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.
3.
RE
S
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T
S
A
ND
DI
S
CU
S
S
I
ON
3.
1.
R
e
s
u
l
t
T
h
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f
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t
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r
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pr
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l
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m
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s
p
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l
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n
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s
h
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1
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3%
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h
a
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2
(
73.
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l
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20
-
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25
-
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a
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d
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2.
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e
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ge
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y
e
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r
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ir
th
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g
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124
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o
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e
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n R
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ot
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.
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h
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l
t
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o
b
t
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d
by
Age
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e
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r
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h
a
d
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p
-
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alue
of
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E
x
p
(
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10.
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%
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I
=
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i
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t
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f
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w
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E
x
p
(
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3.
201
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C
I
:
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to
5.
503
.
D
i
s
t
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gn
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I
:
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to
10
.
026.
3.
2
Dis
c
u
s
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ion
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
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o
f
381
s
u
bj
e
c
t
s
s
h
o
we
d
22%
o
f
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m
e
n
de
v
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l
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p
pr
e
e
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l
a
m
ps
i
a
a
n
d
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o
f
wo
m
e
n
do
n
o
t
de
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e
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l
a
m
p
s
i
a
.
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o
f
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
i
n
S
l
e
man
r
e
g
i
o
n
a
l
h
o
s
p
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t
a
l
s
h
a
ve
a
pr
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gn
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n
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y
w
i
t
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n
2
-
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y
e
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r
s
,
38.
6%
o
f
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
h
a
d
pr
e
g
n
a
n
c
y
s
pa
c
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ng>
5
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e
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r
s
a
n
d
6.
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o
f
wo
m
e
n
ha
d
a
pr
e
gn
a
nc
y
s
pa
c
i
ng<
2
y
e
a
r
s
.
M
e
a
n
w
hil
e
t
h
e
r
e
we
r
e
84
(
22%
)
o
f
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
d
pr
e
e
c
l
a
m
ps
i
a
a
n
d
297
(
78%
)
o
f
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
d
i
d
n
o
t
de
v
e
l
o
p
pr
e
e
c
l
a
m
ps
i
a
.
C
l
o
s
e
bi
r
t
h
s
pa
c
i
ng
i
s
de
t
e
r
mi
na
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
i
n
c
i
d
e
n
c
e
o
f
pr
e
e
c
l
a
m
ps
i
a
[
19]
.
M
a
t
e
r
n
a
l
a
ge
i
s
a
r
i
s
k
f
a
c
t
o
r
f
o
r
pr
e
e
c
l
a
m
ps
i
a
[
11
,
20
-
23]
.
I
n
t
hi
s
s
t
ud
y
,
m
a
t
e
r
n
a
l
a
ge
20
-
35
y
e
a
r
s
is
t
a
ke
n
.
T
hi
s
s
t
ud
y
s
h
o
we
d
t
h
a
t
a
ge
h
a
s
a
s
i
g
nif
i
c
a
n
t
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
ns
hi
p
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
o
c
c
ur
r
e
n
c
e
o
f
pr
e
e
c
l
a
m
p
s
i
a
p<
0.
005.
He
a
l
t
hy
r
e
pr
o
duc
t
i
ve
a
ge
ha
v
e
a
v
u
l
ne
r
a
bl
e
a
ge
20
-
35
y
e
a
r
s
i
s
qu
i
t
e
l
o
n
g.
M
o
t
h
e
r
s
wh
o
de
ve
l
o
p
pr
e
e
c
l
a
m
p
s
i
a
m
o
s
t
h
a
v
e
a
ge
d
≥
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y
e
a
r
s
(
76.
2%
)
.
B
y
t
h
e
t
i
m
e
30
-
y
e
a
r
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o
l
d
m
o
t
h
e
r
'
s
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
t
a
r
t
e
d
to
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
t
h
e
c
h
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nc
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s
o
f
h
a
vi
ng
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e
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l
a
m
p
s
i
a
.
He
a
l
t
hy
r
e
pr
oduc
t
i
o
n
a
ge
w
a
s
20
-
30
y
e
a
r
s
,
i
f
pr
e
g
n
a
nc
y
o
c
c
ur
s
b
e
l
o
w
o
r
a
b
o
v
e
t
h
a
t
a
ge
t
h
e
r
i
s
k
o
f
c
a
us
i
ng
t
h
e
de
a
t
h
o
f
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
2
-
4x
he
a
l
t
hy
r
e
pr
o
duc
t
i
o
n
[
24]
.
S
ubj
e
c
t
t
a
ke
n
i
n
t
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
s
m
a
t
e
r
n
a
l
pa
r
i
t
y
2,
3,
a
n
d
4.
P
a
r
i
t
y
i
s
o
n
e
r
i
s
k
f
a
c
t
o
r
f
o
r
pr
e
e
c
l
a
m
p
s
i
a
[
25
-
26]
.
I
n
t
hi
s
s
t
ud
y
s
h
o
we
d
n
o
s
i
g
ni
f
i
c
a
n
t
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
ns
hi
p
be
t
we
e
n
pa
r
i
t
y
w
i
t
h
pr
e
e
c
l
a
m
ps
i
a
.
P
r
e
e
c
l
a
m
ps
i
a
i
s
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
m
o
n
i
n
pr
im
i
p
a
r
a
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
[
25]
.
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
wa
n
t
to
s
e
e
t
h
e
s
i
g
ni
f
i
c
a
n
c
e
o
f
pa
r
i
t
y
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
i
n
c
i
de
n
c
e
o
f
pr
e
e
c
l
a
m
p
s
i
a
i
n
m
a
t
e
r
n
a
l
m
u
l
t
i
pa
r
a
b
ut
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
d
i
d
n
o
t
s
h
o
w
s
i
g
nif
i
c
a
n
c
e
.
B
i
r
t
h
s
pa
c
i
ng
i
s
c
l
o
s
e
d
de
t
e
r
m
i
na
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
i
nc
i
de
nc
e
o
f
pr
e
e
c
l
a
m
ps
i
a
[
19]
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
a
n
a
ly
s
i
s
s
h
o
we
d
a
s
i
g
nif
i
c
a
n
t
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
b
e
t
we
e
n
t
h
e
bi
r
t
h
s
pa
c
i
ng
w
i
t
h
pr
e
e
c
l
a
m
p
s
i
a
p
-
v
alue
of
0.
00,
i
t
r
e
l
a
t
e
s
to
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
t
h
a
t
s
a
i
d
t
h
a
t
bi
r
t
h
s
pa
c
i
ng<
2
y
e
a
r
s
o
f
a
pp
l
i
a
n
c
e
pr
e
g
n
a
nc
y
t
h
e
m
o
t
h
e
r
h
a
s
n
o
t
r
e
t
ur
n
e
d
to
i
t
s
pr
e
vi
o
us
s
t
a
t
e
[
8]
.
M
e
a
n
w
hil
e
,
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
34.
7
%
o
f
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
w
i
t
h
bi
r
t
h
s
pa
c
i
ng>
5
y
e
a
r
s
o
f
pr
e
e
c
l
a
m
ps
ia.
I
n
m
u
l
t
i
v
a
r
i
a
t
e
a
n
a
ly
s
i
s
s
h
o
wn
s
i
g
nif
i
c
a
n
t
c
or
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
be
t
we
e
n
a
ge
p
-
v
alue
o
f
0.
023
w
i
t
h
E
x
p
(
β
)
10.
630
95%
C
I
=
1.
378
to
82.
005
a
n
d
bi
r
t
h
s
p
a
c
i
ng<
2
y
e
a
r
s
h
a
d
a
p
-
v
alue
0.
000
w
i
t
h
E
x
p
(
β
)
3.
201
95%
C
I
=
1.
862
to
5.
503
.
B
i
r
t
h
s
pa
c
i
ng>
5
y
e
a
r
s
ha
d
a
p
-
v
a
l
ue
0.
013
w
i
t
h
E
x
p
(
β
)
3.
622
95%
C
I
=
1.
308
to
10.
026
w
i
t
h
pr
e
e
c
l
a
m
p
s
i
a
.
M
a
t
e
r
n
a
l
a
ge
t
a
ke
n
o
n
a
h
e
a
l
t
hy
r
e
pr
o
duc
t
i
ve
a
ge
r
a
n
ge
o
f
30
-
35
y
e
a
r
s
,
but
dur
i
n
g
t
h
e
30
-
y
e
a
r
-
o
l
d
m
o
t
h
e
r
h
a
d
a
l
r
e
a
d
y
i
nd
i
c
a
t
e
d
t
h
e
i
r
m
a
t
e
r
n
a
l
c
o
m
p
li
c
a
t
i
o
ns
o
f
pr
e
g
n
a
n
c
y
in
c
l
ud
i
ng
pr
e
e
c
l
a
m
p
s
i
a
.
T
h
e
r
e
i
s
a
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
o
n
o
f
a
ge
w
i
t
h
pr
e
e
c
l
a
m
p
s
i
a
,
b
ut
t
h
e
gr
a
ph
s
h
o
ws
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
d
i
nc
iden
c
e
o
f
pr
e
e
c
l
a
m
p
s
i
a
i
n
m
a
t
e
r
n
a
l
a
ge
o
f
30
y
e
a
r
s
[
27]
.
T
his
t
h
e
o
r
y
c
o
u
l
d
de
s
c
r
i
b
e
t
h
a
t
m
o
m
e
n
t
m
a
t
e
r
n
a
l
a
ge
o
v
e
r
30
y
e
a
r
s
o
f
pr
e
gn
a
n
c
y
c
o
m
p
li
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
nc
l
ude
d
pr
e
e
c
l
a
m
ps
i
a
s
t
a
r
t
e
d
to
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
.
R
e
s
u
l
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
a
n
a
ly
s
i
s
s
h
o
we
d
bi
r
t
h
s
pa
c
i
ng<
2
ye
a
r
s
ha
v
e
E
x
p
(
β
)
3.
201
95%
C
I
=
1.
862
to
5
.
503
m
e
a
ns
t
h
a
t
w
o
m
e
n
w
i
t
h
B
i
r
t
h
s
pa
c
i
ng<
2
y
e
a
r
s
h
a
v
e
a
c
h
a
n
c
e
o
f
pr
e
e
c
l
a
m
p
s
i
a
3.
201
t
i
m
e
s
gr
e
a
t
e
r
t
h
a
n
wo
m
e
n
w
i
t
h
pr
e
gna
n
c
y
w
i
t
hi
n
2
-
5
y
e
a
r
s
.
B
i
r
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1]
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8]
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4.
CONC
L
USI
ON
M
o
s
t
r
e
s
po
n
de
n
t
s
h
a
d
≥
30
y
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ge
,
pa
r
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t
y
2,
bi
r
t
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s
pa
c
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2
-
5
y
e
a
r
s
,
a
n
d
d
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d
n
o
t
de
v
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l
o
p
pr
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c
l
a
m
p
s
i
a
.
T
h
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r
e
i
s
a
s
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g
ni
f
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c
a
n
t
r
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l
a
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s
hi
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t
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p
-
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f
0.
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pa
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pr
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<
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0.
000,
a
n
d
s
pa
c
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ng
pr
e
gn
a
n
c
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s
>
5
y
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p
-
v
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f
0.
013
wi
t
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pr
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c
l
a
m
ps
i
a
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Praw
i
ro
h
ard
j
o
,
S.
M
i
d
w
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f
e
r
y
(
i
n
Ba
h
as
a:
I
l
mu
K
e
b
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d
an
a
n
)
,
J
ak
art
a:
Y
a
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B
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a
P
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s
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a
Sar
w
o
n
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Pra
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ro
h
ard
j
o
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
]
Mu
h
an
i
,
N
;
Be
s
ral
,
B.
Sev
e
re
Pr
eec
l
a
m
p
s
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a
an
d
Mat
e
rn
al
M
o
rt
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i
t
y
,
V
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l
.
1
0
N
o
.
2
N
o
v
em
b
e
r
2
0
1
5
,
D
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h
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/
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k
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s
m
as
.
v
1
0
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2
.
8
8
4
,
2
0
1
5
.
[3
]
2
0
1
2
Po
p
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l
at
i
o
n
D
em
o
g
rap
h
i
c
S
u
rv
ey
(
I
D
H
S)
2
0
1
2
,
Mat
e
rn
a
l
Mo
rt
al
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t
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Rat
e
(
i
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Ba
h
as
a:
Su
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i
D
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o
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rafi
K
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ch
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o
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D
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-
2
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2
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p
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f
;
2
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1
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.
[4
]
Co
n
d
e,
A
;
R
o
s
a
s
,
B
;
Ka
f
u
r
y,
G
.
E
f
f
ect
s
o
f
b
i
r
t
h
s
p
a
c
i
n
g
o
n
m
a
t
er
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a
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a
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:
a
s
y
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c
r
evi
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.
P
M
ID
:1
7
4
0
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3
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8
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D
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.
[5
]
A
en
i
,
N
.
R
i
s
k
Fa
c
t
o
rs
o
f
Mat
e
r
n
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M
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l
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Mei
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3
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as
.
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1
0
.
4
;
2
0
1
3
.
[6
]
Pi
p
k
i
n
,
FB;
Ph
i
l
,
D
;
F.
R.
C.
O
.
G
.
Ri
s
k
Fa
c
t
o
rs
o
f
Preec
l
a
m
p
s
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a.
N
E
n
g
l
J
Me
d
2
0
0
1
;
3
3
4
:
9
2
5
-
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2
6
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o
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:
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0
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1
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6
/
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J
M2
0
0
1
0
3
2
2
3
4
4
1
2
0
9
.
[7
]
Y
u
l
i
an
t
i
,
E
;
Fi
k
a
w
at
i
,
S.
Pr
eecl
a
m
p
s
i
a
(i
n
Bah
as
a
:
Pre
-
E
k
l
a
m
p
s
i
a
)
at
Bay
u
A
s
i
h
P
u
r
w
a
k
art
a
Reg
i
o
n
al
H
o
s
p
i
t
al
.
V
o
l
.
3
N
o
.
1
A
g
u
s
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u
s
2
0
0
8
.
D
O
I
:
h
t
t
p
:
/
/
d
x
.
d
o
i
.
o
r
g
/
1
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.
2
1
1
0
9
/
k
e
s
m
as
.
v
3
i
1
.
2
4
1
;
2
0
0
8
.
[8
]
Mah
aran
i
,
R.
,
N
o
o
r.
,
M
u
s
afah
.
R
e
l
at
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
o
f
Pre
g
n
an
cy
D
i
s
t
an
ce
w
i
t
h
Pr
ee
k
l
a
m
p
s
i
a
at
U
l
i
n
Ban
j
ar
m
a
s
i
n
Re
g
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o
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al
H
o
s
p
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p
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ri
o
d
Mar
c
h
-
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
2
.
D
o
i
:
I
O
S3
5
0
4
.
l
i
b
ra
-
C0
1
3
0
1
3
2
9
,
2
0
1
2
.
[9
]
D
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