R
)
0.86
(0.74
-
0.9
9).
This
m
eans
that
longer
durati
on
of
bre
ast
feed
in
g
is
a
protect
ive
fac
tor
of
ove
rw
ei
gh
t
in
childho
od
a
nd
ad
olescence
.
The
r
ese
a
rc
h
by
Az
ag
oh
et
.al
[
30
]
i
n
infa
nts
w
ho
we
re
ea
rlie
r
giv
e
n
com
ple
m
entary
feed
in
g
of
breast
m
il
k
sh
owed
a
n
increa
se
in
pr
e
valen
ce
of
stu
nting
and
over
weig
ht.
Thi
s
m
eans
that
ea
rly
f
eedi
ng in
i
nfants
will
incr
ea
se the
risk o
f m
al
nu
trit
ion
i
n y
oung in
fa
nts.
A
c
ohort
stu
dy
by
Mc
Cr
ory
a
nd
Mu
rr
ay
[31]
that
assesse
d
the
c
orrelat
ion
b
et
wee
n
br
ea
stfeedi
ng
a
nd
the
de
vel
op
m
ent
of
nin
e
m
on
th
ol
d
in
fa
nt.
It
was
disc
ov
e
re
d
that
i
nf
a
nts
who
ha
d
nev
e
r
bee
n
br
east
fed
ha
d
a
lowe
r
de
velo
pm
ental
ou
tc
om
es
on
m
il
est
on
es
rathe
r
t
ha
n
infa
nts
w
ho
we
re
pa
rtia
ll
y
or
exclusi
vely
br
e
ast
fed.
This
s
hows
t
ha
t
there
is
a
posit
ive
relat
io
nship
betwee
n
br
east
feed
i
ng
on
t
he
dev
el
opm
ent
of
gross
m
oto
r,
fine
m
oto
ri,
pr
ob
le
m
so
lvin
g abil
it
y, and
chi
ldre
n
’s
so
ci
al
pe
rsonal
ity
.
Re
search
of
Je
dr
yc
h
ows
ki
et
.
al
[32]
in
468
childre
n
fou
nd
that
breast
m
ilk
giv
e
n
in
the
first
ye
ars
of
a
child'
s
li
fe
is
a
strong
predic
tor
of
c
on
ti
nue
d
co
gnit
ive
de
velo
pm
ent
in
la
te
r
li
fe.
They
fou
nd
IQ
s
co
re
s
ro
se
by
3.8
po
i
nts
(
95%
CI:
2.11
t
o
5.4
5)
in
c
hildr
e
n
w
ho
w
ere
excl
us
ively
breast
fed
(>
6
m
on
t
hs
)
.
Je
nkins
[
33
]
fou
nd
of
the
c
orrelat
ion
be
tween
e
xclusi
ve
br
east
fee
ding
with
co
gnit
ive
de
velo
pm
e
nt
of
c
hildr
e
n
ob
s
er
ved
from
increased
read
i
ng
co
nc
entrati
on
in
c
hildr
e
n
w
ho
a
ged
4
ye
ars
old
.
Vict
or
a
et
.
al
[4
]
descr
i
be
s
tha
t
br
east
fed
in
fant
s
up
to
12
m
o
nth
s
ol
d
ha
ve
I
Q
3.7
6
points
higher
,
ha
ve
hi
gh
e
r
le
vels
of
edu
cat
io
n
an
d
highe
r
m
on
thly
inco
m
e at age
30 t
ha
n br
east
fed inf
ants
on
ly
in
1
m
on
th.
Breast
m
il
k
co
m
po
sit
ion
s
are
loade
d
with
c
om
plete
nu
trit
ion,
incl
ud
i
ng
DHA
a
nd
A
A,
wh
ic
h
a
re
need
e
d
for
in
fan
t
br
ai
n
de
velo
pm
ent.
Stud
ie
s
us
in
g
s
yst
e
m
atic
rev
ie
w
an
d
m
et
a
analy
sis
f
ou
nd
t
hat
br
east
feed
i
ng
was
c
orrelat
ed
with
i
ncr
ease
d
intel
li
gen
ce
te
s
t
perf
or
m
ance.
Po
sit
ive
e
ff
ect
s
of
br
ea
stfeed
ing
i
n
cogniti
ve
de
ve
lop
m
ent
on
ra
ndom
ob
se
r
vation
f
ound
th
at
breast
fe
d
c
hildr
e
n
ha
d
high
er
m
ean
I
Q
of
2.6
2
po
i
nts tha
n n
on
br
east
fed inf
ants afte
r
c
on
t
r
olled
with m
ater
nal
IQ [
11]
.
In
c
onfou
nd
i
ng
exam
inati
on
of
f
ood
sup
ple
m
entat
ion
va
riables,
in
fan
t
’
s
birth
wei
gh
t
and
fam
ily
incom
e
are
not
co
nfo
unding
var
ia
bles
be
c
ause
the
cha
nge
in
PR
valu
e
is
no
t
m
or
e
than
10%
b
ut
fo
od
su
pple
m
entat
ion
ha
ve
p=
0.0
00.
Ba
sed
on
this
te
st,
gr
owth
a
nd
dev
e
lop
m
ent
of
in
fan
t
we
re
not
on
ly
influ
e
nce
d
by
foo
d
s
upplem
e
ntati
on
,
the
re
are
oth
er
fact
ors
that
a
ff
e
ct
gro
wth
an
d
de
ve
lop
m
ent
of
in
fan
ts,
su
c
h
as
gen
et
ic
,
en
vir
on
m
ent,
i
m
m
un
e
sta
tus,
histo
ry
of
il
lness,
sti
m
ulatio
n,
et
c.
This
s
ug
gests
that
good
foo
d
su
pple
m
entat
ion
will
pr
om
ote
good
grow
t
h
an
d
de
velo
pm
ent.
Un
fa
vora
ble
feed
i
ng
pr
act
ic
es
affe
ct
the
i
m
m
un
it
y
or
endu
ran
ce
of
th
e
infa
nt.
I
f
the
infa
nt
is
at
ta
ck
ed
by
t
he
disea
se,
the
n
the
i
nfant
'
s
app
et
it
e
will
be
disrupte
d,
res
ul
ti
ng
in
im
paired
a
bs
or
ption
of
f
ood
s
ubsta
nces
t
hat
caus
e
disru
ption
of
infa
nt'
s
grow
t
h
a
nd
dev
el
op
m
ent.
This
m
eans
th
at
the
infa
nt'
s
ai
r
ove
r
t
he
age
of
6
m
onths
sho
uld
be
introd
uced
to
foo
d
su
pple
m
entat
ion
to
s
upport
th
e
infan
t'
s
gro
w
th
an
d
de
velo
pm
ent
becau
se
at
the
age
of
6
m
on
ths,
i
n
ad
diti
on
to
br
ea
stfee
ding
ba
bies
al
so
ne
ed
ad
diti
on
al
nu
t
riti
ou
s
f
oo
d.
The
r
esults
of
this
stu
dy
show
t
hat
pure
i
nf
a
nt'
s
grow
t
h
a
nd
de
velo
pm
ent are
influ
e
nce
d by
br
east
feed
i
ng.
Ba
sed
on
the
r
esults
of
this
stud
y,
it
was
fou
nd
that
no
n
ex
cl
us
ively
-
breas
tfed
infa
nts
ha
d
a
balance
d
a
m
ou
nt
bet
we
en
good
a
nd
poor
gro
wth
de
velo
pm
ent.
Th
e
excl
us
ively
br
east
fed
in
fant
s
m
os
tl
y
had
good
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPHS
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8806
Gro
wt
h and D
evel
opmen
t
of
In
f
an
ts
at the
A
ge of 6
-
12 Mon
ths B
as
e
d on B
reasfeedi
ng
(
Maid
a
Ay
u
A
ra
)
127
grow
t
h
a
nd
de
velo
pm
ent.
A
balance
d
am
ou
nt
of
go
od
a
nd
po
or
gro
wth
dev
el
op
m
ent
in
no
n
e
xclus
ively
br
east
fed
i
nf
a
nt
s
wer
e
du
e
t
o
m
at
ern
al
age
of
20
-
35
ye
ar
s
old
,
w
hich
at
this
age
is
a
healt
hy
re
producti
ve
range,
a
nd
a
ddit
ion
al
ly
,
m
ajo
rity
of
them
w
ere
bor
n
with
norm
al
birth
weig
ht
(2,50
0
-
4,000
gram
s),
wh
i
c
h
had the l
ow
e
st
risk o
f heal
th
pro
blem
s co
m
par
ed
to othe
r bir
th w
ei
gh
t
(<
2,500 o
r>
4,000 garm
).
The
res
ults
al
so
showe
d
that
12
in
fan
ts
(
27.
9%)
who
we
re
exclusively
breast
fed
ha
d
po
or
e
r
gr
owth
and
dev
el
op
m
ent.
This
nee
ds
to
be
exam
in
ed
to
see
in
w
hich
pa
rt
the
de
la
y
of
grow
t
h
and
de
velo
pme
nt
of
infa
nts an
d
the
n
do the sti
m
ul
at
ion
and inter
ven
ti
on to
pur
s
ue
the d
el
ay
. Accordin
g
to the
au
thors'
assu
m
ption
it
can
occ
ur
because
the
proces
s
of
g
r
owth
de
velo
pme
nt
in
i
nf
a
ncy
is
a
com
plex
process
with
m
any
influ
e
ncin
g fac
tors.
The
lo
ng
-
te
rm
conseq
ue
nces
of
im
paired
gr
ow
t
h
an
d
dev
e
lop
m
ent
include
d
stu
ntin
g
an
d
wasti
ng
s
o
that
w
hen
the
y
beco
m
e
te
enag
e
rs,
they
a
re
at
ris
k
of
dw
a
rf
i
ng,
a
ne
m
ia
,
chron
ic
e
nergy
de
fici
ency
by
m
easur
in
g
the
uppe
r
arm
ci
rcu
m
fer
ence,
pelvic
de
velo
pm
e
nt
an
d
re
pro
duct
ive
orga
ns
w
hich
a
re
not
op
tim
a
l
[34].
A
narrow
pelvis
is
at
risk
du
rin
g
la
bor
a
nd
a
nem
ia
aff
ect
in
g
a
w
om
an'
s
m
enstru
al
cy
cl
e
and
fer
ti
li
ty
.
Girls
with
ch
r
onic
energ
y
def
i
ci
ency
wer
e
at
2
-
3
tim
es
hig
he
r
risk
in
lo
w
bi
rth
weig
ht,
stu
nting
r
isk
inc
re
ased
2.36
ti
m
es
hig
her
in
LB
W
[
35]
,
co
gn
it
ive
a
bili
ti
es
and
lo
w
eco
no
m
ic
pr
oductivit
y
[36]
and
inc
rease
d
risk
of
br
east
ca
nce
r [
37
]
.
Less
nutrit
ion
al
e
ven
ts
w
i
ll
r
ecur i
n
t
h
e i
nter
gen
e
rar
y c
yc
le
o
f w
om
en.
Ther
e
a
re
m
an
y
infan
ts
w
ho
are
not
br
east
f
ed
exclu
sively
becau
se
of
th
e
incessant
pr
om
otion
of
infa
nt
fo
rm
ula
m
i
lk
through
the
m
ass
m
e
dia
and
eve
n
to
healt
h
w
ork
ers,
la
ck
of
public
awar
en
ess
about
patte
rn
of
i
nf
a
nt
fee
ding,
la
c
k
of
underst
an
ding
of
the
rig
ht
exclu
sive
breast
feed
in
g,
la
ck
of
c
ouns
el
i
ng
on
exclusi
ve
br
ea
stfeedin
g
an
d
no
gr
oup
t
o
s
uppo
rt
excl
us
iv
e
breast
fee
ding
in
the
com
m
un
it
y
al
so
af
fe
ct
s
the
su
ccess
of e
xclusiv
e
breast
fee
ding that c
an
ul
tim
at
el
y affect i
nf
a
n
t
grow
t
h and de
velo
pm
ent.
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Infan
cy
is
a
go
lde
n
an
d
crit
ic
al
per
io
d
in
the
cy
cl
e
of
li
fe.
Exclusi
ve
breast
fee
ding
can
fu
l
fill
the
need
f
or
nu
t
rients w
it
hi
n
the
f
irst 6
m
on
ths
of li
fe.
T
he
ob
j
e
ct
ive o
f
t
his stud
y
was
to a
na
ly
ze the d
iffe
re
nce in
grow
t
h
a
nd
de
velo
pm
ent
of
infa
nts
at
the
a
ge
of
6
-
12
m
on
ths
base
d
on
br
east
feed
i
ng
i
n
the
wor
king
are
a
of
Pu
s
kesm
as
Peraw
at
a
n
N
gke
ran,
Ace
h
Te
ngga
ra
Re
ge
nc
y.
The
resu
lt
s
show
s
that
there
was
di
fferences
betwee
n
the
gro
wth
(
p=
0.001;
PR=4.
321;
95%
CI:1.
683
-
11.09
6),
dev
el
op
m
ent
(p
=
0.0
06
;
PR
=3
.81
8;
95%
CI:
1.398
-
10.
42
9)
a
nd
grow
t
h and de
velo
pm
e
nt
(
p=0.00
0; P
R
=
4.167; 95%
CI:
1.867
-
9.3
01
)
of
6
-
12 m
on
th
-
old
infa
nts
ba
sed
on
br
east
feed
i
ng.
Var
ia
bles
th
at
wer
e
predict
ed
as
t
he
c
onf
oundin
g
we
re
f
ood
sup
plem
ent
at
ion
,
infa
nt'
s
birth
weig
ht
an
d
the
fam
il
y
incom
e,
after
pa
ssing
t
he
te
sts
fou
nd
ou
t
on
ly
that
the
foo
d
su
ppl
em
entat
ion
wa
s
the
var
i
able
with
t
he
r
isk
to
in
flue
nc
e
infa
nt'
s
gr
ow
th
an
d
dev
el
opm
ent.
Ba
sed
on
this
con
cl
us
io
n
in
order
to
opti
m
iz
e
infan
ts
’
grow
t
h
an
d
de
velo
pm
ent,
it
was
need
e
d
to
issue
a
po
li
cy
that
su
pp
or
ts
e
xclu
sive
br
ea
stfeed
ing
in
Ace
h
T
engga
ra
Re
gency
.
The
regula
ti
on
as
a
local
wisdom
fo
r
w
orkin
g
m
oth
ers
or
ci
vi
l
serv
ants,
t
ha
t
giv
en
m
at
ern
it
y
le
ave
for
up
t
o
6
m
on
th
s
in
orde
r
to
pro
vid
e
ex
cl
usi
vely
br
east
feed
i
ng.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
a
uthor
t
ha
nk
s
al
l
el
e
m
ents
of
Faculty
of
P
ub
li
c
Healt
h,
Un
i
versi
ty
of
S
um
at
era
Utara
f
or
thei
r
con
t
rib
ution
i
n
par
ti
ci
patin
g
i
n
this
researc
h.
Sh
e
especial
l
y
than
ks
Ett
i
Sudaryat
i,
P
h.D
an
d
Dr.
Z
ulh
ai
da
Lu
bis for t
heir
tim
e and
e
xp
e
r
ie
nces a
nd kn
owle
dge.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Ministr
y
of
Hea
lt
h
Republic
Ind
onesia
,
"W
orld
h
ea
l
th
w
ee
k
201
6
g
uide
l
ine
;
Them
e
"M
othe
r
b
re
astfe
ed
ing
for
2
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ars
m
ore
eff
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y
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sm
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ld,
i
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to
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Com
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In
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Ped
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Yea
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Pe
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(1):
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8806
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tem
at
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