I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
u
bli
c
H
ea
lt
h Science
(
I
J
P
H
S)
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
1
,
p
p
.
6
1
7
~
6
2
8
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
j
p
h
s
.
v
1
0
i3
.
2
0
8
7
0
617
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//
ijp
h
s
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Wo
rk
r
ea
diness
d
uring
C
O
VID
-
1
9
a
m
o
ng
tax
ibi
k
e
o
nline
d
riv
ers in Sa
m
a
ri
nda
,
Indo
nesia
Dina
L
u
s
ia
na
Set
y
o
w
a
t
i
1
,
Swa
nd
a
ri
P
a
ra
m
it
a
2
, R
iza
H
a
y
a
t
i If
ro
h
3
,
T
a
nti
Asria
nti
4
, E
v
i F
it
ria
n
y
5
,
Wa
hn
a
dita
Ra
h
m
a
n
6
1
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
Oc
c
u
p
a
ti
o
n
a
l
He
a
lt
h
a
n
d
S
a
f
e
t
y
,
P
u
b
l
ic He
a
lt
h
F
a
c
u
lt
y
,
M
u
law
a
r
m
a
n
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
2
,5
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
Co
m
m
u
n
it
y
M
e
d
icin
e
,
M
e
d
ica
l
F
a
c
u
lt
y
,
M
u
law
a
r
m
a
n
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
3
,6
De
p
a
rtem
e
n
t
o
f
He
a
lt
h
P
ro
m
o
ti
o
n
,
P
u
b
li
c
He
a
lt
h
F
a
c
u
lt
y
,
M
u
law
a
r
m
a
n
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
4
De
p
a
rte
m
e
n
t
Ep
id
e
m
io
lo
g
y
,
P
u
b
li
c
He
a
lt
h
F
a
c
u
lt
y
,
M
u
law
a
r
m
a
n
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
an
30
,
2
0
21
R
ev
i
s
ed
Ma
y
21
,
2021
A
cc
ep
ted
J
u
n
21
,
2
0
21
COV
ID
-
1
9
c
a
u
se
d
a
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic
a
ro
u
n
d
t
h
e
w
o
rld
,
in
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
i
n
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
T
h
is
g
re
a
tl
y
a
ffe
c
ted
th
e
in
f
o
rm
a
l
b
u
si
n
e
ss
se
c
to
r,
su
c
h
a
s
o
n
li
n
e
tax
i
b
ik
e
d
riv
e
rs.
T
h
e
su
c
c
e
ss
o
f
th
is
p
ro
g
ra
m
to
c
o
n
tro
l
t
h
e
sp
re
a
d
o
f
COV
ID
-
1
9
is
g
re
a
tl
y
in
f
lu
e
n
c
e
d
b
y
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
,
a
tt
it
u
d
e
s,
a
n
d
a
c
ti
o
n
s
i
n
th
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
.
T
h
e
p
u
rp
o
se
o
f
th
is
stu
d
y
w
a
s
to
id
e
n
ti
f
y
b
e
h
a
v
io
ra
l
f
a
c
to
rs
d
u
ri
n
g
th
e
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic.
A
n
o
n
li
n
e
su
rv
e
y
wa
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
w
it
h
1
0
0
o
n
li
n
e
tax
i
b
i
k
e
d
riv
e
r
s
u
sin
g
a
stru
c
t
u
re
d
q
u
e
sti
o
n
n
a
ire
a
n
d
G
o
o
g
le
F
o
rm
s
.
Da
ta
we
re
a
n
a
ly
z
e
d
u
sin
g
th
e
S
p
e
a
rm
a
n
ra
n
k
te
st
w
it
h
CI
o
f
9
5
%
.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
m
o
st
o
n
li
n
e
tax
i
b
ik
e
d
riv
e
rs
h
a
v
e
su
f
f
i
c
ien
t
k
n
o
w
le
d
g
e
a
b
o
u
t
COV
ID
-
1
9
,
so
m
e
d
riv
e
rs
h
a
d
im
p
o
rtan
t
m
is
c
o
n
c
e
p
ti
o
n
s
a
b
o
u
t
COV
ID
-
1
9
,
n
a
m
e
l
y
th
a
t
COV
ID
-
1
9
is
n
o
t
c
o
n
tag
io
u
s,
w
e
a
k
i
m
m
u
n
e
re
sista
n
c
e
m
a
y
c
a
u
se
th
e
m
to
c
o
n
t
ra
c
t
COV
ID
-
1
9
,
a
n
d
i
t
is
h
ig
h
ly
u
n
l
ik
e
l
y
th
a
t
t
h
e
y
w
il
l
c
o
n
trac
t
CO
V
ID
-
1
9
w
h
e
n
l
e
a
v
in
g
th
e
h
o
u
se
w
it
h
o
u
t
w
e
a
rin
g
a
m
a
sk
,
a
n
d
b
e
li
e
v
in
g
th
a
t
h
a
n
d
w
a
sh
in
g
w
it
h
so
a
p
a
n
d
u
sin
g
h
a
n
d
sa
n
it
ize
r
w
il
l
n
o
t
p
re
v
e
n
t
CO
V
ID
-
1
9
.
T
o
a
d
d
re
ss
th
e
se
m
is
c
o
n
c
e
p
ti
o
n
s,
in
terv
e
n
t
io
n
s
sh
o
u
ld
b
e
targ
e
ted
to
o
n
li
n
e
tax
i
b
ik
e
d
riv
e
rs
to
in
c
re
a
se
th
e
ir
h
e
a
lt
h
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
li
tera
c
y
re
g
a
rd
in
g
th
e
u
rg
e
n
c
y
o
f
p
re
v
e
n
ti
n
g
COV
ID
-
1
9
.
It
is
a
ls
o
im
p
o
rtan
t
t
o
c
o
n
si
d
e
r
in
c
o
r
p
o
ra
ti
n
g
b
o
t
h
in
terp
e
rso
n
a
l
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
d
ig
it
a
l
-
b
a
se
d
g
ro
u
p
s
w
h
e
n
e
n
c
o
u
ra
g
in
g
c
h
a
n
g
e
s in
t
h
e
ir
a
tt
it
u
d
e
s an
d
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
s to
w
a
rd
s COV
I
D
-
19.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
OVI
D
-
19
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
A
tt
itu
d
e
s
R
is
k
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
T
ax
ib
ik
e
o
n
lin
e
T
h
is
is
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Din
a
L
u
s
ia
n
a
Set
y
o
w
a
ti
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t D
ep
ar
te
m
en
t o
f
O
cc
u
p
atio
n
al
Hea
lt
h
a
n
d
Saf
et
y
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Fac
u
lt
y
,
Mu
la
war
m
an
U
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
Sa
m
b
ali
u
n
g
R
o
ad
,
Gu
n
u
n
g
Ke
lu
a
C
a
m
p
u
s
,
Sa
m
ar
in
d
a,
E
ast
Kali
m
a
n
ta
n
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail: d
i
n
alu
s
ia
n
a@
f
k
m
.
u
n
m
u
l.a
c.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
is
a
d
is
ea
s
e
ca
u
s
e
d
b
y
th
e
S
AR
S
-
C
O
V
-
2
n
o
v
el
co
r
o
n
av
ir
u
s
,
w
h
ich
w
a
s
f
ir
s
t
d
is
co
v
er
ed
in
W
u
h
a
n
,
C
h
i
n
a
i
n
Dec
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
9
.
T
h
e
v
ir
u
s
s
p
r
ea
d
s
o
r
ap
id
ly
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
w
o
r
ld
t
h
at
th
e
W
o
r
ld
Hea
lt
h
Or
g
an
iza
tio
n
(
W
HO
)
d
ec
lar
ed
it
a
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
d
ata
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
W
HO,
as
o
f
A
u
g
u
s
t
2
4
,
2
0
2
0
,
2
3
,
3
1
1
,
7
1
9
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
ca
s
es
w
er
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
w
ith
8
0
6
,
4
1
0
d
ea
th
s
d
u
e
to
C
OVI
D
-
19
[
1
]
.
I
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
ca
s
e
s
b
ased
o
n
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
Han
d
li
n
g
T
ask
Fo
r
ce
w
eb
s
i
te
p
ag
e
as
o
f
Au
g
u
s
t
2
5
,
2
0
2
0
r
e
p
o
r
ted
1
5
7
,
8
5
9
ca
s
es
w
it
h
a
d
ea
th
t
o
ll
o
f
6
,
8
5
8
ca
s
es
[
2
]
.
E
ast
Kali
m
a
n
ta
n
also
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
ca
s
es
as
o
f
th
e
s
a
m
e
d
ate
w
ith
3
,
1
4
5
ca
s
es
an
d
a
d
ea
th
to
ll
o
f
1
2
5
ca
s
es.
As
t
h
e
ca
p
ital
o
f
E
a
s
t
Kali
m
a
n
ta
n
P
r
o
v
in
ce
,
Sa
m
ar
i
n
d
a
C
it
y
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia
is
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8806
I
n
t.
J
.
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci.,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2021
:
617
–
6
2
8
618
h
ig
h
e
s
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
af
ter
B
alik
p
ap
an
C
i
t
y
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
ca
s
es;
as
o
f
Au
g
u
s
t
2
5
,
2
0
2
0
,
th
er
e
w
er
e
6
7
2
ca
s
es
w
it
h
2
6
d
ea
th
s
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
h
as
af
f
ec
ted
d
ail
y
li
f
e
i
n
co
u
n
tr
ies
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
w
o
r
ld
,
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
P
o
licies
ai
m
ed
at
p
r
ev
en
ti
n
g
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
lo
c
k
d
o
w
n
s
o
r
th
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
L
ar
g
e
-
Sca
le
So
cial
R
e
s
tr
ictio
n
s
h
as
a
d
o
m
i
n
o
ef
f
ec
t,
e
s
p
ec
iall
y
i
n
b
u
s
in
e
s
s
s
ec
to
r
s
t
h
at
o
f
f
er
s
er
v
ices
t
h
at
m
ak
e
it
i
m
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
a
w
o
r
k
-
f
r
o
m
-
h
o
m
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
O
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
er
v
ice
s
ec
t
o
r
s
af
f
ec
ted
is
t
h
e
au
to
m
o
ti
v
e
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
an
d
it
s
d
er
iv
ati
v
es.
L
i
k
e
t
h
e
o
n
l
in
e
o
j
ek
b
u
s
in
e
s
s
(
m
o
r
e
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
o
j
o
l)
,
g
r
ab
d
r
iv
er
s
i
n
Ma
la
n
g
R
a
y
a
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
eir
in
co
m
e
h
as d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
o
n
l
in
e
m
o
to
r
c
y
cle
tax
i
is
a
f
o
r
m
o
f
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
th
at
o
f
f
er
s
p
as
s
en
g
er
d
eliv
er
y
,
f
o
o
d
o
r
d
er
i
n
g
,
an
d
d
eliv
er
y
o
f
g
o
o
d
s
w
it
h
h
ig
h
m
o
b
ilit
y
.
Dr
iv
er
s
ar
e
a
r
is
k
g
r
o
u
p
f
o
r
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
o
r
co
n
tr
ac
tin
g
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
,
an
d
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
eir
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
an
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
r
is
k
a
n
d
d
a
n
g
er
s
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
w
ill
a
f
f
ec
t
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
t
h
i
s
d
is
ea
s
e.
Sh
id
iq
i
et
a
l
.
[
5
]
s
h
o
w
ed
t
h
at
g
o
j
ek
d
r
iv
er
s
4
7
.
3
%
d
id
n
o
t
ap
p
l
y
h
ea
lth
p
r
o
to
co
ls
,
n
a
m
el
y
n
o
t
w
ea
r
i
n
g
p
er
s
o
n
al
p
r
o
tectiv
e
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
(
PPE
)
,
s
u
ch
as
m
as
k
s
,
g
lass
e
s
,
co
v
er
in
g
h
el
m
et
g
la
s
s
e
s
,
an
d
ca
r
r
y
i
n
g
h
an
d
s
an
itizer
,
w
h
ich
in
cr
ea
s
ed
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
s
p
r
ea
d
in
g
th
e
v
ir
u
s
.
T
h
e
W
HO’
s
s
tr
ateg
ic
p
r
ep
ar
e
an
d
s
tr
ate
g
ic
p
r
ep
ar
ed
n
ess
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
p
lan
a
i
m
s
to
p
r
o
tect
co
u
n
tr
ies
w
it
h
w
ea
k
h
ea
lt
h
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
I
t
s
g
o
als
ar
e
to
lim
it
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
,
p
r
o
v
id
e
ea
r
ly
tr
ea
t
m
en
t,
co
m
m
u
n
ica
te
k
e
y
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
a
n
d
m
i
n
i
m
ize
s
o
cial
a
n
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
i
m
p
ac
ts
.
B
esid
es,
th
e
W
HO
is
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
d
iag
n
o
s
t
ics
t
h
at
ar
e
ea
s
y
to
im
p
le
m
e
n
t,
ac
ce
ler
ati
n
g
ex
i
s
ti
n
g
v
ac
ci
n
e
ca
n
d
id
ates,
a
n
d
p
r
ev
en
ti
n
g
in
f
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
r
ate
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
is
n
o
t
s
u
f
f
icien
t
l
y
i
n
h
ib
ited
b
y
m
e
d
ical
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
.
Vac
cin
e
a
n
d
d
r
u
g
r
esear
c
h
s
t
ill
tak
e
s
a
lo
n
g
ti
m
e
a
n
d
is
o
n
l
y
n
o
w
e
n
ter
in
g
cli
n
ical
tr
ia
ls
,
s
o
n
o
n
-
m
ed
ical
en
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
s
o
c
ial
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
m
u
s
t b
e
i
m
p
l
e
m
en
ted
to
p
r
ev
en
t th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
19
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
h
as
estab
lis
h
ed
a
p
o
licy
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
u
b
lic
p
r
o
tectio
n
b
y
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ti
n
g
h
ea
lt
h
p
r
o
to
co
ls
,
n
a
m
el
y
u
s
i
n
g
m
as
k
s
,
w
a
s
h
in
g
h
an
d
s
with
s
o
ap
o
r
u
s
i
n
g
h
a
n
d
s
an
it
izer
,
an
d
av
o
id
in
g
cr
o
w
d
s
.
P
r
ev
en
tio
n
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
m
u
s
t
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
at
g
lo
b
al,
n
atio
n
al,
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
le
v
els
s
o
th
at
w
ith
a
li
m
ited
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
h
ea
lth
w
o
r
k
er
s
,
th
e
s
p
e
ar
h
ea
d
o
f
th
is
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
is
p
u
b
lic
co
m
p
lia
n
ce
in
co
m
p
l
y
i
n
g
w
it
h
h
ea
lt
h
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
No
tab
l
y
,
less
o
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
lear
n
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
ev
er
e
ac
u
te
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
s
y
n
d
r
o
m
e
(
S
AR
S
)
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
t
h
at
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
.
Du
r
i
n
g
th
e
S
AR
S
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
,
n
o
n
-
p
h
ar
m
ac
e
u
tical
i
n
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
w
er
e
al
s
o
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
q
u
ar
an
ti
n
e
a
n
d
h
y
g
ien
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es,
w
h
ic
h
g
r
ea
tl
y
h
elp
e
d
co
n
tr
o
l th
e
S
AR
S
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
[
6
]
.
B
ased
o
n
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
,
i
t
is
k
n
o
w
n
t
h
at
t
h
e
s
u
cc
e
s
s
o
f
t
h
i
s
s
o
cial
in
ter
v
en
t
io
n
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
p
eo
p
le'
s
b
eh
a
v
io
u
r
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
Pu
b
lic
ad
h
er
e
n
ce
to
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
tr
ateg
ies
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
co
m
b
at
th
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
,
w
h
ic
h
is
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
ir
k
n
o
w
led
g
e,
att
itu
d
es,
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tices
to
w
ar
d
s
C
OVI
D
-
19
[
9
]
.
Fo
r
in
s
ta
n
ce
,
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
a
n
d
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
i
n
C
h
i
n
a
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
h
o
w
n
to
a
f
f
ec
t
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
t
h
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
[
1
0
]
,
an
d
s
u
f
f
ic
ien
t
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
ab
o
u
t
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
in
f
ec
tio
n
a
n
d
asp
ec
ts
o
f
it
s
p
r
ev
en
t
io
n
as
w
e
ll
a
s
attitu
d
es
to
w
ar
d
s
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
h
as
b
ee
n
r
elate
d
to
th
e
w
il
lin
g
n
e
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
u
b
lic
to
f
o
l
lo
w
g
u
id
eli
n
es
o
n
q
u
ar
an
ti
n
e
an
d
s
o
cial
d
is
ta
n
ci
n
g
i
n
I
n
d
ia
[
1
1
]
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cted
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
k
n
o
w
led
g
e,
attitu
d
es,
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tices
a
m
o
n
g
h
ea
lth
w
o
r
k
er
s
,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
a
n
d
th
e
p
u
b
lic,
b
u
t
n
o
r
esear
ch
h
as
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
o
n
li
n
e
m
o
to
r
c
y
cle
tax
i
d
r
iv
er
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic.
O
n
li
n
e
m
o
to
r
c
y
cle
tax
i
d
r
iv
er
s
ar
e
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
w
h
o
ar
e
at
r
is
k
o
f
co
n
tr
ac
ti
n
g
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
.
B
esid
es,
t
h
e
r
is
k
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
d
an
g
er
s
o
f
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
is
p
o
p
u
latio
n
h
as
y
et
to
b
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
.
P
er
ce
p
tio
n
is
th
e
m
ai
n
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
i
n
ch
a
n
g
in
g
a
p
er
s
o
n
'
s
o
r
s
o
ciet
y
'
s
b
eh
av
io
r
.
B
r
e
w
er
et
a
l.
ex
p
lain
ed
r
is
k
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
is
a
ce
n
t
r
al
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
i
n
m
a
n
y
b
e
h
av
i
o
r
al
th
eo
r
ies
an
d
is
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
th
e
lev
el
o
f
h
ar
m
th
at
th
e
h
az
ar
d
w
o
u
ld
p
o
s
e
an
d
th
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
v
u
l
n
er
ab
ilit
y
(
o
f
te
n
also
d
escr
ib
ed
as
th
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
r
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
s
u
ch
r
is
k
)
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
it
i
s
n
o
t
en
o
u
g
h
to
id
en
t
if
y
a
n
d
an
al
y
ze
k
n
o
w
led
g
e,
at
tit
u
d
es,
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
i
n
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
b
u
t
a
s
p
ec
ts
o
f
r
i
s
k
p
er
ce
p
t
io
n
also
n
ee
d
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
th
is
w
i
ll
h
elp
p
r
o
v
id
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
s
tr
ateg
i
es,
n
a
m
e
l
y
ch
a
n
g
i
n
g
m
is
co
n
ce
p
tio
n
s
ab
o
u
t
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
an
d
h
ea
lth
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
p
u
b
lic
a
w
ar
e
n
ess
.
I
t
i
s
h
o
p
ed
th
at
c
h
an
g
es
i
n
p
eo
p
le'
s
b
e
h
av
io
r
in
ad
h
er
i
n
g
to
h
ea
lt
h
p
r
o
to
co
ls
ca
n
b
ec
o
m
e
co
llec
tiv
e
h
ab
its
i
n
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
.
T
h
is
i
s
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
th
at
t
h
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
f
ac
to
r
is
an
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
a
n
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
p
ar
t
t
h
at
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
(
p
u
b
lic
r
i
s
k
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
)
s
o
t
h
at
th
e
ad
o
p
ted
b
eh
av
i
o
r
is
m
o
r
e
d
u
r
ab
le
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
t
h
i
s
s
tu
d
y
w
a
s
to
id
e
n
t
if
y
a
n
d
ex
p
lo
r
e
t
h
e
k
n
o
w
le
d
g
e,
attit
u
d
es,
a
n
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
a
m
o
n
g
o
n
li
n
e
m
o
to
r
c
y
cle
tax
i d
r
iv
er
s
i
n
Sa
m
ar
in
d
a,
Kali
m
a
n
tan
E
a
s
t,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
w
as
co
n
d
u
cted
w
it
h
i
n
t
eg
r
i
t
y
a
n
d
eth
ical
p
r
in
cip
les
t
h
at
ar
e
g
e
n
er
all
y
ac
ce
p
ted
an
d
ap
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
t
h
e
E
th
ic
s
C
o
m
m
ittee
o
f
t
h
e
Fac
u
lt
y
o
f
Me
d
icin
e,
Mu
la
w
ar
m
a
n
Un
i
v
er
s
it
y
(
No
.
4
5
/KE
KP
-
FK/
XI
/2
0
2
0
)
.
An
i
n
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t
s
tate
m
en
t
w
a
s
p
r
o
v
id
ed
o
n
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
ag
e
o
f
th
e
q
u
es
tio
n
n
air
e
b
e
f
o
r
e
t
h
e
co
llectio
n
o
f
r
esear
ch
d
ata.
I
n
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
e
n
t
w
a
s
o
b
tain
ed
au
to
m
at
icall
y
a
f
ter
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
co
m
p
leted
th
e
o
n
lin
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t.
J
.
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci.
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8806
W
o
r
k
r
ea
d
in
ess
d
u
r
in
g
C
OV
I
D
-
1
9
a
mo
n
g
ta
xi
b
ike
o
n
lin
e
d
r
ivers
in
…
(
Din
a
Lu
s
ia
n
a
S
etyo
w
a
ti
)
619
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
w
as
an
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
al
s
t
u
d
y
w
ith
a
cr
o
s
s
-
s
e
ctio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
co
n
d
u
cted
w
it
h
o
n
li
n
e
m
o
to
r
c
y
cle
ta
x
i
d
r
iv
er
s
in
Sa
m
ar
in
d
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia
.
W
e
u
s
ed
a
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
q
u
est
io
n
n
air
e
u
s
in
g
Go
o
g
le
Fo
r
m
s
ac
co
m
p
a
n
ied
b
y
i
n
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t
s
e
n
t
v
ia
W
h
at
s
A
p
p
to
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
's
co
n
tac
t.
T
h
is
W
h
at
s
A
p
p
ap
p
licatio
n
is
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
b
y
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
y
w
er
e
as
k
ed
to
f
o
r
w
ar
d
t
h
e
li
n
k
to
o
th
er
o
n
lin
e
m
o
to
r
c
y
cle
tax
i
d
r
iv
er
s
.
W
h
e
n
r
ec
eiv
i
n
g
an
d
click
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
li
n
k
o
b
tain
ed
,
th
e
o
n
li
n
e
m
o
to
r
c
y
c
le
tax
i
d
r
iv
er
w
a
s
au
to
m
at
icall
y
p
r
o
v
id
ed
w
it
h
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
e
n
t.
A
f
ter
o
n
lin
e
m
o
to
r
c
y
cle
tax
i
d
r
iv
er
s
d
ec
id
ed
to
p
a
r
tic
ip
ate
in
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
,
t
h
e
y
f
ille
d
in
th
eir
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
etails
o
f
ag
e,
g
en
d
er
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el,
r
elig
io
n
,
m
ar
ital
s
tat
u
s
,
an
d
e
m
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
s
tat
u
s
.
Nex
t,
s
e
v
er
al
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
ap
p
ea
r
ed
in
s
eq
u
en
ce
,
w
h
ic
h
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
m
u
s
t a
n
s
w
er
.
Data
w
er
e
co
llecte
d
f
r
o
m
No
v
e
m
b
er
6
-
1
0
,
2
0
2
0
.
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
f
o
r
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
w
as
1
,
5
0
0
o
n
li
n
e
m
o
to
r
c
y
cl
e
tax
i
d
r
iv
er
s
.
Sa
m
p
lin
g
w
as
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
i
n
g
q
u
o
ta
s
a
m
p
li
n
g
to
o
b
ta
in
1
2
5
s
am
p
le
s
.
Of
th
e
1
2
5
s
a
m
p
les
t
h
at
w
er
e
p
lan
n
ed
,
o
n
l
y
1
0
0
ag
r
ee
d
to
co
m
p
lete
t
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
an
d
a
r
ap
id
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
test
.
T
h
e
j
u
s
ti
f
icatio
n
f
o
r
s
elec
t
in
g
t
h
i
s
s
a
m
p
le
i
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
h
i
g
h
le
v
el
o
f
m
o
b
ilizatio
n
an
d
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
o
n
l
in
e
o
r
d
er
s
p
er
d
a
y
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
d
ata
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
o
n
li
n
e
d
r
iv
er
a
g
en
c
y
.
T
h
e
o
th
er
2
5
s
tated
t
h
e
y
w
er
e
n
o
t
w
i
lli
n
g
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
y
w
er
e
af
r
aid
o
f
tes
tin
g
p
o
s
it
iv
e,
w
h
ic
h
w
o
u
ld
m
ea
n
th
e
y
w
o
u
ld
h
a
v
e
to
s
el
f
-
is
o
late
a
n
d
co
u
ld
n
o
t
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
y
w
er
e
a
ls
o
af
r
aid
th
i
s
w
o
u
ld
lead
to
s
tig
m
a
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
o
r
f
ello
w
o
n
lin
e
m
o
to
r
c
y
cle
ta
x
i d
r
iv
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
w
as
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
b
y
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
an
d
c
o
n
tain
ed
f
o
u
r
s
ec
tio
n
s
ab
o
u
t
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
ab
o
u
t
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
,
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
r
is
k
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
r
is
k
o
f
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
,
an
d
att
itu
d
e
s
ab
o
u
t
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic.
Fo
u
r
q
u
esti
o
n
s
r
elate
d
to
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
w
er
e
s
co
r
ed
o
n
a
4
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
(
1
=d
o
n
o
t
k
n
o
w
a
t
all
to
4
=
m
an
y
k
n
o
w)
an
d
f
o
u
r
q
u
est
io
n
s
r
ela
ted
to
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
r
is
k
w
er
e
s
c
o
r
ed
o
n
a
5
-
p
o
in
t
L
i
k
er
t
s
c
ale
(
1
=stro
n
g
l
y
d
i
s
ag
r
ee
to
5
=
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
ee
)
.
Fo
u
r
ite
m
s
r
elate
d
to
attit
u
d
es
a
n
d
th
r
ee
ite
m
s
r
ela
ted
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
is
k
o
f
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
w
er
e
a
s
s
ess
e
d
o
n
a
4
-
p
o
in
t
L
i
k
er
t
s
ca
le
(
1
=n
o
t
b
ad
to
4=
a
w
f
u
l
l
y
)
.
P
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
o
f
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
w
er
e
r
elate
d
to
h
ea
lt
h
p
r
o
to
co
l
in
d
icato
r
s
,
n
a
m
el
y
tr
u
s
t
i
n
w
a
s
h
i
n
g
h
a
n
d
s
w
it
h
s
o
ap
an
d
u
s
in
g
h
a
n
d
s
a
n
itizer
,
p
h
y
s
ical
d
is
ta
n
c
in
g
,
w
ea
r
in
g
m
as
k
s
,
an
d
s
ta
y
i
n
g
at
h
o
m
e.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
d
ata
w
er
e
an
al
y
ze
d
u
s
in
g
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tati
s
tic
s
an
d
th
e
Sp
ea
r
m
a
n
r
an
k
tes
t
w
it
h
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
ce
le
v
el
o
f
9
5
%.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Descript
iv
e
v
a
ria
ble sco
re
T
ab
le
1
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
s
co
r
es
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
1
0
0
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
Fo
r
t
h
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
v
ar
ia
b
le,
s
co
r
es
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
1
2
to
2
3
o
u
t
o
f
2
4
w
it
h
an
av
er
a
g
e
s
co
r
e
o
f
1
9
.
3
8
(
SD=
2
.
0
0
)
.
Fo
r
th
e
attitu
d
e
v
ar
iab
le,
s
co
r
es
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
6
to
1
6
w
it
h
a
n
a
v
er
ag
e
s
co
r
e
o
f
1
2
.
2
8
(
SD
=
2
.
1
7
)
.
Fo
r
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
o
f
r
is
k
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
th
e
lo
w
est
v
a
lu
e
w
as
1
4
an
d
th
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
w
as
3
2
w
it
h
an
av
er
ag
e
o
f
2
3
.
1
7
(
SD=
4
.
1
4
)
.
Fo
r
th
e
p
er
ce
p
ti
o
n
v
ar
iab
le
o
f
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
,
t
h
e
m
in
i
m
u
m
s
co
r
e
w
as
1
4
an
d
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
w
as 2
3
,
w
it
h
a
n
av
e
r
ag
e
o
f
2
0
.
6
8
(
SD=
1
.
7
1
)
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
v
ar
iab
le
s
co
r
e
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
(
n
=
1
0
0
)
H
i
g
h
e
st
s
c
o
r
e
L
o
w
e
st
s
c
o
r
e
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
s
c
o
r
e
M
e
a
n
±
SD
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
24
12
23
1
9
.
3
8
±
2
.
0
0
A
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
16
6
16
1
2
.
2
8
±
2
.
1
7
P
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
s o
f
t
h
e
r
i
s
k
o
f
t
r
a
n
s
mi
ss
i
o
n
o
f
C
O
V
I
D
-
19
32
13
32
2
3
.
1
7
±
4
.
1
4
P
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
s o
f
C
O
V
I
D
-
19
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
24
14
23
2
0
.
6
8
±
1
.
7
1
3
.
2
.
Cha
ra
c
t
er
is
t
ic
o
f
r
esp
o
nd
ent
s
T
ab
le
2
illu
s
tr
ates t
h
at
t
h
e
av
e
r
ag
e
ag
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
was 3
5
.
2
3
y
ea
r
s
(
SD=
6
.
2
)
,
an
d
m
o
s
t o
f
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
w
er
e
m
ale
(
8
6
%).
Mo
r
e
th
a
n
h
al
f
o
f
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
(
6
9
%)
w
er
e
m
ar
r
ied
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
r
eli
g
io
u
s
af
f
iliatio
n
,
m
o
s
t
id
e
n
ti
f
ied
as
Mu
s
l
i
m
s
(
9
3
%)
w
it
h
t
h
e
r
e
m
a
in
i
n
g
(
7
%)
id
en
ti
f
y
i
n
g
as
C
h
r
is
tian
s
(
C
a
th
o
lic
o
r
P
r
o
test
an
t)
.
On
li
n
e
m
o
to
r
c
y
cl
e
tax
i
d
r
iv
er
w
as
t
h
e
m
ai
n
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
o
f
m
o
s
t
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
(
8
1
%)
w
it
h
t
h
e
r
e
m
ain
in
g
(
1
9
%)
s
tati
n
g
it
w
a
s
a
s
id
e
j
o
b
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
,
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
h
al
f
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
7
2
%)
h
ad
attain
ed
s
e
n
io
r
h
i
g
h
s
c
h
o
o
l
/eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
a
n
d
2
%
o
n
l
y
h
ad
ele
m
e
n
tar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
A
s
m
all
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
7
%)
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
ed
p
h
y
s
ical
co
n
tact
w
it
h
p
atien
ts
u
n
d
er
s
u
r
v
eilla
n
ce
i
n
th
e
last
1
4
d
ay
s
.
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t c
h
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
b
ased
o
n
d
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
ics,
w
h
ich
i
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
t
h
e
T
a
b
le
2.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8806
I
n
t.
J
.
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci.,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2021
:
617
–
6
2
8
620
T
ab
le
2
.
D
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tic
s
b
ased
o
n
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ics a
n
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
in
t
h
e
last
1
4
d
ay
s
p
h
y
s
ical
co
n
tact
w
it
h
p
atie
n
t u
n
d
er
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
(
P
D
P
)
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
%
A
g
e
(
Y
e
a
r
)
,
M
±
SD
3
5
.
2
3
±
9
.
5
Gend
e
r
,
n
(
%
)
M
e
n
8
6
(
8
6
)
W
o
m
e
n
1
4
(
1
4
)
M
a
r
i
t
a
l
st
a
t
u
s
N
o
t
Y
e
t
/
N
o
t
marr
i
e
d
3
1
(
3
1
)
M
a
r
r
i
e
d
6
9
(
6
9
)
R
e
l
e
g
i
o
n
M
u
sl
i
ms
9
3
(
9
3
)
C
a
t
h
o
l
i
c
2
(
2
)
P
r
o
t
e
st
a
n
5
(
5
)
J
o
b
st
a
t
u
s
a
s
a
n
o
n
l
i
n
e
d
r
i
v
e
r
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
1
9
(
1
9
)
P
r
i
me
r
8
1
(
8
1
)
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
El
e
me
n
t
a
r
y
sch
o
o
l
/
e
q
u
i
v
a
l
e
n
t
2
(
2
)
Ju
n
i
o
r
h
i
g
h
sc
h
o
o
l
/
e
q
u
i
v
a
l
e
n
t
1
0
(
1
0
)
S
e
n
i
o
r
h
i
g
h
s
c
h
o
o
l
/
e
q
u
i
v
a
l
e
n
t
7
2
(
7
2
)
D
i
p
l
o
ma/
B
a
c
h
e
l
o
r
d
e
g
r
e
e
1
6
(
1
6
)
E
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
1
4
d
a
y
s,
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
c
o
n
t
a
c
t
w
i
t
h
PD
P
No
8
2
(
8
2
)
Y
e
s
7
(
7
)
D
o
n
o
t
k
n
o
w
1
1
(
1
1
)
3
.
3
.
K
no
w
ledg
e
o
f
CO
VID
-
19
,
na
t
ure
o
f
t
ra
ns
m
i
s
s
io
n a
n
d v
ict
i
m
s
T
ab
le
3
illu
s
tr
ates
th
at
h
al
f
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
h
ad
s
u
f
f
ic
i
en
t
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
ab
o
u
t
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
,
b
u
t
a
s
m
al
l
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
(
5
%)
r
ep
o
r
t
ed
n
o
t
k
n
o
w
i
n
g
a
n
y
th
in
g
ab
o
u
t
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
h
al
f
o
f
th
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
ts
s
a
id
it
w
as
v
er
y
co
n
t
ag
io
u
s
(
6
3
%),
2
6
%
an
s
w
er
ed
th
at
i
t
w
as q
u
i
te
co
n
tag
io
u
s
,
an
d
2
% said
th
a
t CO
VI
D
-
1
9
is
n
o
t c
o
n
ta
g
io
u
s
.
As
m
u
c
h
a
s
5
4
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
th
o
u
g
h
t
th
at
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
was
tr
an
s
m
itted
q
u
i
te
q
u
ic
k
l
y
a
f
ter
co
n
tact
w
it
h
s
u
f
f
er
er
s
,
a
n
d
2
0
%
b
elie
v
e
d
t
h
at
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
co
u
ld
o
cc
u
r
r
ig
h
t
a
w
a
y
.
H
o
w
e
v
er
,
as
m
u
ch
as
5
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
an
s
w
er
ed
th
at
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
o
f
C
OV
I
D
-
1
9
to
o
k
m
o
n
t
h
s
.
J
u
s
t
o
v
er
h
alf
(
5
3
%)
o
f
th
e
o
n
lin
e
m
o
to
r
c
y
cle
ta
x
i d
r
iv
er
s
s
aid
all
v
icti
m
s
o
f
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
u
n
ted
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
in
g
e
n
er
al,
th
e
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
a
n
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
v
ic
ti
m
s
Q
u
e
st
i
o
n
A
n
s
w
e
r
(
%)
I
n
y
o
u
r
o
p
i
n
i
o
n
,
w
h
a
t
i
s
y
o
u
r
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
b
o
u
t
C
O
V
I
D
-
19?
Do
n
o
t
k
n
o
w
a
t
a
l
l
(
5
)
L
i
t
t
l
e
t
o
k
n
o
w
(
3
0
)
K
n
o
w
e
n
o
u
g
h
(
5
0
)
M
a
n
y
k
n
o
w
(
1
5
)
I
n
y
o
u
r
o
p
i
n
i
o
n
,
w
h
a
t
i
s
t
h
e
n
a
t
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
mi
ss
i
o
n
o
f
C
O
V
I
D
-
19?
N
o
t
c
o
n
t
a
g
i
o
u
s
(
2
)
S
l
i
g
h
t
l
y
c
o
n
t
a
g
i
o
u
s (
9
)
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
l
y
c
o
n
t
a
g
i
o
u
s (
2
6
)
V
e
r
y
c
o
n
t
a
g
i
o
u
s
(
6
3
)
I
n
y
o
u
r
o
p
i
n
i
o
n
,
h
o
w
f
a
st
i
s
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
t
r
a
n
s
mi
t
t
e
d
a
f
t
e
r
c
o
n
t
a
c
t
w
i
t
h
so
me
o
n
e
w
i
t
h
C
O
V
I
D
-
19?
V
e
r
y
l
o
n
g
,
i
n
a
mat
t
e
r
o
f
mo
n
t
h
s
(
5
)
I
t
t
a
k
e
s
w
e
e
k
s
(
2
1
)
P
r
e
t
t
y
f
a
st
(
5
4
)
R
i
g
h
t
t
h
e
n
(
2
0
)
W
h
a
t
d
o
y
o
u
t
h
i
n
k
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
v
i
c
t
i
m
f
r
o
m
C
O
V
I
D
-
19?
V
e
r
y
f
e
w
v
i
c
t
i
ms
(
4
)
A
smal
l
n
u
mb
e
r
o
f
v
i
c
t
i
ms
(
1
)
A
l
a
r
g
e
n
u
mb
e
r
o
f
v
i
c
t
i
ms (
4
2
)
V
e
r
y
l
a
r
g
e
n
u
mb
e
r
o
f
v
i
c
t
i
ms
(
5
3
)
3
.
4
.
I
nfo
rm
a
t
io
n
s
o
urce
s
,
s
o
cia
liza
t
io
n,
re
du
ct
io
n r
is
k
a
n
d
m
ec
ha
ni
s
m
o
f
t
ra
ns
m
is
s
io
n
CO
VID
-
19
T
ab
le
4
p
r
o
v
id
es
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
at
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
m
ed
ia
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
m
o
s
t
u
s
ed
b
y
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
w
a
s
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
(
1
9
%),
an
d
s
o
m
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
u
s
ed
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
t
h
r
ee
m
ed
ia
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
o
n
lin
e
n
e
w
s
,
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia,
tele
v
is
io
n
,
an
d
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
p
eo
p
le.
Mo
s
t
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
8
1
%)
s
aid
th
e
y
h
ad
s
ee
n
ap
p
ea
ls
,
cir
cu
lar
s
a
n
d
b
an
n
er
s
ab
o
u
t
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
in
t
h
eir
h
o
m
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
b
u
t
1
9
%
s
tated
t
h
e
y
h
ad
n
o
t
s
ee
n
a
n
y
s
u
c
h
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
i
n
th
eir
h
o
m
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
R
e
g
ar
d
in
g
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
th
e
ca
u
s
es
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
,
al
m
o
s
t
a
ll
o
n
lin
e
d
r
iv
er
s
(
9
6
%)
k
n
e
w
t
h
a
t th
e
ca
u
s
e
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
is
a
v
ir
u
s
,
alth
o
u
g
h
4
% a
n
s
w
er
ed
b
ac
ter
ia.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
o
n
li
n
e
d
r
i
v
er
s
(
8
5
%)
s
aid
th
at
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
w
a
s
a
n
e
m
er
g
i
n
g
d
is
ea
s
e
a
n
d
a
s
m
all
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
(
1
5
%)
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
s
aid
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
w
a
s
a
d
is
ea
s
e
th
at
h
ad
b
ee
n
ar
o
u
n
d
f
o
r
a
lo
n
g
ti
m
e.
W
h
en
ask
ed
ab
o
u
t
w
a
y
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
r
is
k
an
d
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
,
m
o
s
t
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
an
s
w
er
ed
a
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
th
r
ee
m
et
h
o
d
s
w
a
s
id
ea
l,
n
am
el
y
w
a
s
h
in
g
h
a
n
d
s
,
u
s
in
g
m
as
k
s
,
m
ain
tain
in
g
p
h
y
s
ical
d
is
ta
n
ce
,
s
ta
y
i
n
g
at
h
o
m
e,
e
x
er
cisi
n
g
at
h
o
m
e,
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
i
n
g
n
u
tr
itio
u
s
f
o
o
d
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
,
al
m
o
s
t
h
al
f
(
4
1
%)
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
an
s
w
er
ed
th
at
d
r
o
p
lets
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t.
J
.
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci.
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8806
W
o
r
k
r
ea
d
in
ess
d
u
r
in
g
C
OV
I
D
-
1
9
a
mo
n
g
ta
xi
b
ike
o
n
lin
e
d
r
ivers
in
…
(
Din
a
Lu
s
ia
n
a
S
etyo
w
a
ti
)
621
co
n
ta
m
i
n
ated
s
u
r
f
ac
e
s
ca
n
tr
a
n
s
m
it
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
;
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
s
o
m
e
a
g
r
ee
d
w
it
h
i
n
co
r
r
ec
t
s
tate
m
en
ts
,
n
a
m
el
y
th
a
t
f
o
o
d
b
o
r
n
e
an
d
w
ater
b
o
r
n
e
ar
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
s
.
T
ab
le
4
.
I
n
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
s
o
cializa
tio
n
,
r
ed
u
ctio
n
r
is
k
a
n
d
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
o
f
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
C
OVI
D
-
19
Q
u
e
st
i
o
n
(
%)
S
o
u
r
c
e
s o
f
me
d
i
a
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
a
b
o
u
t
C
O
V
I
D
-
19?
1
-
2
M
e
d
i
a
O
n
l
i
n
e
n
e
w
s
9
S
o
c
i
a
l
me
d
i
a
19
I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
f
r
o
m o
t
h
e
r
p
e
o
p
l
e
1
T
e
l
e
v
i
si
o
n
9
S
o
c
i
a
l
me
d
i
a
a
n
d
t
e
l
e
v
i
si
o
n
12
T
e
l
e
v
i
si
o
n
a
n
d
I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
1
S
o
c
i
a
l
me
d
i
a
a
n
d
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m o
t
h
e
r
s
2
≥
3
M
e
d
i
a
O
n
l
i
n
e
n
e
w
s,
so
c
i
a
l
m
e
d
i
a
,
t
e
l
e
v
i
si
o
n
,
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m o
t
h
e
r
s
13
O
n
l
i
n
e
n
e
w
s,
so
c
i
a
l
m
e
d
i
a
,
t
e
l
e
v
i
si
o
n
13
O
n
l
i
n
e
n
e
w
s,
so
c
i
a
l
me
d
i
a
,
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m o
t
h
e
r
s
12
O
n
l
i
n
e
n
e
w
s,
t
e
l
e
v
i
si
o
n
,
p
r
i
n
t
n
e
w
sp
a
p
e
r
s,
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
f
r
o
m o
t
h
e
r
s
8
S
o
c
i
a
l
m
e
d
i
a
,
t
e
l
e
v
i
si
o
n
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
s
1
I
s t
h
e
r
e
a
n
y
o
u
t
r
e
a
c
h
(
a
p
p
e
a
l
,
c
i
r
c
u
l
a
r
,
a
b
a
n
n
e
r
a
b
o
u
t
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
i
n
y
o
u
r
N
e
i
g
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
U
n
i
t
s/
R
e
si
d
e
n
t
s
?
Y
e
s
81
No
19
I
n
y
o
u
r
o
p
i
n
i
o
n
,
w
h
a
t
c
a
u
se
s
C
O
V
I
D
-
19?
V
i
r
u
s
96
B
a
c
t
e
r
i
a
4
I
n
y
o
u
r
o
p
i
n
i
o
n
,
i
s
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
a
d
i
se
a
se
t
h
a
t
i
s e
me
r
g
i
n
g
f
o
r
t
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
t
i
me
o
r
n
o
t
?
Eme
r
g
i
n
g
d
i
se
a
se
85
L
o
n
g
-
st
a
n
d
i
n
g
d
i
se
a
se
15
H
o
w
d
o
y
o
u
t
h
i
n
k
y
o
u
c
a
n
r
e
d
u
c
e
t
h
e
r
i
sk
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
i
n
g
C
O
V
I
D
-
19?
1
-
2
W
a
y
s
U
si
n
g
a
mas
k
5
K
e
e
p
p
h
y
si
c
a
l
d
i
st
a
n
c
e
,
s
t
a
y
h
o
me
3
W
a
sh
y
o
u
r
h
a
n
d
s,
c
o
n
su
me
n
u
t
r
i
t
i
o
u
s
f
o
o
d
s
7
W
a
sh
h
a
n
d
s,
u
se
a
mas
k
4
≥
3
W
a
y
s
W
a
sh
y
o
u
r
h
a
n
d
s,
u
se
a
m
a
sk
,
k
e
e
p
p
h
y
si
c
a
l
d
i
st
a
n
c
e
30
W
a
sh
y
o
u
r
h
a
n
d
s,
u
se
a
m
a
sk
,
k
e
e
p
p
h
y
si
c
a
l
d
i
st
a
n
c
e
,
c
o
n
s
u
me
n
u
t
r
i
t
i
o
u
s
f
o
o
d
s
11
W
a
sh
y
o
u
r
h
a
n
d
s,
u
se
a
m
a
sk
,
ma
i
n
t
a
i
n
p
h
y
si
c
a
l
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
,
c
o
n
s
u
me
n
u
t
r
i
t
i
o
u
s fo
o
d
,
e
x
e
r
c
i
se
a
t
h
o
me
,
s
t
a
y
a
t
h
o
m
e
11
W
a
sh
i
n
g
h
a
n
d
s,
w
e
a
r
i
n
g
ma
sk
s
,
k
e
e
p
i
n
g
p
h
y
si
c
a
l
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
,
s
t
a
y
i
n
g
a
t
h
o
me
,
e
x
e
r
c
i
si
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
h
o
u
se
,
c
o
n
su
m
i
n
g
n
u
t
r
i
t
i
o
u
s
f
o
o
d
29
I
n
y
o
u
r
o
p
i
n
i
o
n
,
w
h
a
t
i
s
t
h
e
me
c
h
a
n
i
s
m o
f
t
r
a
n
smiss
i
o
n
o
f
C
O
V
I
D
-
19?
1
-
2
M
e
c
h
a
n
i
sm
s
D
r
o
p
l
e
t
24
D
r
o
p
l
e
t
a
n
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
f
o
o
d
(
f
o
o
d
b
o
r
n
e
)
3
D
r
o
p
s a
n
d
c
o
n
t
a
m
i
n
a
t
e
d
su
r
f
a
c
e
41
C
o
n
t
a
mi
n
a
t
e
d
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
6
≥
3
M
e
k
a
n
i
sm
e
D
r
o
p
l
e
t
s,
c
o
n
t
a
mi
n
a
t
e
d
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
,
b
o
r
n
e
w
a
t
e
r
,
a
n
i
mal
b
i
t
e
s
9
D
r
o
p
l
e
t
s,
c
o
n
t
a
mi
n
a
t
e
d
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
,
f
o
o
d
b
o
r
n
e
a
n
d
w
a
t
e
r
b
o
r
n
e
13
D
r
o
p
l
e
t
s,
c
o
n
t
a
mi
n
a
t
e
d
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
,
f
o
o
d
b
o
r
n
e
,
w
a
t
e
r
b
o
r
n
e
,
a
n
d
a
n
i
mal
b
i
t
e
s
4
3
.
5
.
At
t
it
ud
es
t
o
w
a
rd
CO
VI
D
-
19
T
ab
le
5
s
h
o
w
s
th
a
t
3
6
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
b
eliev
ed
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
is
a
w
f
u
ll
y
s
ev
er
e,
3
6
%
b
e
liev
ed
it
is
s
ev
er
e,
w
h
er
ea
s
1
5
%
an
d
2
%
b
eliev
ed
it
is
s
li
g
h
tl
y
s
ev
er
e
an
d
n
o
t
s
e
v
er
e,
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
Mo
s
t
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
p
er
ce
iv
ed
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
to
b
e
s
er
io
u
s
o
r
v
er
y
s
er
io
u
s
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
1
5
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
s
aid
th
e
y
w
er
e
v
er
y
u
n
p
r
ep
ar
ed
to
f
ac
e
th
is
r
is
k
.
A
l
th
o
u
g
h
m
o
s
t
d
r
iv
er
s
f
e
lt
p
r
ep
ar
ed
,
3
6
%
s
aid
th
e
y
w
er
e
af
r
aid
o
f
co
n
tr
ac
tin
g
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
an
d
3
4
%
w
er
e
v
er
y
a
f
r
ai
d
.
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
b
ased
o
n
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ab
o
u
t a
ttit
u
d
es to
w
ar
d
s
C
OVI
D
-
19
a
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
a
b
le
5
.
3
.
6
.
P
er
ce
ptio
ns
o
f
CO
VID
-
19
T
h
er
e
ar
e
o
v
er
h
alf
(
5
5
%)
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ag
r
ee
d
th
at
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
d
ea
t
h
,
alth
o
u
g
h
1
9
%
w
h
o
d
is
a
g
r
ee
d
w
it
h
t
h
is
s
ta
te
m
en
t.
R
e
g
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
s
tate
m
e
n
t
ab
o
u
t a
ll a
g
e
s
b
ein
g
a
f
f
ec
ted
b
y
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
,
5
2
%
ag
r
ee
d
w
ith
th
e
s
tate
m
e
n
t.
S
i
m
ilar
l
y
,
5
2
%
ag
r
ee
d
t
h
at
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
co
u
ld
b
e
p
r
ev
e
n
te
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
e
g
u
lar
,
n
u
tr
i
tio
u
s
ea
ti
n
g
an
d
5
6
%
a
g
r
ee
d
th
at
a
w
ea
k
i
m
m
u
n
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
le
f
t
p
eo
p
le
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
le
to
co
n
tr
ac
ti
n
g
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
,
alth
o
u
g
h
1
1
%
an
s
w
er
ed
t
h
e
y
d
o
n
o
t
k
n
o
w
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
34%
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
s
aid
it
w
a
s
q
u
ite
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
tr
an
s
m
it
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
th
r
o
u
g
h
ac
ti
v
itie
s
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
h
o
m
e,
an
d
1
1
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
th
o
u
g
h
t
th
i
s
w
a
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8806
I
n
t.
J
.
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci.,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2021
:
617
–
6
2
8
622
i
m
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
F
u
r
t
h
er
,
4
0
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
s
aid
it
w
a
s
v
er
y
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
co
n
tr
ac
t
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
i
f
t
h
e
y
d
id
n
o
t
u
s
e
a
m
as
k
w
h
e
n
lea
v
i
n
g
th
e
h
o
u
s
e,
alth
o
u
g
h
4
%
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
s
a
i
d
th
is
w
as
i
m
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
O
n
t
h
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
4
5
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
f
el
t
t
h
e
y
co
u
ld
c
o
n
tr
o
l
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
T
ab
le
6
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
a
n
o
v
er
v
ie
w
o
f
ri
s
k
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
ag
a
in
s
t CO
VI
D
-
19.
T
ab
le
5
.
Fre
q
u
en
c
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
b
ased
o
n
attit
u
d
es to
w
ar
d
C
OVI
D
-
19
Q
u
e
st
i
o
n
s
(
%)
W
h
a
t
i
s
t
h
e
se
v
e
r
i
t
y
o
f
C
O
V
I
D
-
19?
N
o
t
b
a
d
2
A
l
i
t
t
l
e
b
a
d
15
S
e
v
e
r
e
47
A
w
f
u
l
l
y
36
I
n
y
o
u
r
o
p
i
n
i
o
n
,
h
o
w
se
r
i
o
u
s i
s t
h
e
r
i
s
k
o
f
C
O
V
I
D
-
19?
A
l
i
t
t
l
e
se
r
i
o
u
s
10
S
e
r
i
o
u
sl
y
45
V
e
r
y
s
e
r
i
o
u
s
45
A
r
e
y
o
u
r
e
a
d
y
t
o
f
a
c
e
t
h
e
r
i
s
k
o
f
s
p
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
C
O
V
I
D
-
19?
V
e
r
y
u
n
p
r
e
p
a
r
e
d
15
N
o
t
r
e
a
d
y
16
R
e
a
d
y
45
V
e
r
y
r
e
a
d
y
24
A
r
e
y
o
u
a
f
r
a
i
d
o
f
t
h
e
r
i
sk
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
i
n
g
C
O
V
I
D
-
19?
V
e
r
y
a
f
r
a
i
d
6
N
o
t
a
f
r
a
i
d
24
A
f
r
a
i
d
36
V
e
r
y
a
f
r
a
i
d
34
T
ab
le
6
.
Fre
q
u
en
c
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
b
ased
o
n
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
r
is
k
f
o
r
C
OVI
D
-
19
Q
u
e
st
i
o
n
s
A
n
s
w
e
r
(
%)
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
d
i
s
a
g
r
e
e
D
i
sag
r
e
e
Do
n
o
t
k
n
o
w
A
g
r
e
e
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
Pe
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
r
i
sk
a
g
a
i
n
st
C
OV
ID
-
19
Ev
e
r
y
c
a
se
o
f
C
O
V
I
D
h
a
s
t
h
e
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
t
o
c
a
u
se
d
e
a
t
h
9
19
5
55
12
P
e
o
p
l
e
o
f
a
l
l
a
g
e
s c
a
n
c
a
t
c
h
C
O
V
I
D
5
6
11
52
26
I
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
t
h
a
t
e
a
t
i
n
g
r
e
g
u
l
a
r
l
y
,
n
u
t
r
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
y
a
n
d
a
h
e
a
l
t
h
y
l
i
f
e
st
y
l
e
w
i
l
l
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
i
n
g
C
O
V
I
D
6
9
10
52
23
O
n
l
y
p
e
o
p
l
e
w
i
t
h
w
e
a
k
i
mm
u
n
e
sy
st
e
ms c
a
n
c
a
t
c
h
C
O
V
I
D
6
7
11
56
20
V
e
r
y
l
i
k
e
l
y
Q
u
i
t
e
p
o
ssi
b
l
y
S
o
mew
h
a
t
m
a
y
b
e
I
mp
o
ssi
b
l
e
R
i
s
k
o
f
t
r
a
n
sm
i
ssi
o
n
o
f
C
OV
ID
-
1
9
o
u
t
si
d
e
t
h
e
h
o
m
e
a
n
d
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
t
h
e
r
i
sk
o
f
t
r
a
n
sm
i
ssi
o
n
o
f
C
OV
ID
-
19
I
f
y
o
u
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
e
t
o
d
o
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s o
u
t
si
d
e
t
h
e
h
o
me
,
w
h
a
t
a
r
e
y
o
u
r
c
h
a
n
c
e
s o
f
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
i
n
g
C
O
V
I
D
-
19?
26
34
29
11
I
f
y
o
u
l
e
a
v
e
t
h
e
h
o
u
se
a
n
d
d
o
n
o
t
u
se
a
mas
k
c
o
v
e
r
i
n
g
y
o
u
r
n
o
se
a
n
d
mo
u
t
h
,
w
h
a
t
a
r
e
y
o
u
r
c
h
a
n
c
e
s o
f
c
a
t
c
h
i
n
g
C
O
V
I
D
?
40
35
21
4
V
e
r
y
c
a
p
a
b
l
e
En
o
u
g
h
c
a
p
a
b
l
e
A
b
l
e
N
o
t
c
a
p
a
b
l
e
A
r
e
y
o
u
a
b
l
e
t
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
y
o
u
r
r
i
sk
so
y
o
u
d
o
n
o
t
c
a
t
c
h
C
OV
ID
?
16
45
27
12
3
.
7
.
P
er
ce
ptio
ns
o
f
prev
ent
i
o
n
o
f
CO
VID
-
19
t
ra
ns
m
is
s
io
n
by
hea
lt
h pro
t
o
co
ls
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
T
ab
le
7
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
tr
u
s
t
i
n
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
h
a
n
d
w
as
h
i
n
g
an
d
h
a
n
d
s
an
i
tizer
i
n
p
r
ev
e
n
t
in
g
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
o
f
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
al
m
o
s
t
all
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
9
6
%)
b
eliev
e
th
a
t
w
as
h
i
n
g
h
a
n
d
s
a
n
d
u
s
in
g
h
an
d
s
a
n
itizer
p
r
ev
e
n
ts
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
,
alth
o
u
g
h
4
%
s
aid
th
e
y
d
id
n
o
t
b
eliev
e
i
n
t
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
.
A
l
m
o
s
t
al
l
(
9
8
%)
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
s
tated
th
e
y
w
o
u
l
d
w
as
h
t
h
eir
h
a
n
d
s
w
it
h
s
o
ap
an
d
u
s
e
h
an
d
s
an
i
tizer
to
p
r
ev
en
t
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
b
ec
au
s
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
is
v
er
y
s
er
io
u
s
,
w
as
h
i
n
g
t
h
eir
h
a
n
d
s
w
a
s
ea
s
y
,
t
h
e
y
ar
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
d
ir
ec
tiv
e
s
,
an
d
th
e
y
f
ee
l
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
th
eir
h
ea
l
th
a
n
d
b
eliev
e
w
a
s
h
i
n
g
h
a
n
d
s
is
h
elp
f
u
l.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t.
J
.
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci.
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8806
W
o
r
k
r
ea
d
in
ess
d
u
r
in
g
C
OV
I
D
-
1
9
a
mo
n
g
ta
xi
b
ike
o
n
lin
e
d
r
ivers
in
…
(
Din
a
Lu
s
ia
n
a
S
etyo
w
a
ti
)
623
T
ab
le
7
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
r
es
p
o
n
d
en
ts
b
ased
o
n
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
o
f
C
O
VI
D
-
19
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
Q
u
e
st
i
o
n
s
Y
e
s
(
%)
N
o
(
%)
Pe
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
s Re
g
a
r
d
i
n
g
B
e
l
i
e
f
i
n
t
h
e
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
H
a
n
d
W
a
sh
i
n
g
a
n
d
Ha
n
d
S
a
n
i
t
i
z
e
r
i
n
Pr
e
v
e
n
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
T
r
a
n
sm
i
ssi
o
n
o
f
C
OV
ID
-
19
D
o
y
o
u
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
t
h
a
t
w
a
sh
i
n
g
h
a
n
d
s w
i
t
h
so
a
p
c
a
n
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
t
r
a
n
sm
i
ssi
o
n
?
96
4
D
o
y
o
u
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
t
h
a
t
h
a
n
d
s
a
n
i
t
i
z
e
r
s c
a
n
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
t
r
a
n
smis
si
o
n
?
96
4
W
i
l
l
y
o
u
w
a
sh
y
o
u
r
h
a
n
d
s
w
i
t
h
so
a
p
a
n
d
h
a
n
d
s
a
n
i
t
i
z
e
r
t
o
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
t
h
e
sp
r
e
a
d
o
f
C
OV
ID
-
1
9
?
94
6
W
a
sh
y
o
u
r
h
a
n
d
s w
i
t
h
so
a
p
98
2
W
a
sh
y
o
u
r
h
a
n
d
s w
i
t
h
a
h
a
n
d
sa
n
i
t
i
z
e
r
96
4
R
e
a
s
o
n
s n=
9
4
(
%
)
1
-
2
r
e
a
so
n
s
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
i
s v
e
r
y
seri
o
u
s
3
T
a
k
e
r
e
sp
o
n
si
b
i
l
i
t
y
f
o
r
y
o
u
r
h
e
a
l
t
h
4
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
i
s v
e
r
y
seri
o
u
s,
E
a
sy
a
c
c
e
ss t
o
h
a
n
d
w
a
sh
i
n
g
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
13
R
e
sp
o
n
s
i
b
l
e
f
o
r
y
o
u
r
h
e
a
l
t
h
,
B
e
l
i
e
v
e
t
h
a
t
h
a
n
d
w
a
sh
i
n
g
h
e
l
p
s a
l
o
t
4
≥
3
r
e
a
so
n
s
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
i
s v
e
r
y
seri
o
u
s,
E
a
sy
a
c
c
e
ss t
o
h
a
n
d
w
a
sh
i
n
g
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
i
e
s,
B
e
l
i
e
v
e
t
h
a
t
w
a
sh
i
n
g
h
a
n
d
s
i
s
v
e
r
y
h
e
l
p
f
u
l
,
D
o
i
n
g
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
g
o
v
e
r
n
me
n
t
7
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
i
s v
e
r
y
seri
o
u
s,
E
a
sy
a
c
c
e
ss t
o
h
a
n
d
w
a
sh
i
n
g
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
i
e
s,
R
e
sp
o
n
si
b
l
e
f
o
r
y
o
u
r
h
e
a
l
t
h
14
A
l
l
r
e
a
so
n
s
49
Pe
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
Ph
y
si
c
a
l
D
i
st
a
n
c
i
n
g
i
n
Pr
e
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
o
f
C
OV
ID
-
1
9
T
r
a
n
sm
i
ssi
o
n
D
o
y
o
u
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
t
h
a
t
mai
n
t
a
i
n
i
n
g
a
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
p
h
y
si
c
a
l
d
i
st
a
n
c
e
o
f
1
.
5
me
t
e
r
s c
a
n
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
t
r
a
n
sm
i
ssi
o
n
o
f
C
O
V
I
D
-
19?
91
9
W
i
l
l
y
o
u
mai
n
t
a
i
n
a
p
h
y
si
c
a
l
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
a
t
l
e
a
st
1
.
5
me
t
e
r
s t
o
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
t
r
a
n
s
mi
ssi
o
n
o
f
C
O
V
I
D
?
89
11
D
o
y
o
u
st
i
l
l
f
e
e
l
w
o
r
r
i
e
d
e
v
e
n
t
h
o
u
g
h
y
o
u
h
a
v
e
f
o
l
l
o
w
e
d
t
h
e
r
e
c
o
mm
e
n
d
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
k
e
e
p
y
o
u
r
d
i
st
a
n
c
e
,
n
o
t
l
e
a
v
e
t
h
e
h
o
u
s
e/
h
a
n
g
o
u
t
w
i
t
h
f
r
i
e
n
d
s?
87
13
R
e
a
s
o
n
n
=
8
9
(
%
)
1
-
2
r
e
a
s
o
n
s
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
i
s v
e
r
y
seri
o
u
s
7
T
a
k
e
r
e
sp
o
n
si
b
i
l
i
t
y
f
o
r
y
o
u
r
h
e
a
l
t
h
7
O
f
t
e
n
si
c
k
,
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
i
s v
e
r
y
s
e
r
i
o
u
s,
R
e
sp
o
n
si
b
l
e
f
o
r
y
o
u
r
h
e
a
l
t
h
16
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
i
s v
e
r
y
seri
o
u
s,
t
a
k
e
r
e
sp
o
n
si
b
i
l
i
t
y
f
o
r
y
o
u
r
h
e
a
l
t
h
5
≥
3
r
e
a
s
o
n
s
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
i
s v
e
r
y
seri
o
u
s,
R
e
s
p
o
n
si
b
l
e
f
o
r
y
o
u
r
h
e
a
l
t
h
,
R
i
sk
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
i
n
g
C
O
V
I
D
-
19
4
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
i
s v
e
r
y
seri
o
u
s,
R
e
g
r
e
t
n
o
t
d
o
i
n
g
t
h
i
s
,
O
t
h
e
r
p
e
o
p
l
e
a
r
e
d
o
i
n
g
t
h
e
same
t
h
i
n
g
,
2
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
i
s v
e
r
y
seri
o
u
s,
R
e
g
r
e
t
n
o
t
d
o
i
n
g
t
h
i
s
,
A
t
t
h
e
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
g
o
v
e
r
n
me
n
t
,
3
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
i
s v
e
r
y
seri
o
u
s,
R
e
s
p
o
n
si
b
l
e
f
o
r
y
o
u
r
h
e
a
l
t
h
,
R
i
sk
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
i
n
g
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
,
P
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
n
g
t
r
a
n
smiss
i
o
n
o
f
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
t
o
p
e
o
p
l
e
a
r
o
u
n
d
y
o
u
10
A
l
l
r
e
a
so
n
s
35
Pe
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
w
e
a
r
i
n
g
m
a
s
k
s a
n
d
st
a
y
i
n
g
a
t
h
o
m
e
D
o
y
o
u
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
t
h
a
t
s
t
a
y
i
n
g
a
t
h
o
me
c
a
n
r
e
d
u
c
e
t
h
e
r
i
s
k
o
f
c
a
t
c
h
i
n
g
C
O
V
I
D
-
19?
91
9
D
o
y
o
u
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
t
h
a
t
u
s
i
n
g
a
m
a
sk
w
h
e
n
s
i
c
k
o
r
w
h
e
n
l
e
a
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
h
o
u
se
c
a
n
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
smiss
i
o
n
o
f
C
O
V
I
D
-
19?
99
1
T
h
e
c
h
a
n
c
e
s o
f
g
e
t
t
i
n
g
c
o
v
i
d
a
r
e
t
h
e
s
a
me
w
h
e
t
h
e
r
y
o
u
u
se
a
mas
k
o
r
n
o
t
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
D
i
sag
r
e
e
10
D
i
sag
r
e
e
38
D
o
n
o
t
k
n
o
w
22
A
g
r
e
e
27
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
3
R
e
a
s
o
n
s
f
o
r
u
s
i
n
g
m
a
s
k
s
1
-
2
r
e
a
s
o
n
s
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
i
s v
e
r
y
seri
o
u
s
5
H
a
v
e
a
mas
k
1
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
i
s v
e
r
y
seri
o
u
s,
H
a
v
e
a
m
a
sk
,
O
f
t
e
n
S
i
c
k
,
27
T
a
k
e
r
e
sp
o
n
si
b
i
l
i
t
y
f
o
r
y
o
u
r
h
e
a
l
t
h
7
T
a
k
e
r
e
sp
o
n
si
b
i
l
i
t
y
f
o
r
y
o
u
r
h
e
a
l
t
h
,
P
r
e
v
e
n
t
t
r
a
n
sm
i
ss
i
o
n
o
f
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
t
o
t
h
e
p
e
o
p
l
e
a
r
o
u
n
d
y
o
u
,
6
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
i
s v
e
r
y
seri
o
u
s,
t
a
k
e
r
e
sp
o
n
si
b
i
l
i
t
y
f
o
r
y
o
u
r
h
e
a
l
t
h
4
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
i
s v
e
r
y
seri
o
u
s,
R
e
s
p
o
n
si
b
l
e
f
o
r
y
o
u
r
h
e
a
l
t
h
,
R
i
sk
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
i
n
g
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
,
P
r
e
v
e
n
t
t
r
a
n
smiss
i
o
n
o
f
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
t
o
p
e
o
p
l
e
a
r
o
u
n
d
y
o
u
,
6
A
l
l
r
e
a
so
n
s
44
A
l
m
o
s
t
all
o
n
li
n
e
m
o
to
r
c
y
cle
tax
i
d
r
i
v
er
s
(
9
1
%)
b
elie
v
e
t
h
at
m
ai
n
tai
n
i
n
g
a
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
d
is
ta
n
ce
o
f
1
.
5
m
eter
s
ca
n
p
r
ev
e
n
t
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
;
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
alth
o
u
g
h
8
9
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
s
aid
th
e
y
h
a
v
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
p
h
y
s
ical
d
i
s
ta
n
cin
g
,
8
7
%
s
tated
th
e
y
s
till
f
ee
l
w
o
r
r
ied
,
an
d
1
1
%
s
ta
ted
th
e
y
h
av
e
n
o
t
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
t
h
ese
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
s
at
all.
R
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
s
tated
th
e
y
m
ai
n
tai
n
a
p
h
y
s
ica
l
d
is
ta
n
ce
d
u
e
to
f
r
eq
u
en
t
illn
e
s
s
;
t
h
e
y
ta
k
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
v
er
y
s
er
io
u
s
l
y
,
f
ee
l
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
l
e
f
o
r
th
eir
h
ea
lt
h
(
1
6
%),
an
d
w
a
n
t
to
p
r
ev
en
t
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
to
th
o
s
e
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
m
(
1
0
%).
On
li
n
e
m
o
to
r
c
y
cle
tax
i
d
r
iv
er
s
(
9
1
%)
b
eliev
e
th
at
s
ta
y
i
n
g
at
h
o
m
e
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
r
i
s
k
o
f
c
o
n
tr
ac
tin
g
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
A
l
m
o
s
t
all
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
b
eliev
e
th
a
t
u
s
in
g
a
m
as
k
w
h
e
n
s
ic
k
an
d
w
h
en
le
av
in
g
t
h
e
h
o
u
s
e
ca
n
p
r
ev
en
t c
o
n
tr
ac
ti
n
g
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
an
d
al
m
o
s
t
h
alf
d
i
s
ag
r
ee
d
o
r
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
d
is
a
g
r
ee
d
w
i
th
t
h
e
s
t
ate
m
e
n
t th
a
t p
eo
p
le
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8806
I
n
t.
J
.
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci.,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2021
:
617
–
6
2
8
624
h
av
e
th
e
s
a
m
e
ch
a
n
ce
o
f
co
n
tr
ac
tin
g
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
r
eg
ar
d
les
s
o
f
w
h
et
h
er
t
h
e
y
w
ea
r
a
m
a
s
k
.
R
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
s
tated
th
e
y
u
s
e
m
as
k
s
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
y
t
h
in
k
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
i
s
a
v
er
y
s
er
i
o
u
s
p
r
o
b
lem
,
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
ar
e
o
f
ten
s
ic
k
an
d
th
e
y
h
av
e
m
a
s
k
s
(
2
7
%),
an
d
th
e
y
f
ee
l r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
th
eir
h
ea
l
th
an
d
p
r
ev
en
ti
n
g
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
to
o
th
er
s
(
6
%).
T
h
e
d
ep
ictio
n
o
f
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
ab
o
u
t
b
eliev
in
g
i
n
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
h
a
n
d
w
as
h
i
n
g
an
d
u
s
i
n
g
h
an
d
s
an
it
izer
s
in
p
r
ev
e
n
ti
n
g
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
is
p
r
ese
n
ted
a
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
7
.
3
.
8
.
Rela
t
io
ns
hip
bet
w
ee
n
kn
o
w
ledg
e
a
nd
a
t
t
it
ud
es,
perc
ept
io
ns
o
f
ris
k
t
ra
ns
m
i
s
s
io
n
o
f
CO
VID
-
1
9
a
nd
p
er
ce
ptio
ns
o
f
CO
VID
-
19
p
re
v
ent
io
n
:
B
iv
a
ri
a
t
e
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
b
i
v
ar
iate
an
al
y
s
i
s
s
h
o
w
ed
th
at
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
'
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
was
r
elate
d
to
attitu
d
es
(
p
=0
.
0
0
0
)
an
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
(
p
=
0
.
0
1
8
)
o
f
th
e
r
i
s
k
o
f
tr
a
n
s
m
itti
n
g
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
b
u
t
n
o
t
r
elate
d
to
p
er
ce
p
t
io
n
s
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
r
ev
en
t
io
n
(
p
=
0
.
1
1
6
)
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
b
i
v
ar
iate
a
n
al
y
s
is
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
Sp
ea
r
m
a
n
r
an
k
tes
t
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
8
.
T
ab
le
8
.
R
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
an
d
atti
tu
d
es,
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
r
is
k
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
an
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
19
p
r
ev
en
t
io
n
C
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
A
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
P
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
r
a
n
s
mi
ss
i
o
n
r
i
sk
P
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
r
a
n
s
mi
ss
i
o
n
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
S
p
e
a
r
man
's
r
h
o
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
C
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
.
3
5
0
**
.
2
3
6
*
.
1
5
8
S
i
g
.
(
2
-
t
a
i
l
e
d
)
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
8
.
1
1
6
n
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
*
*
.
C
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
a
t
t
h
e
0
.
0
1
l
e
v
e
l
(
2
-
t
a
i
l
e
d
)
.
*
.
C
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
i
s si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
a
t
t
h
e
0
.
0
5
l
e
v
e
l
(
2
-
t
a
i
l
e
d
)
.
3
.
9
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
is
a
n
e
w
an
d
h
i
g
h
l
y
co
n
ta
g
io
u
s
d
i
s
ea
s
e,
s
o
ad
h
er
en
ce
to
h
ea
l
th
p
r
o
to
co
ls
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
p
er
s
o
n
al
an
d
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lt
h
is
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
p
u
b
lic
k
n
o
w
le
d
g
e
an
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
v
i
r
u
s
.
B
y
id
e
n
ti
f
y
i
n
g
k
n
o
w
led
g
e,
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
,
an
d
attitu
d
es
w
e
h
o
p
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
f
o
r
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
t
h
at
ca
n
h
elp
p
r
ev
en
t
t
h
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
d
icate
t
h
at
7
5
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
f
ee
l
t
h
e
y
h
av
e
s
u
f
f
icien
t
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
ab
o
u
t
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
s
tated
th
a
t
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
is
v
er
y
co
n
tag
i
o
u
s
,
b
u
t
s
o
m
e
s
tated
t
h
at
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
is
n
o
t
co
n
ta
g
io
u
s
a
n
d
tak
e
s
m
o
n
t
h
s
to
s
p
r
ea
d
.
T
h
is
le
v
el
o
f
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
i
s
r
elate
d
to
ac
ce
s
s
to
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
o
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
ac
ce
s
s
ed
b
y
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
,
n
a
m
el
y
o
n
lin
e
n
e
w
s
,
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia,
tele
v
i
s
io
n
,
a
n
d
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
p
eo
p
le.
T
h
is
i
s
i
n
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
w
i
th
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
th
a
t
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia,
s
u
ch
as
I
n
s
ta
g
r
a
m
(
8
3
.
7
%)
an
d
W
h
atsap
p
g
r
o
u
p
(
7
3
.
7
%)
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
to
th
e
d
eliv
er
y
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
C
OVI
D
-
19
[
1
4
]
.
A
u
d
ie
n
ce
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
s
elec
t
a
n
d
r
e
m
o
v
e
h
o
a
x
es
a
n
d
f
al
s
e
r
u
m
o
r
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t,
an
d
o
n
l
y
p
la
u
s
ib
le
s
cie
n
ti
f
ic
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
is
allo
w
ed
to
r
aise
a
w
ar
e
n
ess
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
g
e
n
er
al
p
u
b
lic
[
1
5
]
.
Ok
a
n
et
a
l.
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
e
f
f
ec
t
i
v
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
f
o
r
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
p
eo
p
le
w
it
h
h
i
g
h
d
ail
y
m
o
b
ilizatio
n
an
d
ac
ti
v
ities
w
a
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ig
ital
m
ed
ia
[
1
6
]
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
B
asch
et
a
l
.
d
ig
ita
l
m
ed
ia
ca
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
au
d
ie
n
ce
i
n
ter
est
a
n
d
a
w
ar
e
n
ess
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
d
ig
ital
telep
h
o
n
es
eq
u
ip
p
ed
w
it
h
attr
ac
ti
v
e
p
ictu
r
es,
co
lo
r
s
,
an
d
m
es
s
ag
e
s
,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
h
o
r
t
v
id
eo
s
[
1
7
]
.
R
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
al
s
o
k
n
e
w
h
o
w
t
o
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
,
n
a
m
e
l
y
b
y
w
as
h
in
g
h
a
n
d
s
,
u
s
i
n
g
m
as
k
s
,
m
ai
n
tai
n
in
g
d
i
s
tan
ce
,
s
ta
y
in
g
at
h
o
m
e,
e
x
er
cisi
n
g
r
eg
u
lar
l
y
,
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
i
n
g
n
u
tr
itio
u
s
f
o
o
d
s
.
Si
m
ilar
l
y
,
Ok
a
n
et
a
l.
h
i
g
h
l
ig
h
ted
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
b
eh
av
io
r
s
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
ef
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
,
s
u
c
h
as
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
e
n
d
u
r
a
n
ce
an
d
al
w
a
y
s
p
r
ac
ticin
g
s
e
lf
-
p
r
o
tectio
n
an
d
v
i
g
ila
n
ce
b
y
m
ain
tai
n
i
n
g
d
i
s
tan
ce
a
n
d
al
w
a
y
s
w
as
h
i
n
g
o
n
e’
s
h
an
d
s
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
is
r
es
u
lt
is
i
n
li
n
e
w
it
h
o
u
r
r
es
u
lts
,
n
a
m
el
y
t
h
at
a
l
m
o
s
t
h
al
f
o
f
t
h
e
to
tal
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
s
tated
t
h
at
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
is
t
r
an
s
m
itted
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
d
r
o
p
lets
an
d
co
n
ta
m
i
n
ated
s
u
r
f
ac
es
a
n
d
it
w
a
s
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
w
a
s
h
t
h
eir
h
a
n
d
s
u
s
i
n
g
s
o
ap
an
d
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
w
a
ter
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
d
eter
m
i
n
an
t
s
t
h
at
a
ls
o
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
al
p
atter
n
o
f
p
r
ev
e
n
ti
n
g
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
is
t
h
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
r
lev
e
l
o
f
p
u
b
lic
lite
r
ac
y
i
n
r
ec
ei
v
i
n
g
an
d
tr
an
s
f
er
r
in
g
co
r
r
ec
t
i
n
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
ab
o
u
t
C
OVI
D
-
19
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
8
]
,
ex
p
lain
ed
th
a
t
9
6
.
7
%
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
al
w
o
r
k
er
s
in
B
an
g
lad
es
h
th
o
u
g
h
t
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
w
a
s
v
er
y
d
an
g
er
o
u
s
an
d
4
8
.
3
%
h
ad
ac
cu
r
ate
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
ab
o
u
t
th
i
s
in
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
e.
A
ls
a
n
et
a
l.
ex
p
lain
ed
th
at
p
eo
p
le
f
r
o
m
m
id
d
le
an
d
lo
w
e
r
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
g
r
o
u
p
s
te
n
d
to
h
a
v
e
les
s
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
ab
o
u
t
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
th
a
n
p
eo
p
le
f
r
o
m
m
id
d
le
-
an
d
u
p
p
er
-
clas
s
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
w
h
o
s
h
o
w
a
h
i
g
h
er
s
en
s
it
iv
i
t
y
to
an
d
n
ee
d
f
o
r
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
ef
f
o
r
t
s
to
p
r
ev
en
t C
OVI
D
-
1
9
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
[
1
9
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t.
J
.
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci.
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8806
W
o
r
k
r
ea
d
in
ess
d
u
r
in
g
C
OV
I
D
-
1
9
a
mo
n
g
ta
xi
b
ike
o
n
lin
e
d
r
ivers
in
…
(
Din
a
Lu
s
ia
n
a
S
etyo
w
a
ti
)
625
3
.
9
.
1
.
K
no
w
ledg
e
w
i
t
h
a
t
t
it
u
de
t
o
wa
rds
CO
VID
-
19
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
i
n
d
icate
th
at
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
i
s
r
elate
d
to
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
'
p
o
s
iti
v
e
attitu
d
es
to
w
ar
d
s
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
,
w
h
er
eb
y
th
e
h
i
g
h
er
t
h
eir
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
s
co
r
e,
th
e
h
ig
h
er
t
h
eir
atti
t
u
d
es
s
co
r
e
to
w
ar
d
s
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
I
n
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
ese
ar
ch
,
a
h
i
g
h
er
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
s
co
r
e
w
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
b
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
l
y
ass
o
ciate
d
w
ith
a
lo
w
er
li
k
el
ih
o
o
d
o
f
n
eg
ati
v
e
atti
tu
d
es
a
n
d
p
o
ten
tiall
y
d
a
n
g
er
o
u
s
p
r
ac
tices
to
w
ar
d
s
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
ep
id
em
ic
[
20]
.
P
e
n
g
et
a
l.
al
s
o
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
g
o
o
d
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
e
a
n
d
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
p
r
ac
tice
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
is
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
w
it
h
t
h
e
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
a
s
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
h
ad
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
attit
u
d
e
ab
o
u
t
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
,
s
tatin
g
t
h
at
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
w
as
a
v
er
y
s
e
v
er
e
d
is
ea
s
e
an
d
t
h
e
r
is
k
o
f
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
w
a
s
s
er
io
u
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
y
al
s
o
s
tated
th
e
y
w
er
e
r
ea
d
y
to
f
ac
e
th
e
r
i
s
k
o
f
tr
an
s
m
i
tti
n
g
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
,
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
s
tated
t
h
e
y
w
er
e
v
er
y
a
f
r
aid
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
y
p
er
ce
iv
ed
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
d
ea
th
an
d
ca
n
a
f
f
ec
t
all
ag
e
s
.
T
h
is
is
i
n
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
w
it
h
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
t
h
at
p
u
b
lic
f
ea
r
a
n
d
co
n
ce
r
n
ab
o
u
t
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
is
b
ec
au
s
e
it
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
d
ea
th
an
d
th
er
e
is
n
o
tr
ea
t
m
en
t
f
o
r
co
r
o
n
av
ir
u
s
[
1
8
]
.
R
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
al
s
o
s
ta
ted
th
a
t
t
h
e
y
d
id
n
o
t
k
n
o
w
t
h
at
a
w
ea
k
lev
el
o
f
i
m
m
u
n
it
y
f
ac
ilit
ate
s
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
[
2
1
]
p
eo
p
le
w
h
o
h
av
e
lo
w
k
n
o
w
l
ed
g
e
o
r
n
eg
a
tiv
e
attit
u
d
es
to
war
d
s
a
d
is
ea
s
e
te
n
d
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
af
r
aid
an
d
p
an
ic
k
e
d
in
th
e
f
a
ce
o
f
a
p
an
d
e
m
ic.
I
n
o
th
er
h
an
d
s
,
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
co
n
f
i
d
en
ce
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
attit
u
d
es
o
f
s
o
ciet
y
ca
n
b
e
an
alter
n
ativ
e
u
s
ed
b
y
in
s
t
itu
tio
n
s
t
h
at
co
v
er
w
o
r
k
e
r
s
an
d
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
i
n
a
p
r
o
m
p
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
tak
in
g
s
t
r
in
g
e
n
t
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
ar
y
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
a
g
ai
n
s
t
C
OV
ID
-
19
[
7
]
.
T
h
is
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
y
is
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
w
it
h
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
lt
s
o
f
t
h
i
s
s
tu
d
y
t
h
at
as
m
a
n
y
as
4
5
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
ar
e
co
n
f
id
e
n
t
a
n
d
w
ill
f
ac
e
t
h
e
r
i
s
k
o
f
s
p
r
ea
d
in
g
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
.
A
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lt
h
ca
m
p
ai
g
n
s
tr
ate
g
y
w
i
th
a
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
v
alu
es
an
d
attit
u
d
es
to
lif
e
i
n
w
o
r
k
er
s
to
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
d
u
cted
to
h
elp
in
co
n
tr
o
lli
n
g
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
th
e
d
is
ea
s
e
i
n
t
h
is
g
r
o
u
p
,
esp
ec
iall
y
i
n
w
o
r
k
a
ctiv
itie
s
[
2
2
]
.
3
.
9
.
2
.
K
no
w
ledg
e
w
i
t
h
p
er
ce
ptio
ns
o
f
t
he
r
is
k
o
f
CO
VID
-
19
t
ra
ns
m
is
s
io
n
W
e
also
f
o
u
n
d
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
w
a
s
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
till
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
(
1
1
%)
w
h
o
h
av
e
a
p
o
o
r
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
tr
a
n
s
m
itti
n
g
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
So
m
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
s
tated
t
h
at
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
ca
n
n
o
t o
cc
u
r
o
u
t
s
id
e
t
h
e
h
o
m
e,
an
d
a
lth
o
u
g
h
4
0
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
b
eliev
ed
th
e
y
co
u
ld
co
n
tr
ac
t
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
if
th
e
y
d
o
n
o
t
u
s
e
a
m
as
k
w
h
en
leav
in
g
t
h
e
h
o
u
s
e,
4
%
b
eliev
ed
it
w
a
s
i
m
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
g
et
i
n
f
ec
ted
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
o
n
li
n
e
m
o
to
r
c
y
c
le
tax
i
d
r
iv
er
s
s
till
h
a
v
e
a
lo
w
r
is
k
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
an
d
th
is
w
i
ll
ce
r
t
ain
l
y
b
e
d
an
g
er
o
u
s
f
o
r
th
e
m
s
elv
es
a
n
d
o
th
er
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
s
t
h
e
y
m
a
y
co
m
e
i
n
to
co
n
tact
w
it
h
.
I
n
ad
eq
u
ate
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
d
is
ea
s
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
an
d
ad
h
er
en
ce
to
s
ta
y
-
at
-
h
o
m
e
p
r
o
to
co
ls
d
u
e
to
p
er
ce
iv
ed
lo
w
r
is
k
ca
n
p
u
t
th
e
p
er
s
o
n
an
d
o
th
er
s
at
r
is
k
.
T
h
eir
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
s
ca
n
h
a
v
e
a
m
aj
o
r
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
t
h
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
a
p
an
d
e
m
ic
[
1
0
]
.
P
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
lo
w
r
is
k
w
er
e
f
o
u
n
d
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
o
s
e
w
it
h
lo
w
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
,
i
n
d
icatin
g
th
at
co
r
r
ec
t
an
d
ad
eq
u
ate
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
is
t
h
e
k
e
y
to
k
ee
p
in
g
t
h
e
m
s
el
v
e
s
an
d
o
th
er
s
s
a
f
e.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
,
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
n
o
n
-
p
h
ar
m
ac
e
u
tic
al
h
ea
lt
h
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ar
e
b
ein
g
p
r
o
m
o
ted
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
r
is
k
an
d
i
m
p
ac
t o
f
ep
id
e
m
i
cs a
n
d
p
an
d
e
m
ic
s
[
2
3
]
.
Sev
er
al
r
esear
c
h
r
es
u
lt
s
h
a
v
e
also
s
tated
t
h
at
lo
w
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
r
is
k
a
n
d
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
will
also
h
av
e
an
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
a
n
x
iet
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
it
s
elf
.
T
h
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
an
x
ie
t
y
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
w
il
l
also
af
f
ec
t
th
e
ac
tio
n
s
tak
e
n
i
n
s
el
f
-
p
r
o
tectio
n
ef
f
o
r
t
s
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
lin
e
w
it
h
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
th
at
s
o
m
e
s
u
p
er
-
s
p
r
ea
d
er
s
o
f
u
n
i
n
te
n
tio
n
all
y
tr
a
n
s
m
it
t
h
e
co
r
o
n
av
ir
u
s
e
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
ei
r
m
o
b
ilizatio
n
an
d
h
y
p
er
ac
ti
v
it
y
in
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
b
u
i
ld
in
g
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
d
eliv
er
y
o
f
h
ea
lt
h
r
is
k
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
m
e
s
s
a
g
es
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e
te
n
d
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
w
h
e
n
in
cl
u
d
es
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
lev
el
o
f
r
i
s
k
a
n
d
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
n
ess
o
f
h
ea
lt
h
b
eh
a
v
io
r
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
p
r
o
tect
th
e
w
o
r
k
er
s
f
r
o
m
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
at
b
o
th
a
p
er
s
o
n
al
o
r
s
o
cieta
l le
v
el
[
1
3
]
.
3
.
9
.
3
.
K
no
w
ledg
e
w
i
t
h
perc
ept
io
ns
o
f
prev
ent
io
n
o
f
CO
V
I
D
-
19
t
ra
ns
m
i
s
s
io
n
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
n
o
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
a
n
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
p
r
ev
e
n
ti
n
g
th
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
I
n
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
c
o
n
d
u
cted
b
y
I
f
r
o
h
a
n
d
A
s
r
ia
n
ti
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
d
ec
is
io
n
s
to
p
r
ev
en
t
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
,
esp
ec
iall
y
i
n
y
o
u
n
g
ad
u
lt
s
o
r
ac
tiv
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
[
1
4
]
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
r
esear
ch
b
y
K
u
a
n
g
et
a
l.
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
r
is
k
t
h
at
is
f
elt
b
y
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
h
a
s
g
r
ea
ter
i
m
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
w
id
esp
r
ea
d
f
ea
r
a
n
d
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
m
e
n
tal
s
tr
e
s
s
a
n
d
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
a
n
x
iet
y
.
T
h
e
f
ee
li
n
g
s
o
f
a
n
x
iet
y
a
n
d
f
ea
r
th
a
t
ar
is
e
ca
n
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
a
p
er
s
o
n
to
ac
t,
esp
ec
ial
l
y
o
n
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
b
e
h
av
io
r
.
I
n
ce
r
tai
n
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
s
it
u
atio
n
s
t
h
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
lev
el
f
ac
to
r
ca
n
n
o
t
h
elp
to
r
eliev
e
th
e
a
n
x
ie
t
y
f
elt
b
y
s
o
ciet
y
[
2
7
]
.
An
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
B
asch
et
a
l.
[
2
8
]
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
r
ea
t p
er
ce
p
tio
n
r
ef
er
s
to
p
er
s
o
n
al
b
eli
ef
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
il
it
y
o
f
co
n
tr
ac
ti
n
g
th
i
s
v
ir
u
s
,
w
h
ich
i
n
clu
d
e
s
t
w
o
s
u
b
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
,
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
v
u
l
n
er
ab
ilit
y
(
t
h
e
d
eg
r
ee
to
w
h
ich
a
p
er
s
o
n
f
e
els
v
u
l
n
er
ab
le
to
a
n
ill
n
ess
)
an
d
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
e
v
er
it
y
(
b
elief
s
ab
o
u
t
h
o
w
t
h
e
s
er
io
u
s
n
es
s
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
c
es
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
d
itio
n
)
.
T
h
e
h
ea
l
t
h
b
elief
m
o
d
el
d
escr
ib
es
t
h
at
a
p
er
s
o
n
's
b
elief
is
s
tr
o
n
g
er
i
n
t
h
e
s
ev
er
it
y
o
f
d
is
ea
s
e
an
d
t
h
e
m
o
r
e
v
u
l
n
er
ab
le
th
e
y
f
ee
l,
t
h
e
s
tr
o
n
g
er
t
h
e
y
w
il
l
b
e
m
o
ti
v
ated
to
av
o
id
it,
w
h
er
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
an
d
liter
ac
y
f
ac
to
r
s
ar
e
n
o
t
th
e
m
ai
n
d
eter
m
i
n
an
t
s
[
2
9
]
.
B
ase
d
o
n
th
is
m
o
d
el,
t
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8806
I
n
t.
J
.
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci.,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2021
:
617
–
6
2
8
626
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
a
s
s
e
s
s
th
at
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
b
elie
f
s
ab
o
u
t
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
an
d
s
tr
en
g
t
h
e
n
th
e
d
esire
d
b
eh
av
io
r
m
u
s
t c
o
n
s
id
er
m
u
lt
icu
l
tu
r
al
s
o
cial
m
et
h
o
d
s
an
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
[
3
0
]
.
P
r
ev
en
tio
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
is
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
h
ea
lt
h
p
r
o
to
co
ls
,
w
h
ic
h
in
cl
u
d
e
w
a
s
h
in
g
h
an
d
s
w
it
h
s
o
ap
an
d
u
s
i
n
g
h
a
n
d
s
an
itizer
,
p
h
y
s
ical
d
is
ta
n
ci
n
g
,
u
s
i
n
g
m
a
s
k
s
,
an
d
s
ta
y
i
n
g
at
h
o
m
e.
I
n
li
n
e
w
i
th
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
,
t
h
e
c
h
alle
n
g
e
s
in
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ti
n
g
co
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
d
is
ta
n
ci
n
g
ar
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
a
n
d
s
o
cial
in
t
er
ac
tio
n
f
ac
to
r
s
;
in
o
th
er
w
o
r
d
s
,
th
e
clo
s
er
th
e
k
i
n
s
h
ip
is
b
u
ilt
i
n
a
g
r
o
u
p
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
d
i
f
f
icu
l
t
it
w
ill
b
e
to
m
ain
tai
n
p
h
y
s
ical
d
i
s
tan
ce
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
is
is
o
f
co
u
r
s
e
clo
s
el
y
r
el
ated
to
th
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
w
o
r
k
o
f
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
w
h
o
a
l
w
a
y
s
i
n
ter
ac
ts
w
it
h
o
th
er
p
eo
p
le
b
o
th
w
h
e
n
d
eliv
er
i
n
g
o
th
e
r
p
eo
p
le
an
d
w
h
e
n
d
eliv
er
in
g
o
r
d
er
s
to
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
.
L
e
u
n
g
et
a
l.
[
3
2
]
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
a
s
k
s
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
ef
f
o
r
t
s
to
av
o
id
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
,
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
o
b
s
ta
cl
es
to
g
etti
n
g
p
eo
p
le
to
r
eg
u
lar
l
y
w
ea
r
m
a
s
k
i
s
d
u
e
to
d
is
co
m
f
o
r
t.
Sco
tt
et
a
l.
[
3
3
]
ex
p
lain
ed
th
at
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
p
u
b
lic
a
w
ar
en
e
s
s
in
u
s
i
n
g
m
ask
s
,
th
er
e
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
an
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
i
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
r
eg
u
lat
io
n
s
a
n
d
p
o
licies
b
o
th
in
s
tit
u
tio
n
a
ll
y
a
n
d
b
y
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
to
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
s
tr
ict
p
r
o
to
co
ls
f
o
r
w
ea
r
in
g
m
as
k
s
.
Si
m
ilar
p
o
lic
ies
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
o
n
l
in
e
m
o
t
o
r
cy
cle
tax
i
d
r
iv
er
s
f
r
o
m
i
n
s
tit
u
tio
n
s
t
h
at
o
v
er
s
h
ad
o
w
t
h
e
m
,
as
th
e
y
n
ee
d
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
co
m
m
itted
to
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
wo
r
k
er
d
is
cip
lin
e
to
u
s
e
m
as
k
s
p
r
o
p
er
ly
.
Ou
r
r
es
u
lt
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
r
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
Fer
d
o
u
s
et
a
l.
[
1
8
]
a
s
w
el
l
as
R
o
ll
s
to
n
a
n
d
Gale
a
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
ey
f
o
u
n
d
k
n
o
w
led
g
e,
attit
u
d
es,
an
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
co
r
r
elate
w
i
th
ea
c
h
o
th
er
in
th
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
b
eh
a
v
io
r
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
esp
ec
iall
y
i
n
e
f
f
o
r
ts
to
p
r
ev
en
t
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
,
b
o
th
at
th
e
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
lev
e
l.
R
esear
c
h
c
o
n
d
u
cted
b
y
L
ee
an
d
Yo
u
[
3
4
]
also
f
o
u
n
d
th
a
t
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
an
d
attit
u
d
es
i
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
t
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
r
ev
en
t
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
at
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
g
r
o
u
p
lev
el
ar
e
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
eter
m
in
i
n
g
f
ac
to
r
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
cc
e
s
s
o
f
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ti
n
g
m
a
s
s
i
v
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
w
it
h
a
h
ig
h
er
s
u
cc
ess
r
ate
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
g
r
o
u
p
s
w
h
o
h
a
v
e
lo
w
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
h
ea
lt
h
ed
u
ca
tio
n
e
f
f
o
r
ts
f
o
r
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
o
n
li
n
e
m
o
to
r
c
y
cle
t
ax
i
r
id
er
s
ca
n
f
u
r
t
h
er
in
cr
ea
s
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e,
attit
u
d
es,
an
d
in
t
er
n
al
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
s
o
th
at
t
h
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
a
n
d
c
u
lt
u
r
e
o
f
b
eh
a
v
io
r
to
p
r
ev
en
t
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
in
a
d
is
cip
lin
ed
m
a
n
n
er
b
y
th
i
s
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
3
.
9
.
4
.
L
i
m
it
a
t
io
ns
T
h
e
s
a
m
p
lin
g
i
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
w
a
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
W
h
at
s
A
p
p
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
p
latf
o
r
m
.
As a
r
esu
l
t,
th
er
e
is
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
b
ias
b
ec
au
s
e
s
o
m
e
d
r
iv
er
s
m
a
y
n
o
t
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
i
n
f
o
r
m
ed
o
r
g
iv
en
th
e
c
h
a
n
ce
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
o
u
r
s
t
u
d
y
.
Sel
f
-
s
elec
t
io
n
b
ias
m
a
y
h
a
v
e
o
c
cu
r
r
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
w
h
o
co
m
p
leted
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
a
n
d
w
er
e
ex
a
m
i
n
ed
m
ig
h
t
n
o
t
r
ep
r
esen
t
ca
s
es
th
at
e
x
i
s
t i
n
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
.
Af
ter
all,
t
h
er
e
co
u
ld
b
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
t
h
at
p
ar
ticip
ated
a
n
d
t
h
o
s
e
w
h
o
r
ef
u
s
ed
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
er
e
is
a
li
m
it
to
t
h
e
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
n
es
s
o
f
o
u
r
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
to
th
e
en
tire
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
o
n
lin
e
m
o
to
r
c
y
cle
ta
x
i
d
r
i
v
er
s
.
Mo
r
e
s
y
s
te
m
at
ic
an
d
i
n
clu
s
i
v
e
s
a
m
p
li
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
r
ep
r
esen
tati
v
e
n
ess
an
d
g
en
er
aliza
b
ili
t
y
o
f
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
.
A
f
u
r
t
h
er
li
m
itatio
n
o
f
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
i
s
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
il
it
y
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
g
iv
i
n
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
b
ased
o
n
w
h
at
th
e
y
f
ee
l is e
x
p
ec
ted
o
f
th
e
m
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Ma
j
o
r
ity
,
o
n
li
n
e
m
o
to
r
c
y
cle
tax
i
d
r
iv
er
s
h
a
v
e
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
ab
o
u
t
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
,
b
u
t
s
o
m
e
d
r
iv
er
s
s
till
h
a
v
e
li
m
ited
o
r
n
o
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
ab
o
u
t
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
So
m
e
o
n
l
in
e
m
o
to
r
c
y
c
le
tax
i
d
r
iv
er
s
h
av
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
m
is
co
n
ce
p
tio
n
s
ab
o
u
t
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
,
n
a
m
el
y
th
at
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
is
n
o
t
co
n
ta
g
io
u
s
,
t
h
e
y
d
o
n
o
t
k
n
o
w
t
h
at
w
ea
k
i
m
m
u
n
e
r
esis
ta
n
ce
ca
u
s
es
th
e
m
to
co
n
tr
ac
t
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
,
an
d
it
is
h
ig
h
l
y
u
n
li
k
el
y
th
a
t
th
e
y
w
i
ll
co
n
tr
ac
t
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
w
h
e
n
lea
v
i
n
g
th
e
h
o
u
s
e
w
it
h
o
u
t
w
ea
r
in
g
a
m
a
s
k
.
C
o
r
r
ec
tin
g
th
e
s
e
m
is
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
tar
g
eted
w
h
e
n
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
in
te
r
v
en
tio
n
s
to
o
n
li
n
e
m
o
to
r
c
y
c
l
e
tax
i
d
r
i
v
er
s
.
O
u
r
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
h
ea
lt
h
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
a
n
d
liter
ac
y
a
m
o
n
g
o
n
li
n
e
m
o
to
r
c
y
cle
tax
i
d
r
iv
er
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
u
r
g
e
n
c
y
o
f
p
r
ev
en
ti
n
g
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
an
d
co
n
v
en
tio
n
a
l
as
w
el
l
as
d
ig
i
tal
-
b
ased
g
r
o
u
p
s
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ir
attitu
d
es a
n
d
p
r
ac
tices to
w
ar
d
s
C
OVI
D
-
19.
AC
K
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
w
a
s
f
u
n
d
ed
b
y
t
h
e
I
s
la
m
ic
Dev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
B
an
k
(
I
s
DB
)
,
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
Fo
u
r
Hi
g
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
I
n
s
t
itu
t
io
n
,
P
r
o
j
ec
t
I
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
U
n
it
o
f
th
e
Mu
la
w
ar
m
an
U
n
iv
er
s
it
y
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esia
i
n
R
esear
c
h
C
en
ter
o
f
Me
d
ici
n
e
an
d
C
o
s
m
et
ic
f
r
o
m
T
r
o
p
ic
al
R
ain
f
o
r
est
R
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
g
r
a
n
t
n
u
m
b
er
s
:
3
0
3
/UN.
1
7
.
1
1
/
P
L
/2
0
2
0
)
.
W
e
also
t
h
a
n
k
to
A
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
Kar
y
a
An
a
k
B
a
n
g
s
a
I
n
d
o
n
es
ia
C
o
m
p
a
n
y
,
E
as
t
Kali
m
a
n
ta
n
B
r
an
ch
,
an
d
th
e
e
n
u
m
er
ato
r
s
Has
m
a
w
ati,
Ag
u
s
W
ir
an
to
,
A
h
m
ad
Dzik
r
i,
M.
F
aj
ar
Sid
d
iq
,
A
b
d
u
l
A
ziz.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.