I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
u
bli
c
H
ea
lt
h Science
(
I
J
P
H
S)
Vo
l.
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
201
6
,
p
p
.
1
18
~
12
2
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8806
118
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
jo
u
r
n
a
l.c
o
m/o
n
lin
e/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/
I
JP
HS
The Eff
ect
o
f
Eth
a
no
lic Ex
tract
o
f
Ro
selle (
H
ib
iscus
s
sa
b
d
a
riffa
L) on I
ncreas
ing
SOD A
ctivity
Abdu
l R
a
h
m
a
n W
,
Nur
kh
a
s
a
na
h,
Na
nik
Su
li
s
t
y
a
ni
P
o
stg
ra
d
u
a
te p
r
o
g
ra
m
e
o
f
Na
tu
ra
l
Dru
g
s an
d
C
o
sm
e
ti
c
s,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
P
h
a
rm
a
c
y
,
Un
iv
e
rsitas
A
h
m
a
d
Da
h
lan
,
Yo
g
y
a
k
a
rta
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Dec
1
0
,
2
0
1
5
R
ev
i
s
ed
J
an
1
6
,
2
0
1
6
A
cc
ep
ted
Feb
2
6
,
2
0
1
6
F
re
e
ra
d
ica
ls
we
re
re
a
c
ti
v
e
sp
e
c
ies
c
a
u
se
d
o
x
id
a
ti
o
n
o
f
li
p
id
s
m
e
m
b
ra
n
e
a
n
d
DN
A
.
S
u
p
e
ro
x
id
e
d
ism
u
tas
e
(S
OD
)
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
p
rima
r
y
a
n
ti
o
x
id
a
n
ts
to
in
h
i
b
it
f
re
e
ra
d
ica
ls.
T
h
e
p
u
rp
o
se
o
f
th
is
st
u
d
y
w
a
s
to
d
e
term
in
e
th
e
e
ff
e
c
t
o
f
e
th
a
n
o
l
e
x
trac
t
o
f
Ro
se
ll
e
c
a
l
y
x
on
S
OD
e
n
z
y
m
e
a
c
ti
v
it
y
o
f
th
e
S
p
ra
g
u
e
Da
w
le
y
(S
D)
ra
ts
in
d
u
c
e
d
b
y
7.
12
-
d
im
e
th
y
lb
e
n
z
e
n
[
a
]
a
n
t
h
ra
c
e
n
e
(
DMBA
)
.
T
h
e
a
n
i
m
a
ls
a
g
e
o
f
f
o
u
r
we
e
k
s
d
i
v
id
e
d
in
to
f
iv
e
g
ro
u
p
s,
g
ro
u
p
s
I
w
e
r
e
n
o
rm
a
l
g
ro
u
p
.
G
ro
u
p
II
is
th
e
n
e
g
a
ti
v
e
c
o
n
tro
l
g
ro
u
p
o
n
ly
in
d
u
c
e
d
b
y
DMB
A
7
5
m
g
/k
g
BW
;
a
n
d
g
ro
u
p
III
,
I
V
,
a
n
d
V
w
e
re
trea
t
m
e
n
t
g
ro
u
p
s
th
a
t
trea
ted
b
y
e
th
a
n
o
l
ic
e
x
trac
t
o
f
Ro
se
ll
e
c
a
l
y
x
a
t
d
o
se
o
f
1
0
,
5
0
a
n
d
1
0
0
m
g
/
k
g
BW
/d
a
y
f
o
r
7
d
a
y
s.
Af
ter
trea
t
m
e
n
t
w
it
h
ro
se
ll
e
,
a
n
im
a
ls
we
re
in
d
u
c
e
d
b
y
DMBA
7
5
m
g
/k
g
B
W
.
On
d
a
y
8
a
f
t
e
r
DM
BA
in
d
u
c
ti
o
n
,
a
n
im
a
ls
w
e
re
f
a
s
ted
f
o
r
1
6
h
o
u
rs
a
n
d
b
l
o
o
d
w
a
s
c
o
ll
e
c
ted
to
m
e
a
su
re
d
S
OD
a
c
ti
v
it
y
.
Da
ta
w
e
r
e
a
n
a
ly
z
e
d
u
sin
g
On
e
W
a
y
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
V
a
rian
c
e
(
A
NO
V
A
)
a
n
d
L
S
D
(P
<
0
.
0
5
)
.
T
h
e
re
su
lt
sh
o
w
e
d
th
e
sig
n
if
ica
n
c
ies
o
n
in
c
re
a
sin
g
o
f
S
OD
a
c
ti
v
it
y
a
t
1
0
m
g
/k
g
BW
(5
0
.
8
7
±1
.
9
8
),
50
m
g
/
k
g
B
W
(6
9
.
9
8
±3
.
5
8
)
a
n
d
1
0
0
m
g
/k
g
BW
(7
3
.
0
1
±
6
.
9
5
)
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
w
it
h
DM
BA
(4
3
.
7
4
±
1
.
9
5
)
(
p
<
0
,
0
5
).
K
ey
w
o
r
d
:
An
tio
x
id
an
t
DM
B
A
Hib
i
s
cu
s
s
a
b
d
a
r
iffa
L
SOD
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
6
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Nu
r
k
h
asa
n
a
h
,
L
ec
t
u
r
er
o
f
P
o
s
tg
r
ad
u
ate
P
r
o
g
r
a
m
,
Facu
lt
y
o
f
P
h
ar
m
ac
y
,
Ah
m
ad
Dah
la
n
Un
iv
er
s
it
y
,
J
l.
Pro
f
.
Dr
.
So
ep
o
m
o
,
S
.
H.
J
an
tu
r
a
n
,
W
ar
u
n
g
b
o
to
,
U
m
b
u
l
h
a
r
j
o
,
Yo
g
y
a
k
ar
ta,
5
5
1
6
4
.
E
m
ail:
I
b
u
f
at
h
an
@
y
ah
o
o
.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
h
u
m
a
n
b
o
d
y
n
at
u
r
all
y
h
as
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
ee
r
ad
icals
as
p
r
o
d
u
cts
o
f
m
etab
o
lic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
[
1
]
.
Fre
e
r
ad
icals
in
clu
d
in
g
r
ea
cti
v
e
o
x
y
g
e
n
s
p
ec
ies
(
R
OS)
a
n
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
n
itro
g
e
n
s
p
ec
ies
(
R
NS)
i
n
th
e
b
o
d
y
ca
n
lead
to
d
eg
en
er
a
tiv
e
d
is
ea
s
e
s
s
u
c
h
as
n
e
u
r
o
d
eg
en
er
ativ
e,
ag
in
g
an
d
ca
n
ce
r
[
2
]
.
R
ea
ctiv
e
o
x
y
g
e
n
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
ar
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
in
vivo
in
cl
u
d
e
s
u
p
er
o
x
id
e
r
ad
ical
(
O2
-
)
an
d
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
p
er
o
x
id
e
(
H
2
O
2
)
is
a
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
th
a
t c
an
ca
u
s
e
lip
id
p
er
o
x
id
atio
n
an
d
DN
A
d
a
m
a
g
e
in
t
h
e
ce
ll
s
[
3
]
.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
w
a
s
co
n
d
u
cted
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
SOD
a
n
tio
x
id
an
t
ac
ti
v
it
y
o
f
et
h
an
o
l
e
x
tr
ac
t
o
f
r
o
s
elle
ca
l
y
x
i
n
Sp
r
ag
u
e
Da
w
le
y
r
at
s
in
d
u
ce
d
b
y
7
,
1
2
-
d
im
e
th
y
lb
en
ze
n
[
a]
an
t
h
r
ac
en
e
(
DM
B
A
)
,
DM
B
A
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
r
ee
r
ad
icals is
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
.
Fr
ee
r
ad
icals c
o
u
ld
b
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
ci
g
ar
ette
s
m
o
k
e,
ca
r
f
u
m
e
s
an
d
k
itc
h
e
n
s
m
o
k
e
[
4
]
.
R
o
s
elle
(
Hib
is
cu
s
s
a
b
d
a
r
iffa
L
.
)
is
r
ep
o
r
ted
t
o
h
av
e
p
o
ten
tial
as a
n
tio
x
id
an
t
s
.
T
h
e
ac
tiv
e
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
i
n
R
o
s
elle
(
Hib
i
s
cu
s
s
a
b
d
a
r
iffa
L
.
)
w
h
ic
h
f
u
n
ct
io
n
a
k
e
y
r
o
le
as
a
n
tio
x
id
an
t
s
w
er
e
g
o
s
s
y
p
et
in
,
a
n
t
h
o
s
ia
n
i
n
,
h
ib
is
ci
n
e
g
lu
co
s
id
e
[
5
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
P
HS
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8806
Th
e
E
ffect
o
f E
th
a
n
o
lic
E
xtra
ct
o
f R
o
s
elle
(
Hib
is
cu
s
s
s
a
b
d
a
r
iffa
L)
o
n
I
n
crea
s
in
g
S
OD
.
.
.
(
A
b
d
u
l R
a
h
ma
n
W
.
)
119
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
M
a
t
er
ia
ls
R
o
s
elle
ca
l
y
x
(
Hib
i
s
cu
s
s
a
b
d
a
r
iffa
L
.
)
w
er
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
Ma
lan
g
,
E
ast J
av
a
.
T
h
e
an
i
m
a
l u
s
ed
is
t
h
e
m
ale
r
ats o
f
Sp
r
ag
u
e
D
a
w
le
y
(
SD)
,
ag
e
4
to
6
w
ee
k
s
w
it
h
a
n
av
er
a
g
e
w
eig
h
t o
f
5
0
g
r
a
m
.
2
.
2
.
E
k
s
t
ra
ct
io
ns
Si
m
p
li
s
ia
d
r
ied
in
o
v
en
at
a
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
o
f
5
0
-
6
0
°C
an
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
to
g
et
a
p
o
w
d
er
.
T
h
e
p
o
w
d
er
w
a
s
th
en
s
ie
v
ed
u
s
in
g
a
s
ie
v
e
n
o
.
2
0
)
.
R
o
s
elle
ca
l
y
x
(
Hib
i
s
cu
s
s
a
b
d
a
r
iffa
L
.
)
w
er
e
e
x
tr
ac
ted
w
it
h
et
h
a
n
o
l
7
0
%
(
1
:5
)
u
s
in
g
th
e
m
e
th
o
d
o
f
m
a
ce
r
atio
n
w
it
h
s
tirr
in
g
f
o
r
1
h
o
u
r
,
th
e
n
lef
t
i
n
p
lace
f
o
r
u
p
to
2
4
h
o
u
r
s
.
Ma
s
er
at
s
ep
ar
ated
an
d
f
ilter
ed
u
s
i
n
g
a
f
la
n
n
el
clo
th
.
Ma
s
er
at
ev
ap
o
r
ated
w
ith
a
r
o
tar
y
v
ac
u
u
m
e
v
ap
o
r
ato
r
at
6
0
°C
an
d
1
0
0
r
p
m
,
t
h
e
n
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
o
n
w
ater
b
ath
w
it
h
a
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
o
f
6
0
-
7
0
°C
to
o
b
tain
a
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
ate
e
x
tr
ac
t.
E
th
an
o
lic
e
x
tr
ac
t o
f
R
o
s
elle
ca
l
y
x
(
Hib
i
s
cu
s
s
a
b
d
a
r
iffa
L
.
)
w
er
e
w
ei
g
h
e
d
an
d
t
h
e
y
ie
ld
is
ca
lcu
lated
.
2
.
3
.
E
x
peri
m
e
nta
ls
T
h
e
an
i
m
al
s
w
ith
4
to
6
w
ee
k
s
d
i
v
id
ed
in
to
f
i
v
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
g
r
o
u
p
I
w
as
n
o
r
m
al
g
r
o
u
p
.
Gr
o
u
p
I
I
w
a
s
th
e
n
eg
at
iv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
o
n
l
y
in
d
u
ce
d
b
y
DM
B
A
7
5
m
g
/k
g
BW
;
an
d
g
r
o
u
p
I
I
I
,
I
V,
an
d
V
w
er
e
tr
ea
t
m
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
t
h
at
tr
ea
ted
b
y
et
h
a
n
o
l
ic
ex
tr
ac
t
o
f
r
o
s
el
le
ca
l
y
x
at
d
o
s
e
o
f
1
0
,
5
0
,
an
d
1
0
0
m
g
/
k
g
BW
/d
ay
f
o
r
7
d
ay
s
.
Af
ter
tr
ea
t
m
en
t
w
it
h
r
o
s
ella,
an
i
m
als
w
er
e
i
n
d
u
ce
d
b
y
DM
B
A
7
5
m
g
/
k
g
B
W
.
On
d
a
y
8
af
ter
DM
B
A
in
d
u
ctio
n
,
an
i
m
al
s
w
er
e
f
aste
d
f
o
r
1
6
h
o
u
r
s
an
d
b
lo
o
d
w
as
co
llected
to
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
SOD
ac
tiv
it
y
.
Data
w
er
e
an
al
y
ze
d
u
s
i
n
g
On
e
W
a
y
An
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
Var
ia
n
ce
(
A
N
OV
A
)
an
d
L
SD
(
P
<0
.
0
5
)
.
2
.
4
.
Det
er
m
i
nin
g
SO
D
Act
iv
it
y
SOD
en
z
y
m
e
ac
ti
v
it
y
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
y
W
ij
er
atn
e
et
a
l
.
,
(
2
0
0
5
)
m
et
h
o
d
[
6
]
.
T
o
tal
o
f
0
.
0
6
m
l
o
f
th
e
s
u
p
er
n
ata
n
t
b
lo
o
d
w
a
s
r
ea
cte
d
w
i
th
a
m
i
x
t
u
r
e
co
n
s
is
t
in
g
o
f
2
.
7
0
m
l
o
f
5
0
M
m
s
o
d
iu
m
ca
r
b
o
n
ate
b
u
f
f
er
co
n
tain
i
n
g
0
.
1
m
M
E
DT
A
(
p
H
1
0
)
,
0
.
0
6
m
l
o
f
x
an
th
i
n
e
1
0
Mm
,
0
.
0
3
m
l
o
f
b
o
v
in
e
s
e
r
u
m
alb
u
m
i
n
(
B
S)
0
.
5
%,
an
d
0
.
0
3
m
l
o
f
2
.
5
m
M
NB
T
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
x
an
t
h
i
n
e
o
x
id
a
s
e
(
0
:0
4
u
n
its
)
.
T
h
e
ab
s
o
r
b
an
ce
af
ter
3
0
m
i
n
u
te
s
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
at
w
a
v
ele
n
g
t
h
o
f
5
6
0
n
m
.
A
s
u
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
l
s
o
l
u
t
io
n
u
s
ed
in
s
a
m
p
le
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
h
ea
r
ts
t
h
at
P
B
S
co
n
tain
i
n
g
1
1
.
5
g
/
L
KC
l.
SOD
ac
tiv
it
y
(
%)
w
a
s
ca
lc
u
lated
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
eq
u
atio
n
:
(
1
–
(
A/B
)
)
×
1
0
0
%
No
tes :
A
(
Sa
m
p
le
A
b
s
o
r
b
ac
e)
B
(
C
o
n
tr
o
l A
b
s
o
r
b
an
ce
)
2
.
5
.
Da
t
a
Ana
ly
s
is
Data
r
esu
l
ts
o
f
SOD
e
n
z
y
m
e
ac
tiv
it
y
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
n
u
m
er
ical
d
ata
as
o
u
tli
n
ed
i
n
th
e
m
ea
n
±
SD
,
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
s
tati
s
tical
tes
ts
u
s
i
n
g
ANOV
A
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
L
S
D
test
(
P
<0
.
0
5
)
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
3
.
1
.
Det
er
m
i
na
t
io
n o
f
SO
D
a
ct
iv
i
t
y
in Sp
ra
g
uey
da
w
le
y
r
a
t
s
-
i
nd
uced
DM
B
A
T
h
e
s
u
p
er
o
x
id
e
d
is
m
u
tase
(
S
OD)
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
n
tio
x
id
an
t
en
z
y
m
e
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
in
th
e
b
o
d
y
a
n
d
h
a
s
a
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
b
ec
au
s
e
it
is
th
e
f
ir
s
t
an
tio
x
id
a
n
t
en
z
y
m
e
th
at
ar
r
ested
f
r
ee
r
ad
icals
to
en
ter
th
e
b
o
d
y
.
T
h
e
SOD
ca
tal
y
ze
s
m
e
tab
o
lis
m
o
f
s
u
p
er
o
x
id
e
r
ad
ical
(
O
2
-
)
in
to
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
p
e
r
o
x
id
e
a
n
d
o
x
y
g
en
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
ac
tiv
it
y
o
f
SOD
i
n
th
e
DM
B
A
i
n
d
u
ce
d
r
at
tr
ea
ted
b
y
DM
B
A
w
er
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
ed
in
t
h
e
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
Mean
SOD
E
n
z
y
m
e
A
cti
v
it
y
in
R
at
DM
B
A
T
r
ea
t
ed
b
y
E
x
tr
a
ct
o
f
R
o
s
elle
C
al
y
x
f
o
r
7
Day
s
G
r
o
u
p
s
M
e
a
n
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
S
O
D
(
U
n
i
t
/
m
L
)
±
S
D
No
r
mal
82
.
9
1
±
1
.
6
2
a
N
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
43
.
7
4
±
1
.
9
5
b
R
o
se
l
l
e
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
(
1
0
mg
/
k
g
BW
)
50
.
8
7
±
1
.
9
8
c
R
o
se
l
l
e
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
(
5
0
mg
/
k
g
BW
)
69
.
9
8
±
3
.
58
d
R
o
se
l
l
e
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
(
1
0
0
mg
/
k
g
B
W
)
73
.
0
1
±
6
.
95
ad
d
if
fe
re
n
t
s
y
m
b
o
l
sh
o
w
e
d
S
ig
n
if
ica
n
tl
y
d
iff
e
r
e
n
c
e
;
p
<
0
.
05
E
n
z
y
m
e
ac
ti
v
it
y
o
f
S
OD
in
n
eg
ati
v
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
ad
m
i
n
i
s
ter
ed
b
y
DM
B
A
(
g
r
o
u
p
I
I
)
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
SOD
ac
ti
v
it
y
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
tl
y
w
h
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
al
g
r
o
u
p
(
P
≤
0
.
0
5
)
it
is
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
ac
ti
v
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8806
I
J
P
HS
Vo
l.
5
,
No
.
1
, M
ar
ch
20
1
6
:
1
18
–
12
2
120
en
z
y
m
e
c
y
to
ch
r
o
m
e
P
-
4
5
0
in
to
a
r
ea
ctiv
e
i
n
ter
m
ed
iate
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
ep
o
x
i
d
es
d
ih
id
r
o
d
io
l
an
d
r
ad
ical
ca
tio
n
s
[
8
]
s
o
th
at
th
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
SOD
ac
tiv
it
y
w
h
e
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
g
r
o
u
p
(
P
≤
0
.
0
5
)
in
th
e
tr
ea
t
m
e
n
t
g
r
o
u
p
(
g
r
o
u
p
I
I
I
,
I
V
an
d
V)
w
er
e
ea
ch
g
iv
e
n
R
o
s
elle
e
x
tr
ac
t
d
o
s
e
o
f
1
0
m
g
/k
g
B
W
/d
a
y
,
5
0
m
g
/k
g
B
W
/d
ay
,
an
d
1
0
0
m
g
/k
g
B
W
/d
a
y
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
ac
tiv
i
t
y
o
f
SOD.
I
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
ac
tiv
it
y
o
f
S
OD
i
n
th
e
tr
ea
t
m
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
I
I
I
,
I
V,
an
d
V
s
h
o
w
ed
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
to
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
I
I
(
DM
B
A
)
.
T
h
e
tr
ea
t
m
en
t
d
o
s
e
o
f
r
o
s
elle
e
x
tr
ac
t
1
0
0
m
g
/k
g
B
W
/d
a
y
s
h
o
w
ed
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
est
ac
ti
v
it
y
w
h
e
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
th
e
tr
ea
t
m
e
n
t g
r
o
u
p
I
I
I
an
d
I
V.
F
ig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
d
o
s
es
o
f
R
o
s
e
lle
ex
tr
ac
t
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
ac
ti
v
it
y
o
f
SO
D
en
z
y
m
e
s
w
it
h
d
o
s
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t
m
a
n
n
er
.
T
h
is
co
u
ld
b
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
f
lav
o
n
o
id
s
co
n
tai
n
ed
i
n
R
o
s
elle
ex
tr
ac
t
.
T
h
e
f
la
v
o
n
o
id
s
co
u
ld
n
eu
tr
alize
f
r
ee
r
ad
icals
f
o
r
m
ed
in
t
h
e
b
o
d
y
alle
g
ed
l
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
o
f
an
t
io
x
id
an
t
ca
p
ac
it
y
an
d
th
e
s
ti
m
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
g
e
n
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
s
y
n
t
h
esi
s
o
f
an
tio
x
id
a
n
t e
n
z
y
m
es
[
9
]
.
No
te:
Eac
h
g
ro
u
p
c
o
n
siste
d
o
f
5
r
a
ts.
T
h
e
sa
m
e
letter
in
d
ica
ted
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
d
if
fe
re
n
c
e
.
T
h
e
d
iffere
n
t
letters
in
d
ica
te
sig
n
if
ica
n
t
d
iff
e
re
n
c
e
s
(p
<
0
.
0
5
).
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
of
ac
ti
v
it
y
SOD
(
u
n
its
/
m
L
)
i
n
th
e
b
lo
o
d
o
f
r
ats
in
d
u
ce
d
by
D
MB
A
R
o
s
elle
ex
tr
ac
t
f
o
r
7
d
ay
s
Me
ch
an
is
m
s
o
f
f
la
v
o
n
o
id
s
an
t
io
x
id
an
t
s
i
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
SO
D
e
n
z
y
m
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
lev
el
s
o
f
SOD
in
t
h
e
li
v
er
ca
u
s
e
d
b
y
th
e
p
h
en
o
lic
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
t
h
at
in
d
u
ce
s
th
e
a
n
tio
x
id
a
n
t
e
n
z
y
m
e
g
en
e
s
[
1
0
]
.
Flav
o
n
o
id
ac
tiv
ate
th
e
an
ti
o
x
id
an
t
r
ec
ep
to
r
elem
e
n
t
(
AR
E
)
an
d
in
d
u
ce
s
DN
A
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
n
tio
x
id
an
t
en
z
y
m
e
s
.
P
h
en
o
lic
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
in
a
s
u
s
p
ec
ted
p
lan
t
ar
e
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
tr
ig
g
er
in
g
e
x
p
r
esio
n
an
tio
x
id
an
t
g
e
n
e
s
s
u
c
h
as
Mn
-
SOD,
Cu
/
Zn
-
SO
D
liv
er
as s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
Ma
n
n
et
a
l.
,
(
2
0
0
7
)
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
p
o
l
y
p
h
e
n
o
l
i
n
i
n
cr
e
asin
g
o
f
a
n
tio
x
id
a
n
t
ac
t
iv
it
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ac
tiv
s
tio
n
o
f
A
R
E
.
N
i
tr
ic
o
x
i
d
e
ac
ts
as
a
m
ed
iato
r
o
f
an
t
io
x
id
an
t
e
n
z
y
m
atic
ac
ti
v
atio
n
o
f
g
e
n
e
tr
a
n
s
cr
ip
tio
n
in
d
u
ce
d
by
is
o
f
lav
o
n
es
(
f
la
v
o
n
o
id
)
[
1
1
]
.
R
ec
ep
to
r
r
o
f
f
lav
o
n
o
id
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
b
in
d
to
estro
g
en
(
E
R
)
β
o
n
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
t
h
e
ce
ll
m
e
m
b
r
an
e
th
en
ca
s
ca
d
e
r
ea
ctio
n
ca
n
ac
tiv
ate
t
h
e
i
n
tr
ac
ellu
lar
k
i
n
ase
,
lead
in
g
to
r
ap
id
l
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
eNOS
ac
ti
v
atio
n
a
n
d
NO
.
I
n
cr
ea
s
ed
le
v
el
s
o
f
NO
or
p
er
o
x
y
n
i
tr
ite
w
i
ll
m
o
d
if
y
Keap
c
y
s
tei
n
e
r
esid
u
e
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
tein
-
1
(
Kelc
h
E
C
H
ass
o
ciati
n
g
p
r
o
tein
s
)
ca
u
s
e
t
h
e
r
elea
s
e
a
n
d
tr
an
s
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
cr
ip
tio
n
f
ac
to
r
Nr
f
2
to
th
e
n
u
cle
u
s
.
N
r
f
2
b
in
d
s
to
th
e
A
R
E
(
an
t
io
x
i
d
an
t
r
ec
ep
to
r
elem
en
t)
o
r
b
y
E
p
R
E
(
elec
tr
o
p
h
ile
r
esp
o
n
s
e
ele
m
e
n
t
)
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
m
o
ter
r
eg
io
n
of
tar
g
et
g
e
n
es
th
at
ca
n
i
n
d
u
ce
en
z
y
m
atic
a
n
tio
x
id
an
t
en
z
y
m
es
,
s
u
c
h
as
SO
D
,
GP
x
an
d
NQ0
1
(
NA
DP
H
q
u
i
n
i
n
e
o
x
id
o
r
ed
u
ct
ase
1
).
An
t
h
o
c
y
a
n
in
s
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
in
t
h
e
ex
tr
ac
t
o
f
Hib
is
cu
s
s
a
b
d
a
r
iffa
L
h
as
t
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
a
n
ti
o
x
id
an
ts
i
n
m
ale
alb
in
o
r
ats
i
n
d
u
ce
d
b
y
C
C
l4
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
s
h
o
w
e
d
th
e
p
o
ten
c
y
o
f
an
th
o
c
y
an
i
n
ex
tr
ac
t
o
f
Hib
is
cu
s
s
a
b
d
a
r
iffa
as
an
tio
x
id
a
n
t a
n
d
d
eto
x
if
icat
io
n
[
1
2
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
P
HS
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8806
Th
e
E
ffect
o
f E
th
a
n
o
lic
E
xtra
ct
o
f R
o
s
elle
(
Hib
is
cu
s
s
s
a
b
d
a
r
iffa
L)
o
n
I
n
crea
s
in
g
S
OD
.
.
.
(
A
b
d
u
l R
a
h
ma
n
W
.
)
121
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Nitr
ic
o
x
id
e
as a
m
e
d
iato
r
tr
an
s
cr
ip
tio
n
ac
tiv
at
io
n
o
f
an
tio
x
id
an
t
g
en
e
s
in
d
u
ce
d
b
y
is
o
f
lav
o
n
es
[
1
1
]
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Su
p
er
o
x
id
e
d
is
m
u
ta
s
e
(
SOD)
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
a
n
ti
o
x
id
an
ts
to
i
n
h
ib
it
f
r
ee
r
ad
icals.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
h
as
s
tu
d
ied
et
h
a
n
o
l
e
x
tr
ac
t
o
f
r
o
s
elle
ca
l
y
x
e
f
f
ec
t
on
SOD
en
z
y
m
e
ac
ti
v
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
Sp
r
ag
u
e
Da
w
le
y
(
SD)
r
ats
i
n
d
u
ce
d
b
y
7
.
1
2
-
d
im
et
h
y
lb
e
n
ze
n
[
a]
a
n
th
r
ac
e
n
e
(
DM
B
A
)
.
Data
an
a
l
y
ze
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
A
NOV
A
a
n
d
L
S
D
(
P
<0
.
0
5
)
s
h
o
w
ed
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
ce
s
o
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
o
f
S
OD
ac
ti
v
it
y
at
1
0
m
g
/k
g
B
W
(
5
0
.
8
7
±
1
.
9
8
)
,
5
0
m
g
/k
g
B
W
(
6
9
.
9
8
±
3
.
5
8
)
an
d
1
0
0
m
g
/k
g
B
W
(
7
3
.
0
1
±
6
.
9
5
)
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
DM
B
A
(
4
3
.
7
4
±
1
.
9
5
)
(
p
<0
,
0
5
)
.
I
t
af
f
ir
m
s
th
at
r
o
s
ella
e
x
tr
ac
t
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
SOD
e
n
z
y
m
e
ac
ti
v
it
y
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
th
a
n
k
to
Mi
n
is
tr
y
o
f
Hi
g
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
R
ep
u
b
lic
f
o
r
f
u
n
d
in
g
t
h
e
r
esear
c
h
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
P
o
s
tg
r
ad
u
ate
R
ese
ar
ch
T
ea
m
Gr
an
t.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Ce
ru
tt
i,
P
A.
,
“
Ok
id
a
n
t
stre
ss
a
n
d
c
a
rc
in
o
g
e
n
e
sis
”,
Eu
r.
J
.
Cli
n
.
I
n
v
e
st.
,
v
o
l.
2
1,
p
p
.
1
-
11
,
1
9
9
1
.
[2
]
Ha
r
m
a
n
,
D.,
“
F
re
e
ra
d
ica
l
th
e
o
ry
o
f
a
g
in
g
,
in
c
re
a
sin
g
th
e
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
a
l
li
f
e
sp
a
n
”,
An
n
a
ls
o
f
T
h
e
Ne
w
Y
o
rk
Aca
d
e
my
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
7
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
-
15
,
1
9
9
4
.
[3
]
Ha
ll
iw
e
ll
,
R
.
,
A
ru
o
m
a
,
OI.
,
“
DN
A
d
a
m
a
g
e
b
y
o
x
y
g
e
n
-
d
e
riv
e
d
sp
e
c
ies
”,
FE
BS
L
e
tt
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
2
8
1
,
p
p
.
9
-
19
,
1
9
9
1
.
[4
]
F
a
ro
m
b
i,
EO.
,
M
o
ll
e
r,
P
.
,
Dra
g
ste
d
,
L
O.,
“
Ex
-
v
iv
o
a
n
d
i
n
v
iv
o
p
ro
tec
ti
v
e
e
ff
e
c
t
o
f
k
o
lav
iro
n
a
g
a
in
ts
o
x
y
g
e
n
-
d
e
riv
e
d
ra
d
ica
l
-
in
d
u
c
e
d
DN
A
d
a
m
a
g
e
d
a
n
d
o
x
id
a
ti
v
e
stre
ss
in
h
u
m
a
n
l
y
m
p
h
o
c
y
t
e
s
a
n
d
ra
t
li
v
e
r
c
e
ll
s
”
,
Ce
ll
Bi
o
l
T
o
x
ico
l
,
v
o
l/
iss
u
e
:
2
0
(
2
)
,
p
p
.
71
-
82
,
2
0
0
4
.
[5
]
W
i
y
a
r
si,
A
.
,
“
E
ff
ica
c
y
o
f
Ro
se
ll
e
(
Hib
isc
u
s
sa
b
d
a
riff
a
L)
”
,
2
0
1
4
.
h
tt
p
:
//
sta
f
f
.
u
n
y
.
a
c
.
id
/sit
e
s/d
e
f
a
u
lt
/f
il
e
s/t
m
p
/P
P
M
%
2
0
Bu
n
g
a
%
2
0
Ro
se
ll
a
.
p
d
f
.
A
c
c
e
ss
e
d
o
n
M
a
y
1
6
,
2
0
1
4
[6
]
W
ij
e
ra
tn
e
,
S
S
K.,
S
L
.
Cu
p
p
e
tt
,
V.
S
c
h
leg
e
l
,
“
H
y
d
ro
g
e
n
p
e
ro
x
id
e
i
n
d
u
c
e
d
o
x
id
a
ti
v
e
stre
ss
d
a
m
a
g
e
a
n
d
a
n
ti
o
x
id
a
n
t
e
n
z
y
m
e
re
sp
o
n
se
in
Ca
c
o
-
2
h
u
m
a
n
c
o
l
o
n
c
e
ll
s
”,
J
.
A
g
ric
.
Fo
o
d
Ch
e
m
,
v
o
l.
53
,
p
p
.
8
7
6
8
-
8
7
7
4
,
2
0
0
5
.
[7
]
Yo
u
n
g
IS
.
,
J
V
.
,
W
o
o
d
si
d
e
,
“
A
n
ti
o
x
id
a
n
t
i
n
He
a
lt
h
a
n
d
Dise
a
se
”
,
J
o
u
rn
a
l
Cl
in
ica
l
Pa
th
o
lo
g
y
,
2
0
1
3
.
[8
]
M
e
len
d
e
z
-
Co
lo
n
,
V
.
,
L
u
c
h
,
A
.
,
S
e
id
e
l,
A
.,
Ba
ird
,
W
M
.
,
“
Ca
n
c
e
r
In
it
iatio
n
b
y
P
o
ly
c
y
c
li
c
A
ro
m
a
t
ic
H
y
d
ro
c
a
rb
o
n
Re
su
lt
s
f
ro
m
F
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
o
f
S
tab
le
DN
A
A
d
d
u
c
ts
ra
th
e
r
t
h
a
n
A
p
u
ri
n
ic
S
it
e
s
”,
C
a
rc
in
o
g
e
n
e
sis
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
2
0
(1
0
),
pp.
1
8
8
5
-
1
8
9
1
,
1
9
9
9
.
[9
]
S
im
a
m
o
ra
,
A
.
,
“
F
lav
o
n
o
id
A
n
ti
o
x
id
a
n
ts
i
n
A
p
p
les
A
n
d
A
c
ti
v
it
y
”,
J
a
k
a
rta
,
UK
RID
A
,
2009
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8806
I
J
P
HS
Vo
l.
5
,
No
.
1
, M
ar
ch
20
1
6
:
1
18
–
12
2
122
[1
0
]
S
u
g
it
o
,
“
Bi
o
lo
g
ica
l
A
n
ti
o
x
id
a
n
t
a
c
ti
v
it
y
o
f
S
o
rg
h
u
m
a
n
d
b
a
rle
y
A
n
d
Its
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
I
n
De
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
v
e
Dise
a
se
P
re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
”,
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Hu
m
a
n
D
e
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
6
,
p
p
.
1
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
1
]
M
a
n
n
,
G
E.
,
Ro
w
lan
d
s
D
J.,
L
i
F
Y
L
.
,
d
e
W
in
ter
P
.
,
S
i
o
w
RCM
.
,
“
Ac
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
o
f
En
d
h
o
telial
Nitri
c
Ox
id
e
S
y
n
th
a
se
b
y
Die
tar
y
Iso
f
lav
o
n
e
s:
Ro
le
o
f
NO
in
Nrf
2
-
M
e
d
ia
ted
A
n
ti
o
x
id
a
n
t
G
e
n
e
Ex
p
re
ss
io
n
”,
Ca
rd
io
v
a
sc
u
la
r
Res
,
v
o
l
.
75
,
pp.
2
6
1
-
274
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
2
]
A
ji
b
o
y
e
,
T
O.,
S
a
la
w
u
,
A
K.,
Y
a
k
u
b
u
,
M
T
.
,
Ola
d
ij
i,
A
T
.
,
Ak
a
n
ji
,
M
A
.
,
Ok
o
g
u
n
,
JI,
“
A
n
ti
o
x
id
a
n
t
a
n
d
d
r
u
g
d
e
to
x
if
ica
ti
o
n
p
o
ten
ti
a
ls
o
f
Hib
isc
u
s sa
b
d
a
rif
fa
a
n
th
o
c
y
a
n
in
e
x
trac
t
”
,
2
0
1
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.