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2021
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all
o
n
an
y
s
u
r
f
ac
e
a
n
d
b
e
to
u
ch
e
d
b
y
p
eo
p
le
w
h
o
th
e
n
tr
a
n
s
m
i
tted
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
eir
e
y
e
s
,
n
o
s
e,
o
r
m
o
u
th
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
I
t
is
also
b
eliev
ed
in
r
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
s
th
a
t
C
OVI
D
-
19
ca
n
b
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
v
ia
air
b
o
r
n
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
t
h
a
t
th
e
v
ir
u
s
ca
n
b
e
tr
an
s
m
itte
d
b
y
in
h
ali
n
g
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
d
r
o
p
lets
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
b
r
ea
th
in
g
,
talk
i
n
g
,
s
i
n
g
in
g
,
an
d
n
o
t
j
u
s
t
co
u
g
h
in
g
a
n
d
s
n
ee
zin
g
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
m
ain
tai
n
p
h
y
s
ical
d
is
ta
n
ce
a
m
o
n
g
p
eo
p
le
is
m
a
n
d
ato
r
y
to
av
o
id
t
h
e
v
ir
u
s
tr
an
s
p
o
r
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al.
I
t
i
s
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
th
a
t
t
h
e
i
n
ter
-
p
er
s
o
n
al
d
is
ta
n
ce
o
f
t
w
o
m
ete
r
s
ca
n
b
e
a
n
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
p
r
o
tecti
o
n
ef
f
o
r
t
o
n
l
y
if
ev
er
y
b
o
d
y
wea
r
s
f
ac
e
m
a
s
k
s
f
o
r
th
eir
d
ail
y
li
f
e
ac
ti
v
itie
s
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
is
n
e
w
v
ir
u
s
i
s
v
er
y
co
n
ta
g
i
o
u
s
a
n
d
h
as
s
p
r
ea
d
r
ap
id
ly
w
o
r
ld
w
id
e.
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia
a
n
n
o
u
n
ce
d
C
OVI
D
-
19
ca
s
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
ti
m
e
at
th
e
b
eg
in
n
i
n
g
o
f
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
0
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
Sin
ce
t
h
e
n
,
p
o
s
iti
v
e
c
ases
h
a
v
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
co
n
s
id
er
ab
l
y
.
T
h
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
h
as
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
s
ev
er
al
e
f
f
o
r
ts
to
r
ed
u
ce
m
o
r
b
id
ity
a
n
d
m
o
r
ta
lit
y
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
is
e
f
f
o
r
t
ca
n
n
o
t
s
ta
n
d
alo
n
e
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
es
p
u
b
lic
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
.
T
h
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
r
o
lled
o
u
t
a
p
o
lic
y
o
f
s
o
cial
r
estrictio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
w
o
r
k
in
g
an
d
lear
n
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
h
o
m
e.
T
h
e
p
o
lic
y
h
as
b
o
th
g
i
v
e
n
p
o
s
iti
v
e
a
n
d
n
eg
at
iv
e
i
m
p
ac
ts
.
O
n
t
h
e
o
n
e
h
a
n
d
,
th
is
p
o
lic
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
s
o
cial
an
d
p
h
y
s
ical
d
is
ta
n
ci
n
g
,
w
h
ic
h
p
r
ev
en
t
s
C
OVI
D
-
19
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
On
th
e
co
n
tr
ar
y
,
p
u
b
lic
co
m
p
lia
n
ce
to
C
O
VI
D
-
19
p
r
ev
en
t
iv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
eir
s
ta
y
at
h
o
m
e
is
n
o
t
w
el
l
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
an
d
ch
al
len
g
i
n
g
to
co
n
tr
o
l.
O
n
e
p
a
r
ticu
lar
p
o
p
u
lat
io
n
g
r
o
u
p
v
u
l
n
er
ab
le
to
t
h
i
s
s
itu
a
tio
n
i
s
u
n
iv
er
s
it
y
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
s
i
n
ce
m
a
n
y
ar
e
a
w
a
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
eir
h
o
m
eto
w
n
s
.
T
h
e
y
ar
e
a
v
er
y
d
y
n
a
m
ic
g
r
o
u
p
w
it
h
h
i
g
h
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
in
t
h
eir
d
ail
y
liv
e
s
th
at
m
a
y
p
u
t
th
e
m
at
in
cr
ea
s
ed
r
is
k
to
C
OVI
D
-
19
.
T
h
ey
ca
n
also
h
av
e
as
y
m
p
to
m
atic
C
OVI
D
-
19
in
f
ec
tio
n
s
,
t
h
er
eb
y
i
n
cr
e
asin
g
th
eir
ch
a
n
ce
s
o
f
b
ec
o
m
i
n
g
a
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
A
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
s
tated
th
at
th
e
s
e
y
o
u
n
g
p
eo
p
le
h
ad
a
r
ap
id
o
n
s
et
an
d
v
ar
io
u
s
n
o
n
-
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
at
y
p
ical
m
a
n
i
f
es
tatio
n
s
an
d
m
u
ch
m
ild
er
th
a
n
i
n
o
ld
er
p
ati
en
ts
[
1
6
]
.
Yo
u
n
g
p
eo
p
le
ar
e
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
t
ar
g
et
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
n
C
O
VI
D
-
19
p
r
ev
en
t
io
n
b
ec
a
u
s
e
t
h
e
y
co
u
ld
b
e
in
f
ec
ted
an
d
b
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
b
u
t
w
ith
m
ild
o
r
n
o
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
[
1
7
]
.
O
ld
er
f
a
m
ilie
s
o
r
o
th
er
p
eo
p
le
w
it
h
co
m
o
r
b
id
d
is
ea
s
es
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
cid
en
ts
i
n
co
u
n
tr
ies
li
k
e
I
tal
y
s
h
o
w
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
s
u
ch
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
A
n
d
ev
e
n
i
f
it
is
i
n
f
ec
ted
,
th
e
s
i
g
n
s
ar
e
j
u
s
t
m
ild
i
n
f
ec
tio
n
s
,
b
u
t
a
m
ild
C
OVI
D
-
19
i
n
f
ec
tio
n
ca
n
h
a
v
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
h
ea
lt
h
i
m
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
9
]
.
So
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
h
ea
lth
ef
f
ec
t
s
t
h
at
ca
n
ar
is
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
e
f
ati
g
u
e,
s
h
o
r
tn
ess
o
f
b
r
ea
t
h
,
an
d
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
ies
r
esu
m
i
n
g
d
ail
y
ac
t
iv
it
y
,
as
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
e
f
f
ec
ts
ca
n
b
e
en
co
u
n
ter
ed
b
y
t
h
o
s
e
w
ith
m
ild
in
f
ec
tio
n
s
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
a
n
d
a
w
ar
e
n
ess
r
ela
t
ed
to
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
ar
e
cr
u
cial
i
n
t
h
e
y
o
u
n
g
ad
u
lt
g
r
o
u
p
[
1
6
]
.
Kn
o
w
led
g
e,
at
tit
u
d
e,
an
d
p
r
ac
tice
(
K
A
P
)
ar
e
th
e
ca
p
ital
o
f
h
ea
lth
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
h
ea
lt
h
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
s
u
cc
es
s
.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
r
esear
c
h
es
h
a
v
e
ap
p
lied
th
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
d
eter
m
i
n
i
n
g
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
f
o
r
p
eo
p
le
in
v
ar
i
o
u
s
d
is
ea
s
e
s
e
tti
n
g
s
[
2
1
]
–
[
2
5
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
f
o
r
C
OVI
D
-
19
,
w
h
ic
h
w
as
r
ec
en
tl
y
d
is
co
v
er
e
d
,
th
e
K
A
P
ass
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
r
elate
d
to
th
e
d
i
s
ea
s
e,
p
ar
tic
u
lar
l
y
in
y
o
u
n
g
ad
u
lt
s
,
is
s
till
r
ar
e.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
ex
p
lo
r
es
th
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e,
attit
u
d
e,
an
d
p
r
ac
tice
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
C
OVI
D
-
19
a
m
o
n
g
u
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
in
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia
an
d
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
l
u
en
ci
n
g
th
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
's
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
w
o
u
ld
p
r
o
v
id
e
an
o
v
er
v
ie
w
o
f
y
o
u
n
g
p
eo
p
le'
s
a
w
ar
en
es
s
a
n
d
attit
u
d
es
to
w
ar
d
s
C
OVI
D
-
19
;
th
er
e
f
o
r
e,
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
tr
ateg
i
es
ca
n
b
e
m
ad
e
f
o
r
th
is
s
p
ec
if
ic
a
g
e
g
r
o
u
p
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Study
des
ig
n a
nd
pa
rt
icipa
nts
A
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
tu
d
y
w
as
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
ass
ess
K
A
P
an
d
s
ev
er
al
f
ac
to
r
s
r
elate
d
to
C
OVI
D
-
19
a
m
o
n
g
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
ac
r
o
s
s
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
On
li
n
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
b
y
u
s
in
g
q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
es
w
er
e
co
n
d
u
c
ted
to
co
llect
th
e
d
ata.
Ou
r
in
cl
u
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t
w
er
e
ac
tiv
e
s
ch
o
lar
s
to
an
y
d
eg
r
ee
,
in
c
lu
d
i
n
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
P
eo
p
le
w
h
o
f
it
w
it
h
o
u
r
cr
it
er
ia
co
u
ld
s
e
lf
-
e
n
r
o
ll
m
e
n
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
lin
k
an
d
f
il
l
o
u
t
t
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
e
n
t
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
tar
ted
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
i
n
v
o
lv
e
s
1
,
4
2
7
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
2
4
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
es
i
a.
2
.
2
Resea
rc
h ins
t
ru
m
ent
T
h
is
s
u
r
v
e
y
u
s
ed
a
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
b
y
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
g
r
o
u
p
.
P
r
io
r
to
th
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
,
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
h
as
b
ee
n
v
alid
a
ted
b
y
a
n
ex
p
er
t
i
n
th
e
h
ea
lt
h
b
eh
av
io
u
r
f
ield
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
w
a
s
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
f
i
v
e
s
ec
tio
n
s
:
i
)
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
p
ar
ticip
an
t
a
n
d
i
n
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
e
n
t;
ii
)
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
:
e
m
ail
ad
d
r
ess
,
s
ex
,
ag
e,
u
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
a
n
d
f
ac
u
lt
y
n
a
m
e,
ed
u
ca
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
2
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2
-
8806
I
n
t.
J
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P
u
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Hea
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Sci.,
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10
,
No
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4
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Dec
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2021
:
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3
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–
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n
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ies.
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t
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d
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to
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ted
m
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te
m
d
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ital
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atien
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m
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e,
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ate
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to
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f
th
e
h
ea
lt
h
s
y
s
te
m
o
v
er
ca
p
ac
it
y
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
is
s
t
u
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y
ass
es
s
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k
n
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t
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n
t
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t
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er
s
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ig
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ce
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ta
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e
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o
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ter
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p
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tated
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el
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f
ac
in
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k
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e
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k
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tact
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p
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le
[
3
0
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,
[
3
1
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.
T
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'
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cid
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e
s
p
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o
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lead
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lia
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ak
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f
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Hea
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B
elie
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Mo
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[
3
2
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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3
3
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3
4
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P
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p
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ticip
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x
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s
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
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p
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in
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s
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[
3
7
]
.
T
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h
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s
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-
19
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
l
t
s
also
r
ec
all
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
ed
u
ca
tin
g
p
eo
p
le
ab
o
u
t
ca
r
r
y
in
g
o
u
t
p
r
o
p
er
s
elf
-
q
u
ar
a
n
ti
n
e
f
o
r
1
4
d
ay
s
af
ter
tr
av
elli
n
g
o
u
ts
id
e
t
h
e
r
eg
io
n
o
r
th
e
h
o
m
e
s
el
f
-
i
s
o
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
w
h
e
n
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
t
u
r
n
u
p
,
p
o
in
tin
g
to
C
OVI
D
-
19
.
I
n
d
iv
id
u
al
co
m
p
l
ian
ce
in
ca
r
r
y
in
g
o
u
t
h
ea
lt
h
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
19
is
cr
itical
to
s
to
p
p
in
g
t
h
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
th
i
s
v
ir
u
s
.
T
h
e
I
n
d
o
n
esia
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
h
a
s
also
en
co
u
r
ag
ed
th
e
ci
tizen
s
to
o
b
ey
s
o
m
e
r
u
le
s
s
u
ch
a
s
av
o
id
p
u
b
lic
g
ath
er
i
n
g
s
,
w
ea
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
as
k
,
p
h
y
s
ical
d
is
ta
n
ci
n
g
,
an
d
s
o
m
e
o
th
er
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
en
e
s
s
o
f
t
h
i
s
r
u
le
it
s
elf
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
f
u
r
t
h
er
a
s
s
es
s
ed
in
t
h
e
n
e
x
t c
o
u
p
le
o
f
m
o
n
t
h
s
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
as
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
er
s
p
ec
ti
v
e
i
n
d
ail
y
lif
e,
p
eo
p
le
d
is
o
b
ey
t
h
i
s
r
u
le
w
it
h
th
eir
r
ea
s
o
n
,
s
u
c
h
as
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
it
w
a
s
p
r
ed
icted
th
at
C
OVI
D
-
19
af
f
ec
ts
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
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g
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er
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s
u
ch
as
h
ea
lt
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ca
r
e,
b
u
s
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s
,
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t,
a
n
d
b
r
o
ad
e
r
s
o
ciet
y
[
3
8
]
.
A
cc
o
r
d
i
n
g
l
y
,
t
h
e
b
a
s
ic
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
ab
o
u
t
C
OVI
D
-
19
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
th
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
is
es
s
en
tial to
b
e
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
b
y
th
e
p
u
b
lic
f
o
r
th
e
r
u
les to
b
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e.
I
n
g
e
n
er
al
,
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
's
t
o
tal
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
s
co
r
e
is
ag
e
-
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
,
w
it
h
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
a
g
ed
2
6
-
35
y
ea
r
s
h
a
v
e
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h
e
h
ig
h
es
t
s
co
r
e.
W
e
co
u
ld
ass
u
m
e
2
6
-
35
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y
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ar
-
o
ld
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ld
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o
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p
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r
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i
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g
t
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eir
m
aster
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r
ev
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d
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cto
r
ate,
an
d
th
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y
m
ig
h
t
as
w
e
ll
w
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k
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h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
y
ar
e
m
at
u
r
e
en
o
u
g
h
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u
n
d
er
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ta
n
d
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d
d
eli
v
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p
r
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is
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
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ab
o
u
t
C
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19
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th
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p
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p
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s
u
r
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n
d
i
n
g
th
e
m
.
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h
is
f
i
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d
in
g
i
m
p
lies
t
h
at
t
h
is
a
g
ed
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r
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u
p
i
s
a
p
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ten
tial
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n
g
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ag
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n
t
in
p
u
b
lic
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g
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m
e
n
t
b
y
p
r
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v
id
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g
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
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to
f
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g
h
t
C
O
VI
D
-
19
.
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d
en
ti
f
y
in
g
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est
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s
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g
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ca
r
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a
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
ta
l
s
tep
to
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r
i
n
g
h
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lth
p
r
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m
o
tio
n
w
el
l
ac
ce
p
ted
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th
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d
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n
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o
f
t
h
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p
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m
s
w
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m
a
n
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g
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g
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VI
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s
t
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k
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d
d
is
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a
s
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s
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ce
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tai
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co
m
m
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h
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i
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I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
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n
e
w
s
t
h
at
u
n
d
er
esti
m
ate
s
C
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D
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19
as
a
d
is
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w
it
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l
y
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at
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s
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p
ar
tic
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j
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ts
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v
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clai
m
ed
to
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ti
-
C
O
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D
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.
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r
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ec
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m
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b
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f
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m
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it
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I
n
d
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an
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t
h
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estab
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h
ed
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I
n
te
g
r
ated
C
en
t
r
e
o
f
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
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f
o
r
C
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-
19
,
a
b
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y
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ir
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tl
y
u
n
d
er
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p
r
esid
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tial
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f
ic
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to
ce
n
tr
alize
d
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19
-
r
el
ated
in
f
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r
m
at
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r
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m
d
ata
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n
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w
cl
u
s
ter
s
to
p
r
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s
s
,
in
it
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v
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an
d
p
o
ten
tial
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in
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s
.
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e
o
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g
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in
g
tr
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s
m
is
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o
f
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O
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-
19
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p
lie
s
t
h
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p
u
b
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h
ea
lt
h
p
r
ac
titi
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m
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s
t
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te
th
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co
m
m
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n
it
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ab
o
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t
p
r
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v
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n
tio
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m
ea
s
u
r
es
,
in
cl
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d
in
g
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n
p
u
s
ke
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ma
s
(
co
m
m
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h
ea
lt
h
ce
n
tr
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)
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etti
n
g
t
h
at
p
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s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
at
th
e
f
o
r
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r
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n
t o
f
h
ea
lth
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
.
Ou
r
r
esear
ch
m
a
y
h
av
e
a
li
m
itatio
n
as
w
e
co
llected
th
e
d
a
ta
o
n
li
n
e;
th
er
e
f
o
r
e,
it
is
i
m
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
s
elf
-
r
ep
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r
tin
g
an
s
w
er
s
a
n
d
p
o
ten
tial
m
is
in
ter
p
r
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ted
q
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esti
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n
s
.
B
esid
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li
m
itatio
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,
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r
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esear
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as
an
ex
ce
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n
t
r
esp
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e
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m
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7
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p
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m
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t
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n
ass
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m
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t
h
e
r
esp
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d
en
t
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t
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I
n
d
o
n
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T
h
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s
t
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y
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is
co
v
er
ed
,
alth
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
r
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p
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d
en
t
h
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C
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D
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k
n
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n
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th
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p
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p
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e,
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m
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y
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t
co
n
s
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te
n
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m
p
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n
g
w
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h
s
o
m
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
m
ea
s
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r
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T
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e
g
ap
b
et
w
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k
n
o
w
led
g
e
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n
d
p
r
ac
ti
ce
s
h
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ld
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f
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ta
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b
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n
tr
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s
m
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d
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cial
d
is
tan
ci
n
g
b
y
s
ta
y
i
n
g
at
h
o
m
e.
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
ab
o
u
t
C
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D
-
19
liter
ac
y
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
ca
led
u
p
b
y
en
g
a
g
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
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ten
tial
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ess
a
g
e
ca
r
r
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P
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ex
p
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ig
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in
J
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th
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t
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ta
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eh
a
v
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r
w
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1
.
7
ti
m
e
s
b
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n
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av
e
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n
s
u
f
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icien
t k
n
o
w
led
g
e
[
39
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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10
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.
4
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Dec
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er
2021
:
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–
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-
19
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
ac
tio
n
s
,
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
a
w
a
r
en
ess
,
w
il
l
in
cl
u
d
e
s
tr
o
n
g
w
il
l
an
d
lead
er
s
h
ip
b
y
en
f
o
r
ci
n
g
r
e
g
u
la
tio
n
s
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
e
g
u
id
eli
n
es
a
n
d
p
u
n
is
h
m
e
n
t
s
in
th
e
e
v
en
t
o
f
a
v
io
latio
n
.
Se
v
er
al
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
m
e
n
tio
n
an
i
n
cr
e
ase
in
co
m
p
lian
ce
w
it
h
h
ea
l
th
b
eh
av
io
u
r
w
i
th
th
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
atio
n
o
f
r
u
les.
T
h
is
also
in
d
icate
s
t
h
e
s
er
io
u
s
n
ess
an
d
co
m
m
it
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
in
co
n
tr
o
lli
n
g
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
19
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
f
u
r
th
er
s
tr
ess
es
t
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
an
d
th
e
w
eb
i
n
ac
ce
s
s
i
n
g
C
OVI
D
-
19
-
r
elate
d
r
ef
er
en
ce
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
as
th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
o
u
t
let
f
o
r
y
o
u
n
g
ad
u
lt
a
g
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
Usi
n
g
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
an
d
th
e
in
ter
n
et
as
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
i
s
h
el
p
f
u
l
f
o
r
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
o
r
h
ea
lth
i
n
s
t
itu
tio
n
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
elev
an
t
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
w
it
h
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t e
x
c
iti
n
g
m
ed
ia.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
w
o
u
ld
lik
e
to
th
an
k
th
o
s
e
w
h
o
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
t
h
is
s
u
r
v
e
y
a
n
d
I
n
e
u
Firia
De
w
i,
w
h
o
ass
is
ted
w
ith
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
w
as
f
u
n
d
ed
b
y
th
e
U
n
iv
er
s
itas
Ah
m
ad
Dah
lan
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
w
it
h
an
I
D
co
n
tr
ac
t (
P
D
-
1
7
2
/SP
3
/L
P
P
M
-
UAD/2
0
2
0
)
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
W
HO
,
“
W
HO
Co
ro
n
a
v
iru
s
Dise
a
se
(COV
ID
-
1
9
)
Da
sh
b
o
a
r
d
,
”
W
e
b
,
2
0
2
1
,
[
On
li
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s:/
/co
v
id
1
9
.
w
h
o
.
i
n
t/
(a
c
c
e
ss
e
d
Ja
n
.
3
1
,
2
0
2
1
)
.
[2
]
In
d
o
n
e
sia
tas
k
f
o
rc
e
f
o
r
a
c
c
e
lera
ti
o
n
o
f
c
o
v
id
h
a
n
d
li
n
g
,
“
In
f
o
g
ra
f
is
COV
I
D
-
19
(1
M
e
i
2
0
2
0
),
”
W
e
b
,
2
0
2
0
,
[
On
li
n
e
].
Av
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s://
c
o
v
id
1
9
.
g
o
.
i
d
/
p
/b
e
rit
a
/i
n
f
o
g
ra
f
is
-
COV
ID
-
19
-
1
-
m
e
i
-
2
0
2
0
(a
c
c
e
ss
e
d
M
a
y
0
2
,
2
0
2
0
)
.
[3
]
W
HO
,
“
Co
ro
n
a
v
iru
s
Dise
a
se
2
0
1
9
,
”
W
e
b
Pa
g
e
,
2
0
2
0
,
[
On
li
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s:
//
ww
w
.
w
h
o
.
in
t/
d
o
c
s/d
e
f
a
u
lt
-
so
u
rc
e
/co
ro
n
a
v
iru
se
/sit
u
a
ti
o
n
-
re
p
o
rts/2
0
2
0
0
4
2
3
-
sitrep
-
94
-
CO
V
ID
-
19
.
p
d
f
?
sfv
rsn
=
b
8
3
0
4
b
f
0
_
4
(a
c
c
e
ss
e
d
A
u
g
.
1
9
,
2
0
2
0
).
[4
]
V
.
M
.
Co
rm
a
n
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ev
id
e
n
c
e
f
o
r
a
n
A
n
c
e
stra
l
A
ss
o
c
iatio
n
o
f
Hu
m
a
n
Co
ro
n
a
v
iru
s
2
2
9
E
w
it
h
Ba
ts,
”
J
.
Vi
r
o
l.
,
v
o
l.
8
9
,
n
o
.
2
3
,
p
p
.
1
1
8
5
8
–
1
1
8
7
0
,
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
2
8
/j
v
i.
0
1
7
5
5
-
1
5
.
[5
]
H.
Ha
ra
p
a
n
e
t
a
l.
,
“
C
o
ro
n
a
v
iru
s
d
ise
a
se
2
0
1
9
(
CO
V
ID
-
19
):
A
li
tera
tu
re
re
v
ie
w
,
”
J
.
In
fec
t.
Pu
b
li
c
He
a
lt
h
,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
6
6
7
–
6
7
3
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
ji
p
h
.
2
0
2
0
.
0
3
.
0
1
9
.
[6
]
W
.
J.
W
ier
sin
g
a
,
A
.
Rh
o
d
e
s,
A
.
C.
Ch
e
n
g
,
S
.
J.
P
e
a
c
o
c
k
,
a
n
d
H.
C.
P
re
sc
o
tt
,
“
P
a
th
o
p
h
y
sio
lo
g
y
,
T
ra
n
s
m
is
sio
n
,
Dia
g
n
o
sis,
a
n
d
T
re
a
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
Co
r
o
n
a
v
iru
s
Dise
a
se
2
0
1
9
(
CO
V
ID
-
19
),
”
J
AM
A
-
J
o
u
rn
a
l
Am.
M
e
d
.
A
ss
o
c
.
,
v
o
l.
Ju
ly
,
n
o
.
1
2
8
3
9
,
2
0
2
0
.
[7
]
S
.
P
a
p
p
a
s,
“
W
h
a
t
a
re
th
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
o
f
COV
ID
-
19
?
,
”
L
ive
S
c
ien
c
e
,
2
0
2
0
,
[
On
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s:/
/www
.
li
v
e
s
c
ien
c
e
.
c
o
m
/co
ro
n
a
v
iru
s
-
sy
m
p
to
m
s.h
tm
l
(a
c
c
e
ss
e
d
M
a
y
1
0
,
2
0
2
0
).
[8
]
M
.
Ca
sc
e
ll
a
,
M
.
Ra
jn
ik
,
A
.
Cu
o
m
o
,
S
.
C.
Du
le
b
o
h
n
,
a
n
d
R.
Di
Na
p
o
li
,
“
F
e
a
tu
re
s,
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
T
re
a
tme
n
t
Co
ro
n
a
v
iru
s (
CO
V
ID
-
19
,
”
S
ta
t
Pea
rls
,
2
0
2
0
.
[9
]
W
HO
,
“
Co
ro
n
a
v
iru
s
d
ise
a
se
2
0
1
9
(
COV
ID
-
19
):
S
it
u
a
ti
o
n
Re
p
o
rt,
”
S
w
it
z
e
rlan
d
,
2
0
2
0
,
[
On
li
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s:/
/www
.
w
h
o
.
in
t/
d
o
c
s/
d
e
f
a
u
lt
-
so
u
rc
e
/co
ro
n
a
v
iru
se
/sit
u
a
ti
o
n
-
re
p
o
rts/
2
0
2
0
0
3
2
6
-
sitre
p
-
66
-
COV
I
D
-
19
.
p
d
f
.
(A
c
c
e
ss
e
d
:
M
a
y
1
0
,
2
0
2
0
)
.
[1
0
]
W
HO
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
“
Qu
e
stio
n
s
a
n
d
a
n
sw
e
rs
re
g
a
rd
in
g
Co
ro
n
a
v
iru
s,”
W
e
b
p
a
g
e
,
2
0
2
0
,
[
On
li
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s:/
/www
.
w
h
o
.
in
t/
in
d
o
n
e
sia
/n
e
w
s/n
o
v
e
l
-
c
o
ro
n
a
v
iru
s/q
a
-
f
o
r
-
p
u
b
l
ic (ac
c
e
ss
e
d
M
a
y
0
2
,
2
0
2
0
)
.
[1
1
]
W
HO
,
“
R
o
l
l
i
n
g
u
p
d
a
t
e
s
o
n
c
o
r
o
n
a
v
i
r
u
s
d
i
s
e
a
s
e
(
CO
VI
D
-
19
)
,
”
W
e
b
P
a
g
e
,
2
0
2
0
,
[O
n
l
i
n
e
].
A
v
a
i
la
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
w
h
o
.
i
n
t
/
e
m
e
rg
e
n
c
i
e
s
/d
i
s
e
a
se
s
/
n
o
v
e
l
-
c
o
r
o
n
a
v
ir
u
s
-
2
0
1
9
/
e
v
e
n
t
s
-
as
-
t
h
e
y
-
h
a
p
p
e
n
(
a
c
c
e
s
se
d
M
a
y
0
2
,
2
0
2
0
)
.
[1
2
]
O.
D
y
e
r,
“
COV
ID
-
19
:
A
irb
o
rn
e
tran
sm
issio
n
is
b
e
in
g
u
n
d
e
re
stim
a
ted
,
w
a
rn
e
x
p
e
rts
,
”
BM
J
,
v
o
l.
3
7
0
,
n
o
.
Ju
ly
,
p
.
m
2
7
2
0
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
3
6
/b
m
j.
m
2
7
2
0
.
[1
3
]
L
.
S
e
tt
i
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
irb
o
rn
e
tran
sm
issio
n
r
o
u
te
o
f
COV
ID
-
19
:
W
h
y
2
m
e
ters
/6
f
e
e
t
o
f
in
ter
-
p
e
rso
n
a
l
d
istan
c
e
c
o
u
l
d
n
o
t
b
e
e
n
o
u
g
h
,
”
In
t.
J
.
E
n
v
iro
n
.
Res
.
Pu
b
li
c
He
a
lt
h
,
v
o
l.
1
7
,
n
o
.
8
,
pp
.
1
-
6
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/i
jer
p
h
1
7
0
8
2
9
3
2
.
[1
4
]
W
HO
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
“
Co
r
o
n
a
v
iru
s
Dise
a
se
2
0
1
9
(
CO
V
ID
-
19
)
S
it
u
a
ti
o
n
Re
p
o
rt
-
1
,
”
Ja
k
a
rta,
M
a
r.
2
0
2
0
,
[
On
li
n
e
].
Av
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s://
ww
w
.
w
h
o
.
in
t/
d
o
c
s/d
e
f
a
u
lt
-
so
u
rc
e
/se
a
ro
/i
n
d
o
n
e
sia
/co
v
id
1
9
/w
h
o
-
in
d
o
n
e
sia
-
situ
a
ti
o
n
-
re
p
o
rt
-
1
.
p
d
f
?
s
f
v
rsn
=
6
b
e
5
b
3
5
9
_
0
.
(
A
c
c
e
ss
e
d
:
A
u
g
.
2
3
,
2
0
2
0
)
.
[1
5
]
S
.
S
u
li
sty
a
w
a
ti
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
,
A
tt
it
u
d
e
s,
P
ra
c
ti
c
e
s
a
n
d
I
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
Ne
e
d
s
Du
r
in
g
th
e
CO
V
ID
-
19
P
a
n
d
e
m
ic
in
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
”
Ri
sk
M
a
n
a
g
.
He
a
lt
h
c
.
P
o
li
c
y
,
v
o
l.
1
4
,
p
p
.
1
6
3
–
1
7
5
,
2
0
2
1
,
[
On
li
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s:/
/www
.
d
o
v
e
p
re
ss
.
c
o
m
/
a
rti
c
les
.
p
h
p
?
a
rti
c
le_
i
d
=
6
1
2
2
2
.
[1
6
]
L
.
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C.
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o
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.
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tt
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.
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t.
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2
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.
N.
De
A
ra
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a
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,
“
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.
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3
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HO
,
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].
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v
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p
:/
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.
[2
4
]
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.
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t
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l.
,
“
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e
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0
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2
0
.
[2
5
]
P
.
Do
u
g
las
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Hy
d
ra
ti
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n
:
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o
w
led
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e
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A
tt
it
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d
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s ,
a
n
d
P
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ti
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f
UK
Die
ti
ti
a
n
s,
”
J
.
Bi
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me
d
.
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u
c
.
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l.
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
1
–
6
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
6
]
I.
Nirm
a
l
a
,
A
.
N.
R.
A
tt
a
m
i
m
i,
a
n
d
V.
E.
A
la
m
i,
Hig
h
e
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ti
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S
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ti
stics
2
0
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.
Ja
k
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rta:
P
u
sa
t
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ta
d
a
n
In
f
o
rm
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si I
p
tek
Dik
ti
,
2
0
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8
.
[2
7
]
G
.
S
m
it
h
,
“
Do
e
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e
n
d
e
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in
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ti
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?
:
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k
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”
ER
IC
Do
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.
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ro
d
.
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.
,
v
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l.
5
0
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7
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7
,
2
0
0
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.
[2
8
]
W
HO
,
“
Co
ro
n
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v
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s,”
W
e
b
Pa
g
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2
0
2
0
,
[
On
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n
e
]
.
A
v
a
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a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s://
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=
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d
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9
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0
2
0
).
[2
9
]
UN
ICEF
Ro
m
a
n
ia,
“
T
h
e
COV
I
D
-
19
p
a
n
d
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m
ic
sh
o
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n
v
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c
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in
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to
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v
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l
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s
|
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ICEF
Ro
m
a
n
ia,”
W
e
b
,
2
0
2
0
,
[
On
l
in
e
]
.
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s:/
/www
.
u
n
ice
f
.
o
rg
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m
a
n
ia/sto
ries
/
COV
ID
-
19
-
p
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n
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ic
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sh
o
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s
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how
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m
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M
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).
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0
]
J.
F
.
W
.
Ch
a
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,
“
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:
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stu
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1
]
W
HO
,
“
M
o
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s
o
f
tran
sm
issio
n
o
f
v
iru
s
c
a
u
sin
g
COV
ID
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19
:
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ti
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n
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C
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re
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ti
o
n
s,”
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b
Pa
g
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,
2
0
2
0
,
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O
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li
n
e
]
.
A
v
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tt
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o
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M
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0
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).
[3
2
]
C.
L
.
Jo
n
e
s,
J.
D.
Je
n
se
n
,
C.
L
.
S
c
h
e
rr,
N.
R.
Bro
w
n
,
K.
Ch
risty
,
a
n
d
J.
W
e
a
v
e
r,
“
T
h
e
He
a
lt
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Be
l
ief
M
o
d
e
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s
a
n
Ex
p
lan
a
to
ry
F
ra
m
e
w
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Co
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m
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ti
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Re
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:
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P
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d
M
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M
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Ch
risti
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[3
3
]
S
.
S
u
li
sty
a
wa
ti
,
S
.
A
.
M
u
las
a
ri,
a
n
d
T
.
W
.
S
u
k
e
si,
“
T
e
e
n
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g
e
r
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d
Cli
m
a
te
Ch
a
n
g
e
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
”
I
n
t.
J
.
S
c
i
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T
e
c
h
n
o
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.
Res
.
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
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o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
9
0
4
–
9
0
8
,
2
0
1
9
.
[3
4
]
C.
L
.
V
e
n
to
la,
“
S
o
c
ial
M
e
d
ia an
d
He
a
lt
h
Ca
re
P
ro
f
e
ss
io
n
a
ls:
Be
n
e
fit
s,
Risk
s,
a
n
d
Be
st P
ra
c
ti
c
e
s,”
P&
T
,
v
o
l.
3
9
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
4
9
1
–
5
0
0
,
2
0
1
4
.
[3
5
]
W
HO
Eas
tern
M
e
d
it
e
rra
n
e
a
n
,
“
En
g
a
g
in
g
y
o
u
n
g
p
e
o
p
le
in
th
e
re
sp
o
n
se
to
COV
ID
-
19
in
W
HO
’s
Eas
tern
M
e
d
it
e
rra
n
e
a
n
Re
g
io
n
,
”
W
e
b
P
a
g
e
,
2
0
2
0
,
[
O
n
li
n
e
].
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
:/
/w
ww
.
e
m
ro
.
w
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o
.
in
t/
m
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d
ia/n
e
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g
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g
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t
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to
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COV
ID
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19
-
in
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w
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o
s
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ste
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m
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l
(a
c
c
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d
A
u
g
.
1
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2
0
2
0
).
[3
6
]
S
.
Dry
h
u
rst
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Risk
p
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
s
o
f
COV
ID
-
19
a
ro
u
n
d
t
h
e
w
o
rld
,
”
J
.
Ri
sk
Res
.
,
v
o
l.
2
3
,
n
o
.
7
–
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,
p
p
.
9
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4
–
1
0
0
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0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
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0
/
1
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9
8
7
7
.
2
0
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0
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1
7
5
8
1
9
3
.
[3
7
]
R.
Dja
lan
te
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Re
v
i
e
w
a
n
d
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
c
u
rre
n
t
re
sp
o
n
se
s
to
COV
ID
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19
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
:
P
e
rio
d
o
f
Ja
n
u
a
r
y
to
M
a
rc
h
2
0
2
0
,
”
Pro
g
.
Disa
ste
r
S
c
i.
,
v
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l.
6
,
p
.
1
0
0
0
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1
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
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1
0
1
6
/j
.
p
d
isa
s.2
0
2
0
.
1
0
0
0
9
1
.
[3
8
]
M
.
Nic
o
la
e
t
a
l.
,
T
h
e
S
o
c
io
-
Eco
n
o
mic
Imp
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
Co
ro
n
a
v
iru
s
a
n
d
COVID
-
19
Pa
n
d
e
mic
:
A
Rev
iew
.
IJS
P
u
b
l
ish
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n
g
G
ro
u
p
L
td
,
2
0
2
0
.
[
39
]
M
.
H.
E.
M
.
Bro
w
n
in
g
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
sy
c
h
o
lo
g
ica
l
im
p
a
c
ts
f
ro
m
CO
V
ID
-
19
a
m
o
n
g
u
n
iv
e
rsity
stu
d
e
n
ts:
Risk
f
a
c
to
rs
a
c
ro
ss
se
v
e
n
sta
te
s
in
th
e
Un
it
e
d
S
tate
s,”
PL
o
S
On
e
,
v
o
l.
1
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
27
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
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0
.
1
3
7
1
/
jo
u
rn
a
l.
p
o
n
e
.
0
2
4
5
3
2
7
.
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