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71
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77
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C
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n
b
e
h
av
io
r
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
19
[
8
]
,
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
So
m
e
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
p
r
ac
tices
li
k
e
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
ac
e
m
as
k
d
id
n
o
t
s
h
o
w
e
f
f
ec
tiv
el
y
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
t
h
e
s
p
r
ea
d
in
g
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
19
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
th
e
Natio
n
a
l
Go
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
to
en
co
u
r
ag
e
p
eo
p
le
to
p
r
ac
tice
th
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
w
a
y
i
s
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
lo
w
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tat
io
n
o
f
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
b
eh
av
io
r
a
m
o
n
g
Ni
g
er
ian
s
m
o
s
tl
y
w
as
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
d
b
y
lo
w
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
ta
tu
s
[
1
9
]
.
Oth
er
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
ag
e,
g
e
n
d
er
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
le
v
el,
a
n
d
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
r
ev
ea
led
n
o
t
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
r
elate
d
to
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
p
r
ac
tice
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
T
h
e
d
ata
o
n
No
v
e
m
b
er
1
9
th
,
2
0
2
0
f
r
o
m
th
e
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t
o
f
Hea
lt
h
,
W
est
Kali
m
a
n
ta
n
P
r
o
v
in
ce
,
I
n
d
o
n
es
ia
r
ep
o
r
ted
2
,
1
8
7
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
c
ases
w
h
ic
h
r
e
f
er
r
ed
it
to
b
e
r
ed
zo
n
e.
T
h
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
w
as
alr
ea
d
y
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
p
r
o
v
in
cial
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
to
p
r
ev
en
t
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
in
g
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
at
an
y
le
v
el.
A
l
th
o
u
g
h
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
m
a
n
y
d
o
n
o
t
b
elie
v
e
i
n
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
p
o
licies,
m
o
s
t
I
n
d
o
n
esian
s
h
a
v
e
tak
e
n
p
r
ev
en
ti
v
e
b
eh
av
io
r
f
o
r
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
19
p
an
d
e
m
ic
is
s
p
r
ea
d
in
g
u
n
p
r
ed
ictab
ly
,
d
u
e
to
m
a
n
y
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
cin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
.
I
t
co
n
ti
n
u
es
t
o
ca
u
s
e
m
o
r
b
id
it
y
,
m
o
r
ta
lit
y
,
n
o
r
m
al
lif
e
d
i
s
tu
r
b
an
ce
,
an
d
also
a
b
u
r
d
en
o
n
h
ea
lth
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
A
s
s
es
s
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
b
e
h
av
io
r
r
elate
d
to
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
in
W
est
Kali
m
a
n
ta
n
P
r
o
v
i
n
ce
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
w
o
u
ld
b
en
e
f
i
t
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
ts
o
r
in
v
o
l
v
ed
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
in
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
an
y
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
o
b
tain
ed
r
esu
lts
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
w
o
u
ld
b
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
ai
m
ed
to
ex
a
m
in
e
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
b
e
h
av
io
r
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
in
W
est Ka
li
m
a
n
ta
n
P
r
o
v
in
ce
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Study
d
esig
n
A
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
b
ased
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
tu
d
y
w
as
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
i
n
W
est
Ka
li
m
a
n
ta
n
P
r
o
v
in
ce
.
T
h
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
w
as
co
n
d
u
cted
f
r
o
m
J
u
l
y
to
A
u
g
u
s
t
2
0
2
0
af
ter
g
etti
n
g
ap
p
r
o
v
al
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
o
f
f
i
ce
o
f
th
e
co
m
m
i
ttee
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
eth
ic
(
KE
P
K)
,
Facu
lt
y
o
f
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lt
h
,
Un
i
v
er
s
ita
s
Mu
h
a
m
m
ad
i
y
a
h
Se
m
ar
an
g
I
n
s
tit
u
tio
n
al
r
ev
ie
w
b
o
ar
d
(
C
er
tif
icate
o
f
a
p
p
r
o
v
al
No
.
3
7
3
/KE
P
K
-
FKM/UNI
MU
S/2
0
2
0
)
.
2
.
2
.
T
a
r
g
et
p
o
pu
l
a
t
io
n,
s
a
m
ple size
a
nd
s
a
m
p
lin
g
t
ec
hn
i
qu
e
T
h
e
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
co
n
s
i
s
t
ed
o
f
th
e
e
n
tire
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
a
g
ed
1
5
-
6
4
y
ea
r
s
li
v
i
n
g
i
n
M
u
n
ic
ip
alit
y
P
o
n
tian
ak
,
M
u
n
icip
alit
y
Si
n
g
k
a
w
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
Keta
p
an
g
Dis
tr
i
ct
in
W
est
Kal
i
m
a
n
ta
n
P
r
o
v
in
ce
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
i
s
o
f
9
7
2
,
6
3
5
p
e
o
p
le.
Fro
m
f
o
u
r
teen
d
is
tr
ict
s
,
o
n
l
y
c
h
o
s
en
t
h
r
ee
r
eg
io
n
s
wer
e
class
i
f
ied
i
n
th
e
lo
ca
l
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
ca
teg
o
r
y
i
n
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
.
A
b
o
u
t
3
8
5
s
elec
ted
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
v
o
lu
n
teer
ed
to
f
ill
o
u
t
t
h
e
g
o
o
g
le
f
o
r
m
t
h
at
w
e
h
ad
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
u
s
ed
a
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
a
n
d
s
n
o
w
b
all
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
to
s
elec
t
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
to
s
h
ar
e
th
e
lin
k
to
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
(
W
h
ats
A
p
p
,
Face
b
o
o
k
,
I
n
s
ta
g
r
am
,
an
d
T
eleg
r
a
m
)
i
n
th
o
s
e
t
h
r
ee
ar
ea
s
.
2
.
3
.
Resea
rc
h ins
t
ru
m
e
nt
Data
w
er
e
co
llected
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
an
o
n
li
n
e
q
u
est
io
n
n
air
e
(
G
o
o
g
le
F
o
r
m
)
.
P
r
ev
en
tio
n
B
e
h
av
io
r
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
o
f
p
eo
p
le
u
s
ed
f
o
u
r
ca
teg
o
r
ies;
I
u
s
e
a
m
as
k
,
I
m
ain
tai
n
a
d
is
ta
n
ce
(
s
o
cial
d
is
ta
n
ce
)
o
f
at
least
o
n
e
m
eter
,
I
w
a
s
h
m
y
h
a
n
d
s
w
i
th
s
o
ap
an
d
r
u
n
n
in
g
w
ater
,
I
u
s
e
a
h
an
d
s
a
n
itizer
w
h
en
s
o
ap
an
d
w
ater
ar
e
n
o
t
av
a
ilab
le.
I
t
h
ad
a
n
s
w
er
o
p
tio
n
s
:
Al
w
a
y
s
'
2
'
,
So
m
e
ti
m
es
'
1
'
,
an
d
Nev
er
'
0
'
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
t
w
o
p
ar
ts
;
s
o
cio
-
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
a
n
d
t
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
o
f
P
r
o
tectio
n
Mo
ti
v
atio
n
T
h
eo
r
y
(
P
MT
)
.
So
cio
-
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
w
er
e
ag
e,
g
en
d
er
,
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
le
v
el
s
,
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
,
f
ield
o
f
w
o
r
k
,
d
eg
en
er
ati
v
e
d
i
s
ea
s
e
h
is
to
r
y
,
an
d
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
ca
s
e
s
all
ar
o
u
n
d
.
T
h
e
P
MT
co
n
s
tr
u
c
t
w
as
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
2
3
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
C
o
n
s
i
s
ti
n
g
o
f
n
i
n
e
m
ai
n
co
n
s
tr
u
cts;
P
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
v
u
l
n
er
ab
ilit
y
,
P
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
s
ev
er
it
y
,
P
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
s
e
lf
-
e
f
f
icac
y
,
E
f
f
icac
y
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e,
t
h
e
ev
a
lu
ated
co
s
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
p
r
o
tectio
n
i
n
ten
tio
n
,
p
r
o
tectio
n
m
o
ti
v
atio
n
,
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
cir
cu
lati
n
g
,
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
c
ir
cu
l
atin
g
,
r
eso
u
r
ce
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
ese
ite
m
s
w
er
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
a
5
s
ca
le
f
r
o
m
Stro
n
g
l
y
Ag
r
ee
‘
1
’
,
Ag
r
ee
‘
2
’
,
Un
ce
r
tai
n
‘
3
’
,
Di
s
ag
r
ee
‘
4
’
,
an
d
Stro
n
g
l
y
Di
s
ag
r
ee
‘
5
’
.
T
h
en
a
f
ter
b
ein
g
an
al
y
ze
d
,
t
h
e
ca
teg
o
r
y
c
h
an
g
e
d
to
L
o
w
(
3
,
4,
5
)
an
d
Hig
h
(
1
,
2
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t.
J
.
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u
b
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lth
Sci.
I
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N:
2
252
-
8
806
P
r
ev
en
tio
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b
eh
a
vio
r
o
f c
o
mm
u
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ity
fo
r
s
p
r
ea
d
in
g
C
OV
I
D
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1
9
in
W
est
K
a
lim
a
n
ta
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(
Lin
d
a
S
u
w
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r
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i
)
773
2
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4
.
D
a
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
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tco
m
e
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en
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a
v
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o
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OVI
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(
Yes,
No
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w
it
h
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w
o
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k
s
in
t
h
e
last
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u
l
y
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t
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Au
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u
s
t.
Descr
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ased
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8806
I
n
t.
J
.
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci.,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
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b
er
2021
:
7
71
–
7
77
774
T
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]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
in
d
icate
t
h
at
s
o
m
eo
n
e
w
h
o
h
a
s
lo
w
s
el
f
-
e
f
f
icac
y
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ti
n
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
h
ea
lth
p
r
o
to
co
l h
as a
3
.
4
3
6
tim
es c
h
an
ce
o
f
n
o
t
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ti
n
g
th
i
s
p
r
ev
en
ti
v
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
.
Se
lf
-
e
f
f
ic
ac
y
ca
n
b
e
e
x
e
m
p
li
f
ied
li
k
e
in
a
n
u
r
s
e
ca
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
r
esu
lts
o
r
ce
r
tain
c
h
an
g
e
s
.
Self
-
e
f
f
icac
y
h
as
b
ee
n
s
h
o
w
n
to
p
lay
a
n
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
r
o
le
in
v
ar
io
u
s
en
d
ea
v
o
r
s
,
if
n
u
r
s
es
w
i
th
lo
w
s
el
f
-
e
f
f
icac
y
w
il
l e
x
p
er
ien
ce
d
i
f
f
icu
l
ties
,
s
tr
ess
an
d
a
n
x
iet
y
ca
n
o
cc
u
r
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
ev
alu
ated
co
s
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
v
ar
iab
les
in
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
w
er
e
r
elate
d
to
th
e
co
n
v
en
ie
n
ce
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
m
as
k
s
,
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
y
in
f
in
d
i
n
g
a
p
lace
to
w
a
s
h
h
an
d
s
i
n
p
u
b
lic
p
lace
s
,
th
e
p
r
ice
o
f
ex
p
e
n
s
i
v
e
p
er
s
o
n
al
p
r
o
tectiv
e
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
(
m
a
s
k
s
,
h
a
n
d
s
an
i
tizer
s
,
an
d
f
ac
e
s
h
ield
s
)
a
n
d
th
e
d
is
co
m
f
o
r
t
o
f
k
ee
p
i
n
g
a
d
is
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
o
t
h
er
p
eo
p
le.
P
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
h
ad
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
o
n
e's
i
n
ten
tio
n
to
b
eh
av
e
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
o
f
a
d
is
ea
s
e,
th
at
ar
i
s
es
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
'
s
a
w
ar
e
n
es
s
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
co
s
t
w
h
ic
h
i
s
ev
al
u
ated
is
i
n
li
n
e
w
it
h
o
n
e's
i
n
te
n
tio
n
,
i
n
te
n
tio
n
is
in
clu
d
ed
in
t
h
e
s
el
f
-
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
a
p
er
s
o
n
,
an
d
t
h
is
is
d
y
n
a
m
ic,
m
ea
n
in
g
t
h
at
it
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
escap
e
ch
an
g
e.
So
m
e
asp
ec
ts
w
i
ll
last
a
ce
r
tain
p
er
io
d
o
f
ti
m
e
a
n
d
s
o
m
e
ar
e
ea
s
y
to
ch
an
g
e
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
itu
at
io
n
a
n
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
d
[
2
6
]
.
A
t
t
h
e
b
eg
i
n
n
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
,
p
eo
p
le
w
o
u
ld
h
av
e
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
y
ad
ap
ti
n
g
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
h
ea
l
th
p
r
o
to
co
ls
,
esp
ec
iall
y
in
f
in
d
i
n
g
to
o
ls
f
o
r
t
h
eir
o
w
n
p
r
o
tectio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
w
ed
th
a
t
s
o
m
eo
n
e
w
ith
a
lo
w
e
v
alu
a
tio
n
co
s
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
i
n
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ti
n
g
t
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
h
ea
lth
p
r
o
to
co
l
h
a
v
e
1
.
9
4
4
tim
e
t
h
e
ch
a
n
ce
o
f
n
o
t
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ti
n
g
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
I
n
lin
e
w
i
th
o
t
h
er
r
esear
ch
th
a
t
co
s
t r
esp
o
n
s
e
is
r
elate
d
to
d
is
ea
s
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
b
eh
av
io
r
in
s
o
m
eo
n
e
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
h
as
s
tr
e
n
g
h
an
d
lim
itatio
n
.
I
n
v
es
tig
a
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t s
tu
d
y
i
n
W
e
s
t
Kal
i
m
a
n
ta
n
P
r
o
v
i
n
ce
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
v
ia
o
n
li
n
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
w
a
s
co
n
d
u
cted
in
t
w
o
w
ee
k
s
in
P
o
n
tian
a
k
Mu
n
icip
ali
t
y
,
Si
n
g
k
a
w
a
n
g
Mu
n
icip
alit
y
,
an
d
Ket
ap
an
g
Dis
tr
ict.
T
h
e
r
ea
d
in
ess
o
f
o
r
g
an
izat
io
n
s
,
p
e
o
p
le,
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
f
ac
ili
ties
,
a
n
d
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
r
estricte
d
i
n
s
o
m
e
ar
ea
s
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
m
a
y
b
e
n
ef
it
au
t
h
o
r
ized
u
n
i
ts
to
s
et
p
r
ev
en
ti
v
e
s
tr
ate
g
ies
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
C
O
VI
D
-
19.
T
h
e
li
m
itatio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
y
i
s
t
h
e
d
ata
co
l
lecte
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
n
li
n
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
t
h
at
p
o
ten
t
iall
y
b
ias
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
’
s
id
e.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
s
u
m
m
a
r
y
,
w
e
o
b
t
a
in
e
d
b
ase
l
in
e
in
f
o
r
m
a
ti
o
n
o
f
p
r
ev
en
ti
o
n
b
eh
av
i
o
r
t
o
w
ar
d
s
C
OV
I
D
-
1
9
i
n
W
es
t
K
a
l
im
an
ta
n
Pr
o
v
in
c
e
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
in
d
i
c
at
e
s
th
at
p
e
o
p
l
e
w
h
o
d
o
n
o
t
h
av
e
o
c
cu
p
a
t
i
o
n
,
l
o
w
p
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
e
lf
-
e
f
f
i
ca
cy
,
an
d
l
o
w
th
e
ev
a
lu
a
te
d
c
o
s
t
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
h
av
e
p
o
o
r
p
r
e
v
en
ti
o
n
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
.
S
o
m
e
c
at
eg
o
r
i
es
m
en
ti
o
n
e
d
in
th
is
r
e
s
e
a
r
ch
m
ig
h
t
b
en
ef
it
t
h
e
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
t
e
s
p
e
c
i
al
ly
au
th
o
r
i
z
e
d
u
n
i
ts
s
u
c
h
as
th
e
c
en
t
r
al
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
t
,
M
in
is
t
r
y
o
f
H
e
alt
h
an
d
l
o
c
al
m
u
n
ic
i
p
a
li
t
i
es
.
T
h
e
r
es
u
l
ts
c
a
n
b
e
u
s
e
d
as
b
a
s
i
c
in
f
o
r
m
at
i
o
n
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
e
r
i
n
t
e
r
v
en
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
p
r
o
m
o
ti
o
n
o
f
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
o
f
p
r
ev
en
t
i
o
n
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
.
T
h
e
p
r
a
ct
i
c
a
l
r
e
c
o
m
m
en
d
a
ti
o
n
c
an
b
e:
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
th
e
PP
E
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
is
k
y
o
c
cu
p
a
ti
o
n
,
s
u
ch
as
h
e
a
lth
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
an
d
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
ey
w
ea
r
th
e
PP
E
p
r
o
p
e
r
ly
.
A
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
ly
,
p
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
s
e
l
f
-
ef
f
i
c
a
cy
n
e
e
d
t
o
b
e
in
c
r
e
as
e
b
y
p
r
o
m
o
t
e
p
e
o
p
l
e
t
o
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
h
e
a
lth
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
d
u
r
in
g
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
o
u
t
b
r
e
ak
b
y
3
M
(
u
s
in
g
a
m
as
k
,
m
ain
t
a
in
i
n
g
a
m
in
im
u
m
d
i
s
t
an
c
e
o
f
a
m
e
te
r
,
an
d
w
a
s
h
i
n
g
h
an
d
s
w
ith
s
o
a
p
a
s
o
f
t
en
a
s
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
)
.
I
n
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
th
e
ev
a
lu
ate
d
c
o
s
t
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
,
s
t
ak
eh
o
l
d
e
r
m
ay
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
th
e
p
r
i
c
e
o
f
b
a
s
i
c
PP
E
,
f
o
r
in
s
t
an
c
e
m
ask
s
o
al
l
p
e
o
p
l
e
f
r
o
m
l
o
w
t
o
h
ig
h
in
c
o
m
e
w
il
l
h
av
e
th
e
p
o
w
e
r
o
f
p
u
r
c
h
as
e
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
f
u
n
d
ed
b
y
t
h
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
R
e
s
ea
r
ch
a
n
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
/
Natio
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al
R
e
s
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ch
an
d
I
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o
v
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tio
n
Ag
en
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y
(
No
.
SP
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P
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-
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4
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.
0
6
.
1
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1
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/
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0
2
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)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8806
I
n
t.
J
.
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci.,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2021
:
7
71
–
7
77
776
REFEREN
CES
[1
]
D.
Cu
c
in
o
tt
a
a
n
d
M
.
V
a
n
e
ll
i,
“
W
HO
d
e
c
lare
s
COV
ID
-
1
9
a
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic,
”
Acta
Bi
o
M
e
d
ica
At
e
n
e
i
Pa
rm
.
,
v
o
l.
9
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
5
7
-
1
6
0
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
2
3
7
5
0
/ab
m
.
v
9
1
i1
.
9
3
9
7
.
[2
]
M
in
istry
o
f
He
a
lt
h
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
“
P
e
ta
S
e
b
a
ra
n
,
”
M
in
istry
o
f
He
a
lt
h
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
2
0
2
0
.
[
On
li
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s:/
/co
v
id
1
9
.
g
o
.
id
/
p
e
ta
-
se
b
a
ra
n
(a
c
c
e
ss
e
d
No
v
.
1
9
,
2
0
2
0
).
[3
]
A
.
M
il
li
k
e
n
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
d
d
re
ss
in
g
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
a
ss
o
c
iate
d
w
it
h
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
li
z
in
g
a
c
risis
sta
n
d
a
r
d
s
o
f
c
a
re
p
ro
t
o
c
o
l
f
o
r
th
e
Co
v
id
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic,”
NEJM
Ca
ta
l
.
In
n
o
v
.
Ca
re
De
li
v
.
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
4
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
5
6
/CA
T
.
2
0
.
0
3
8
4
[4
]
L
.
Cirri
n
c
io
n
e
e
t
a
l.
,
“
COV
ID
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic:
P
re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
n
d
p
ro
tec
ti
o
n
m
e
a
su
re
s
to
b
e
a
d
o
p
ted
a
t
th
e
w
o
rk
p
lac
e
,
”
S
u
sta
in
a
b
il
it
y
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
8
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/s
u
1
2
0
9
3
6
0
3
.
[5
]
P
.
G
e
ld
se
tze
r,
“
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
a
n
d
p
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
s
o
f
COV
ID
-
1
9
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
g
e
n
e
ra
l
p
u
b
li
c
i
n
t
h
e
Un
it
e
d
S
tate
s
a
n
d
th
e
Un
it
e
d
Ki
n
g
d
o
m
:
a
c
ro
ss
-
se
c
ti
o
n
a
l
o
n
li
n
e
su
rv
e
y
,
”
An
n
.
I
n
te
rn
.
M
e
d
.
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
5
7
–
1
6
0
,
2
0
2
0
,
[6
]
M
.
I.
Ud
d
in
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
A
l
-
k
h
a
s
a
w
n
e
h
,
“
Op
ti
m
a
l
p
o
li
c
y
lea
rn
in
g
f
o
r
COV
ID
-
1
9
p
re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
u
si
n
g
re
in
f
o
rc
e
m
e
n
t
lea
rn
in
g
,
”
J
.
In
f
.
S
c
i.
,
p
p
.
1
–
3
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
0
1
6
5
5
5
1
5
2
0
9
5
9
7
9
8
.
[7
]
D.
A
s
m
e
las
h
a
n
d
A
.
F
a
sil,
“
K
n
o
w
le
d
g
e
,
A
tt
it
u
d
e
s
a
n
d
P
ra
c
ti
c
e
s
T
o
w
a
rd
P
re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Earl
y
De
te
c
ti
o
n
o
f
COV
ID
-
1
9
a
n
d
A
ss
o
c
iate
d
F
a
c
to
rs
Am
o
n
g
Re
li
g
io
u
s
Cleric
s
a
n
d
T
ra
d
it
io
n
a
l
He
a
lers
in
G
o
n
d
a
r
T
o
w
n
,
No
rth
w
e
st
Et
h
io
p
ia :
A
Co
m
m
u
n
it
y
-
Ba
se
d
S
tu
d
y
,
”
Ri
sk
M
a
n
a
g
.
He
a
lt
h
c
.
Po
li
c
y
,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
p
p
.
2
2
3
9
-
2
2
5
0
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
2
1
4
7
/R
M
H
P
.
S
2
7
7
8
4
6
.
[8
]
C.
W
a
n
g
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Dise
a
se
k
n
o
w
le
d
g
e
a
n
d
a
tt
it
u
d
e
s
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
COV
ID
-
1
9
e
p
i
d
e
m
ic
a
m
o
n
g
in
tern
a
t
io
n
a
l
m
ig
ra
n
ts
in
Ch
in
a
:
a
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
ro
ss
-
se
c
ti
o
n
a
l
stu
d
y
,
”
In
t.
J
.
Bi
o
l.
S
c
i.
,
v
o
l.
1
6
,
n
o
.
1
5
,
p
p
.
2
8
9
5
-
2
9
0
5
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
7
1
5
0
/
ij
b
s.
4
7
0
7
5
.
[9
]
S
.
C.
Ba
il
e
y
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ch
a
n
g
e
s
in
COV
ID
-
1
9
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
,
Be
li
e
f
s
,
Be
h
a
v
io
rs
,
a
n
d
P
re
p
a
re
d
n
e
ss
Am
o
n
g
Hi
g
h
-
Risk
A
d
u
lt
s
f
ro
m
th
e
On
se
t
to
th
e
Ac
c
e
lera
ti
o
n
P
h
a
se
o
f
th
e
US
Ou
tb
re
a
k
,
”
J
.
Ge
n
In
ter
n
M
e
d
,
v
o
l.
3
5
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
3
2
8
5
–
3
2
9
2
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/s
1
1
6
0
6
-
0
2
0
-
0
5
9
8
0
-
2.
[1
0
]
S
.
A
.
Qu
a
n
d
t,
N.
J.
L
a
M
o
n
t
o
,
D.
C.
M
o
ra
,
J.
W
.
T
a
lt
o
n
,
P
.
J.
L
a
u
rien
ti
,
a
n
d
T
.
A
.
A
rc
u
r
y
,
“
COV
ID
-
1
9
P
a
n
d
e
m
ic
a
m
o
n
g
L
a
ti
n
x
F
a
r
m
w
o
rk
e
r
a
n
d
No
n
f
a
r
m
w
o
rk
e
r
F
a
m
il
ie
s
in
No
rth
Ca
ro
li
n
a
:
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
,
Risk
P
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
s,
a
n
d
P
re
v
e
n
ti
v
e
Be
h
a
v
io
rs,”
In
t.
J
.
En
v
iro
n
.
Res
.
Pu
b
li
c
He
a
lt
h
,
v
o
l.
1
7
,
n
o
.
1
6
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
7
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
ij
e
rp
h
1
7
1
6
5
7
8
6
.
[1
1
]
Z.
T
.
T
e
s
f
a
y
e
,
M
.
B.
Yism
a
w
,
Z.
Ne
g
a
sh
,
a
n
d
A
.
G
.
Ay
e
le,
“
COV
ID
-
19
-
Re
late
d
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
,
A
tt
it
u
d
e
a
n
d
P
ra
c
ti
c
e
Am
o
n
g
Ho
sp
it
a
l
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
it
y
P
h
a
rm
a
c
ists
in
A
d
d
is
A
b
a
b
a
,
Et
h
io
p
ia,”
In
teg
r.
P
h
a
rm
.
Res
.
Pra
c
t.
,
v
o
l.
9
,
p
p
.
105
-
1
1
2
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
2
1
4
7
/I
P
R
P
.
S
2
6
1
2
7
5
.
[1
2
]
Z.
L
i
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
,
a
tt
it
u
d
e
s,
a
n
d
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
s
re
late
d
to
Co
ro
n
a
v
iru
s
d
ise
a
se
2
0
1
9
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
o
u
t
b
re
a
k
a
m
o
n
g
w
o
rk
e
r
s
in
Ch
in
a
:
A
larg
e
c
r
o
ss
-
se
c
ti
o
n
a
l
stu
d
y
,
”
PL
o
S
Ne
g
l.
T
ro
p
.
Dis.
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
2
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
3
7
1
/
jo
u
rn
a
l.
p
n
t
d
.
0
0
0
8
5
8
4
.
[1
3
]
H.
V
a
n
N
h
u
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
,
A
tt
it
u
d
e
s
,
a
n
d
P
ra
c
ti
c
e
s
o
f
th
e
Vi
e
tn
a
m
e
se
a
s
Ke
y
F
a
c
to
rs
in
Co
n
tr
o
ll
in
g
CO
V
ID
‑
1
9
,
”
J
.
Co
mm
u
n
it
y
He
a
lt
h
,
v
o
l.
4
5
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
2
6
3
-
1
2
6
9
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/s
1
0
9
0
0
-
0
2
0
-
0
0
9
1
9
-
4.
[1
4
]
G
.
Hu
y
n
h
e
t
a
l
,
“
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
,
Atti
tu
d
e
,
a
n
d
P
ra
c
ti
c
e
s
Re
g
a
rd
in
g
COV
ID
-
1
9
Am
o
n
g
Ch
ro
n
ic
Ill
n
e
ss
P
a
ti
e
n
ts
a
t
Ou
tp
a
ti
e
n
t
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
ts
in
Ho
C
h
i
M
in
h
Cit
y
,
”
Ri
s
k
M
a
n
a
g
.
He
a
lt
h
c
.
P
o
li
c
y
,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
p
p
.
1
5
7
1
–
7
8
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
1
4
7
/R
M
H
P
.
S
2
6
8
8
7
6
.
[1
5
]
N.
P
h
u
c
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
re
v
e
n
ti
v
e
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
o
f
V
ietn
a
m
e
se
p
e
o
p
le
in
re
sp
o
n
se
to
t
h
e
COV
ID
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic,”
PL
o
S
On
e
,
v
o
l.
1
5
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
1
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
7
1
/j
o
u
rn
a
l
.
p
o
n
e
.
0
2
3
8
8
3
0
.
[1
6
]
X
.
Ch
e
n
a
n
d
H.
Ch
e
n
,
“
Dif
fe
re
n
c
e
s
in
p
re
v
e
n
ti
v
e
b
e
h
a
v
io
rs
o
f
COV
ID
-
1
9
b
e
tw
e
e
n
u
rb
a
n
a
n
d
ru
ra
l
re
sid
e
n
ts:
les
so
n
s
lea
rn
e
d
f
ro
m
a
c
ro
ss
-
s
e
c
ti
o
n
a
l
stu
d
y
in
Ch
in
a
,
”
In
t.
J
.
E
n
v
iro
n
.
Res
.
Pu
b
li
c
He
a
lt
h
,
v
o
l.
1
7
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
-
4
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
ij
e
rp
h
1
7
1
2
4
4
3
7
.
[1
7
]
R.
Ch
o
u
,
T
.
Da
n
a
,
R.
Ju
n
g
b
a
u
e
r,
C.
W
e
e
k
s,
a
n
d
M
.
S
.
M
c
Do
n
a
g
h
,
“
M
a
sk
s
f
o
r
p
re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
o
f
re
sp
irato
ry
v
iru
s
in
f
e
c
ti
o
n
s,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
S
A
RS
-
Co
V
-
2
,
in
h
e
a
lt
h
c
a
re
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
se
tt
in
g
s:
a
li
v
in
g
ra
p
id
re
v
ie
w
,
”
An
n
.
In
ter
n
.
M
e
d
.
,
v
o
l.
1
7
3
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
5
4
2
-
5
5
5
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
7
3
2
6
/M
2
0
-
3
2
1
3
.
[1
8
]
T
.
T
h
i,
P
.
Ng
u
y
e
n
,
L
.
H.
N
g
u
y
e
n
,
H.
T
.
Le,
a
n
d
G
.
T
.
V
u
,
“
P
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
A
tt
it
u
d
e
s
T
o
wa
rd
CO
V
ID
-
19
-
Re
late
d
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
Re
sp
o
n
se
M
e
a
su
re
s
o
f
V
ietn
a
m
e
se
:
I
m
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
P
a
n
d
e
m
ic
P
re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Co
n
tr
o
l,
”
Fr
o
n
t.
Pu
b
li
c
He
a
l.
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
Oc
to
b
e
r,
p
p
.
1
–
9
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
3
3
8
9
/f
p
u
b
h
.
2
0
2
0
.
5
8
9
0
5
3
.
[1
9
]
O.
Iles
a
n
m
i
a
n
d
A
.
Af
o
lab
i,
“
P
e
r
c
e
p
ti
o
n
a
n
d
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
s
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
COV
ID
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic
in
a
n
u
rb
a
n
c
o
m
m
u
n
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.
APPENDI
X
T
ab
le
3
.
A
s
s
o
ciatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
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ch
in
d
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n
t v
ar
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d
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r
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eh
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r
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D
-
1
9
Va
r
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h
a
v
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o
f
C
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V
I
D
-
19
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
OR
(
9
5
%
C
I
)
P
o
o
r
G
o
o
d
n
%
n
%
A
g
e
Y
o
u
t
h
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1
.
6
50
3
4
.
0
0
.
1
3
8
1
.
3
8
(
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9
0
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.
1
2
)
A
d
u
l
t
1
3
9
5
8
.
4
97
6
6
.
0
Gend
e
r
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a
l
e
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2
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2
32
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1
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mal
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1
7
1
7
1
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8
.
2
Occ
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p
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t
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o
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t
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p
s ‘Y
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ID
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c
a
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