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452
Sev
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r
o
m
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
Mi
n
is
tr
y
o
f
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
I
n
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
th
er
e
ar
e
8
0
0
,
0
0
0
h
o
ax
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia,
5
5
4
ass
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
t
h
e
ca
u
s
es,
d
i
s
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
,
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
,
a
n
d
tr
ea
t
m
en
t
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
I
t
ex
ten
d
s
to
o
v
er
1
,
2
0
9
Fa
ce
b
o
o
k
,
I
n
s
tag
r
a
m
,
T
w
itter
,
o
r
Y
o
u
tu
b
e
p
latf
o
r
m
s
[7
]
,
[
8]
.
Dev
iatio
n
f
r
o
m
s
p
r
ea
d
in
g
n
e
w
s
,
w
h
et
h
er
i
n
te
n
tio
n
al
l
y
o
r
u
n
i
n
te
n
tio
n
al
l
y
,
ca
n
h
av
e
a
n
e
g
ati
v
e
p
u
b
lic
i
m
p
ac
t.
T
h
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
g
ain
ed
f
r
o
m
in
v
alid
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ca
n
in
f
l
u
en
ce
p
eo
p
le's
in
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
b
eh
av
io
r
f
ac
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
e
m
ic
[
9
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
it
w
il
l
tr
ig
g
er
n
e
g
ati
v
e
e
m
o
t
io
n
s
,
s
tr
ess
,
an
d
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
,
lead
in
g
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
lif
e
q
u
alit
y
[
1
0
]
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ie
s
ex
a
m
i
n
i
n
g
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
r
elate
d
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cted
a
m
o
n
g
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
o
s
e
s
tu
d
ies
’
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
w
er
e
n
o
n
-
h
ea
lt
h
s
t
u
d
en
ts
[
1
1
]
,
[
12]
an
d
th
e
g
en
er
al
p
u
b
lic
[
1
3
]
,
[
14]
.
T
o
th
e
b
est
o
f
o
u
r
k
n
o
w
led
g
e,
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
w
ed
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
e
e
n
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
q
u
alit
y
o
f
lif
e
i
n
h
ea
lt
h
an
d
n
o
n
-
h
ea
lt
h
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
b
ef
o
r
e.
Nev
er
th
e
less
,
o
u
r
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
y
ex
a
m
in
ed
C
O
VI
D
-
19
-
r
elate
d
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
b
ef
o
r
e
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
s
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
w
h
ic
h
f
o
u
n
d
8
3
.
8
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
h
ad
a
h
i
g
h
le
v
el
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
th
e
m
ea
n
ti
m
e,
E
d
u
ar
d
a
et
a
l
.
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
t
h
er
e
w
as
a
d
eter
io
r
atio
n
in
th
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
lif
e
(
QO
L
)
o
f
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
in
co
u
n
tr
ies
w
it
h
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
ca
s
es
[
16]
.
T
o
d
ate,
f
e
w
s
t
u
d
ies
h
av
e
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
a
n
d
q
u
alit
y
o
f
lif
e
le
v
el
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
s
t
u
d
en
ts
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic.
M
an
y
q
u
alit
y
o
f
li
f
e
r
esear
ch
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia
is
li
m
ite
d
to
p
atien
ts
w
it
h
c
h
r
o
n
ic
d
i
s
ea
s
es
s
u
c
h
a
s
d
iab
etes
m
el
lit
u
s
,
tu
b
er
c
u
lo
s
is
,
an
d
ca
n
ce
r
[
1
6
]
,
[
17]
.
C
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
d
is
s
e
m
i
n
atio
n
,
s
tr
ict
is
o
latio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
es
in
t
h
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
w
i
l
l
a
f
f
ec
t
s
tu
d
e
n
t
's
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
t
al
s
o
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
u
le
o
u
t
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
il
it
y
o
f
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
,
d
is
tr
ess
,
a
n
d
i
n
f
lu
en
c
in
g
t
h
eir
q
u
alit
y
o
f
li
f
e
.
He
n
ce
,
o
u
r
s
t
u
d
y
ex
a
m
in
es
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
an
d
q
u
ali
t
y
o
f
li
f
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
e
m
ic.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Study
des
ig
n a
nd
da
t
a
co
llect
io
n
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
w
as
an
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
al
s
tu
d
y
w
ith
a
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
u
r
v
e
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
an
d
co
n
d
u
cted
w
ith
G
o
o
g
le
p
lat
f
o
r
m
o
n
li
n
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
e
f
r
o
m
Octo
b
er
to
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
0
.
T
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
s
ize
w
as
ca
lcu
lated
o
n
li
n
e
b
y
Select
S
tatis
tical
Ser
v
ice
s
.
T
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
r
eq
u
ir
ed
s
a
m
p
le
s
ize
f
o
r
a
9
9
%
co
n
f
id
en
ce
lev
el
w
i
th
a
m
ar
g
in
er
r
o
r
o
f
1
0
%
w
as
1
6
6
.
A
to
tal
o
f
2
0
0
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
w
er
e
ta
k
e
n
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
s
n
o
w
b
al
l
s
a
m
p
li
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
e.
R
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
w
er
e
id
en
ti
f
ied
w
ith
eli
g
ib
le
cr
iter
ia:
1
)
c
o
lleg
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
ag
ed
o
v
er
1
7
y
ea
r
s
;
2
)
liv
i
n
g
in
C
e
n
tr
al
J
av
a,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
e
m
ic;
a
n
d
3
)
w
ill
in
g
to
g
i
v
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t.
R
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
w
h
o
d
i
d
n
o
t
co
m
p
lete
ly
r
esp
o
n
d
to
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
ite
m
s
in
t
h
e
o
n
li
n
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
w
er
e
ex
clu
d
ed
.
I
n
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
,
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
w
er
e
clas
s
i
f
ied
in
to
h
ea
lt
h
s
cie
n
ce
a
n
d
s
o
cial
s
ci
en
ce
s
t
u
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
g
r
o
u
p
clu
s
ter
in
g
w
a
s
i
n
ten
d
ed
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
s
tati
s
ti
c
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
in
co
m
p
ar
in
g
t
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
d
ata.
T
h
e
o
n
lin
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
w
as
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
p
latf
o
r
m
s
w
i
th
t
h
e
attac
h
ed
co
n
s
e
n
t
f
o
r
m
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
a
s
b
ee
n
ap
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
th
e
A
i
s
y
i
y
a
h
Un
iv
er
s
it
y
E
t
h
ics
C
o
m
m
i
tte
e
(
No
1
3
0
5
/KE
P
-
UNI
SA
/I
V/2
0
2
0
)
.
2
.
2
.
R
esea
rc
h ins
t
ru
m
ent
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
e
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
th
r
ee
s
eg
m
e
n
ts
.
I
n
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ec
tio
n
,
w
e
co
llected
th
e
r
es
p
o
n
d
en
ts
'
s
o
cio
-
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
p
r
o
f
ile
b
ased
o
n
a
g
e,
g
en
d
er
,
s
t
u
d
en
t
t
y
p
e,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
le
v
el,
u
n
i
v
er
s
i
t
y
t
y
p
e,
h
is
to
r
y
o
f
ch
r
o
n
ic
d
is
ea
s
e,
s
u
p
p
le
m
en
t
,
an
d
h
ea
lt
h
co
n
d
itio
n
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
ec
tio
n
i
s
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
t
h
e
t
h
ir
d
s
e
ctio
n
is
q
u
alit
y
o
f
li
f
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t.
A
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
w
as
ad
ap
ted
an
d
m
o
d
if
ied
f
r
o
m
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
c
ted
b
y
Z
h
o
n
g
et
a
l
.
[
1
7
]
an
d
A
lzo
u
b
i
et
a
l
.
[
1
8
]
.
W
e
m
o
d
i
f
ied
t
h
e
1
3
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e
ite
m
s
to
in
v
o
lv
e
d
ia
g
n
o
s
is
,
s
y
m
p
to
m
,
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
ca
u
s
e,
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
,
tr
ea
t
m
e
n
t,
an
d
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
to
w
ar
d
s
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
R
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
w
h
o
an
s
w
er
ed
"
Yes"
w
er
e
g
iv
en
1
p
o
in
t
w
h
il
e
"
No
/I
d
o
n
'
t
k
n
o
w
"
w
as
g
iv
e
n
0
p
o
in
ts
.
T
h
e
s
co
r
e
o
f
th
e
t
o
tal
an
s
w
er
is
ca
lcu
la
ted
f
r
o
m
0
-
1
3
p
o
in
ts
.
I
f
th
e
to
tal
r
ig
h
t
a
n
s
w
er
is
<5
5
%,
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
t
i
s
ca
te
g
o
r
ized
as
h
a
v
i
n
g
lo
w
k
n
o
w
led
g
e.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t
w
h
o
s
co
r
ed
b
et
w
ee
n
5
6
%
to
7
5
%
d
ef
in
ed
t
h
at
t
h
e
y
h
a
v
e
m
o
d
er
ate
k
n
o
w
led
g
e.
A
h
i
g
h
le
v
el
o
f
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
if
t
h
ei
r
co
r
r
ec
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
an
s
w
er
i
s
≥
7
6
%.
T
h
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
q
u
e
s
ti
o
n
n
air
e
’
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
h
as
b
ee
n
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
a
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
A
lp
h
a
C
o
ef
f
icie
n
t
w
it
h
t
h
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
0
.
8
3
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t.
J
.
P
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b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci.
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8806
K
n
o
w
led
g
e
a
n
d
q
u
a
lity o
f life
a
mo
n
g
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
…
(
P
r
a
s
o
jo
P
r
ib
a
d
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T
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lth
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R
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n
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o
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an
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1
9
]
.
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h
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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I
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Sci.,
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No
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2
,
J
u
n
e
20
21
:
451
–
458
454
R
eg
ar
d
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t
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d
en
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s
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“
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u
r
e
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ased
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[
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[
1
1
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2
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]
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-
1
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.
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C
O
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D
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1
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s
till
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Fig
u
r
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2
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T
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r
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m
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i
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ter
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[
1
8
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.
B
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s
p
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1
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k
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C
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u
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p
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lar
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f
C
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-
19
in
f
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m
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[
2
3
]
.
As
a
s
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i
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m
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h
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s
ab
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C
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-
19
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
teg
r
atin
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ed
ia
in
to
C
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D
-
1
9
p
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ar
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ess
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m
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co
u
ld
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esil
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ce
[
2
5
]
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Ho
w
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-
1
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h
ad
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d
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[
2
6
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1
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2
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ip
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3
1
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tr
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m
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in
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,
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s
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t.
F
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p
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k
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ab
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t
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
w
ill
h
av
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m
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p
r
o
tectiv
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b
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av
io
r
as
an
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tiv
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ic
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tr
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lead
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p
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ten
tial
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[
3
2
]
.
Oth
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[
3
3
]
.
T
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co
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C
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-
1
9
[
3
4
]
.
C
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D
-
1
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h
as
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s
[
3
5
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C
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20
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458
456
th
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c
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1
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tr
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[
3
6
]
-
[
38
]
.
Fu
r
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m
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,
lif
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[
3
6
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4
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co
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w
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k
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C
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1
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C
OV
I
D
-
1
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d
u
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th
e
p
an
d
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m
ic
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia
h
a
s
b
ee
n
w
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y
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tu
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ied
.
A
s
tu
d
y
co
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u
cted
b
y
De
v
in
a
et
a
l.
co
n
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u
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ed
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at
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h
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r
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d
en
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h
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e
l
y
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o
o
d
i
n
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n
d
er
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ta
n
d
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o
f
C
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D
-
1
9
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
in
it
ial
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia
[
3
5
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
an
o
t
h
er
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
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r
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q
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f
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f
C
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D
-
1
9
w
a
s
w
o
r
s
e
n
ed
[
1
6
]
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
p
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p
le'
s
a
w
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ess
o
f
t
h
e
p
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ten
tial
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g
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s
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
,
th
u
s
m
ak
in
g
t
h
e
m
j
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d
g
e
t
h
at
th
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q
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f
h
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lt
h
is
in
ad
eq
u
ate
to
co
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tr
o
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th
e
p
an
d
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m
ic.
A
r
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n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
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k
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led
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e
an
d
co
m
m
u
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it
y
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
w
ill
also
lead
to
p
r
ev
en
t
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
f
r
o
m
a
f
f
ec
tin
g
t
h
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
li
f
e
[
3
6
]
.
Fin
all
y
,
s
el
f
-
co
n
tr
o
l
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
m
ed
iate
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
an
d
q
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alit
y
o
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l
if
e
d
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r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
e
m
ic.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
a
s
s
e
v
er
al
li
m
itat
io
n
s
,
in
c
lu
d
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n
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t
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e
s
a
m
p
le
ta
k
en
,
w
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is
le
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s
r
ep
r
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tat
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e
f
o
r
t
h
e
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
I
t
is
also
ch
allen
g
i
n
g
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
ex
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
p
aid
le
av
e
s
t
u
d
en
ts
in
th
e
o
n
lin
e
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
c
h
n
ee
d
s
to
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
lar
g
er
s
a
m
p
le
w
i
th
o
th
er
s
p
ec
if
ic
cr
iter
ia
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
an
d
q
u
alit
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o
f
l
if
e
in
o
b
tain
in
g
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
i
v
e
r
esear
ch
d
ata.
4
.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
m
aj
o
r
ity
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
r
ec
eiv
ed
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
f
r
o
m
s
o
ci
al
m
ed
ia
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
h
ea
lt
h
s
c
ien
ce
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
h
a
v
e
b
etter
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
th
a
n
s
o
cial
s
cie
n
ce
s
tu
d
en
t
s
.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
r
ep
o
r
ted
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
s
tu
d
e
n
t
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
an
d
s
ev
er
al
d
o
m
ain
s
o
f
li
f
e
q
u
alit
y
,
i
n
clu
d
i
n
g
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
o
m
ai
n
,
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
d
o
m
a
in
,
a
n
d
o
v
er
all
q
u
alit
y
o
f
li
f
e.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
a
s
p
r
eli
m
in
ar
y
r
esear
ch
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
m
o
d
els.
I
t
ca
n
al
s
o
b
e
a
s
u
g
g
e
s
tio
n
f
o
r
th
e
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
au
t
h
o
r
ities
to
p
ay
m
o
r
e
atte
n
tio
n
an
d
id
en
ti
f
y
p
o
licies to
co
n
tr
o
l t
h
e
C
OV
I
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
e
m
ic.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
th
a
n
k
to
al
l
o
f
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
w
h
o
co
n
t
r
ib
u
te
d
to
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
.
W
e
ar
e
also
g
r
atef
u
l
to
Mu
h
a
m
m
ad
i
y
ah
Ma
g
ela
n
g
U
n
iv
er
s
it
y
a
n
d
Gr
an
t
o
f
R
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etM
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b
y
Mu
h
a
m
m
ad
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y
a
h
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
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,
R
esear
c
h
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d
Dev
elo
p
m
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t
C
o
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cil,
C
e
n
tr
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er
s
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ip
o
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M
u
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[1
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.
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.
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[2
]
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Xu
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l
.
,
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[3
]
S.
-
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A
.
W
HO
,
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1
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[4
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W
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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457
[5
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M
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a
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in
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d
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.
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1
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2
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ra
sia
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.
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3
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A
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,
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:
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4
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5
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In
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Ru
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J
.
P
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M
.
E.
M
e
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a
l.
,
“
Re
p
o
rted
q
u
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:
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