Intern
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
urn
a
l
o
f
P
u
b
lic Hea
l
th Science (IJ
P
HS)
Vol
.
5,
N
o
.
1
,
M
a
rch
2
0
1
6
,
pp
.
51
~
54
I
S
SN
: 225
2-8
8
0
6
51
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJPHS
Microbial Analysis of Biomedical
Wast
es
f
r
om
Selected
Health
Facilities in Parts of Edo So
uth and its Public Health
Implication
Rac
h
ael
N
goz
i
Os
agi
e
1
, Ai
de
vb
o Ai
bu
ov
bo
E
y
aufe
2
, F
a
it
h Ire
y
e
3
1,2
Departm
e
n
t
o
f
M
e
dic
a
l
m
i
cro
b
iolog
y
,
F
acul
t
y
of cl
inic
al
s
c
ien
c
es
, Col
l
eg
e of
M
e
dic
i
ne,
Am
bros
e All
i
Univ
ers
i
t
y
,
Ekpoma-Edo State, Niger
i
a
3
World Health O
r
ganization
,
Edo
state-Nigeria
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received
Ja
n 31, 2016
Rev
i
sed
Feb
20
, 20
16
Accepted
Feb 28, 2016
This
s
t
ud
y
,
aim
e
d at the m
i
crobi
al ana
l
y
s
is
of biom
edical was
t
e
(BM
W
)
was
carried out usin
g 100 samples o
f
10 di
ff
eren
t B
M
W collected
in duplicates
from 5 busy
primar
y
health
care cente
rs (PHCs).The research findings
showed a high
prevalence of
E.
coli
(39%) and
S.aureus
(32%) which were
both statistically significan
t at
P
≤
0.05, while the least
isolated
organisms
were
K. pnuemoniae
(10%) an
d
B. subtilis
(4%) and were statistically
no
t
significant at P
≥
0.05. Samples from
dressings a
nd beddings were found to
contain the high
est microbial lo
adof
25 and 13
res
p
ect
ivel
y wh
i
l
e th
e l
eas
t
number of isolates were from expired cy
to
toxic drugs (2) and lancets (1).The
biochem
i
c
a
l tes
t
s showed the
presence of Gram
positive and negati
v
e
organisms with record of bo
th aerobic
and
ana
e
ro
bic is
ol
ates
from
the BM
W
.
The inves
t
igat
io
n revea
l
ed th
at
BM
W
contains mixed bacterial
community
with some being pathogenic and
pose a
public health hazard to both health
workers
and other com
m
unit
y
m
e
m
b
ers
,
therefore ad
equat
e
treatm
e
nt
measures should be g
i
ven
to
all
BMW before dis
posal.
Keyword:
Biom
edical wastes
Health
facilitie
s
Microbial
Copyright ©
201
6 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Osagie
, RN
.
Depa
rt
m
e
nt
of
M
e
di
cal
M
i
cro
b
i
o
l
o
gy
,
Facult
y of Clinical Sciences,
Co
lleg
e
o
f
Med
i
cin
e
,
Am
b
r
ose Alli Un
iv
ersity,
Ek
pom
a-Ed
o S
t
at
e, Nige
ria.
Em
a
il: Rach
ael
.o
sag
i
e@yahoo
.co
m
1.
INTRODUCTION
Biom
edical w
a
ste (BM
W
) refers to t
hose
material
s generat
e
d as a res
u
l
t
of t
h
e di
a
g
n
o
si
s an
d /
o
r
treatm
e
nt of a patient that require s
p
ecial precautions due to waste
being in
fectious [1]. Biom
edical wa
ste i
s
extrem
ely hazardous type of waste and if not
m
a
naged
prope
rly can lead to seriou
s
he
alth and environm
ent
pr
o
b
l
e
m
s
[2]
.
B
i
om
edi
cal wast
e generat
e
d i
n
t
h
e h
o
spi
t
a
l
f
a
l
l
s
unde
r t
w
o
m
a
jor cat
eg
ori
e
s- n
o
n
h
aza
rd
o
u
s an
d
bio-haza
rdous. Constitue
n
ts
of non-hazardous waste ar
e non-i
nfected
plastic, cardb
oa
rd, packa
g
ing m
a
t
e
rial,
pape
r etc.,
while bio-h
azardous
waste a
r
e
either infectious wa
stes
(s
ha
rps
,
non-s
harps, plastic dis
p
osa
b
les,
l
i
qui
d wast
es et
c.)
o
r
no
n-i
n
fect
i
ous wast
e
s
(ra
di
oact
i
v
e waste, discarded
glass
,
c
h
emical waste, cytotoxic
waste, i
n
cine
rated
waste etc
.
). Specifically BM
W
i
n
cl
udes cu
ltures, st
o
c
ks
o
f
infectio
u
s
ag
en
ts, hu
m
a
n
t
i
ssues, or
ga
ns
,
b
ody
part
s o
r
bl
o
o
d
, used
a
nd u
n
u
s
ed sha
r
p o
b
ject
s suc
h
as br
o
k
en gl
ass
wa
res
a
nd l
a
ncet
s
t
h
at
ha
ve
bee
n
use
d
t
o
p
u
n
ct
u
r
e, c
u
t
or
scra
p
e
t
h
e
b
ody
as
wel
l
as
hum
an
or
ani
m
al
body
fl
ui
ds
or
wa
st
es [
3
]
.
Th
e
ho
sp
ital is on
e
o
f
th
e com
p
lex
in
stitu
ti
o
n
s
wh
ich
ar
e
freq
u
e
n
t
ed b
y
p
e
op
le
fro
m
al
l walk
s of life
in
the
society without distinction
be
tween a
g
e, se
x, race a
n
d religion.
This is
over and a
b
ove t
h
e norm
a
l
inha
bitants
of h
o
s
p
i
t
a
l
t
h
at
i
s
; pat
i
e
nt
s and st
af
f. Al
l
o
f
t
h
em
pro
duce
wast
e whi
c
h i
s
i
n
creasi
n
g i
n
i
t
s
am
ount
and t
y
pe
d
u
e
t
o
adv
a
n
c
es in
scien
tific k
nowledg
e [4]. Th
e ho
sp
ital wastes in
add
itio
n
to
t
h
e risk
fo
r
p
a
tien
t
s an
d
p
e
rson
n
e
l
wh
o
h
a
nd
le th
ese then
p
o
se a t
h
reat to
pub
lic h
eal
th
and
env
i
ro
nmen
t [5
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-88
06
I
J
PH
S Vo
l. 5
,
N
o
. 1
,
Mar
c
h
20
16
:
51
–
54
52
2.
R
E
SEARC
H M
ETHOD
Th
e labo
ratory in
v
e
stig
ation
for th
is stud
y was carried
ou
t at Micr
o
b
i
o
l
og
y lab
o
rato
ry o
f
th
e
Dep
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
Med
i
cal Micro
b
i
o
l
og
y, Co
ll
eg
e
o
f
Me
d
i
cal Scien
ces, Am
b
r
o
s
e
Alli Un
i
v
ersity, Ek
poma-Ed
o
State.
2.
1.
Collecti
o
n of Biomedical
w
a
stes
s
a
mples
The m
i
crobial analysis was
conducted
usi
ng
10 di
ffe
rent biom
edical
wastes (cell c
u
ltures
,
use
d
sy
ri
nge
s/
nee
d
l
e
s, gl
ass
,
e
x
pi
red
cy
t
o
t
o
xi
c
dr
u
g
s,
dr
essi
n
g
s,
be
ddi
n
g
s,
cat
het
e
rs, i
n
t
r
a
v
en
o
u
s set
s
, s
u
r
g
i
cal
gl
o
v
es an
d l
a
n
cet
s). A t
o
t
a
l
o
f
1
00 s
p
eci
m
e
ns was c
o
l
l
ect
ed (
2
sam
p
l
e
s/
B
M
W) f
r
om
fi
ve (
5
)
di
ffe
re
n
t
busy
Prim
ary Health
care cen
ters
(PHC
)
fro
m
t
h
e m
o
n
t
h of
Febru
a
ry to Octo
b
e
r,
20
15
.
Th
ese h
ealth facilities
(HFs) a
r
e all located withi
n
the State
cap
ital.
Th
ey were co
llected
with th
e
aid of sterile s
w
ab sticks m
a
de
wet
with
n
o
rm
al sa
lin
e and
tran
spo
r
ted
in g
e
o
s
tl
yes with
fro
z
en
icep
ack
s
to
t
h
e laborato
r
y.
2.
2.
Isol
a
ti
o
n
, I
d
e
n
ti
fi
ca
ti
o
n
an
d C
h
ar
act
eri
zati
on
of
B
a
c
t
e
r
i
a
fr
om B
i
om
edi
c
al
W
a
ste
s
The s
w
ab
sticks
were stre
aked onto bl
ood
agar
a
n
d CLE
D
(cysteine la
ctose electroly
te deficient)
agar a
nd inc
u
bated aerobically a
t
37
C
for 24
-
48
ho
ur
s.
Aft
e
r i
n
c
ubat
i
on, t
h
e
pl
at
es were o
b
ser
v
e
d
f
o
r
bact
eri
a
l
gr
owt
h
, st
rai
n
s
were
m
o
rph
o
l
o
gi
cal
l
y
i
d
ent
i
f
i
e
d usi
ng G
r
am
st
ai
ni
ng react
i
o
n an
d ot
he
r bi
oc
he
m
i
cal
t
e
st
s whi
c
h i
n
cl
ude;
m
e
t
h
y
l
red,
vo
ges p
r
os
ka
uer (M
R
-
VP
), cat
al
ase,
coag
ul
ase,
oxi
dase, i
n
d
o
l
e
, urease
,
st
arch
hy
d
r
ol
y
s
i
s
, ni
t
r
at
e re
d
u
ct
i
o
n
,
t
r
i
p
l
e
s
uga
r i
r
on
(TS
I
)
,
su
gar
ferm
ent
a
t
i
on an
d
germ
t
ube t
e
st
s acc
or
di
n
g
to
th
e pro
cedur
e of
Ogb
u
lie
et al
(
199
8)
[6]. Th
e iso
l
ates w
e
r
e
enu
m
er
a
t
ed
as d
e
scr
i
b
e
d
b
y
C
h
eesebro
ugh
(
200
3)
an
d O
y
elek
e (20
0
9
)
[7],
[
8
].
2.
3.
Statistica
l Ana
l
y
s
is
Statistical an
alysis was
do
n
e
u
s
ing
t
h
e st
u
d
e
n
t
t-test
t
o
d
e
t
e
rm
i
n
e l
e
vel
of
si
gni
fi
ca
nce.
A
p
-
val
u
e
of
l
e
ss
t
h
an
o
r
e
qual
t
o
0.
05
(P
≤
0.
05
) w
a
s c
onsi
d
er
ed t
o
be
st
at
i
s
t
i
cal
l
y
si
gni
fi
can
t
.
3.
RESULTS
The res
u
l
t
s
fr
o
m
t
h
e st
udy
sh
ow a
hi
g
h
m
i
cr
obi
al
l
o
a
d
i
n
dr
essi
ngs
, 2
5
(
3
2
%
) an
d be
d
d
i
n
gs 1
3
(
1
7%
)
t
h
at
m
a
y
have been c
o
nt
am
i
n
at
ed by
b
ody
fl
ui
ds f
r
o
m
pat
i
e
nt
s, w
h
i
l
e
l
a
nc
et
and ex
pi
re
d
cy
t
o
t
oxi
c d
r
u
g
s
had
the least microbial loa
d
of
1 (1.3
%
)
and 2 (3%
)
re
spe
c
tively as shown i
n
Ta
ble
1. T
h
e
fre
que
n
cy of
occurre
nce
re
veals that
E. co
li
has t
h
e
hi
g
h
e
s
t
i
s
ol
at
i
o
n
rat
e
(
39%
),
f
o
l
l
o
w
e
d
by
S
.
au
reus
(3
2%) wh
ile
a 15
%
i
s
ol
at
i
on rat
e
was ob
ser
v
e
d
i
n
S. py
oge
nes
and the least, (10%)
being
K
.
pn
ue
mo
ni
ae
as
sh
ow
n i
n
Ta
bl
e 2.
Table 1. Num
b
er
a
n
d
Type of Isolates from
Sa
m
p
les
analyzed
Sa
m
p
le
Isolates (N
)
Total
E. coli
S. aureus
S. pyogene
s
B. subtilis
K. Pneumoniae
Dr
essings 10
6
4
3
2
25
Beddings
6
4
2
1
-
13
Cellcultur
e
s 5
3
1
1
-
10
Sur
g
ical
gloves
1
3
1
1 1 7
Used sy
r
i
nges/needles
3
1
2
-
-
6
Catheter
s 2
1
1
2
-
6
Glass war
e
s
1
3
-
-
-
4
I
n
tr
avenous sets
2
1
1
-
-
4
E
xpir
e
d cy
totoxic
dr
ugs
-
2
-
-
-
2
Lan
cets
-
1
-
-
-
1
T
o
tal 30
25
12
8
3
78
KEY:
N
(
N
um
ber
o
f
is
olates)
Table
2.
Occ
u
rrence
of is
olates and
fre
quenc
y
of isolation
Microbial Isolates
Occurrence
of
Is
olates
Fr
equency
of I
s
olation (
%
)
E. co
li
30
39
S.
aureus
25
32
S.
pyogenes
12
15
B. subtilis
8 10
K.
pneumoniae
3 4
T
o
tal 78
100
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PH
S I
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2-8
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6
Microbi
al A
nal
ysis of Bi
ome
d
i
c
al W
a
stes from
Select
ed
He
alth F
a
cilities in P
a
rts
of E
d
o
.... (Os
agie, R
N
)
53
The c
h
aracte
r
ization
of the is
olates usi
n
g bi
ochem
i
cal test
m
e
thods
re
vealed
that both Gram
positive
and ne
gative
bacteria are c
o
ntained i
n
bi
om
edi
cal
wast
es a
s
sh
ow
n i
n
Ta
bl
e 3.
Table
3. Bi
oche
m
i
cal characteristics of bact
erial isolates
Test
S. aureus
S. pyogenes
E. coli
B. subtilis
K. pneumoniae
Gra
m
staining
+
+
-
+
-
Motility
Non m
o
til
e
Non m
o
til
e
Motile
Motile
Motile
Shape Cocci
Cocci
Rods
Rods
Rods
Oxygen
require
m
e
nt
Anaerobic Aerobic Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Colony Yellow
Gre
y
Blue
Yellow
Yellow
E
ndospor
e
+
-
-
+
-
Catalase
+
-
+
+
+
Co
ag
u
l
ase
+
-
-
-
-
Ox
id
ase -
-
-
+
-
Urease
-
-
-
-
+
Gelatin
ase
-
-
-
+
-
H2S pr
oduction
-
-
-
-
-
Nitrate
reduction
+ + +
+
+
I
ndole pr
oduction
-
-
+
-
-
Methyl
red
test
+ + +
-
-
Vogus Pr
oskaur
test
+
-
-
+
+
Glucose
+ + +
-
+
Man
n
ito
l +
-
-
+
-
Lacto
s
e
-
-
+
-
-
Su
cro
s
e -
-
-
-
-
Fru
c
to
se -
+
-
+
-
So
b
ito
l -
-
+
-
+
4.
DIS
C
USSI
ON
The res
u
l
t
of t
h
e st
udy
sh
o
w
s t
h
at
beddi
ng
s
and d
r
essi
n
g
s
cont
am
i
n
at
ed wi
t
h
b
ody
fl
ui
ds o
f
pat
i
e
nt
s
had t
h
e hi
ghes
t
m
i
crobi
al
l
o
ad,
whi
c
h can
be at
t
r
i
b
ut
ed t
o
t
h
e l
o
n
g
pe
r
i
od
of
bo
dy
c
ont
act
be
f
o
re
a fres
h
dressi
n
g
i
s
use
d
. T
h
e
or
ga
ni
sm
wi
t
h
t
h
e hi
g
h
est
p
r
eval
e
n
c
e
rat
e
was
E. co
li
fol
l
o
we
d by
S. au
reus
,
wh
i
c
h
is in
agreem
ent with th
e wo
r
k
o
f
Anitha
et al
(2012) who
re
ported a
high pre
v
alence
of
E.co
li
from
bio
m
edical
waste (BM
W
) [9
], bu
t at
v
a
rian
ce with th
e find
ing
s
o
f
Giro
letti (19
93)
who
reported
a h
i
gh
p
r
ev
alen
ce
of
Ba
cillu
s sub
tili
s
[
10]
.
T
h
i
s
m
a
y
be
d
u
e t
o
t
h
e
di
f
f
ere
n
ce
an
d
l
e
vel
of
t
r
eat
m
e
nt
o
f
B
M
W
b
e
fo
re
di
sp
osal
fr
om
th
e h
ealth
facilities wh
ere the BMW
were
co
llected
. Fi
n
d
i
n
g
s
fro
m
th
is
research
rev
eal
ed
th
at m
o
st o
f
the
sam
p
l
e
si
t
e
s
di
d not
t
r
eat
B
M
W
be
fo
re
di
sp
osal
, wh
ile so
m
e
were treated
with d
i
sin
f
ectan
ts at lo
w
co
n
c
en
tration
s
. Th
e
b
i
o
c
h
e
mical reactio
n
rev
ealed
t
h
e presen
ce
o
f
Gram n
e
g
a
tiv
e and
po
sitiv
e
b
a
cterial
isolates as well as aerobic and anaerobic organism
s fro
m
th
e sam
p
les analyzed. T
h
es
e points to the fact
that
,
B
M
W
se
rve
s
as a subst
r
at
e fo
r t
h
e p
r
ol
i
f
e
r
at
i
on
of
di
ve
rse bacteria with clinical
sig
n
ifican
ce in
term
s
o
f
pat
h
oge
ni
ci
t
y
. Thi
s
i
s
i
n
cons
ona
nce wi
t
h
t
h
e fi
ndi
ngs
of
Ani
t
h
a
et al
(
2
01
2
)
an
d R
h
ei
nhei
m
er
et al
(
1
989
),
who
bo
th
reported
Gram
p
o
s
itiv
e, n
e
g
a
tiv
e,
aerob
es an
d
anaerob
es in
ad
ditio
n
to
co
cci an
d
rod
s
, t
h
is is as a
resu
lt o
f
th
e rich
o
r
g
a
n
i
c
con
t
en
t
of ho
sp
ital wastes [9
],[11
]
.
ACKNOWLE
DGE
M
ENTS
St
aff ofP
r
i
m
ary
Heal
t
h
care uni
t
o
f
I
k
oba ok
ha, Ore
d
o, Eg
or, O
v
i
a
N
E
and U
h
u
n
m
w
o
n
d
e
Loc
a
l
go
ve
rnm
e
nt
areas i
n
t
h
e So
ut
he
rn
part
o
f
Edo St
at
e-
Ni
geri
a an
d t
h
e
M
i
crobi
ol
ogy
l
a
borat
ory
o
f
t
h
e
Dep
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
Med
i
cal Microb
io
log
y
, C
o
lleg
e
o
f
Med
i
cin
e
, Am
b
r
o
s
e
Alli Un
iv
ersity, Ekp
o
m
a-Edo
Stat
e.
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