Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
u
bli
c Hea
lt
h S
c
ie
nce
(I
JPHS)
Vo
l.
6
,
No.
4
,
D
ece
m
ber
201
7
, pp.
33
7
~
342
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8806
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
phs
.
v6
i
4
.
1
07
80
337
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
https:
//
ww
w.i
aesco
re
.c
om
/j
our
nals/
ind
ex.
php/IJP
H
S
The Use of St
er
il
e Razors
as
a
n E
f
forts to HIV
/
AIDS
Tra
nsmi
ssion Pr
evention
Y
u
n
i
a
r
W
a
r
d
a
n
i
,
L
i
e
n
a
S
o
f
i
a
n
a
,
S
u
c
i
M
u
s
v
i
t
a
A
y
u
,
E
r
n
i
G
u
s
t
i
n
a
,
M
a
r
s
i
a
n
a
W
i
b
o
wo
,
F
a
r
d
h
i
a
s
i
h
D
w
i
A
s
t
u
t
i
,
S
e
p
t
i
a
n
E
m
m
a
D
w
i
J
a
t
m
i
k
a
Depa
rtment
o
f
P
ubli
c
Hea
l
th
,
Fa
cul
t
y
of
Publi
c Hela
th
,
Univ
ersi
ta
s
Ahm
ad
Dahl
an
,
Yog
y
a
kar
t
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Sep
2
1
, 201
7
Re
vised
N
ov
2
4
, 2
01
7
Accepte
d
Dec
15
, 201
7
HIV
Tra
nsm
is
sion
ca
n
al
so
occ
u
r
as
a
result
of
the
emplo
y
m
ent
rel
a
ti
onship.
In
addi
ti
on
to
he
al
th
workers
th
er
e
are
o
the
r
work
ers
who
are
in
clos
e
cont
a
ct
with
his
cl
i
ent
was
a
bar
ber
,
h
ai
rdre
ss
er
,
m
ass
eur
,
t
at
too
,
e
ar
pie
rc
er
and
ac
upunc
turi
st.
T
he
purpose
of
thi
s
study
was
to
det
ermine
th
e
be
havi
or
of
a
bar
ber
in
th
e
pre
vention
of
tra
n
sm
ission
of
HI
V/AID
S
with
the
use
of
a
steri
l
e
ra
zor
b
lade.
The
stud
y
d
esign
was
cro
ss
-
sec
ti
on
al
surve
y
and
d
ata
ana
l
y
sis
is
p
erf
o
rm
ed
sim
ult
ane
o
usl
y
wi
th
quan
titat
iv
e
d
esc
riptiv
e
appr
o
ac
h
.
Thi
s
stud
y
w
as
conduc
t
ed
in
th
e
district
of
Yo
g
y
ak
arta
Spec
ia
l
Regi
on
o
f
Yog
y
ak
art
a
.
Subjects
of
the
stud
y
were
a
ll
traditi
ona
l
bar
ber
i
n
the
stu
d
y
are
a
.
Th
e
sam
pl
ing
technique
us
ed
purposive
sa
m
pli
ng
with
ce
r
ta
in
cri
t
eria
under
the
t
erms
set
b
y
th
e
rese
ar
che
rs.
Th
e
data
ana
l
y
sis
used
Spear
m
an.
Th
e
ave
rag
e
ag
e
of
r
esponde
nts wa
s
30.
91,
the
num
b
er
of consum
ers
31.
28.
Me
an
knowledge
is
34.
09,
at
t
it
udes
an
d
beha
v
ior
amou
nti
ng
to
31.
06
.
B
ase
d
on
th
e
rat
e
m
ost
people
are
ab
le
to
r
e
ac
h
a
pri
ce
set
b
y
a
r
az
or
be
caus
e
the
t
ar
iff
ran
ges
bet
we
en
IDR
6
,
000
-
10
,
0
00
and
an
ave
ra
ge
ta
r
iff
of
IDR
8
,
230.
On
ave
rag
e
shave
r
have
32
custom
ers
ea
ch
m
onth
.
The
r
e
was
a
cor
relati
o
n
bet
wee
n
knowle
dge
,
attit
ud
e
wit
h
beha
vior
of
a
bar
ber
in
th
e
pre
vention
of
tra
nsm
ission
of
HIV
/AIDS
.
The
re
was
a
cor
r
e
la
ti
on
bet
w
ee
n
knowledge
,
at
titude
and
beh
avi
or
to
conduct
bar
ber
in
th
e
pr
eve
nt
ion
of
tr
an
sm
ission
of
HIV
/AIDS
.
Ke
yw
or
d:
Atti
tud
e
Be
hav
i
or
HIV/A
IDS
Kno
wled
ge
Copyright
©
201
7
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Yuniar
W
a
rd
a
ni,
Dep
a
rt
m
ent o
f
Publi
c
Healt
h
Scie
nce
,
Facult
y of Publi
c
He
al
th
,
Un
i
ver
sit
as
A
hm
ad
Da
hlan
,
Jl. Prof.
Dr. Se
opom
o,
Ja
ntu
r
an,
Y
og
ya
kar
ta
, In
donesia
55164
.
Em
a
il
:
y
un
ia
r.war
da
ni@ikm
.u
ad
.ac.id
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
HIV
a
nd
A
IDS
surface
d
in
I
ndonesi
a,
be
ginnin
g
with
the
di
scov
e
ry
of
the
first
case
in
1987
i
n
Ba
li
.
By
the
ye
ar
20
00,
an
acce
le
ra
te
d
accret
ion.
People
with
HIV
an
d
AIDS
(
PL
WH
A
)
by
le
aps
an
d
boun
ds,
ev
e
n
into
2000,
t
here
are
l
ocati
ons
w
her
e
H
IV
tr
ansm
issi
on
is
high
(Concent
r
at
ed
E
pid
em
ic
Level)
.
T
he
pur
pose
of
S
us
ta
ina
ble
De
velo
pm
ent
G
oals
(SDGs
)
is
one
of
the
m
is
to
com
bat
H
um
an
Im
mu
no
def
ic
ie
ncy
Vir
us
(HIV)
[1
]
.
The
disease
a
sso
ci
at
ed
with
ac
quired
im
m
un
odefici
ency
syn
drom
e
(AIDS)
i
s
one
of
the
le
adi
ng
causes
of
deat
h
w
or
l
dw
i
de.
In
I
ndonesi
a,
currently
the
nu
m
ber
of
pe
op
le
li
ving
wi
th
HIV
A
I
DS
reache
s
291,4
65 p
e
ople
in
the
p
la
ce
of
death n
um
ber
s total
ing 1
4,2
34 p
e
ople
[2].
The
risk
facto
rs
that
a
re
e
xpect
ed
to
i
ncr
e
ase
the
i
ncide
nce
of
H
IV
/
A
ID
S
,
am
on
g
ot
her
s:
S
ocio
-
econom
ic
env
iro
nm
ent,
espec
ia
ll
y
po
ver
ty
,
c
ultur
al
backg
round/et
hnic
it
y,
dem
og
ra
ph
ic
s
it
uation
(t
he
num
ber
of
ports
visit
ed
by
foreig
ner
s
)
.
Gro
up
s
of
pe
op
le
who
pote
ntial
ly
hav
e
a
high
ris
k
of
H
I
V
are:
Stat
us
of
dono
r
blood
(b
l
ood
trans
f
us
io
n
r
eci
pients,
donor
blood
if
th
e
too
ls
ar
e
not
ste
rile
),
infa
nts
of
m
oth
ers
w
ho
are
diag
nosed
with
AIDS
(the
process
of
pre
gn
a
ncy,
bi
rth
and
br
east
feedi
ng),
dru
g
use
rs
(es
pecial
ly
IDU,
piercin
g
the
to
ol
expose
d
to
HIV/A
IDS).
A
ID
S
tra
ns
m
issio
n
ca
n
al
so
oc
cur
a
s
a
res
ult
of
the
em
plo
ym
ent
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8806
IJPHS
V
ol.
6
, No
.
4
,
Decem
ber
20
1
7
:
337
–
342
338
relat
ion
s
hip.
I
n
this
case
t
he
w
ork
of
the
victi
m
has
a
m
ajo
r
r
ole
in
the
oc
cu
rr
e
nce
of
in
fecti
on.
Healt
h
workers
who
de
al
with
pe
ople
with
A
I
DS
ha
ve
a
hi
gher
prop
e
ns
it
y
to
be
com
e
infected
with
H
I
V
as
a
resu
lt
of
the
w
ork.
Heal
th
w
orke
r
s
who
are
vulnera
ble
to
A
I
DS
in
fecti
on
i
s
a
blood
ba
nk
te
chn
ic
ia
n,
te
chn
ic
ia
ns
brow
healt
h,
e
m
erg
ency
r
oom
per
sonn
el
,
m
or
tuary,
den
t
ist
s,
su
r
geons,
and
la
bo
rator
y
workers.
In
a
ddit
ion
to
healt
h
care
w
orke
rs
the
re
a
re
oth
e
r
w
orke
rs
who
a
re
in
cl
ose
co
ntact
with
his
cl
ie
nt
was
a
barbe
r,
hair
dresser
,
m
asseur
,
tat
too, ear
p
ie
rc
er a
nd ac
upunct
uri
st
[3
]
.
B
arb
e
r
sho
p
is
hav
i
ng
th
e
ha
ir
to
the
ba
rb
e
r
is
a
routine
job
e
ver
y
on
e
t
o
bea
utify
the
app
ea
ra
nce
.
Un
li
ke
w
om
en
who
c
hoos
e
t
o
s
hav
e
t
o
the
beau
ty
sal
on,
m
en
pr
e
fer
to
go
to
the
ba
r
ber
ro
a
ds
i
de.
This
is
because
in
te
rm
s
of
the
cost
m
or
e
aff
orda
ble.
W
he
n
sh
a
ve
d,
one
does
not
reali
ze
there
are
wou
nds
cau
sed
by
scratches
on
th
e
sh
ave
r.
Wou
nd
s
that
are
not
visible
by
nak
ed
ey
e
are
pre
tt
y
big
gate
as
an
entra
nc
e
or
exit
of
a
disease.
S
ome
diseases
that
can
a
rise
th
rou
gh
this
tra
ns
m
i
ssion
is
H
I
V/A
ID
S
,
Hepat
it
is
B
an
d
Hep
at
it
is
C.
Sh
a
ving
place
Hair
is
on
e
wh
e
re
pe
ople
us
e
raz
or
s
a
nd
places
that
do
no
t
hav
e
s
te
rili
zi
ng
eq
uip
m
ent.
Custom
ers
w
ho
us
e
barbe
r
s
erv
ic
es
t
o
c
ut
hair
a
re
at
risk
of
bein
g
sc
ratched
by
a
raz
or
w
he
n
the
s
cal
p
is
sh
a
ved
[
4].
Tr
ansm
issi
on
is
po
s
sible
due
to
la
ck
of
cl
eanli
ness
of
sh
a
vi
ng
eq
uip
m
ent.
So
m
eti
m
es
,
bar
ber
s
do
no
t
cl
ea
n
the
r
azor
s
im
m
edia
te
ly
after
us
e.
Ba
rb
e
rs
al
so
do
no
t
us
e
disin
fec
ta
nt
or
s
oa
p
w
hen
cl
eanin
g
razors
,
j
ust
clea
n wit
h a plai
n fa
br
ic
)
[5
]
.
Re
su
lt
of
stu
dy
in
dev
el
ope
d
countries
re
por
t
that
93
%
of
ba
rb
e
rs
ha
ve
a
hi
gh
awa
re
ness
about
H
IV
transm
issi
on
[
6].
W
hile
in
A
sia
,
on
ly
50%
of
ba
r
ber
s
are
awar
e
of
the
im
po
rtance
of
s
t
eril
e
razo
rs
to
pr
e
ve
nt
transm
issi
on
.
S
om
e
bar
ber
s
in
In
do
nesia
al
so
acce
pt
custome
rs
w
ho
s
hav
e m
us
ta
ches,
bear
ds
a
nd
o
ther
s,
who
al
so
ha
ve
a
risk
of
H
IV
tra
ns
m
issi
on
.
Th
e
resu
lt
s
sho
w
that
78
%
of
HIV
can
be
tr
ansm
itted
by
sh
ari
ng
un
ste
a
dy
sh
a
r
p
instru
m
ent
s.
Ther
e
are
48%
of
res
ponde
nts
ha
ve
c
orre
ct
know
le
dge
about
the
m
eanin
g
of
ste
rili
zat
ion
an
d
94.1
%
of
t
hem
belie
ve
th
e
i
m
po
rta
nce
of
ste
rili
zat
ion
in
the
w
ork
place
[
7].
T
he
r
esults
sh
owe
d
that
52%
of
barber
s
had
le
ss
knowl
edg
e
a
bout
HIV
/
A
ID
S
tran
sm
issi
o
n
thr
ou
gh
a
raz
or
,
47
%
ha
ve
neg
at
ive
att
it
ud
e to
wa
rd
s
d
is
ease t
ransm
issio
n
. Only
32%
repo
nd
e
ns
w
ho u
se
d disi
nfect
an
a
fter s
ha
ving
[8
]
.
Total
barber
in
the
ci
ty
of
Yogyaka
rta,
I
ndonesi
a
ha
ve
counted
becaus
e
there
was
no
reg
ist
rati
on
against
the
ba
r
ber
'
s.
Re
search
ers
est
i
m
at
e
their
nu
m
ber
s
ar
ound
550
pe
op
le
assumi
ng
th
ese
researc
her
s
err
or
rate
is
5%
of
the
total
re
spo
ndents
we
re
11
0
people
ba
r
be
r.
T
he
c
har
act
erist
ic
s
of
t
he
barber
in
th
e
c
it
y
of
Yogyaka
rta,
a
m
on
g
oth
e
rs:
hav
e
a
pe
rm
anen
t
sta
ll
,
pu
t
up
signs
barbe
r,
us
ing
tra
diti
onal
too
ls
an
d
m
od
ern
and
m
os
t
us
e
a
razor
blade
to
be
use
d
i
nterc
ha
ng
ea
bly
with
ou
t
ste
rili
zat
ion
pr
ocess.
I
n
f
act
the
gro
up'
s
barber
la
rg
el
y
unto
uc
hed
by
gove
rnm
ent
po
li
ci
es
relat
ing
t
o
the
pr
e
ve
ntion
of
HIV/A
IDS,
but
these
gro
ups
are
especial
ly
vu
ln
erab
le
as
a
tra
nsm
it
te
r
of
dise
ase.
O
ne
of
the
pr
e
ve
ntion
of
transm
issi
on
of
H
IV
/
AIDS
is
to
do
ste
rili
zat
ion
th
e
sh
a
ver
or
by
us
i
ng
a
dispo
sable
raz
or
f
or
one
c
us
tom
er.
Ne
ver
t
heless,
on
e
can
not
f
orce
the
barber
t
o
ap
pl
y
the
pr
i
nciple
of
ste
rili
zat
ion
as
in
cl
inics.
The
barber
is
m
uch
m
or
e
ex
pensi
ve
c
os
ts
incu
rr
e
d
wh
e
n
a
pply
ing st
eril
iz
at
ion
, so
no gua
ran
te
e
that t
he
c
us
tom
er is
fr
ee
of
HIV/AIDS
.
The
r
ole
of
the
barber
as
th
e
m
ediat
or
preve
ntion
o
f
HIV/
AIDS
is
ve
ry
im
po
rtant.
H
owever,
beca
use
the
ba
rb
e
r
has
no
t
play
a
ro
le
in
preve
ntio
n
of
this
disease,
i
t
need
s
t
o
be
a
n
assessm
ent
of
the
knowle
dg
e
and
at
ti
tud
es
posse
ssed
by
a
ba
r
be
r.
I
n
the
e
nd,
the
le
vel
of
know
le
dg
e
a
nd
at
ti
tud
e
barber
can
be
us
e
d
as
stud
y
m
at
eri
al
s
in
the
pr
e
par
at
i
on
of
healt
h
prom
otion
m
edia,
then
the
m
edia
cam
paign
wh
ic
h
has
s
o
goin
g
t
o
te
st
for
ef
fecti
ve
ne
ss
an
d
if
it
is
pro
ve
n
ef
fecti
ve
then
m
edia
cam
paign
will
be
reg
ist
ere
d
as
intel
le
ct
ual
pro
per
ty
.
Assum
ption
s
r
esearche
rs,
w
he
n
the
ba
r
ber
l
earn
ab
out
the
knowle
dge,
at
t
it
ud
es
a
nd
be
ha
vior
will
m
os
t
li
kely
be
able
to
c
ha
ng
e
t
he
be
hav
i
or
that
do
no
t
pay
at
te
ntion
to
ste
rile
razor
blade
int
o
the
beh
a
vior
usi
ng
ste
ril
e
razor
blades.
Goo
d
kn
ow
le
dge
will
m
ake
the
ba
rb
e
r
thi
nk
a
nd
try
to
pr
e
ve
nt
the
s
pread
of
H
IV
/
AIDS
transm
issi
on
throu
gh
raz
or
transm
issi
on
.
In
t
he
process
of
t
hinkin
g,
em
oti
on
al
com
pone
nts
and
belie
fs
work,
so
the
barbe
r
inten
ds
to
us
e
a
ste
rile
razo
r
for
each
cust
om
er
to
avo
id
the
spread
of
the
HIV
vir
us
thr
ough
razor tra
ns
m
iss
ion
[
9].
Ba
sed
on
the
e
xposure
,
the
re
searche
rs
wa
nted
to
e
xam
ine
the
r
ole
of
the
barber
as
m
ediat
or
s
of
th
e
HIV/A
IDS
pr
e
ven
ti
on
t
hro
ugh
the
assessm
ent
of
knowle
dge
a
nd
at
ti
tud
e
held
by
t
he
ba
rb
e
r
with
beh
a
vioral
pr
e
ve
ntion aga
inst H
IV
/
AIDS
.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
T
his
stu
dy
wa
s
survey
resea
rch
with
c
r
os
s
-
sect
ion
al
desi
gn
.
T
his
re
sea
rch
was
co
nduc
te
d
in
t
he
district
of
Y
ogya
kar
ta
S
pecial
Re
gio
n
of
Y
ogya
ka
rta
,
I
ndonesi
a
.
T
he
reas
on
s
f
or
sel
ect
ing
t
he
locat
io
n
in
th
e
ci
ty
of
Yogya
kar
ta
is
base
d
on
t
he
hi
gh
in
ci
den
ce
a
nd
prevalence
of
HIV
com
par
e
d
to
four
oth
e
r
dis
tric
ts.
The
sub
j
ect
of
his
researc
h
is
al
l
tradit
ion
al
bar
be
rs
in
t
he
resea
rch
a
r
ea.
The
sam
pling
te
ch
nique
us
e
d
pur
po
si
ve
sam
pling
t
hat
m
eet
certai
n
crit
eria
base
d
on
the
r
equ
i
rem
ents
set
by
the
resea
r
cher
s
.
T
he
incl
us
io
n
crit
eria i
n
this
stud
y
wer
e
all
b
ar
bers in t
he
c
it
y of
Yo
gyaka
rta,
no
t
on
ly
usi
ng
t
rad
it
io
nal
razors
bu
t al
s
o usin
g
m
od
ern
raz
ors.
W
hile
the
ex
c
lusio
n
crit
eria
is
the
barber
w
ho
at
the
ti
m
e
of
ta
ki
ng
t
he
da
ta
,
the
barber
wa
s
cl
os
ed
and
do
no
t
will
ing
t
o b
ecom
e a r
esp
onde
nt.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPHS
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8806
Th
e
Use of
Ste
ril
e Ra
z
or
s
as
an Eff
or
ts t
o H
IV
Tr
ans
missio
n
Preve
ntio
n
(
Yuniar W
ard
ani)
339
In
st
ru
m
ent
of
r
esearch
is
T
he
researc
h
instr
um
ent
us
ed
is
a
know
le
dge
an
d
at
ti
tud
e
ques
ti
on
nai
re
is
adopted
o
f
S
ugia
nto
(
20
09
)
so
it
do
es
not
re
quire
validit
y
an
d
re
lia
bili
ty
te
st
[10].
The
que
sti
onnaire
to
a
s
sess
the
ba
rb
e
r'
s
be
hav
i
or
is
done
by
looki
ng
di
rectl
y
at
the
ba
rb
e
r'
s
beh
a
vi
or
w
hile
do
i
ng
his
job
.
S
pe
arm
a
n
analy
sis
is
us
e
d
beca
us
e
t
he
scal
e
of
the
da
ta
set
by
the
r
e
searche
rs
is
num
erical
data
and
has
bee
n
te
ste
d
norm
al
i
ty
. N
orm
al
i
ty
test
r
esults show
that al
l data i
s n
orm
a
ll
y dist
ribu
te
d so
that i
t i
s eli
gib
le
to
procee
d wit
h
Sp
ea
rm
an
Rho t
est
.
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
3.1.
Results
Re
su
lt
s
of
the
un
i
var
i
at
e
a
naly
sis
wer
e
perf
or
m
ed
to
descri
be
the
c
har
act
erist
ic
s
of
rese
arch
s
ub
j
ect
s
and all
the
var
i
ables
. T
he res
ul
ts
can
be
see
n i
n
Ta
ble 1.
Table
1.
Fr
e
quency Distri
bu
ti
on b
a
sed
on
Le
vel
E
du
cat
io
n and I
nfo
rm
ation
Res
ources
Variable
Frequ
en
cy
Percent
(%)
Edu
catio
n
Low
Heig
h
t
102
5
9
5
.33
4
.67
Inf
o
r
m
atio
n
reso
u
rces
Teac
h
er
Parents
Health
work
ers
Friend
Newsp
ap
er
Magazin
e
Televis
io
n
Rad
io
Internet
42
30
50
46
62
52
82
46
69
3
9
.25
28
4
6
.73
4
2
.99
5
7
.94
4
8
.60
7
6
.64
4
2
.99
6
4
.49
Total
107
100
Table
1
sho
w
s
that
of
the
10
7
res
ponde
nts,
102
res
ponde
nts
(
95.33%
)
e
du
cat
e
d.
R
e
s
ponde
nt
w
ho
had
a
ba
rb
e
r
be
hav
i
or
i
n
an
effor
t
to
preve
nt
the
s
pr
ea
d
of
HIV/A
I
DS
thr
ough
a
ste
ri
le
razor
bla
de
is
no
t
good
as
m
uch
as
56
re
spo
ndents
(
52.
34
%
).
Judg
i
ng
f
ro
m
var
ia
ble
s
ourc
es
of
in
form
at
i
on,
the
res
pondents
receive
d
in
f
orm
at
ion
ab
out
HIV/A
IDS
fro
m
television
a
s
m
uch
as
82
r
esp
onde
nts
(
76
.64%)
a
nd
the
lowest
so
urce
of
in
for
m
at
ion
com
es
from
the
par
e
nt
s
of
30
res
po
nd
e
nts
(
28%).
Re
sp
on
den
t
ar
e
le
ss
edu
cat
e
d
w
ho
hav
e
t
he
ba
d
beh
a
vi
or
m
or
e
than
who
ha
ve
go
od
m
anners
w
h
ere
i
n
colle
ge
-
e
ducat
ed
res
ponde
nts
good
beh
a
viou
r
nu
m
ber
of
respo
nd
e
nts
m
or
e
t
han
beh
a
ving
well
.
Un
i
var
ia
te
analy
sis
of
the
age
var
ia
bl
e,
th
e
nu
m
ber
of co
nsum
ers,
price
s
et
b
y t
he ba
rb
e
r,
knowle
dge,
at
ti
tud
es an
d b
ehav
i
or can
b
e
seen i
n
Ta
ble
2.
Table
2
.
Fr
e
quency Distri
bu
ti
on Cha
racteri
st
ic
s o
f
S
ubj
ect
Re
search
b
ase
d on
Va
riable
Ag
e
,
Nu
m
ber
of
Co
ns
um
ers
P
rice,
Kno
wled
ge,
At
ti
tud
e, a
nd Beh
avio
r
Variable
Valu
e
Min
Max
Mean
Ag
e
A
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
Co
stum
e
r
Price
Kn
o
wled
g
e
Attitu
d
e
B
eh
av
io
r
17
6
0
13
19
19
77
100
16
48
40
40
3
0
.91
3
1
.28
0
8
.23
3
4
.09
3
1
.06
3
1
.06
Table
2
note
s
that
the
aver
ag
e
age
of
res
pond
e
nts
was
30.
91,
the
nu
m
be
r
of
co
nsum
ers
31
.
28,
the
pr
ic
e
or
ta
rif
f
set
by
the
ba
r
ber
I
DR
8.230
,
34.
09
knowle
dg
e
,
at
ti
tud
es
an
d
behavi
or
a
m
ou
ntin
g
to
31.06
.
Level
of
e
duca
ti
on
are
gro
up
ed
int
o
tw
o
groups:
lo
w
e
du
cat
ion
as
m
an
y
as
10
2
pe
ople
(95.3
3%)
an
d
higher
edu
cat
io
n
by
5
vo
te
s
(
4.67%)
.
Ba
sed
on
univariat
e
analy
sis
based
on
the
aver
a
ge
value
of
the
kn
ow
le
dg
e
,
at
ti
tud
es
and
beh
a
vior
of
th
e
data
can
be
cl
assifi
ed
into
risk
gro
up
a
nd
the
gro
up
is
no
t
at
risk,
nam
e
l
y
knowle
dge
(
not
go
od
f
or
52
pe
op
le
a
nd
well
fo
r
55
pe
op
le
)
,
at
ti
tud
e
(not
good
as
56
pe
op
le
an
d
is
not
g
ood
as m
uch
as
51
people)
, a
nd
b
e
hav
i
or (no
t
go
od as
well
as
56 a
nd 51 pe
op
l
e).
Ba
sed
on
the
rate
m
os
t
peo
ple
are
able
to
reach
a
pr
ic
e
set
by
a
razor
beca
us
e
the
ta
riff
ra
nges
betwee
n
I
DR
6
,
000
-
10
,
000
a
nd
a
n
a
ver
a
ge
ta
riff
of
ID
R
8
,
230.
Eac
h
ba
rb
e
r
s
hop
has
custom
ers
w
ho
visit
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
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-
8806
IJPHS
V
ol.
6
, No
.
4
,
Decem
ber
20
1
7
:
337
–
342
340
the
place.
On
a
ver
a
ge
sh
a
ver
hav
e
32
cu
sto
m
ers
each
m
on
th.
T
her
e
are
56
re
spo
nd
e
nts
(
52.34%
)
ha
ve
go
o
d
at
ti
tud
e
.
A
naly
sis of the
r
el
at
ion
s
h
i
p betwee
n kno
wled
ge,
a
tt
it
ud
es an
d be
hav
i
or
s
are
d
es
cribe
d
in
Ta
ble 3
.
Table
3.
C
orrel
at
ion
betwee
n Kno
wled
ge
a
nd
Atti
tud
e Ba
r
ber with
a steri
le
Razor Usa
ge
Beha
vio
r
in
t
he
Pr
e
ven
ti
on
of
HIV/A
IDS
Table
3
desc
ribes
s
t
he
res
ults
of
c
orrelat
io
n
a
naly
sis
bet
ween
e
xtern
al
va
riables
t
hat
the
s
hee
r
nu
m
ber
of
c
onsu
m
ers
an
d
pr
i
ce
ba
rb
e
r
with
a
barber'
s
be
ha
vior
in
the
pr
even
ti
on
of
HIV/AIDS
.
Ba
se
d
on
Sp
ea
rm
an
analy
sis
sh
owed
th
at
there
was
no
relat
ion
s
hip
be
tween
the n
um
ber
of
co
nsu
m
ers
and
the behavi
or
of
ba
rb
e
rs
in
the
pr
e
ven
ti
on
of
H
IV
/A
I
DS
with
the
stre
ngth
a
nd
di
recti
on
of
the
relat
ion
s
hip
is
ve
ry
wea
k
po
sit
ive
relat
ion
s
hi
p.
Like
w
ise
pr
em
ise
s
var
i
a
ble
rates,
sh
owed
no
r
el
at
ion
sh
i
p
be
tween
rates
a
nd
the
beh
a
vior
of
ba
rb
e
rs
in
the
pre
ven
ti
on
of
H
I
V/AIDS
with
the
stre
ngth
of
the
relat
io
nship
is
ve
ry
wea
k
a
nd
the
powe
r of
posit
ive
relat
ion
s
hips
.
The
res
ults
of
the
analy
sis
of
the
relat
ionship
betwee
n
i
nd
e
pe
nd
e
nt
va
riables
an
d
th
e
dep
e
ndent
var
ia
ble
is
the
barbe
r'
s
knowle
dge
a
bout
HIV/A
IDS
pr
e
m
ise
s
n
be
ha
vi
or
us
in
g
ste
rile
raz
or
blade
s
in
a
n
effor
t
to
preve
nt
HIV/A
ID
S
evide
nced
by
the
value
of
p=
0.03
with
the
stren
gth
of
the
cor
relat
io
n
is
weak
r=0.2
1
an
d
the
directi
on
of
th
e
relat
ion
s
hip
po
sit
ive
.
Re
su
l
ts
of
sta
ti
sti
cal
analy
sis
betw
een
va
riables
a
tt
it
ud
e
barber
with
be
hav
i
or
al
va
riab
le
s
us
ing
ste
ril
e
razo
r
blades
i
n
effo
rts
to
pr
e
ven
t
H
I
V/AID
S
pro
ved
sig
nif
ic
ant,
m
eaning
that
t
her
e
is
a
relat
ion
s
hi
p
as
evi
de
nced
by
the
value
of
p=0.
00
with
the
powe
r
of
ve
ry
strong
correla
ti
on w
it
h
the
v
al
ue of
r=
1.00 an
d dire
ct
ion
s
posit
ive
relat
ion
s
hip.
Bi
var
ia
te
anal
ysi
s
sh
owe
d
that
the
var
ia
bl
es
of
knowle
dg
e
an
d
at
ti
tu
de
barber
sho
wn
t
o
be
associat
ed
wit
h
beh
a
vi
or
al
v
ariables
barbe
r
us
e
ste
rile
raz
or
in
e
ffo
rts
to
preve
nt
HIV/
AIDS,
becau
se
there
are
two
i
nd
e
pe
nd
e
nt
va
riabl
es
associat
ed
with
the
de
pe
nd
e
nt
va
riable
analy
sis
fo
ll
owed
by
m
ult
i
var
ia
te
analy
sis
is
li
near
re
gr
essi
on.
Howev
e
r,
a
fter
chec
king
norm
a
li
t
y,
ind
e
pen
de
nce,
m
ulti
colli
nierit
y,
l
inearity
and
heter
os
ce
dastis
,
fift
h
as
su
m
ption
s
are
no
t
m
et
and
therefo
re
can
not
procee
d
to
the
li
near
re
gr
ession
analy
sis.
3.2.
Discussio
n
The
m
easur
em
ent
res
ults
with
the
use
of
knowle
dge
ba
rber
raz
or
ste
rile
m
ajo
rity
of
r
esp
onde
nts
hav
e
a
good
knowle
dge
of
a
s
m
any
as
55
people
(
51.4%
)
an
d
w
ho
ha
ve
no
knowle
dg
e
of
ei
the
r
we
re
52
(48.6%
).
Ba
se
d
on
the
se
res
ul
ts
the
pro
portion
t
hat
has
t
he
le
vel
of
knowl
edg
e
of
go
od
a
nd
not
good,
do
not
diff
e
r
m
uch
.
Ba
rb
e
r
w
ho
has
good
knowl
e
dge
to
kn
ow
a
nd
unde
rsta
nd
t
hat
the
raz
or
is
us
ed
on
ly
onc
e
an
d
no
t
us
e
d for
ot
her
s
.
Si
m
il
arly
,
the
m
easur
em
ent
of
at
ti
tud
es,
res
pondents
w
ho
hav
e
a
n
at
ti
tud
e
of
not
good
as
56
pe
ople
(52.3
4%)
a
nd
bo
t
h
we
re
51
people
(
47.23
%).
T
his
res
ult
do
es
a
way
wi
th
t
he
res
ults
be
hav
i
or
m
easur
am
ent
.
We
kn
own
as
beh
a
vior
of
the
respo
nd
e
nts
ha
ve
a
go
od
behavio
r
in
the
pr
e
ven
ti
on
of
HIV
/AIDS
im
planted
at
52.34%
, whic
h has
a
good
be
hav
i
or b
y
47.
66%.
T
he
resu
lt
s
s
how
t
hat
m
os
t
responde
nts
do
no
t
ha
ve
a
good
at
ti
tud
e
a
nd
beh
a
vior
in
the
pr
e
ve
ntion
of
HIV/A
I
DS
.
Ba
rb
e
r
us
e
s
a
r
azor
for
s
om
e
custom
ers
an
d
rep
la
ces
it
w
he
n
the
razor
is
no
t
s
harp
a
ny
m
or
e.
Ba
rb
e
rs
al
so
ra
rely
us
e
Pe
rs
onal
Prote
ct
ive
Eq
uip
m
ent
(P
P
E)
s
uch
as
ste
r
il
e
glo
ve
s.
T
hi
s
is
possible
be
cause
the
ba
rb
e
r
did
no
t
reali
ze
the
i
m
po
rtance
of
us
in
g
P
PE
is
t
hat
the
Mi
nistr
y
of
Ma
npowe
r
an
d
T
ra
ns
m
i
gr
at
io
n
need to
pro
vide
guida
nce
on t
he
im
po
rtance
of H
eal
th
and
Safety
.
Ba
rb
e
rs
sti
ll
use
a
razor
for
so
m
e
custom
ers
to
blunt
w
it
ho
ut
any
dec
on
ta
m
inati
on
/st
eril
e
[10].
Be
hav
i
or
that
us
es
raz
or
m
any
tim
es
on
di
fferent
c
us
tom
ers
cou
l
d
be
at
ri
sk
in
the
s
prea
d
of
H
IV
A
IDS.
H
IV
vir
us
is
fou
nd
i
n
blood,
sem
en
an
d
vag
i
nal
fl
uid
s
.
U
se
a
raz
or
i
f
the
sk
i
n
a
nd
hurt
t
he
raz
or
ca
n
be
e
xpose
d
to
blood
from
custom
ers.
Ra
zor
is
us
ed
m
any
t
i
m
es
in
the
ev
ent
of
in
jury
to
sk
i
n
;
the
vir
us
can
e
nter
th
rou
g
h
the
w
ound.
If
a
perso
n
has
a
posit
ive
at
ti
tud
e
to
wards
healt
hy
be
ha
vio
rs
pa
rtic
ular,
it
will
facil
itate
the
per
s
on'
s p
res
en
ce in the
em
erg
ing
healt
hy
be
hav
i
or
s
(pr
e
dis
po
si
ng f
act
or
s
)
[11
]
.
An
al
ysi
s o
f know
le
dg
e
barbe
r
with b
e
hav
i
oral
H
IV
/A
I
DS
preve
ntio
n
at
the b
arber,
based on
Tab
le
3
ind
ic
at
e
a
relat
ion
s
hip
with
a
value
of
p
=
0.
03,
with
t
he
st
r
eng
t
h
of
w
eak
ti
es
and
the
di
r
ect
ion
of
a
pos
it
iv
e
relat
ion
s
hip
m
eans
the
bette
r
knowle
dge
w
il
l
bec
a
m
e
the
bette
r
beh
a
vi
our
of
ba
rb
e
r
worker
i
n
pre
ve
ntio
n
HIV/A
IDS.
Variable
R
P
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
Co
n
sum
e
rs
0
.07
0
.45
Price
0
.02
0
.82
Kn
o
wled
g
e
0
.21
0
.03
Attitu
d
e
1
.00
0
.00
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPHS
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8806
Th
e
Use of
Ste
ril
e Ra
z
or
s
as
an Eff
or
ts t
o H
IV
Tr
ans
missio
n
Preve
ntio
n
(
Yuniar W
ard
ani)
341
Ob
se
r
vations
in
the
fiel
d
sho
w
that
a
pe
rs
on'
s
beh
a
vior
ba
sed
on
knowle
dg
e
.
Be
ha
vior
is
stron
gly
influ
e
nce
d
by
the
facto
r
of
kn
ow
le
dg
e
a
nd
a
tt
it
ud
es
acqu
i
r
ed.
K
nowle
dg
e
is
the
resu
lt
of
the
idea,
ba
s
ed
on
the
sensing
pro
cess
a
per
s
on
against
a
pa
rtic
ular
o
bject
us
i
ng
the
five
se
nse
s
[12].
Most
of
the
hu
m
an
senses,
der
i
ved
from
t
he
se
ns
es
of
si
gh
t
a
nd
hear
in
g
[
13]
.
K
nowl
edg
e
can
be
re
cei
ved
t
hro
ugh
the
le
ar
ning
proces
s,
so
if
wa
nt
to
know
or
unde
rst
and
so
m
et
hin
g
bette
r
stu
dy.
F
ro
m
exp
e
rienc
e
an
d
resea
rc
h
tur
ned
out
be
ha
vior
base
d
on
knowle
dge
will
be
m
or
e
ef
fecti
ve
than
be
hav
i
or
that
is
not
ba
sed
on
knowle
dg
e
.
K
nowle
dge
is
a
pr
e
disposi
ng
f
act
or
or
fact
ors
that
facil
it
at
e
the
em
erg
ence
of
beh
a
vior
[
14
]
.
T
he
stu
dy
found
the
re
is
a
gap
betwee
n
know
le
dg
e
an
d
be
ha
vior
on
a
ba
r
ber,
es
pecial
ly
th
os
e
who
op
en
a
pract
ic
e
on
the
r
oa
ds
id
e
[
15
].
A
stu
dy
s
hows
the
m
ajo
rity
of
ba
r
ber
ed
uca
te
d
lo
w.
They
are
the
ones
openi
ng
the
sta
ll
by
the
si
de
of
the
ro
a
d.
M
os
t
of
them
hav
e
lo
w
kn
ow
le
dg
e
about
H
I
V.
T
his
is
beca
us
e
their
e
ducat
io
n
is
lo
w.
T
hu
s,
this
sit
uation
is
pot
entia
l
in H
I
V
t
ran
sm
issi
on
. T
he
gap
is ver
y visi
ble b
et
wee
n
the
b
ar
ber
on
the b
ig
sal
on
a
nd
the
on
e
on
t
he
si
de
of
the
r
oad
[16]
.
T
her
e
w
as
relat
ionshi
p
betwee
n
e
duc
at
ion
a
nd
ris
k
co
nd
it
io
n
t
ha
t
ar
e
vu
l
nura
ble
to
HIV
tra
ns
m
iss
ion
[
17
].
Re
se
arch
al
so
i
nd
i
cat
es
that
ther
e
is
inad
eq
uat
e
awa
ren
es
s
on
th
e
ro
a
ds
ide
barbe
r
ab
ou
t
H
IV
tr
ansm
issi
on
.
O
nly
60
.
3%
ba
r
ber
s
us
e
a
new
razo
r
to
c
us
to
m
ers
and
only
40%
of
the
ba
rb
e
r
w
ho
us
e
a
ntisepti
c
after
s
hav
e
.
Th
is
is
becau
se
a
weak
e
ducat
io
n
on
the
t
op
ic
of
HIV
tra
ns
m
issi
on
[
1
8
].
The
st
udy
fo
un
d
that
52%
of
barbers
involve
d
disi
nfect
ants
use
of
kerose
ne.
48.
3%
disi
nf
ect
a
nt
do
es
no
t
com
e
from
the
or
i
gin
al
c
on
ta
ine
r.
53.
4%
us
es
the
sa
m
e
brus
h
to
cl
eanin
g
t
he
cl
ip
per
an
d
brus
hi
ng
ha
ir
[19].
The
stu
dy
m
entioned
nee
d
a
desig
n
a
nd
im
plem
entat
ion
of
ap
pro
pr
ia
te
inter
ven
ti
ons
to
i
m
pr
ov
e
t
he
per
ce
ptio
n
of
barber
s
ab
ou
t
per
cei
ved
vu
l
ne
rab
il
it
y
and
r
edu
ci
ng
barriers
to
pr
e
ve
nt
the
transm
issi
on
of
HIV/A
IDS
on
the
us
e
of
a
ra
zor
[
17
]
.
T
he
r
esults
of
t
he
st
ud
ie
s
ad
vise
t
he
nee
d
f
or
a
n
in
te
r
ven
ti
on
in
th
e
form
of
m
ass
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
s
to
sp
eci
fic
c
om
m
un
it
ie
s
su
ch
as
ba
rb
e
rs
to
increase
their
awar
e
ness
a
bout
the
disease
that
is
transm
itted
thr
ough
bl
ood
a
nd
ed
ucate
them
no
t
to
do
prac
ti
ces
that
are
not
safe
[2
0
]
.
A
no
t
he
r
stud
y
al
so
rec
omm
end
s
that
trai
nin
g
to
ba
rb
e
rs
f
or
the
pr
e
ven
ti
on
of
blo
od
-
bor
ne
infecti
ons
is
stron
gly
associat
ed
with
their
pro
fessi
on
[
6].
Finall
y,
interve
ntio
n
not
only
giv
e
n
t
o
pe
ople
with
HIV
/
A
I
DS
,
but
al
so
m
us
t
inv
olv
e
t
he
c
omm
un
it
y
inclu
ding
pe
ople
relat
ed
t
o
HIV
/
A
I
DS
tr
ansm
issi
on
[
21]
.
Ba
rb
e
r
kn
owle
dge
will
incr
ease
wi
th inter
ven
ti
on
and
barber
s ca
n pro
vid
e
healt
h
e
du
cat
io
n
t
o t
heir
c
us
tom
ers
[
22
]
.
The
re
su
lt
s
of
the
analy
sis
of
the
be
ha
vio
r
of
a
va
riable
num
ber
of
cu
sto
m
ers
showe
d
no
di
ff
e
ren
ce
betwee
n
t
he
num
ber
of
s
ubs
cribers
with
t
he
am
ou
nt
of
c
us
tom
ers
that
l
it
tl
e
of
the
be
hav
i
or
of
HIV
/AIDS
pr
e
ve
ntion.
Ba
sed
on
t
hese
r
esults
a
va
riab
le
nu
m
ber
of
c
us
tom
ers
are
not
a
va
riable
r
el
at
ed
to
preve
nti
on
beh
a
viors.
T
he
res
ults
of
the
analy
sis
va
riab
le
s
hairc
ut
pri
c
e
be
hav
i
or
sho
wed
no
dif
fer
e
nce
in
rates
ha
ircut
costs
with
pr
e
ve
ntive
be
ha
vior.
Ba
d
beh
a
vior
is
m
or
e
com
m
on
in
places
pieces
that
give
rates
low
co
m
par
ed
to
the
high
pri
ce,
but
this
dif
fer
e
nce
was
no
t
sta
ti
sti
ca
ll
y
si
gn
i
ficant.
T
his
ind
ic
at
es
that
the
pri
ce
o
f
a
hairc
ut
is n
ot a
var
ia
ble that af
fects
be
hav
i
or
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Ba
rb
e
r
s
hop
is
on
e
place
w
here
pe
op
le
us
e
ra
zor
s
an
d
place
s
that
do
not
ha
ve
ste
rili
zi
ng
equ
i
pm
ent.
Custom
ers
w
ho
us
e
barbe
r
s
erv
ic
es
t
o
c
ut
hair
a
re
at
risk
of
bein
g
sc
ratched
by
a
raz
or
w
he
n
the
s
cal
p
is
sh
a
ved
to
prot
ect
their
c
us
to
m
er.Th
e
resea
r
ch
fou
nd
that
t
her
e
was
a
re
la
t
ion
sh
i
p
between
kn
ow
le
dge
a
nd
at
ti
tud
e
with
beh
a
vior
ba
r
be
rs
in
pre
ven
ti
ng
tra
ns
m
issi
on
of
H
IV
/
AID
S
thr
ough
the
razor
in
the
ci
ty
of
Yogyaka
rta.
B
ased
on
the
dis
cussion
of
this
stud
y
,
it
can
be
con
cl
ud
e
d
th
at
there
were
r
el
at
ion
sh
i
p
bet
ween
knowle
dge, att
i
tud
es a
nd
barb
er
beh
a
vior in
HIV tra
ns
m
issio
n.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
T
ha
nk
to
U
nive
rsita
s
Ah
m
ad
Dah
la
n
Y
og
ya
kar
ta
,
wh
ic
h
ha
s
been
pr
ov
i
di
ng
m
at
erial
su
pport
on
this
stud
y
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
UNDP
,
“
Convent
ion
of
Deve
lo
pm
ent
Agenda
,”
Nawa
Cit
a,
Na
t
iona
l
Midt
erm
Deve
lopment
Pl
an
and
S
ustai
na
ble
D
eve
lopment
G
oal
s,
2015
.
[2]
Ministr
y
of
He
a
lt
h
Republic
Ind
onesia
,
“
Dat
a
HIV
and
AID
S
in
1987
-
Dire
c
tor
at
G
ene
ral
of
Con
trol
and
Disea
s
e
Era
di
ca
t
ion
,”
20
16
.
[3]
Tupa
n,
“
Tra
nsm
ission a
nd
Prev
e
nti
on
of
AID
S in
Indone
sia
,
”
Ba
c
a
,
vol
/i
ss
ue: XXI(5),
pp
.
2
-
8
,
19
98
.
[4]
M.
Mutocheluh
and
K.
Kw
ar
te
n
g,
“
Know
le
dge
a
nd
occ
up
at
ion
al
haz
ard
s
of
bar
b
e
rs
in
th
e
tr
ansm
ission
of
hepatiti
s
B
and
C
was l
o
w i
n
Kum
asi,
G
hana
Moham
ed
,
”
Pan
A
fric
an
M
edi
ca
l
Journal
,
v
ol
/i
ss
ue:
20
(
260
)
,
pp
.
1
–
7
,
2015
.
[5]
El
tay
e
b
N.
H
.
a
nd
H.
M.
Y.
Mudawi,
“
Know
ledge
and
pra
c
tic
e
of
b
arb
ers
r
eg
ard
ing
t
ran
sm
iss
ion
bloodborne
viruses
in
Kh
artoum
Stat
e
,
”
Ann
als of
Tr
opic
a
l Medi
c
ine
and
P
ubli
c
Healt
h
,
vo
l
/i
ss
ue:
6(1)
,
pp
.
80
-
83,
2013
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8806
IJPHS
V
ol.
6
, No
.
4
,
Decem
ber
20
1
7
:
337
–
342
342
[6]
E.
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