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l J
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P
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h
s
.
ia
esco
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e.
co
m
Athlet
es sleep
dur
a
tion during
C
O
VID
-
19
pa
nde
m
ic
and its
rela
tions
hip w
ith
hea
lth
co
ndi
tion
J
ull
K
urnia
ro
bb
i
,
Chi
kih
C
hi
k
ih
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M
uh
a
mm
a
d An
dea
ns
a
h,
Ria
L
esta
ri,
I
rf
a
n Su
k
en
da
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D
e
p
a
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t
me
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a
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c
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a
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se
a
se
2
0
1
9
(
C
O
V
ID
-
19
)
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic,
a
th
lete
s
m
u
st
b
e
a
b
le
to
a
d
a
p
t
to
n
e
w
h
a
b
it
s,
su
c
h
a
s:
so
c
ial
re
stricti
o
n
,
c
h
a
n
g
e
o
f
c
o
m
p
e
ti
ti
o
n
sc
h
e
d
u
le,
a
n
d
se
n
d
i
n
g
b
a
c
k
h
o
m
e
.
T
h
is
situ
a
ti
o
n
h
a
s
led
to
a
n
1
8
.
2
%
in
c
re
a
se
in
sle
e
p
d
istu
r
b
a
n
c
e
s.
T
h
is
stu
d
y
a
i
m
e
d
to
lo
o
k
a
t
th
e
sle
e
p
d
u
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
t
a
th
lete
s
d
u
ri
n
g
th
e
COV
ID
-
19
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic
a
n
d
it
s
im
p
a
c
t
o
n
a
th
lete
’s h
e
a
lt
h
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
s.
A
to
tal
o
f
1
2
6
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
t
a
th
lete
s
f
ro
m
1
5
sp
o
rts
w
e
re
re
c
ru
it
e
d
in
th
is
c
ro
ss
-
se
c
ti
o
n
a
l
stu
d
y
.
A
d
e
q
u
a
te
sle
e
p
d
u
ra
ti
o
n
w
a
s
a
ss
e
ss
e
d
a
c
c
o
rd
i
n
g
to
th
e
A
m
e
rica
n
Ac
a
d
e
m
y
o
f
S
lee
p
M
e
d
icin
e
c
rit
e
ria.
Da
ta
o
n
h
e
a
lt
h
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
s,
m
e
d
ica
l
h
isto
ry
,
in
ju
ry
h
isto
ry
,
w
e
r
e
tak
e
n
u
sin
g
a
q
u
e
stio
n
n
a
ire.
Be
h
a
v
io
ra
l
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
w
a
s
a
ss
e
ss
e
d
th
ro
u
g
h
t
h
e
s
tren
g
th
s
a
n
d
d
if
ficu
lt
ies
q
u
e
stio
n
n
a
ire.
A
b
o
u
t
8
0
.
2
%
o
f
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
t
a
th
lete
s
h
a
d
i
n
su
f
f
i
c
ien
t
sle
e
p
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
re
w
a
s
a
sig
n
if
ica
n
t
re
latio
n
sh
i
p
b
e
tw
e
e
n
sle
e
p
d
u
ra
ti
o
n
a
n
d
d
ise
a
se
in
c
id
e
n
c
e
w
it
h
a
r
e
lati
ve
ris
k
(
RR
)
o
f
3
.
3
1
(
1
.
3
2
-
8
.
2
8
)
9
5
%
c
o
n
v
id
e
n
c
e
i
n
terv
a
l
(
CI
)
.
T
h
e
re
w
a
s
n
o
sig
n
if
ica
n
t
re
latio
n
sh
ip
b
e
tw
e
e
n
a
d
e
q
u
a
te
sle
e
p
d
u
ra
ti
o
n
a
n
d
h
e
a
lt
h
c
o
n
d
i
ti
o
n
s
(p
>
0
.
0
5
)
.
T
h
in
g
s
th
a
t
m
a
y
b
e
th
e
c
a
u
se
o
f
sle
e
p
d
istu
rb
a
n
c
e
s;
u
se
o
f
e
lec
tro
n
ic
d
e
v
ice
s
(3
7
.
6
%
),
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
s
(
5
3
.
4
%
),
a
n
d
w
o
rry
(9
%
).
In
t
h
e
e
n
d
,
t
h
is
in
d
ica
tes
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
t
a
th
lete
s
f
a
c
e
d
iff
i
c
u
lt
ies
i
n
a
c
h
iev
in
g
a
d
e
q
u
a
te
sle
e
p
d
u
ra
ti
o
n
d
u
rin
g
th
is
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic
a
n
d
a
c
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
su
rv
e
il
lan
c
e
s
y
ste
m
is
n
e
e
d
e
d
to
m
o
n
it
o
r
a
th
lete
s o
u
tsi
d
e
th
e
d
o
rm
it
o
ry
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
A
d
o
lesce
n
t a
t
h
lete
Hea
lth
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
Sleep
d
u
r
atio
n
Sp
o
r
ts
ep
id
em
io
lo
g
y
T
h
is
is
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
C
h
i
k
i
h
C
h
i
k
i
h
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
C
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
M
ed
icin
e
,
Facu
l
t
y
o
f
Me
d
icin
e
,
Un
i
v
er
s
ita
s
I
n
d
o
n
esia
J
ak
ar
t
a
P
u
s
at,
DKI
J
ak
ar
ta,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail:
c
h
i
k
ih
.
m
d
.
d
m
a
@
g
m
ai
l
.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Sleep
is
a
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
p
h
y
s
io
lo
g
ical
f
u
n
c
tio
n
to
cr
ea
te
o
p
ti
m
al
h
ea
lt
h
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
Am
er
ica
n
A
ca
d
e
m
y
o
f
Sleep
Me
d
icin
e
(
AASM)
,
a
d
u
lts
ar
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
to
s
leep
b
et
w
e
en
s
ev
e
n
an
d
n
in
e
h
o
u
r
s
p
er
d
a
y
to
o
b
tai
n
o
p
ti
m
al
h
ea
lt
h
an
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
w
h
ile
ad
o
lescen
ts
a
g
e
d
1
3
-
1
8
y
ea
r
s
ar
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
to
h
av
e
m
o
r
e
s
leep
ti
m
e,
w
h
ich
i
s
eig
h
t
to
ten
h
o
u
r
s
p
er
d
a
y
[
1
]
–
[
3
]
.
A
d
eq
u
ate
s
leep
ti
m
e
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
q
u
alit
y
,
q
u
a
n
tit
y
,
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
an
d
h
ab
it
s
o
f
a
p
er
s
o
n
an
d
it
is
ap
p
lied
to
an
ath
lete
to
o
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
Sleep
is
g
r
ea
tl
y
b
en
ef
ic
ial
in
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
s
p
o
r
ts
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
b
ec
au
s
e
it
is
r
elate
d
to
th
e
r
ec
o
v
er
y
t
i
m
e
t
h
at
allo
w
s
ce
l
lu
lar
ad
ap
tatio
n
,
th
er
eb
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
t
h
e
r
is
k
o
f
h
ea
lt
h
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
,
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
,
i
m
p
air
ed
co
g
n
iti
v
e
f
u
n
ct
io
n
,
a
n
d
m
in
i
m
izi
n
g
t
h
e
r
is
k
o
f
i
n
j
u
r
y
[
2
]
,
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
s
leep
d
ev
iatio
n
i
s
b
eliev
ed
to
b
e
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
ca
u
s
es
f
o
r
lo
s
t
s
p
o
r
ts
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
i
n
j
u
r
y
r
is
k
i
n
an
ath
lete
[
2
]
,
[
4
]
.
I
n
th
is
p
an
d
e
m
ic
s
itu
a
tio
n
,
p
eo
p
le
tr
y
to
ad
ap
t
to
s
o
cial
ac
ti
v
it
ies
r
estrictio
n
s
,
w
o
r
k
s
c
h
ed
u
l
es
ad
j
u
s
t
m
en
t,
an
d
t
h
e
lo
s
s
o
f
b
u
s
in
e
s
s
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
i
ties
.
T
h
is
co
n
d
itio
n
led
to
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
of
an
x
iet
y
d
i
s
o
r
d
er
s
3
5
.
1
%,
d
ep
r
ess
iv
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
2
0
.
1
%
,
an
d
s
leep
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
b
y
1
8
.
2
%
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
T
h
is
s
leep
d
is
t
u
r
b
an
ce
ca
n
als
o
af
f
ec
t
ath
lete
a
n
d
its
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
s
t
h
e
a
w
ar
e
n
es
s
o
f
ath
le
te
r
ec
o
v
er
y
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
o
f
in
ad
eq
u
ate
s
leep
d
u
r
atio
n
i
n
at
h
lete
s
i
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8806
I
n
t J
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
M
ar
ch
20
22
:
61
-
68
62
s
u
s
p
e
cted
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
t
h
e
co
r
o
n
av
ir
u
s
d
is
ea
s
e
2
0
1
9
(
C
OVI
D
-
19
)
p
an
d
e
m
ic
s
it
u
ati
o
n
[
7
]
.
P
an
d
e
m
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
a
ls
o
f
o
r
ce
d
ath
lete
s
to
ad
ap
t
,
esp
ec
iall
y
in
th
e
a
d
o
lescen
t
at
h
lete
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
A
d
o
lesce
n
t
at
h
lete
s
w
h
o
u
n
d
er
g
o
tr
ain
i
n
g
m
u
s
t
b
e
s
en
t
h
o
m
e
s
o
t
h
at
th
e
y
ar
e
f
r
ee
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
u
p
er
v
i
s
io
n
o
f
tr
ain
i
n
g
lo
ad
s
,
h
ea
lt
h
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
an
d
d
is
cip
li
n
ar
y
r
u
les.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
is
r
esear
c
h
ai
m
ed
:
i
)
t
o
f
in
d
o
u
t
th
e
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
ad
o
lescen
t
ath
lete
s
'
s
leep
d
u
r
atio
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
e
m
ic
lo
c
k
d
o
w
n
,
ii
)
to
f
i
n
d
o
u
t
t
h
e
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
th
e
h
ea
lt
h
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
ad
o
lescen
t
at
h
let
es
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
lo
ck
d
o
w
n
,
iii
)
to
f
in
d
o
u
t
th
e
d
eter
m
i
n
an
t
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
ca
n
af
f
ec
t
s
leep
d
u
r
atio
n
a
m
o
n
g
ad
o
lescen
t
ath
l
etes,
an
d
iv
)
to
f
in
d
o
u
t
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
ad
eq
u
ate
s
leep
d
u
r
atio
n
an
d
h
ea
lth
co
n
d
itio
n
s
i
n
ad
o
lescen
t
ath
lete
s
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
lo
ck
d
o
w
n
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Study
des
ig
n
a
nd
s
a
m
pli
ng
m
et
ho
d
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
w
as
co
n
d
u
cted
w
it
h
a
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
t
u
d
y
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
w
as
ad
o
lescen
t
ath
lete
s
f
r
o
m
s
p
o
r
ts
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
J
ak
ar
ta
.
T
h
ey
w
er
e
m
ale
a
n
d
f
e
m
a
le
ad
o
lescen
t
ath
lete
s
ag
ed
1
3
-
18
f
r
o
m
1
5
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
s
p
o
r
ts
,
w
it
h
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
s
c
h
o
o
l
ac
ad
e
m
ic
ac
tiv
ities
.
T
h
e
y
s
t
a
y
a
n
d
d
o
in
g
s
p
o
r
ts
tr
ain
i
n
g
i
n
th
e
b
o
ar
d
in
g
f
ac
ilit
ies
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
th
e
s
a
m
e
lo
ca
tio
n
.
D
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
e
m
ic,
all
s
c
h
o
o
l
an
d
s
p
o
r
ts
ac
t
iv
i
ties
w
er
e
s
to
p
p
ed
an
d
all
at
h
lete
s
w
er
e
r
et
u
r
n
ed
to
t
h
eir
h
o
m
e
s
.
W
h
i
le
i
n
t
h
eir
h
o
m
e
ar
ea
s
,
all
ath
lete
s
co
n
ti
n
u
e
to
tr
ai
n
r
eg
u
l
ar
l
y
an
d
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
is
o
n
l
y
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t o
n
lin
e
w
it
h
i
n
an
u
n
c
er
tain
p
er
io
d
.
T
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
th
e
s
a
m
p
le
s
ize
w
as
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
o
f
b
in
o
m
ial
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
,
w
i
t
h
Z
α
=5
%
an
d
a
p
o
w
er
lev
e
l
o
f
9
5
%.
T
h
e
in
j
u
r
ies
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ca
lcu
latio
n
in
ath
lete
s
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
r
es
u
lts
o
f
R
o
s
en
et
a
l
.
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
th
es
e
r
esear
ch
s
u
b
j
ec
ts
is
9
0
.
I
n
th
is
r
esear
c
h
203
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
w
er
e
p
ar
ticip
ated
.
I
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
w
as
tak
e
n
b
y
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
a
m
p
l
in
g
.
T
h
e
in
cl
u
s
io
n
cr
iter
ias
w
er
e:
i)
at
h
letes
ar
e
ac
tiv
e
i
n
s
p
o
r
ts
s
c
h
o
o
ls
,
ii)
ad
o
lesce
n
t
at
h
lete
s
w
h
o
w
a
n
t
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
an
d
h
av
e
p
ar
en
tal
co
n
s
e
n
t,
an
d
th
e
ex
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia,
i
ii)
ad
o
lescen
t
ath
letes
w
h
o
d
id
n
o
t
f
ill
o
u
t
all
r
esear
c
h
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
co
m
p
letel
y
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
a
g
e
g
r
o
u
p
w
as
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
to
th
e
a
g
e
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
1
3
-
1
5
y
ea
r
s
a
n
d
16
-
1
8
y
ea
r
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
lev
el
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
u
n
d
er
tak
e
n
b
y
th
e
ad
o
lesce
n
t
at
h
lete
s
at
s
ch
o
o
l
(
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
an
d
h
i
g
h
s
ch
o
o
l)
.
2
.
2
.
Va
ria
bles
a
nd
i
n
s
t
ru
m
ent
s
A
ll
d
ata
w
er
e
co
llected
th
r
o
u
g
h
q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
es
w
h
ich
w
er
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
an
d
co
m
p
leted
o
n
lin
e.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
t
w
o
q
u
es
tio
n
n
air
es
f
o
r
t
h
i
s
r
esear
ch
;
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e
w
as
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
u
b
j
ec
t
id
e
n
titi
e
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
ile
d
ata.
Su
b
j
ec
t id
en
titi
e
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
iles
co
n
s
i
s
t o
f
n
a
m
e,
a
g
e,
g
e
n
d
er
,
t
y
p
e
o
f
s
p
o
r
t,
w
eig
h
t,
h
e
ig
h
t,
h
o
u
r
s
o
f
s
leep
,
h
o
u
r
s
o
f
w
a
k
e
u
p
,
an
d
p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
leep
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
(
u
s
i
n
g
el
ec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ices,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
an
d
f
ee
li
n
g
s
o
f
w
o
r
r
y
)
.
Seco
n
d
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
ab
o
u
t
th
e
i
n
cid
e
n
ce
o
f
ill
n
ess
,
i
n
j
u
r
y
,
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
al
d
if
f
icu
l
ties
s
tr
en
g
th
s
a
n
d
d
i
f
f
ic
u
lt
ies
q
u
es
tio
n
n
air
e
(
SDQ)
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
also
g
r
o
u
p
ed
s
p
o
r
ts
i
n
to
co
n
tact
s
p
o
r
ts
,
li
m
ited
co
n
tact,
an
d
n
o
n
-
co
n
tact
.
H
o
w
e
v
er
,
w
e
co
m
b
i
n
ed
l
i
m
ited
co
n
tact
s
p
o
r
ts
w
it
h
co
n
tact
s
p
o
r
ts
.
C
o
n
tact
s
p
o
r
ts
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
b
ask
e
tb
all,
v
o
lle
y
b
all,
w
r
es
tli
n
g
,
p
en
ca
k
s
i
lat,
f
o
o
tb
all,
taek
w
o
n
d
o
,
an
d
n
o
n
-
c
o
n
tact
s
p
o
r
ts
co
n
s
i
s
t
o
f
w
e
ig
h
tli
f
ti
n
g
,
ath
le
tics
,
b
ad
m
i
n
to
n
,
d
iv
i
n
g
,
ar
ch
er
y
,
s
w
i
m
m
i
n
g
,
g
y
m
n
ast
ics,
ten
n
i
s
,
an
d
tab
le
ten
n
i
s
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
in
cid
en
ce
o
f
ill
n
es
s
an
d
in
j
u
r
ies
d
ata
w
er
e
o
b
tain
e
d
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
r
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
an
d
s
i
g
n
s
o
f
ill
n
es
s
an
d
in
j
u
r
y
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
d
d
u
r
in
g
tr
ai
n
i
n
g
at
h
o
m
e,
w
h
ile
d
ata
o
n
b
eh
av
io
r
al
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
ies
w
er
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
as
ed
o
n
th
e
SDQ
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e.
Hea
lth
co
n
d
itio
n
s
r
e
f
er
to
t
h
e
W
HO
d
ef
i
n
itio
n
[
1
1
]
;
Hea
lth
i
s
a
s
tate
o
f
co
m
p
lete
p
h
y
s
ical,
m
e
n
tal
a
n
d
s
o
cial
w
ell
-
b
ei
n
g
an
d
n
o
t
m
e
r
el
y
t
h
e
ab
s
e
n
ce
o
f
d
is
ea
s
e
o
r
i
n
f
ir
m
i
t
y
.
S
u
b
j
ec
ts
ar
e
d
ec
lar
ed
to
h
av
e
a
g
o
o
d
h
ea
lth
co
n
d
itio
n
i
f
th
e
y
d
o
n
o
t
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
an
d
s
i
g
n
s
o
f
ill
n
es
s
,
in
j
u
r
y
,
o
r
b
eh
av
io
r
al
d
if
f
ic
u
ltie
s
.
Sleep
ad
eq
u
ac
y
w
a
s
as
s
ess
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
cu
m
u
la
t
iv
e
h
o
u
r
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
t
i
m
e
t
h
at
t
h
e
s
u
b
j
ec
t
is
s
leep
i
n
g
u
n
til
th
e
ti
m
e
t
h
at
t
h
e
s
u
b
j
ec
t
is
w
a
k
in
g
u
p
.
An
d
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
co
n
s
e
n
s
u
s
o
f
th
e
Am
er
ica
n
A
ca
d
e
m
y
o
f
S
l
ee
p
Me
d
icin
e,
s
leep
ad
eq
u
ac
y
is
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
th
e
ca
teg
o
r
y
o
f
ad
eq
u
ate
s
leep
w
it
h
a
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
8
o
r
m
o
r
e
an
d
th
e
ca
te
g
o
r
y
o
f
i
n
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
s
le
ep
if
t
h
e
le
n
g
th
o
f
s
leep
is
le
s
s
t
h
a
n
8
h
o
u
r
s
,
f
o
r
ag
es
1
3
-
1
8
y
ea
r
s
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
B
o
d
y
m
as
s
i
n
d
ex
w
a
s
ca
lc
u
late
d
an
d
c
lass
i
f
ied
i
n
to
less
,
n
o
r
m
al,
an
d
o
b
ese
ca
te
g
o
r
ies,
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
cr
iter
ia
o
f
th
e
Mi
n
is
tr
y
o
f
Hea
l
th
o
f
t
h
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esia
[
1
4
]
.
A
s
s
ess
m
e
n
t
o
f
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
d
if
f
icu
lties
w
a
s
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
s
tr
en
g
t
h
s
a
n
d
d
if
f
ic
u
ltie
s
q
u
est
io
n
n
air
e
(
SDQ)
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
b
y
t
h
e
Dir
ec
to
r
ate
o
f
Fa
m
il
y
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
De
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
Mi
n
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
C
u
l
tu
r
e
o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia
wh
ich
h
a
s
b
ee
n
v
alid
ated
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
to
tal
SDQ
s
co
r
e
is
ca
te
g
o
r
ized
as
n
o
r
m
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
w
it
h
a
s
co
r
e
o
f
0
-
1
5
,
b
o
r
d
e
r
co
n
d
itio
n
s
w
ith
a
s
c
o
r
e
o
f
1
6
-
1
9
,
an
d
ab
n
o
r
m
a
l
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
s
co
r
e
2
0
-
4
0
.
A
b
n
o
r
m
a
l
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
r
e
p
r
esen
t
b
eh
av
io
r
al
d
if
f
icu
lties
;
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
a
f
u
r
t
h
er
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
i
s
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
b
j
ec
t
s
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
an
d
o
v
er
co
m
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
th
at
th
e
s
u
b
j
ec
t
m
a
y
f
ac
e
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
19
p
an
d
e
m
ic.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8806
A
th
letes sl
ee
p
d
u
r
a
tio
n
d
u
r
in
g
C
OV
I
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
emic
a
n
d
its
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
w
ith
h
ea
lth
… (
Ju
ll
K
u
r
n
ia
r
o
b
b
i
)
63
2
.
3
.
D
a
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
Data
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[
1
6
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.
T
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Kö
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.
[
1
7
]
,
w
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x
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t
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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I
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11
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1
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20
22
:
61
-
68
64
T
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at
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ased
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[
1
8
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.
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T
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4
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m
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.
[
1
9
]
w
h
ich
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is
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o
f
u
n
h
ea
l
th
y
h
ea
lth
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
b
y
1
.
3
5
8
(
9
5
%
c
o
n
v
id
en
ce
in
ter
v
a
l
(
CI
)
1
.
0
9
1
-
1
.
6
0
1
)
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
w
i
th
ad
eq
u
ate
s
l
ee
p
d
u
r
atio
n
.
Fu
t
u
r
e
m
o
r
e
t
h
is
r
es
u
lt
w
a
s
also
co
n
tr
asti
n
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
Stef
a
n
et
a
l
.
[
2
0
]
I
t
s
tated
t
h
a
t
in
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
s
leep
d
u
r
atio
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
ailin
g
h
ea
lt
h
co
n
d
itio
n
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t
b
y
0
.
4
3
(
9
5
%
C
I
0
.
2
6
-
0
.
6
9
)
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
n
o
r
m
al
s
l
ee
p
d
u
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
i
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
b
ec
au
s
e
h
ea
lt
h
co
n
d
itio
n
s
i
n
Ki
m
et
a
l
.
[
1
9
]
an
d
S
tef
a
n
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
0
]
w
er
e
ass
e
s
s
ed
b
ased
o
n
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
r
s
elf
-
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
th
eir
b
o
d
y
co
n
d
itio
n
s
b
e
f
o
r
e
th
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic,
w
h
ile
in
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
h
ea
lt
h
co
n
d
itio
n
s
w
er
e
ass
e
s
s
ed
b
ased
o
n
W
HO
d
ef
in
itio
n
,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
:
i)
th
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
o
n
e
o
r
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
l
y
o
f
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
i
i)
illn
e
s
s
,
i
n
j
u
r
y
,
an
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
d
if
f
icu
lties
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
j
ec
ts
w
it
h
i
n
s
u
f
f
icien
t
s
leep
h
av
e
m
o
r
e
ailin
g
h
ea
lt
h
co
n
d
i
tio
n
s
co
m
p
ar
e
w
it
h
ad
eq
u
ate
s
leep
9
1
/1
1
2
(
8
1
.
2
5
%
)
v
s
.
2
1
/1
1
2
(
1
8
.
7
5
%
)
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt b
ec
o
m
e
s
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
u
s
to
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
s
leep
d
u
r
atio
n
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f
th
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
h
ea
lt
h
co
n
d
itio
n
s
d
is
o
r
d
er
f
o
r
ath
letes,
an
d
th
i
s
is
p
er
r
esear
ch
f
r
o
m
Fra
n
g
e
et
a
l
.
[
2
1
]
w
h
ich
co
n
cl
u
d
e
t
h
at
t
h
e
i
s
s
u
e
o
f
s
leep
d
u
r
atio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
w
h
e
n
d
escr
ib
in
g
h
ea
lt
h
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
ca
u
s
e
s
leep
d
u
r
atio
n
ca
n
lead
to
ad
v
er
s
e
o
u
tco
m
e
s
in
g
lo
b
al
h
ea
lth
s
ta
tu
s
.
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
wee
n
s
leep
ti
m
e
an
d
h
ea
l
th
co
n
d
itio
n
s
H
e
a
l
t
h
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
(
%)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
A
i
l
i
n
g
H
e
a
l
t
h
y
I
n
su
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
sl
e
e
p
91
10
8
0
.
2
>
0
.
0
5
*
A
d
e
q
u
a
t
e
sl
e
e
p
21
4
1
9
.
8
T
o
t
a
l
1
1
2
14
1
0
0
*
F
i
sh
e
r
t
e
st
3
.
3
.
T
he
re
la
t
io
ns
hi
p o
f
a
dequ
a
t
e
s
leep
t
i
m
e
w
it
h injury
a
nd
il
lnes
s
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
ad
eq
u
ate
s
leep
ti
m
e
a
n
d
th
e
i
n
cid
en
ce
o
f
in
j
u
r
y
w
as
n
o
t
s
tatis
t
icall
y
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
r
elati
v
e
r
is
k
(
RR
)
0
.
9
0
2
(
9
5
%
C
I
0
.
3
6
1
-
2
.
2
5
2
;
p
=0
.
8
2
5
)
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
in
T
a
b
le
3
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
in
li
n
e
w
it
h
a
s
y
s
te
m
atic
r
ev
ie
w
s
t
u
d
y
f
r
o
m
C
le
m
en
te
et
a
l
.
[
2
2
]
,
w
h
ic
h
f
o
u
n
d
in
co
n
s
is
ten
c
y
f
r
o
m
s
e
v
er
al
s
t
u
d
ies
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
th
at
lack
o
f
s
leep
in
s
o
cc
er
h
as
a
n
e
g
ati
v
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
ath
letic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
m
atc
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
a
n
d
s
e
v
er
it
y
o
f
m
u
s
cu
lo
s
k
ele
tal
i
n
j
u
r
ies
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
C
le
m
e
n
te
et
a
l
.
s
e
e
m
to
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
t
h
at
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
s
leep
af
f
ec
t
s
s
o
cc
er
p
lay
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
in
c
r
ea
s
es
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
i
n
j
u
r
y
an
d
n
ee
d
to
th
is
co
m
p
le
x
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
f
u
r
th
er
.
A
s
y
s
te
m
atic
r
ev
ie
w
f
r
o
m
Do
b
r
o
s
iels
k
i
et
a
l
.
[
2
3
]
,
also
s
aid
th
at
th
er
e
is
i
n
s
u
f
f
ic
ien
t
ev
id
en
ce
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
t
h
e
as
s
o
ciatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
s
u
b
j
ec
tiv
e
o
r
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
o
f
s
leep
an
d
in
j
u
r
y
in
co
lleg
iate
a
n
d
elite
at
h
lete
s
.
W
h
en
ap
p
lied
to
t
h
is
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
in
d
in
g
,
t
h
e
r
esear
c
h
er
m
a
y
co
n
s
id
er
e
x
a
m
in
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
s
leep
as
a
m
o
d
er
ati
n
g
v
ar
iab
le
f
o
r
i
n
cid
en
ce
o
f
in
j
u
r
y
,
an
d
m
u
s
t
b
e
ab
le
to
ex
cl
u
d
e
o
th
er
co
n
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
f
ac
to
r
s
:
s
leep
q
u
alit
y
,
s
p
o
r
t,
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
m
o
d
el
o
f
etio
lo
g
y
i
n
s
p
o
r
ts
in
j
u
r
y
s
aid
,
p
r
ed
is
p
o
s
itio
n
f
ac
to
r
f
o
r
ath
l
ete
b
ec
o
m
e
in
j
u
r
y
d
i
v
id
e
in
t
o
t
w
o
ca
teg
o
r
ies,
w
h
ic
h
is
e
x
tr
in
s
ic
an
d
in
tr
in
s
ic
f
ac
to
r
an
d
th
i
s
is
al
s
o
ex
p
lai
n
e
d
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
P
r
ieto
-
Go
n
zá
lez
et
a
l
.
[
2
4
]
an
d
Mo
s
eid
et
a
l
.
[
2
5
]
,
w
h
ic
h
s
tate
th
at
5
9
.
2
8
%
in
j
u
r
ies
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
d
u
r
in
g
a
tr
ain
i
n
g
s
e
s
s
io
n
an
d
h
ig
h
er
in
j
u
r
ie
s
r
ate
ass
o
ciat
ed
w
it
h
:
i
)
g
r
ea
ter
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
h
o
u
r
s
o
f
p
r
ac
tice
p
er
w
ee
k
,
ii
)
n
o
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
wa
rm
-
u
p
s
,
iii
)
u
s
i
n
g
i
n
ad
eq
u
ate
s
p
o
r
ts
f
ac
ili
ties
,
iv
)
b
ein
g
a
g
ed
1
4
–
17
,
v
)
n
o
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
p
h
y
s
ical
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
,
vi
)
i
n
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
tr
ain
in
g
lo
ad
,
v
ii
)
n
o
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
in
j
u
r
y
-
p
r
ev
e
n
ti
v
e
ac
tiv
ities
,
v
i
ii
)
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
s
p
o
r
ts
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
w
it
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
s
u
p
er
v
i
s
io
n
o
f
o
n
e
s
p
o
r
ts
co
ac
h
,
an
d
ix
)
i
n
ad
eq
u
ate
s
p
o
r
ts
eq
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
B
u
t in
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
d
id
n
o
t
s
ea
r
ch
f
o
r
th
e
ca
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
in
j
u
r
y
w
h
ile
t
h
e
ath
lete
w
as o
u
ts
id
e
t
h
e
d
o
r
m
ito
r
y
,
d
u
e
to
th
e
li
m
itat
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
d
ata
co
llec
tio
n
m
et
h
o
d
u
s
ed
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
a
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
ad
eq
u
ate
s
leep
d
u
r
atio
n
an
d
ill
n
es
s
in
a
d
o
lescen
t
ath
lete
s
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
4
,
w
ith
R
R
3
.
3
1
(
9
5
%
C
I
1
.
3
2
-
8
.
2
8
;
p
=
0
.
0
0
8
)
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
is
co
n
s
i
s
te
n
t
an
d
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ates
w
i
th
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
ies
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
P
r
ath
er
et
a
l
.
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
,
an
d
W
en
tz
et
a
l
.
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
t
h
r
ee
s
tu
d
ies
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s
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.
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h
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t
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as
es
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2
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.
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h
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C
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4.
CO
NCLU
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O
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w
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m
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n
th
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t
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r
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s
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ted
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u
r
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,
t
h
e
in
cid
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ce
o
f
in
j
u
r
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,
t
h
e
i
n
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id
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d
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s
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letes.
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p
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RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
A
.
M
.
W
a
t
so
n
,
“
S
l
e
e
p
a
n
d
a
t
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l
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t
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c
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e
r
f
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man
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e
,
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u
rre
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p
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Me
d
i
c
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e
Re
p
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s
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v
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l
.
1
6
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n
o
.
6
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p
p
.
4
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3
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8
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2
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7
,
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:
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R
.
0
0
0
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8
.
[
2
]
J.
C
h
a
r
e
st
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
G
r
a
n
d
n
e
r
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l
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p
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man
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:
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mp
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c
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man
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me
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t
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man
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c
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y
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a
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d
me
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,
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p
Me
d
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C
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smc
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5
.
[
3
]
S
.
D
w
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2
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