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P
HS
I
S
S
N:
2252
-
8806
I
ndicator
s
of
Hus
band'
s
R
ole
in
P
r
e
gnanc
y
and
M
ater
nit
y
C
ar
e
(
A
pik
I
ndar
ty
M
oe
dji
ono)
193
a
tt
e
n
da
n
t
,
whi
c
h
i
s
6.
9%
[
8]
.
T
h
e
s
a
m
e
t
r
e
n
d
o
c
c
ur
s
i
n
P
o
l
e
wa
li
M
a
n
d
a
r
.
M
a
t
e
r
n
a
l
m
o
r
t
a
l
i
t
y
r
e
a
c
h
e
s
137
pe
r
100
.
000
l
i
ve
bi
r
t
hs
i
n
2012.
T
h
e
n
u
m
be
r
o
f
vi
s
i
t
s
do
m
e
e
t
t
h
e
s
t
a
n
da
r
ds
79
.
5
i
n
2012,
78
.
0%
i
n
20
13,
bi
r
t
h
a
r
e
i
n
he
a
l
t
h
f
a
c
il
i
t
i
e
s
68
.
9%
i
n
2012,
81.
3%
i
n
2
013
a
n
d
bi
r
t
h
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
h
e
l
p
o
f
a
h
e
a
l
t
h
pr
o
f
e
s
s
i
o
n
a
l
bi
r
t
h
a
tt
e
n
da
n
t
86
.
4%
i
n
2013
[
9]
.
B
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
da
t
a
o
f
t
h
e
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
d
i
s
t
r
i
c
t
l
e
ve
l
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
v
e
r
a
ge
o
f
m
a
t
e
r
n
a
l
he
a
l
t
h
c
a
r
e
a
n
d
m
a
t
e
r
ni
t
y
i
n
I
n
do
n
e
s
i
a
t
h
a
t
i
s
s
t
i
ll
n
o
t
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
.
I
t
i
s
im
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
to
un
de
r
s
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
de
t
e
r
m
i
na
n
t
s
o
f
AN
C
a
n
d
S
B
A
u
s
e
.
S
o
m
e
wo
m
e
n
do
n
o
t
h
a
v
e
t
h
e
a
bil
i
t
y
t
o
m
a
ke
de
c
i
s
i
o
ns
i
n
h
o
us
e
h
o
l
d
s
[
10]
.
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
r
e
c
o
gni
t
i
o
n
i
n
w
hi
c
h
m
e
n
wo
u
l
d
p
l
a
y
a
pr
o
a
c
t
i
v
e
r
o
l
e
i
n
t
h
e
h
e
a
l
t
h
o
f
wo
m
e
n
put
f
o
r
wa
r
d
o
n
t
h
e
a
ge
n
d
a
f
o
r
t
h
e
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
na
l
C
o
nf
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
P
o
pul
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
De
v
e
lo
pm
e
n
t
,
C
a
i
r
o
[
11]
.
T
h
e
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
ng
o
f
m
e
n
’
s
i
nv
o
l
ve
m
e
n
t
i
n
M
a
t
e
r
n
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
n
l
e
a
d
t
o
a
r
e
duc
t
i
o
n
i
n
a
ll
t
h
r
e
e
p
h
a
s
e
s
o
f
de
l
a
y
;
t
h
a
t
i
s
de
l
a
y
i
n
m
a
k
i
ng
de
c
i
s
i
o
n
t
o
s
e
e
k
c
a
r
e
,
de
l
a
y
i
n
a
c
c
e
s
s
i
ng
t
h
e
c
a
r
e
a
n
d
de
l
a
y
in
r
e
c
e
i
v
i
ng
t
h
e
c
a
r
e
[
12
-
13]
.
B
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
a
f
o
r
e
m
e
n
t
i
o
n
e
d
e
m
p
i
r
i
c
a
l
pr
o
bl
e
m
,
i
t
wa
s
de
e
m
e
d
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
t
o
c
o
n
duc
t
a
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
c
o
n
c
e
r
ni
ng
h
u
s
b
a
n
d
'
s
r
o
l
e
i
n
pr
e
gn
a
nc
y
a
n
d
m
a
t
e
r
ni
t
y
c
a
r
e
i
n
P
o
l
e
wa
li
M
a
n
da
r
R
e
ge
n
c
y
.
2.
RE
S
E
AR
CH
M
E
T
HO
D
T
h
e
po
pul
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
hi
s
pr
o
s
pe
c
t
i
ve
c
o
h
o
r
t
s
t
udy
w
a
s
a
l
l
m
a
r
r
i
e
d
a
n
d
pr
e
g
n
a
n
t
wo
m
a
n
,
b
e
f
o
r
e
us
i
ng
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
e
p
t
i
v
e
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
e
pt
i
v
e
f
a
i
l
ur
e
o
r
n
o
t
u
s
i
n
g
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
e
pt
i
o
n
a
n
d
pr
e
g
n
a
n
c
y
i
s
p
l
a
nn
e
d,
u
np
l
a
nn
e
d
pr
e
gn
a
n
c
y
o
r
m
i
s
t
i
m
e
d
pr
e
g
n
a
n
c
y
i
n
P
o
l
e
wa
li
M
a
n
da
r
2015
(
S
i
z
e
o
f
s
a
m
p
l
e
=
100)
.
S
a
m
p
l
e
s
w
e
r
e
r
a
n
do
m
l
y
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
pa
r
t
i
c
i
pa
n
t
s
o
f
s
c
r
e
e
ni
ng
i
n
12
s
u
b
-
d
i
s
t
r
i
c
t
s
i
n
P
o
l
e
wa
li
M
a
n
da
r
.
Da
t
a
a
b
o
ut
h
us
b
a
n
d
's
r
o
l
e
i
n
pr
e
gn
a
n
c
y
a
n
d
m
a
t
e
r
ni
t
y
c
a
r
e
wa
s
o
b
t
a
i
ne
d
t
h
r
o
ugh
i
n
t
e
r
vi
e
w
s
u
s
i
ng
a
s
t
r
uc
t
u
r
e
d
que
s
t
i
o
nn
a
i
r
e
.
H
us
ba
n
d
'
s
r
o
l
e
i
n
pr
e
g
na
n
c
y
a
n
d
m
a
t
e
r
ni
t
y
c
a
r
e
,
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
s
o
f
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
or
s
i
.
e
.
1)
a
c
c
e
s
s
i
b
il
i
t
y
,
2)
e
n
ga
ge
m
e
n
t
,
a
n
d
3)
r
e
s
po
n
s
i
b
i
li
t
y
.
T
he
r
e
s
po
n
s
e
s
c
a
l
e
f
o
r
i
t
e
m
s
wa
s
s
c
a
l
e
t
h
a
t
r
a
n
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
5
(
E
x
t
r
e
m
e
ly
r
o
l
e
)
to
1
(
E
x
t
r
e
m
e
ly
do
e
s
n
ot
r
o
l
e
)
.
Af
t
e
r
da
t
a
wa
s
ga
t
h
e
r
e
d,
i
t
wa
s
t
h
e
n
pr
o
c
e
s
s
e
d
a
n
d
da
t
a
pr
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
by
u
s
i
ng
S
M
A
R
T
-
P
L
S
.
R
e
s
u
l
t
o
f
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
ugge
s
t
e
d
t
h
a
t
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
f
a
c
t
or
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
d
va
r
i
a
bl
e
s
(
i
nd
i
c
a
t
o
r
s
)
we
r
e
r
e
s
pe
c
t
i
ve
l
ly
a
s
f
o
ll
o
ws
:
a
c
c
e
s
s
i
b
i
li
t
y
=
0.
944,
a
n
d
e
n
ga
g
e
m
e
n
t
=
0.
954,
da
n
r
e
s
po
n
s
i
b
il
i
t
y
=
0.
968.
T
h
e
w
h
o
l
e
l
o
a
d
i
ng
f
a
c
t
o
r
v
a
l
ue
we
r
e
gr
e
a
t
e
r
t
h
a
n
0.
7
(
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
bl
e
)
.
Al
l
o
f
T
-
S
t
ude
n
t
t
e
s
t
v
a
l
ue
s
f
o
r
l
o
a
d
i
ng
f
a
c
to
r
s
f
o
r
i
nd
i
c
a
t
o
r
s
a
r
e
s
i
g
nif
i
c
a
n
t
i
n
95%
c
o
nf
i
d
e
n
c
e
i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
s
i
nd
i
c
a
t
e
t
h
a
t
i
t
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
c
l
ude
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
r
e
e
of
w
hi
c
h
we
r
e
s
i
g
ni
f
i
c
a
n
t
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
s
f
o
r
h
u
s
b
a
n
d
'
s
r
o
l
e
i
n
p
r
e
gn
a
n
c
y
a
n
d
m
a
t
e
r
ni
t
y
c
a
r
e
o
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
b
e
h
a
vi
o
r
o
f
wo
m
e
n
dur
i
n
g
pr
e
gn
a
n
c
y
a
s
s
h
o
wn
i
n
F
i
gur
e
1.
F
i
gur
e
1.
R
e
s
u
l
t
o
f
L
o
a
d
i
n
g
F
a
c
t
or
Av
e
r
a
ge
v
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
e
d
(
A
VE
)
,
c
r
o
n
ba
c
h’
s
a
lph
a
a
n
d
c
o
m
po
s
i
t
e
r
e
l
i
a
bil
i
t
y
a
r
e
ot
h
e
r
i
n
d
i
c
e
s
f
o
r
a
s
s
e
s
s
i
ng
t
h
e
e
v
a
l
ua
t
i
o
n
m
o
de
l
.
F
o
r
e
a
c
h
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
we
r
e
a
s
f
o
l
l
o
ws
:
1)
.
(
A
VE
)
=
0.
913,
2)
c
r
onb
a
c
h’
s
a
l
p
h
a
=
0.
952
a
n
d,
3)
c
o
m
po
s
i
t
e
r
e
l
i
a
bi
li
t
y
=
0.
969.
3.
RE
S
UL
T
S
AN
D
AN
AL
YSI
S
R
o
l
e
s
a
r
e
t
h
e
e
x
pe
c
t
e
d
b
e
h
a
vi
o
r
o
f
a
pe
r
s
o
n
h
o
l
d
in
g
a
pa
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
s
t
a
t
us
.
C
o
n
s
e
que
nc
e
o
f
s
t
a
t
us
a
s
a
f
a
t
h
e
r
a
n
d
h
us
b
a
n
d
w
il
l
po
s
e
a
im
po
r
t
a
n
t
l
i
a
bil
i
t
y
in
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
r
o
l
e
i
n
t
h
e
f
a
m
il
y
[
14]
.
R
o
l
e
ha
s
s
h
o
wn
by
t
h
e
h
us
b
a
n
d
n
o
t
un
i
f
o
r
m
ly
b
ut
po
s
i
t
i
v
e
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
ut
i
o
n
s
m
a
de
by
t
h
e
h
u
s
b
a
n
d
w
i
ll
r
e
duc
e
n
e
ga
r
i
f
b
e
ha
vi
o
r
o
f
pr
e
gn
a
n
t
wo
m
e
n
a
n
d
m
a
t
e
r
ni
t
y
w
hi
c
h
u
l
t
im
a
t
e
l
y
a
f
f
e
c
t
s
t
h
e
o
u
t
c
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
pr
e
g
n
a
n
c
y
.
T
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
im
po
r
t
a
n
t
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
ns
o
f
i
de
a
l
f
a
t
h
e
r
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
o
f
pr
e
g
n
a
nc
y
a
n
d
c
hi
l
d
bi
r
t
h
i
nc
l
ude
s
a
c
c
e
s
s
i
b
il
i
t
y
,
en
ga
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
a
n
d
r
e
s
po
ns
i
bil
i
t
y
[
15]
.
I
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
o
f
pr
e
g
n
a
nc
y
a
n
d
c
hil
d
bi
r
t
h
,
t
h
e
r
o
l
e
o
f
h
u
s
b
a
n
d
a
s
a
c
c
e
s
s
i
bil
i
t
y
i
s
pr
e
s
e
n
c
e
o
f
h
us
b
a
n
d
dur
i
ng
pr
e
g
n
a
n
c
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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i
t
h
v
a
r
i
o
us
t
e
r
m
s
,
i
.
e
.
:
s
uc
h
a
s
s
uc
h
a
s
n
o
t
o
nl
y
f
i
na
n
c
i
a
l
s
uppo
r
t
,
i
n
c
l
ud
i
ng
c
a
r
e
g
i
ve
r
,
pr
o
vi
de
r
,
a
n
d
pr
ot
e
c
to
r
,
[
15
]
f
i
na
n
c
i
a
l
s
uppo
r
t
[
28
]
,
pr
o
vi
de
r
[
16]
.
B
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
c
o
m
pa
r
i
s
o
n
w
i
t
h
pr
e
vi
o
us
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
s
,
i
t
c
o
ul
d
b
e
s
a
i
d
t
h
a
t
a
c
c
e
s
s
i
b
il
i
t
y
,
e
n
g
a
ge
m
e
n
t
,
r
e
s
po
n
s
i
b
i
li
t
y
we
r
e
t
r
ul
y
t
h
e
p
r
o
pe
r
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
s
to
m
e
a
s
ur
e
h
u
s
b
a
n
d
'
s
r
o
l
e
i
n
pr
e
gn
a
nc
y
a
n
d
m
a
t
e
r
ni
t
y
c
a
r
e
.
4.
CONC
L
USI
ON
B
a
s
e
d
o
n
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
o
f
d
a
t
a
a
n
a
ly
s
i
s
i
t
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
c
l
ude
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
i
nd
i
c
a
t
o
r
s
o
f
h
us
b
a
n
d
's
r
o
l
e
i
n
pr
e
gn
a
n
c
y
a
n
d
m
a
t
e
r
ni
t
y
c
a
r
e
a
t
P
o
l
e
w
a
l
i
M
a
n
da
r
,
S
ul
a
w
e
s
i
o
f
W
e
s
t
,
I
n
do
n
e
s
i
a
,
r
e
s
pe
c
t
i
ve
l
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
im
po
r
t
a
n
t
a
r
e
:
r
e
s
po
n
s
i
bil
i
t
y
,
e
n
ga
ge
m
e
n
t
,
a
n
d
a
c
c
e
s
s
i
b
il
i
t
y
.
AC
K
NOWL
E
DGM
E
NT
W
e
t
h
a
n
k
T
he
Ne
y
s
-
va
n
Ho
o
gs
t
r
a
t
e
n
t
h
a
t
h
a
d
f
u
n
de
d
t
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
.
W
e
a
l
s
o
e
x
pr
e
s
s
o
ur
gr
a
t
i
t
ude
to
wa
r
d
t
h
e
pa
r
t
i
c
i
pa
n
t
s
wh
o
pa
r
t
i
c
i
pa
t
e
d
i
n
t
hi
s
s
t
ud
y
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
W
o
rl
d
H
e
al
t
h
O
rg
a
n
i
zat
i
o
n
(W
H
O
),
“
T
h
e
Mi
l
l
en
i
u
m
D
ev
el
o
p
me
n
t
G
o
a
l
s
Re
p
o
rt
,
”
N
ew
Y
o
rk
,
2005.
[
2
]
H
arv
ey
S.
A
.
,
et
a
l
.
,
“
A
re
s
k
i
l
l
e
d
b
i
rt
h
at
t
en
d
a
n
t
s
re
al
l
y
s
k
i
l
l
ed
?
A
me
as
u
r
eme
n
t
me
t
h
o
d
,
s
o
me
d
i
s
t
u
rb
i
n
g
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
an
d
a
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
w
a
y
f
o
r
w
ar
d
,
”
B
u
l
l
et
i
n
o
f
t
h
e
W
o
r
l
d
H
ea
l
t
h
O
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
/
i
s
s
u
e:
8
5
(1
0
),
p
p
.
7
8
3
-
7
9
0
,
2
0
0
7
.
[
3
]
W
H
O
,
“
Mak
i
n
g
p
reg
n
a
n
cy
s
af
e
r:
T
h
e
i
m
p
o
rt
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
s
k
i
l
l
e
d
b
i
rt
h
at
t
en
d
a
n
t
,
”
A
j
o
i
n
t
s
t
at
e
men
t
b
y
W
H
O
,
A
CM,
an
d
F
I
G
O
,
G
en
e
v
a,
2004.
[
4
]
Bro
w
n
C.
A
.
,
et
a
l
.
,
“
A
n
t
e
n
at
al
c
ar
e
an
d
p
e
r
i
n
at
al
o
u
t
c
o
me
s
i
n
K
w
a
l
e
d
i
s
t
ri
c
t
,
K
en
y
a,
”
B
M
C
P
r
eg
n
a
n
cy
a
n
d
Ch
i
l
d
b
i
r
t
h
,
v
o
l
/
i
s
s
u
e:
8
(2
),
2008.
[
5
]
V
i
l
l
ar
J
.
an
d
B
e
rg
s
j
o
P.
,
“
W
H
O
an
t
en
at
al
c
ar
e
ran
d
o
mi
z
e
d
t
ri
a
l
:
Ma
n
u
a
l
fo
r
t
h
e
i
m
p
l
eme
n
t
at
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
n
ew
mo
d
e
l
,
”
G
e
n
e
v
a
,
W
H
O
,
2002.
[
6
]
P.
Be
rj
s
j
o
,
“
W
h
at
I
s
t
h
e
E
v
i
d
e
n
ce
f
o
r
t
h
e
Ro
l
e
o
f
A
n
t
en
at
al
Care
St
rat
e
g
i
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
R
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
Mat
e
r
n
al
Mo
rt
a
l
i
t
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
P
HS
I
S
S
N:
2252
-
8806
I
ndicator
s
of
Hus
band'
s
R
ole
in
P
r
e
gnanc
y
and
M
ater
nit
y
C
ar
e
(
A
pik
I
ndar
ty
M
oe
dji
ono)
195
an
d
M
o
rb
i
d
i
t
y
?”
A
n
t
w
e
rp
,
B
e
l
g
i
u
m
,
I
T
G
Pr
e
s
s
,
p
p
.
3
5
-
5
4
,
2
0
0
1
.
[
7
]
W
H
O
,
“
A
n
t
e
n
at
al
c
ar
e
i
n
d
e
v
el
o
p
i
n
g
c
o
u
n
t
ri
e
s
:
Pr
o
m
i
s
e
s
,
ach
i
ev
eme
n
t
s
an
d
m
i
s
s
ed
o
p
p
o
rt
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
:
A
n
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
t
re
n
d
s
,
l
e
v
el
s
an
d
d
i
ff
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
s
,
1
9
9
0
-
2
0
0
1
,
”
G
e
n
ev
a,
2003.
[
8
]
Bad
an
P
u
s
at
St
at
i
s
t
i
k
-
St
at
i
s
t
i
c
s
In
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
(BPS)
,
Mi
n
i
s
t
ry
o
f
H
e
a
l
t
h
(M
o
H
),
N
at
i
o
n
a
l
Fa
m
i
l
y
Pl
a
n
n
i
n
g
Co
o
r
d
i
n
at
i
n
g
Bo
ar
d
Mi
n
i
s
t
r
y
o
f
H
e
a
l
t
h
&
U
N
FP
A
,
“
In
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
D
em
o
g
rap
h
i
c
a
n
d
H
e
a
l
t
h
Su
r
v
ey
,
”
J
ak
art
a,
2
0
1
2
.
[
9
]
D
i
n
as
K
e
s
eh
at
an
,
“
2
0
1
3
L
ap
o
ran
T
ah
u
n
a
n
P
el
a
y
a
n
an
K
e
s
eh
at
an
I
b
u
,
”
Po
l
ew
a
l
i
Ma
n
d
ar
,
Su
l
a
w
e
s
i
Barat
,
2
0
1
3
.
[
1
0
]
A
m
i
n
R.
,
et
a
l
.
,
“
So
c
i
o
ec
o
n
o
mi
c
fa
c
t
o
rs
d
i
ff
e
r
e
n
t
i
at
i
n
g
m
at
e
rn
a
l
a
n
d
ch
i
l
d
h
e
a
l
t
h
-
s
eek
i
n
g
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
i
n
r
u
ral
Ban
g
l
a
d
e
s
h
:
A
c
r
o
s
s
-
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
,
”
In
t
er
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
f
o
r
E
q
u
i
t
y
i
n
H
ea
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
/
i
s
s
u
e
:
9
(9
),
2
0
1
0
.
[
1
1
]
T
h
e
U
n
i
t
ed
N
at
i
o
n
s
Po
p
u
l
at
i
o
n
Fu
n
d
(U
N
FPA
),
“
Pro
g
r
amme
o
f
A
c
t
i
o
n
,
”
A
d
o
p
t
ed
a
t
t
h
e
In
t
er
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
r
e
n
ce
o
n
P
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
D
evel
o
p
m
en
t
,
Ca
i
r
o
,
5
-
1
3
S
e
p
t
em
b
e
r
1
9
9
4
,
2
0
0
4
.
[
1
2
]
T
h
ad
d
e
u
s
S.
an
d
Mai
n
e
D
.
,
“
T
o
o
far
t
o
w
al
k
:
m
at
e
rn
a
l
mo
rt
al
i
t
y
i
n
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
,
”
S
o
c
S
ci
M
ed
,
v
o
l
/
i
s
s
u
e
:
3
8
(8
),
p
p
.
1
0
9
1
-
1
1
1
0
,
1
9
9
4
.
[
1
3
]
O
d
i
m
eg
w
u
C.
,
et
a
l
.
,
“
Me
n
s
ro
l
e
i
n
eme
r
g
e
n
cy
o
b
s
t
e
t
ri
c
c
ar
e
i
n
O
s
u
n
s
t
at
e
o
f
N
i
g
e
ri
a
,
”
A
f
r
J
R
ep
r
o
d
H
ea
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
/
i
s
s
u
e:
9
(3
),
p
p
.
5
9
-
71,
2
0
0
5
.
[
1
4
]
H
o
rt
o
n
P.
B
.
an
d
H
u
n
t
C
.
L
.
,
“
So
ci
o
l
o
g
y
,
”
Fo
u
rt
h
E
d
i
t
i
o
n
,
W
e
s
t
e
r
n
M
i
c
h
i
g
a
n
U
n
i
v
e
rs
i
t
y
,
1976.
[
1
5
]
A
l
i
o
A
.
P.
,
et
a
l
.
,
“
A
c
o
mmu
n
i
t
y
p
e
rs
p
ec
t
i
v
e
o
n
t
h
e
r
o
l
e
o
f
d
u
r
i
n
g
p
reg
n
an
cy
:
a
q
u
a
l
i
t
at
i
v
e
s
t
u
d
y
,
”
B
M
C
P
r
eg
n
a
n
cy
&
Ch
i
l
d
b
i
r
t
h
,
v
o
l
/
i
s
s
u
e:
1
3
(6
0
),
2
0
1
3
.
[
1
6
]
K
a
y
e
K
.
,
et
a
l
.
,
“
Mal
e
i
n
v
o
l
v
eme
n
t
d
u
r
i
n
g
p
reg
n
a
n
cy
&
c
h
i
l
d
b
i
rt
h
:
men
’s
p
e
rce
p
t
i
o
n
s
,
p
rac
t
i
ce
s
&
e
x
p
e
ri
en
ce
s
d
u
ri
n
g
t
h
e
c
ar
e
fo
r
w
o
me
n
w
h
o
d
ev
e
l
o
p
ed
c
h
i
l
d
b
i
rt
h
co
m
p
l
i
c
at
i
o
n
s
i
n
Mu
l
ag
o
H
o
s
p
i
t
al
,
U
g
&a,
”
B
M
C
P
r
eg
n
a
n
cy
&
Ch
i
l
d
b
i
r
t
h
,
v
o
l
/
i
s
s
u
e:
1
4
(5
4
),
2
0
1
4
.
[
1
7
]
Man
g
e
n
i
J
.
N
.
,
et
a
l
.
,
“
Mal
e
I
n
v
o
l
v
emen
t
i
n
Mat
e
rn
a
l
H
e
a
l
t
h
Care
as
a
D
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
an
t
o
f
U
t
i
l
i
zat
i
o
n
o
f
Sk
i
l
l
e
d
Bi
rt
h
A
t
t
e
n
d
a
n
t
s
i
n
K
en
y
a,
”
D
H
S
W
O
R
K
IN
G
PA
PE
RS
,
T
h
i
s
d
o
c
u
men
t
w
as
p
ro
d
u
ce
d
f
o
r
r
e
v
i
ew
b
y
t
h
e
U
n
i
t
ed
St
at
e
s
A
g
e
n
cy
f
o
r
I
n
t
e
rn
at
i
o
n
a
l
D
e
v
el
o
p
m
en
t
,
2013.
[
1
8
]
T
h
ap
a
D.
K.
a
n
d
N
i
e
h
o
f
A
.
,
“
W
o
men
’s
au
t
o
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,
”
[
1
9
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0
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A
l
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et
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l
.
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“
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’s
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s
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[
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1
]
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w
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o
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et
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l
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:
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3
),
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0
1
0
.
[
2
2
]
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at
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a
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,
“
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3
]
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r
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W
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an
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0
5
.
[
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4
]
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.
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al
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5
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[
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6
]
Baral
Y.
R.
,
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al
.,
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.
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,
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7
]
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p
.
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8
]
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.
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l
.
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“
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ct
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l
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e:
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6
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0
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1
.
[
2
9
]
N
an
j
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l
a
M.
a
n
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W
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m
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w
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D
.
,
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D
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m
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s
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Ma
l
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Part
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Pro
mo
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D
el
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by
Sk
i
l
l
ed
[
3
0
]
A
t
t
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d
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n
t
s
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Bu
s
i
a,
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Ken
ya
,
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l
o
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a
l
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u
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l
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ea
l
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h
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ci
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l
/
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s
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e:
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0
1
2
.
[
3
1
]
Mu
l
l
an
y
B.
C.
,
et
a
l
.
,
“
T
h
e
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m
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n
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ce
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N
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al
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a
ra
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ro
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t
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l
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p
.
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2
]
A
d
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n
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O
.
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,
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.
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rce
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