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DASS
Dep
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in
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[
1
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.
C
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p
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a
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Dete
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241
co
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[
1
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[
2
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.
Me
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p
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3
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.
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es
o
f
n
o
r
m
a
l
lif
e
[
4
]
.
E
ac
h
m
e
n
tal
d
is
o
r
d
er
ca
n
h
av
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
.
S
y
m
p
to
m
s
th
at
ca
n
ar
is
e
ar
e
f
ee
lin
g
ex
ce
s
s
i
v
e
an
x
iet
y
,
f
ea
r
,
an
d
s
ad
n
ess
.
I
n
ch
i
ld
r
en
,
th
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
in
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
ch
a
n
g
es
in
l
ea
r
n
in
g
ab
ilit
ies,
b
ein
g
h
y
p
e
r
ac
tiv
e,
u
n
ab
le
to
s
leep
,
an
d
ir
r
itab
le
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
q
u
ar
an
ti
n
e
ca
n
also
af
f
ec
t
m
e
n
tal
h
ea
lt
h
.
P
eo
p
le
w
h
o
h
av
e
b
ee
n
q
u
ar
an
ti
n
ed
m
a
y
h
av
e
a
h
ig
h
p
r
ev
ale
n
ce
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
,
e
m
o
tio
n
al
d
is
t
u
r
b
an
ce
s
,
lo
w
m
o
o
d
,
ir
r
itab
ilit
y
,
s
tr
ess
,
i
n
s
o
m
n
ia,
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
tr
au
m
at
ic
s
tr
es
s
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
[
1
]
,
[
6
]
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
r
esear
ch
,
it
is
esti
m
ated
th
at
o
n
e
in
f
o
u
r
p
eo
p
le
s
u
b
co
n
s
cio
u
s
l
y
s
u
f
f
er
s
a
m
e
n
tal
d
is
o
r
d
er
in
th
eir
lif
eti
m
e.
It
i
s
als
o
s
tr
en
g
t
h
en
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
r
esear
ch
b
y
th
e
W
HO
So
u
th
-
E
ast
Asi
a
R
e
g
io
n
(
W
HO
SE
A
R
O)
w
h
ic
h
s
tate
s
th
at
th
e
m
o
s
t
d
ep
r
ess
i
v
e
ca
s
es
ar
e
i
n
I
n
d
ia
(
5
6
,
6
7
5
,
9
6
9
ca
s
es
o
r
4
.
5
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
p
o
p
u
latio
n
)
an
d
t
h
e
lo
w
e
s
t
in
th
e
Ma
ld
iv
e
s
(
1
2
,
7
3
9
ca
s
es
o
r
3
.
7
%
o
f
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
)
.
As
f
o
r
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
th
e
esti
m
at
io
n
is
3
.
7
%
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
[
7
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
o
f
m
e
n
tal
h
ea
lt
h
i
s
a
m
aj
o
r
p
r
o
b
lem
w
it
h
o
u
t u
n
d
er
esti
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
19
p
an
d
e
m
ic
t
h
at
is
co
n
cu
r
r
en
t
w
it
h
t
h
e
i
s
s
u
e
o
f
n
atio
n
al
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
w
h
i
ch
r
eq
u
ir
e
p
eo
p
le
to
k
ee
p
a
p
h
y
s
ical
d
i
s
t
an
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
ea
ch
o
th
er
,
g
o
i
n
g
-
o
u
ts
id
e
b
an
s
,
u
n
t
il
t
h
e
clo
s
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
lear
n
i
n
g
ar
ea
f
o
r
a
w
h
ile,
m
a
y
a
f
f
ec
t
t
h
e
p
h
y
s
ical
a
n
d
m
e
n
tal
h
ea
l
th
o
f
t
h
e
p
eo
p
le.
T
h
is
co
n
d
itio
n
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
h
u
m
a
n
k
in
d
f
o
r
b
ein
g
s
o
cial
cr
ea
tu
r
es
w
h
o
n
ee
d
to
in
ter
ac
t
d
ir
ec
tl
y
w
i
th
o
th
er
s
.
A
n
o
t
h
er
f
ac
to
r
o
f
s
tr
es
s
co
m
e
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
u
n
ce
r
tain
t
y
a
n
d
d
en
o
u
e
m
en
t
o
f
its
ti
m
e
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
W
HO
class
if
i
es
ca
u
s
ati
v
e
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
j
eo
p
ar
d
ize
d
m
en
ta
l
h
ea
lt
h
t
h
at
d
eter
m
i
n
e
f
r
o
m
s
o
cia
l,
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
an
d
b
io
lo
g
i
ca
l,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
,
an
d
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
,
r
elate
d
to
b
eh
av
io
r
.
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
af
f
ec
ted
s
ec
to
r
s
th
r
o
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g
h
o
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t
t
h
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p
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d
e
m
ic,
it
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ec
e
s
s
ar
y
to
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al
y
ze
f
u
r
t
h
er
th
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co
r
r
elatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic
a
n
d
m
e
n
tal
h
ea
lt
h
o
r
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ica
l iss
u
e
w
h
ic
h
is
a
s
u
b
s
ta
n
tial a
s
p
ec
t t
o
ac
h
iev
e
o
v
er
all
h
ea
lt
h
[
1
0
]
.
K
n
o
w
led
g
e
ab
o
u
t
m
e
n
tal
h
ea
l
th
an
d
h
o
w
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
t
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m
n
ee
d
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n
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er
s
to
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d
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le
m
e
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ted
b
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h
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lt
h
y
s
o
ciet
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w
it
h
a
g
o
o
d
q
u
alit
y
o
f
lif
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
is
s
y
s
te
m
at
ic
r
ev
ie
w
is
in
te
n
d
ed
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
m
e
n
tal
h
ea
lt
h
s
t
atu
s
in
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
19
p
an
d
e
m
ic
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
Dep
r
ess
io
n
An
x
iet
y
Stre
s
s
Scales (
D
A
S
S)
s
elf
-
as
s
es
s
m
e
n
t.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
S
ea
rc
h str
a
t
eg
y
a
nd
s
elec
t
io
n c
rit
er
ia
T
h
is
s
y
s
te
m
a
tic
r
ev
ie
w
w
a
s
co
n
d
u
cted
b
ased
o
n
g
u
id
eli
n
es
f
r
o
m
P
R
I
SM
A
(
P
r
ef
er
r
ed
R
ep
o
r
tin
g
I
te
m
s
f
o
r
S
y
s
te
m
at
ic
R
e
v
ie
ws
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d
Me
ta
-
An
al
y
s
is
)
.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
id
en
t
if
ied
t
h
e
d
eter
m
i
n
an
ts
o
f
m
e
n
tal
h
ea
lt
h
s
tatu
s
in
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
d
u
r
in
g
C
OVI
D
-
19
p
an
d
em
ic
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
D
A
SS
s
el
f
-
as
s
es
s
m
e
n
t.
W
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
an
d
s
y
s
te
m
at
ic
liter
atu
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
p
u
b
lis
h
e
d
f
r
o
m
J
an
u
ar
y
-
Ma
y
2
0
2
0
th
r
o
u
g
h
e
lectr
o
n
ic
d
atab
ases
P
u
b
m
ed
,
Scie
n
ce
Di
r
ec
t,
an
d
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
w
i
th
th
e
k
e
y
w
o
r
d
(
"
C
OVI
D
-
19
"
OR
"
SA
R
S
-
C
o
V
-
2
"
OR
"
2
0
1
9
No
v
el
C
o
r
o
n
av
ir
u
s
"
)
A
ND
"
m
e
n
tal
h
ea
lt
h
"
AND
"
an
x
iet
y
"
A
N
D
"
s
tr
ess
"
A
ND
"
d
ep
r
ess
ed
"
A
ND
"
DA
SS
"
.
W
e
r
estricte
d
th
e
p
ap
er
s
to
th
e
f
u
ll
E
n
g
lis
h
te
x
t
a
n
d
o
p
en
ac
ce
s
s
(
f
r
ee
o
f
c
h
ar
g
e)
.
St
u
d
ies
t
h
at
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
p
eo
p
le
w
h
o
we
r
e
s
ick
an
d
d
id
n
o
t
u
s
e
D
ASS
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
to
o
ls
,
p
u
b
lis
h
e
d
b
ef
o
r
e
2
0
2
0
,
an
d
ed
ito
r
ial
ar
ticles
we
r
e
ex
c
lu
d
e
d
as sh
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
2
.
2
.
Da
t
a
ex
t
ra
ct
i
o
n a
nd
qu
a
lity
a
s
s
ess
m
ent
P
o
ten
tiall
y
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ele
v
a
n
t
s
tu
d
ies
wer
e
f
ir
s
t
id
en
ti
f
ied
b
y
r
ev
ie
w
i
n
g
th
e
titl
e
s
a
n
d
ab
s
tr
ac
ts
a
n
d
d
u
p
licate
s
tu
d
ie
s
in
v
ar
io
u
s
d
atab
ases
w
er
e
r
e
m
o
v
ed
.
Af
ter
th
e
s
cr
e
en
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
t
h
e
co
m
p
lete
t
ex
t
o
f
th
e
r
e
m
ai
n
i
n
g
s
tu
d
ie
s
w
as
a
s
s
e
s
s
ed
to
in
c
lu
d
e
th
e
s
t
u
d
ies
w
i
th
i
n
t
h
e
r
ev
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w
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
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ies
c
h
o
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e
n
w
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an
al
y
ze
d
b
y
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
f
o
r
d
ata
ex
tr
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,
a
n
d
th
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f
in
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w
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e
d
is
c
u
s
s
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d
w
it
h
th
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g
r
o
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p
.
T
h
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d
ata
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x
tr
ac
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tab
le
t
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to
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r
,
y
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p
u
b
licatio
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co
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n
tr
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,
s
t
u
d
y
d
esig
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,
s
a
m
p
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ize,
a
g
e
r
an
g
e,
s
ex
,
le
v
el
o
f
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u
ca
tio
n
,
m
ar
it
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s
tat
u
s
,
a
n
d
m
aj
o
r
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8806
I
n
t J
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
M
ar
ch
20
22
:
2
40
-
2
4
7
242
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
er
e
w
er
e
6
7
s
tu
d
ie
s
id
en
ti
f
ied
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
ea
r
c
h
in
g
v
ar
io
u
s
d
atab
ases
,
o
f
w
h
ic
h
34
w
er
e
ex
clu
d
ed
af
ter
s
cr
ee
n
i
n
g
f
o
r
d
u
p
lica
tio
n
,
titl
e,
an
d
ab
s
tr
ac
t,
leav
i
n
g
33
p
o
ten
tiall
y
r
ele
v
a
n
t
s
tu
d
ie
s
to
b
e
r
etr
iev
ed
f
o
r
f
u
ll
-
tex
t
as
s
ess
m
e
n
t.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
e
33
r
e
m
ai
n
i
n
g
s
t
u
d
ies,
26
w
er
e
e
x
cl
u
d
ed
.
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
i
n
clu
d
e
s
e
v
en
s
t
u
d
ies
th
at
w
er
e
f
o
u
n
d
to
m
atc
h
t
h
e
i
n
clu
s
io
n
cr
it
er
ia
f
o
r
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
atic
r
ev
ie
w
as p
r
esen
ted
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1.
Flo
w
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
3
.
1
.
Cha
ra
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Af
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Sp
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n
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.
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h
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is
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o
f
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u
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is
p
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v
id
ed
in
T
ab
le
1
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T
ab
le
1
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
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f
s
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ies
No
S
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d
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C
o
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n
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r
y
D
e
si
g
n
S
a
mp
l
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n
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A
g
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r
a
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g
e
i
n
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e
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r
s (%)
S
e
x
(
%)
L
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t
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M
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1
[
1
1
]
I
r
a
q
i
K
u
r
d
i
st
a
n
Q
u
a
n
t
i
t
a
t
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v
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v
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5
4
8
18
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2
5
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2
6
.
8
%)
F
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mal
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5
0
.
4
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M
a
l
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4
9
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e
(
7
0
.
4
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M
a
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i
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d
(
7
5
.
5
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2
[
8
]
C
h
i
n
a
C
r
o
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c
t
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n
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l
1
2
1
0
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3
0
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5
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.
1
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F
e
mal
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6
7
.
3
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M
a
l
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3
2
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7
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B
a
c
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o
r
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6
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5
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d
(
7
6
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4
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3
[
1
2
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I
t
a
l
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a
C
r
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-
se
c
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l
2
7
6
6
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2
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9
4
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1
3
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2
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r
a
n
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1
8
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e
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1
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C
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4
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9
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4
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5
[
1
4
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C
h
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a
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c
t
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l
1
0
7
4
1
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N
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A
6
[
1
5
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S
p
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C
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c
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a
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6
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[
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6
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6
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3
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N
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A
N
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A
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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m
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if
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p
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2
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2
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Me
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ap
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%)
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5
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1
[
1
1
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I
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[
8
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h
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8%
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5
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0
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a
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[
1
2
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t
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2
7
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6
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3%
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4
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mal
e
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0
0
1
0
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1
3
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0
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6
9
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4
[
1
3
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C
h
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4
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2
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6
%
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–
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y
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1
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2
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5
[
1
4
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C
h
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a
1
0
7
4
2
9
.
9
%
21
-
30
0
.
0
0
1
0
.
0
8
8
N
/
A
N
/
A
6
[
1
5
]
S
p
a
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n
3
5
5
0
32
.
4%
18
-
25
-
0
.
0
3
1
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53
N
/
A
N
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A
7
[
1
6
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I
n
d
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1
0
0
0
N
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25
0
.
0
0
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A
3.
3
.
M
ent
a
l hea
lt
h sta
t
us
(
depress
io
n)
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n so
cio
de
m
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is
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A
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b
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W
an
g
et
al.
[
8
]
m
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t
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n
ed
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
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b
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w
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s
ex
,
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u
ca
tio
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an
d
m
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s
tat
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with
d
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ess
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d
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C
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-
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p
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r
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h
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all
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m
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ap
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f
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elatio
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1
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3
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h
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ev
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Sp
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th
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s
n
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v
id
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.
T
ab
le
3
.
Me
n
tal
h
ea
lth
s
tat
u
s
(
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
)
o
n
s
o
cio
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
No
S
t
u
d
y
C
o
u
n
t
r
y
S
a
mp
l
e
si
z
e
(
n
)
C
a
se
(
%)
A
g
e
(
p
<
0
.
0
5
)
Se
x
(
p
<
0
.
0
5
)
L
e
v
e
l
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
(
p
<
0
.
0
5
)
M
a
r
i
t
a
l
s
t
a
t
u
s
(
p
<
0
.
0
5
)
1
[
1
1
]
I
r
a
q
i
K
u
r
d
i
st
a
n
5
48
4
5
%
0
.
8
5
F
e
mal
e
0
.
0
2
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
0
.
0
5
0
.
1
2
2
[
8
]
C
h
i
n
a
1
2
1
0
16
.
5%
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-
30
0
.
0
0
9
F
e
mal
e
0
.
0
0
3
B
a
c
h
e
l
o
r
0
.
0
0
3
M
a
r
r
i
e
d
<
0
.
0
0
1
3
[
1
2
]
I
t
a
l
i
a
2
7
6
6
67
.
3%
0
.
2
3
6
F
e
mal
e
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0
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0
0
1
H
i
g
h
sc
h
o
o
l
<
0
.
0
0
1
0
.
8
6
0
4
[
1
3
]
C
h
i
n
a
4
8
7
2
4
8
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3
%
31
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40
y
e
a
r
s
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R
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6
3
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9
5
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6
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2
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1
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F
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4
9
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9
5
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:
0
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8
7
–
1
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12)
H
i
g
h
sc
h
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(
O
R
=
0
,
8
8
,
9
5
%C
I
:
0
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6
5
–
1
.
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Me
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[
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to
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1
7
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.
Ag
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also
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tr
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x
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[
1
8
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.
Ma
n
u
ab
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g
a
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is
m
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s
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ex
p
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[
1
8
]
.
A
cc
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asic
Hea
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tal
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4
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s
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an
d
in
cr
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e
w
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[
1
9
]
.
Fu
r
th
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m
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w
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to
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th
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s
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s
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an
x
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d
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t
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e
p
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d
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m
ic
[
2
0
]
-
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
is
r
ev
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w
s
h
o
w
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t
h
at
t
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l
ev
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f
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s
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h
a
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I
n
s
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c
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Natio
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Me
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I
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2
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1
6
,
w
h
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u
g
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t
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m
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s
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o
w
a
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er
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An
x
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p
ar
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to
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ales,
s
i
m
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lt
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as
s
h
o
w
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in
C
h
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n
a
an
d
T
u
r
k
i
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
is
co
u
ld
b
e
lin
k
ed
to
s
ev
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al
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lo
g
ical
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s
m
s
t
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at
led
to
d
ep
r
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an
d
an
x
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d
is
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s
m
a
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m
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e
v
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er
ab
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in
to
w
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n
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lik
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a
d
if
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er
en
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e
in
th
e
p
r
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s
s
in
g
o
f
s
er
o
to
n
in
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
f
e
m
a
le
b
r
ain
an
d
th
e
m
ale
b
r
ain
w
h
ic
h
r
esu
l
ts
i
n
d
is
s
i
m
ilar
m
an
i
f
estatio
n
s
o
f
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
f
e
m
in
i
n
it
y
in
h
er
en
t
i
n
w
o
m
en
ca
u
s
es
w
o
m
en
to
ex
p
er
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ce
m
o
r
e
"
in
ter
n
aliza
tio
n
"
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
s
u
ch
as
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
an
d
an
x
iet
y
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
Fe
m
ale
also
h
as
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
task
s
an
d
th
e
m
ai
n
ca
r
eg
i
v
er
f
o
r
f
a
m
i
l
y
,
s
o
it
co
u
ld
h
av
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
,
m
o
r
eo
v
er
,
d
u
e
to
th
e
te
m
p
o
r
ar
y
clo
s
u
r
e
o
f
s
c
h
o
o
ls
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
lo
ck
d
o
w
n
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
M
ar
ital
s
tat
u
s
is
r
elate
d
to
o
n
e
'
s
o
w
n
m
en
tal
w
ell
-
b
ei
n
g
,
as
m
ar
r
ied
m
ea
n
s
t
h
e
ad
d
it
io
n
o
f
li
f
e
p
ar
tn
er
s
w
h
o
s
h
ar
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e
m
o
tio
n
al
s
en
s
i
t
iv
it
y
,
b
o
th
j
o
y
a
n
d
s
o
r
r
o
w
,
in
li
v
i
n
g
to
g
et
h
er
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
i
s
s
i
m
ilar
w
it
h
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
y
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
an
d
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
d
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
f
Kess
ler
a
n
d
E
s
s
ex
w
h
ich
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
m
ar
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ied
p
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ca
n
h
a
n
d
le
p
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b
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m
s
b
etter
th
a
n
u
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m
ar
r
ied
p
eo
p
le
[
3
3
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
e
x
p
lai
n
ed
t
h
at
m
ar
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e
co
llid
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h
t
w
o
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v
id
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al
s
w
h
o
h
av
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m
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e
en
d
u
r
an
ce
in
r
ed
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ci
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g
e
m
o
tio
n
s
f
r
o
m
a
p
r
o
b
lem
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
o
n
th
e
ec
o
n
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m
ic
s
e
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h
as
ca
u
s
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s
o
m
e
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m
p
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ee
s
to
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f
f
s
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it
ca
n
af
f
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t
th
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f
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m
y
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s
u
c
h
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f
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n
an
cia
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d
s
h
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p
w
h
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h
ca
n
lead
to
an
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
s
tr
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s
lev
e
ls
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
6
]
.
L
e
v
el
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f
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u
ca
tio
n
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
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b
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d
is
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n
to
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f
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n
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'
s
a
n
x
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le
v
el
[
1
6
]
.
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
b
ac
k
g
r
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d
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a
f
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m
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g
r
o
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n
d
s
o
f
r
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t
r
elatio
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s
h
ip
s
w
ith
t
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
19
p
an
d
e
m
ic
[
3
7
]
.
A
n
ed
u
ca
ted
in
d
i
v
id
u
al,
p
ar
tic
u
la
r
l
y
in
t
h
e
m
ed
ical
f
ield
,
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
b
etter
a
w
ar
e
o
f
t
h
e
o
u
tb
r
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k
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
b
ec
au
s
e
h
ea
lt
h
w
o
r
k
er
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
t
h
e
illn
e
s
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
h
ig
h
er
lev
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o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
h
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b
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ad
ap
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r
esp
o
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s
es,
w
it
h
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al
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
a
n
d
b
r
o
ad
u
n
d
er
s
t
an
d
in
g
o
f
s
t
i
m
u
l
u
s
[
3
8
]
.
T
h
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
o
f
ce
r
tain
v
ar
i
ab
les
in
t
h
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s
s
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y
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o
w
s
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i
m
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p
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B
en
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it
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at
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al
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o
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d
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[
3
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T
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v
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ab
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1
8
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2
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[
2
6
]
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[
3
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]
-
[
4
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.
I
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th
is
s
tu
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,
r
esp
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d
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w
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f
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.
it
is
s
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m
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[
4
1
]
,
[
4
2
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.
A
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ip
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245
r
esp
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'
s
d
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io
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le
v
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th
e
t
i
m
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o
f
t
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C
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19
p
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T
h
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s
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m
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co
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d
u
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by
De
m
a
k
an
d
S
u
h
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m
a
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[
1
7
]
w
h
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h
s
tate
s
th
a
t
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ess
io
n
i
s
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m
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v
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.
Dep
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ess
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n
r
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ts
t
h
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in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
k
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w
led
g
e
f
ac
to
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s
,
b
io
l
o
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ical
f
ac
to
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,
ag
e,
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d
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ess
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r
s
i
n
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t a
n
d
s
o
cial
[
3
4
]
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
a
g
e
is
also
k
n
o
wn
as
a
f
ac
to
r
th
at
is
as
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
s
tr
e
s
s
,
th
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
o
ld
er
ag
e
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
h
av
e
a
g
r
ea
t
er
to
ler
an
ce
f
o
r
s
tr
e
s
s
r
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ar
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less
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f
t
h
e
t
y
p
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o
f
s
tr
es
s
o
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th
at
h
ap
p
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in
a
n
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id
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s
li
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e.
A
d
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lt
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ar
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c
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id
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p
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s
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
c
h
ild
r
en
a
n
d
th
e
eld
er
l
y
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
4
]
.
Natio
n
al
Me
n
t
al
H
ea
l
th
S
u
r
v
e
y
o
f
I
n
d
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s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
s
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ess
is
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
i
n
t
h
e
4
0
-
4
9
y
ea
r
s
ag
e
g
r
o
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p
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T
h
e
p
o
s
s
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ill
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d
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th
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s
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s
o
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al
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
a
n
d
d
y
n
a
m
ics,
ca
n
b
e
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
r
e
aso
n
s
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
5
]
.
W
o
m
e
n
ar
e
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
le
to
s
tr
ess
an
d
p
ain
m
a
k
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m
en
tal
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
m
o
r
e
lik
el
y
to
o
cc
u
r
[
4
6
]
,
[
4
7
]
.
A
s
tu
d
y
b
y
A
P
A
2
0
1
0
,
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
w
o
m
e
n
ar
e
m
o
r
e
l
ik
el
y
to
b
ec
o
m
e
s
tr
es
s
ed
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
eir
m
ale
co
u
n
ter
p
ar
ts
b
ec
au
s
e
w
o
m
en
te
n
d
to
li
n
k
t
h
eir
s
tr
es
s
w
i
th
m
o
n
e
y
a
n
d
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
y
w
h
i
le
m
e
n
d
o
n
o
t
lin
k
th
eir
s
tr
ess
w
it
h
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
is
r
esu
l
t
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
r
e
f
lect
s
t
h
e
n
e
g
ati
v
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
p
o
o
r
q
u
alit
y
i
n
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
u
t
al
s
o
th
e
p
o
s
iti
v
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
g
o
o
d
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
esp
ec
ial
l
y
p
eo
p
le
w
h
o
li
v
e
to
g
eth
er
d
u
r
i
n
g
co
n
f
i
n
e
m
en
t
.
Qu
alit
y
o
f
lif
e
h
as
b
ee
n
in
v
er
s
el
y
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
s
t
r
ess
,
an
x
iet
y
,
a
n
d
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
,
an
d
s
o
cial
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
a
n
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
i
tio
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
l
in
k
ed
to
s
tr
es
s
[
8
]
.
Hig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ca
n
lead
to
s
tr
ess
o
r
ev
en
f
ea
r
b
ec
au
s
e
s
o
m
eo
n
e
r
ec
eiv
es
m
o
r
e
n
e
w
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
C
OVI
D
-
19
,
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
,
m
ed
icatio
n
s
,
a
n
d
p
r
ev
en
ti
o
n
.
Hig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
le
v
el
h
av
e
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
o
f
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
ab
o
u
t
C
OVI
D
-
19
(
8
1
.
2
%)
[
3
7
]
.
So
it
co
u
ld
b
e
a
f
f
ec
t
t
h
e
lev
el
o
f
ac
ce
p
ta
n
ce
a
n
d
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
o
f
an
o
b
j
ec
t o
r
m
ater
ial
,
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
a
w
ar
e
n
ess
d
u
r
i
n
g
p
an
d
e
m
ic
[
4
8
]
.
T
h
is
a
w
ar
en
e
s
s
t
h
e
n
tr
i
g
g
er
s
to
tak
e
v
ar
io
u
s
p
r
ev
en
ti
v
e
ac
tio
n
s
,
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
tr
ig
g
er
m
en
tal
h
ea
lt
h
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
[
4
9
]
,
[
5
0
]
.
I
t
d
if
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
b
y
W
a
n
g
et
a
l.
[
8
]
,
f
o
u
n
d
th
a
t a
p
er
s
o
n
f
elt
f
ar
f
r
o
m
s
tr
e
s
s
ed
w
h
en
h
e
k
n
e
w
th
e
cu
r
e
r
ate
o
f
C
O
VI
D
-
19
in
cr
ea
s
ed
ev
er
y
d
ay
.
P
er
h
ap
s
,
th
is
r
es
u
lt
w
o
u
l
d
b
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
if
p
eo
p
le
k
n
e
w
t
h
e
tr
ea
t
m
e
n
ts
to
m
a
n
ag
e
C
OVI
D
-
19
,
s
o
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
,
an
x
iet
y
,
a
n
d
s
tr
ess
co
u
ld
b
e
av
o
id
ed
ev
en
f
u
r
t
h
er
.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
h
a
s
l
i
m
itatio
n
s
.
F
ir
s
t,
s
el
f
-
r
ati
n
g
s
ca
le
s
w
er
e
u
s
ed
to
as
s
es
s
a
n
x
iet
y
,
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
,
a
n
d
s
tr
ess
.
As
th
e
w
h
o
le
co
u
n
tr
y
u
n
d
er
lo
ck
d
o
w
n
,
f
ac
e
to
f
a
ce
in
-
d
ep
th
in
ter
v
ie
w
w
as
u
n
li
k
el
y
to
co
n
d
u
ct.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
er
e
ar
e
al
w
a
y
s
r
is
k
s
o
f
f
al
s
e
j
u
d
g
m
e
n
t
o
r
o
v
er
j
u
d
g
m
e
n
t.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
t
d
ata
ar
e
s
u
b
j
ec
ted
to
s
o
cial
d
esira
b
ilit
y
b
ias.
Seco
n
d
,
t
h
e
L
ac
k
in
g
DASS
-
2
1
b
aseli
n
e
o
f
p
r
e
-
p
an
d
em
ic
d
ata
,
ac
c
u
r
ate
p
r
e
-
p
o
s
t
an
al
y
s
i
s
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
c
ar
r
ied
o
u
t;
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
w
e
ca
n
n
o
t
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
le
v
el
o
f
d
i
f
f
ic
u
lt
y
o
r
w
h
et
h
er
th
er
e
is
a
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
(
if
v
al
id
ated
)
r
elate
d
to
C
OVI
D
-
19
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
t
h
is
s
y
s
te
m
atic
r
ev
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