Intern
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
urn
a
l
o
f
P
u
b
lic Hea
l
th Science (IJ
P
HS)
V
o
l.3
,
No
.3
, Sep
t
em
b
e
r
20
14, pp
. 173
~178
I
S
SN
: 225
2-8
8
0
6
1
73
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJPHS
The Impact of Environmental Fa
ct
ors on M
a
laria P
r
eval
ence in
A P
eri-
U
rban Community
Olubunmi
A
Moku
olu
1
, Ol
uw
ayemi
si
D Ade
g
b
oye
2
,
Ol
ugbe
nga A Moku
olu
3
1
Environm
enal
Unit, Univ
ers
i
t
y
of Ilorin
T
each
in
g Hos
p
ital
,
I
l
ori
n
, Kwara
s
t
at
e,
Nigeria
.
2
D
M
S
T
, M
i
nis
t
r
y
of H
e
alth
, I
l
orin,
Kwara State,
Nigeria.
3
Departm
e
nt of Paedia
trics and Child
He
alth
,
U
n
iver
sity
of I
l
orin, Ilor
in,
Kwara state,
Nigeria.
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received
J
u
n 07, 2014
Rev
i
sed
Ju
l 20
,
20
14
Accepted Aug 24, 2014
There is a cons
ensus on the relations
hip b
e
twe
e
n M
a
l
a
ria
P
r
ev
alen
ce (M
P
)
and Environmen
tal Facto
r
s (EF); however,
ther
e is a dearth of published data
providing th
is evidence in
a qu
antifia
ble way
.
This community
based stu
d
y
was undertak
en to identif
y
th
e magnitude
of
th
e relationship
betw
een MP and
key
environmental factors in Okelele,
Ilor
in East
Local Government Area of
Kwara State, Ni
geria. A m
u
lti-s
t
aged
sam
p
ling
procedure w
a
s adopted for
the selection of 501 children fro
m 200 househol
ds. Children und
er the ag
e o
f
14
y
e
ars in th
e selected households
were sampled to obtain
baselin
e MP
using malaria R
a
pid Diagnostic
Test
(mRDT) kit. Key
household informant
interviews and
structured qu
estionnaire wer
e
used. Relev
a
nt socio-
demographic characteristics of
th
e household
s
, EF and non EF were
determ
ined
. Acq
u
ired da
ta was a
n
al
yz
ed using statisti
ca
l tools to
determ
in
e
the relationship
between v
a
rious
indepe
nd
ent v
a
ri
ables
and
m
R
DT. Vari
ables
were a
l
so ent
e
re
d into
a m
u
ltipl
e
regression equ
a
tion for
the g
e
ne
ration of
a
m
a
them
atic
al m
odel.
Eth
i
ca
l
co
ns
ent
was obtained from the parents befor
e
samples were taken.Th
e stud
y
showed that
EF contributed
to MP in the stu
d
y
area
. Integr
ate
d
was
t
e m
a
nagem
e
nt
s
y
stem,
and regular
en
vironmental
sanitation wer
e
r
ecommended.
Keyword:
En
vi
ro
nm
ent
Malar
i
a
Ope
n
d
r
ai
na
ge
So
lid
waste
St
agna
nt
wat
e
r
Copyright ©
201
4 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
O
l
ub
un
m
i
A
Mo
ku
o
l
u
,
Env
i
ron
m
en
tal Un
it,
Un
i
v
ersity of
Ilo
r
in Teach
i
ng
Ho
sp
ital,
Ilori
n
, Kwara
State,
Nige
ria.
Em
ail: olubunm
im
okuolu@y
a
hoo.c
o
m
1.
INTRODUCTION
M
a
l
a
ri
a i
s
a seri
o
u
s pr
o
b
l
e
m
i
n
Af
ri
ca whe
r
e one i
n
eve
r
y
fi
ve (
20%
) chi
l
dh
o
od
deat
hs i
s
due t
o
t
h
e
effects of the
disease [1]. Ther
e
were an estim
a
ted 216 m
i
llion episode
s of m
a
laria in 2010,
of
whi
c
h
approxim
a
tely 81%,
or 174
million cases,
were i
n
th
e
African Regi
on. The
r
e
were a
n
estim
ated 655
000
m
a
l
a
ri
a deat
hs i
n
2
0
1
0
,
of
whi
c
h 9
1
%
were i
n
A
fri
ca.
Ap
p
r
oxi
m
a
t
e
l
y
86%
of m
a
l
a
ri
a deat
hs gl
o
b
al
l
y
we
re o
f
chi
l
d
re
n
un
de
r
5 y
ears
o
f
a
g
e
[2]
.
Tw
o
hu
n
d
re
d a
n
d
fi
ft
y
million m
a
laria cases are
r
e
po
r
t
ed
ev
er
y year
w
ith
ab
ou
t
1
,
0
0
0
,
00
0 d
eat
h
s
[3
]. It is rep
o
rted th
at ev
ery 30secs, a ch
ild
d
i
es fro
m
m
a
l
a
ria. Abo
u
t
3
.
3
b
illion
p
e
op
le (h
alf
of th
e wor
l
d
’
s po
pu
latio
n)
ar
e
at r
i
sk
o
f
m
a
lar
i
a [4
],
[1
].
Man
y
ch
ildr
e
n who
su
rv
iv
e an
ep
isod
e
of
seve
re m
a
l
a
ri
a m
a
y
suffer
fr
om
l
earni
ng
i
m
pai
r
m
e
nt
s or
brai
n
dam
a
ge [
5
]
.
Th
e con
t
ro
l
of m
a
laria in
v
o
lv
es three liv
i
n
g b
e
i
n
g and
their e
nvironmen
t. These
include m
a
n,
m
o
sq
u
ito
an
d th
e larv
a. Man
is h
i
gh
ly m
o
b
ile and
ab
le
to
facilitate th
e sp
read
o
f
th
e d
i
sease far and
wid
e
.
M
o
sq
ui
t
o
es a
r
e
m
ovi
n
g
, hi
g
h
l
y
adapt
a
bl
e and
ha
ve s
hown
resistance
to som
e
ins
ecticides [6]. E
g
gs and
larv
ae are
h
i
gh
ly ad
ap
tab
l
e t
o
v
a
ri
o
u
s
en
v
i
ron
m
en
tal situ
atio
n
s
. Th
is interrelatio
n
s
h
i
p
o
f
th
e
v
a
riou
s
liv
ing
bei
n
g sust
ai
ni
n
g
t
h
e b
u
r
d
e
n
o
f
m
a
l
a
ri
a can be descri
be
d as
a
m
a
laria chain. In the li
ght
of t
h
i
s
chai
n,
m
a
l
a
ria
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
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252
-88
06
I
J
PH
S Vo
l. 3
,
N
o
. 3
,
Sep
t
emb
e
r
201
4
:
1
73
–
17
8
17
4
cont
rol
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
s
m
easures t
h
a
t
are de
pl
oy
ed
t
o
di
sr
u
p
t
t
h
e c
h
ai
n i
n
o
r
de
r t
o
re
d
u
ce m
a
l
a
r
i
a bu
rde
n
t
o
a
poi
nt
wh
ere it is n
o
t
o
f
p
u
b
lic h
ealth
im
p
o
r
tan
ce. Effectiv
e
m
a
laria co
n
t
ro
l m
u
st lev
e
rag
e
o
n
th
e
variou
s
o
ppo
rt
u
n
ities to
in
terru
p
t
t
h
e critical ch
ain
o
f
m
a
n
,
m
o
squ
ito
an
d larv
a. So far m
a
lari
a con
t
ro
l efforts h
a
s
add
r
esse
d i
ssu
es rel
a
t
e
d t
o
m
a
n as h
o
st
(
u
se
of
dr
ug
s f
o
r
d
i
sease pre
v
e
n
t
i
on a
n
d t
r
eat
m
e
nt
), m
o
sq
ui
t
o
e
s
(use
of i
n
sect
i
c
i
d
es)
The e
n
vi
r
onm
ent
a
l
di
m
e
nsi
ons as
re
gar
d
i
ng larv
al
redu
ction
is also
throug
h larv
icid
ing
is n
o
t
very
pr
om
i
n
ent
i
n
di
sc
ussi
o
n
s
o
n
m
a
l
a
ri
a cont
rol
.
I
n
ad
di
t
i
on t
h
e i
m
pact
of e
n
vi
ro
nm
ent
a
l
fact
o
r
s,
whi
l
e
g
e
n
e
rally ackno
wled
g
e
d
,
is no
t prop
erly q
u
an
tified
an
d
de
m
onst
r
at
ed t
h
r
o
u
g
h
h
a
r
d
e
v
idence. T
h
e a
b
se
nce
of
suc
h
evide
n
ce
m
a
y have weakene
d
a
d
vocacy that c
oul
d ena
b
le policy
m
a
kers to appreciate the direct
relations
hip be
tween t
h
e e
nvi
ronm
ent and malaria disease
burde
n
.
Objectives:
Baseline m
a
lar
i
a pre
v
alenc
e
i
n
the study sit
e
wa
s d
e
term
i
n
ed, env
i
ron
m
en
tal prob
lem
s
(d
rai
n
ag
es,
st
agna
nt
wat
e
r
s
, an
d sol
i
d
w
a
st
e
m
a
nagem
e
nt
) t
h
at
p
r
edi
s
po
se t
o
m
o
squi
t
o
b
r
eedi
ng
and
habi
t
a
t
i
o
n
were
d
e
term
in
ed
, a
math
e
m
atica
l
m
o
d
e
l fo
r th
e relatio
n
s
h
i
p
an
d relativ
e co
n
t
rib
u
tion
of th
e en
v
i
ron
m
en
tal facto
r
s
t
o
m
a
l
a
ri
a bur
d
e
n i
n
O
k
el
el
e c
o
m
m
uni
t
y
was de
vel
o
ped
.
Fi
gu
re
1.
M
a
p
o
f
K
w
a
r
a st
at
e
sh
owi
n
g
t
h
e
st
udy
a
r
ea i
n
sert
i
s
m
a
p of
Ni
ge
ri
a
(ada
pt
ed
f
r
om
Tu
nde
et al
, 201
3)
2.
R
E
SEARC
H M
ETHOD
The st
udy
was
conducted in
Okelele
i
n
Il
or
i
n
East
l
o
cal
G
ove
r
n
m
e
nt
area of Kwa
r
a St
ate, Nige
ria
.
Okel
el
e ha
s a
po
p
u
l
a
t
i
on
of
3
6
,
1
9
1
base
d o
n
20
0
6
cens
u
s
.
I
t
has a r
u
ral
set
t
i
ng an
d l
i
e
s be
t
w
een l
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
e
04
o
3
2
’ and
latitu
de 0
8
o
26
’
with
esti
m
a
ted
lan
d
area of 1
.
5Km
2
. Ilo
r
i
n
is th
e cap
ital o
f
Kwara State with 16 local
Gov
e
rn
m
e
n
t
areas, it is located
with
i
n
Lon
g
itud
e
s 4
o
30`
and
4
o
45
`E and
Latitud
e
s 8
o
25
`
a
n
d 8
o
40
`N
,
cove
ring a land area
of
75
Km
2
. A p
r
elimin
ary su
rv
ey o
f
th
e st
u
d
y
site was co
ndu
cted
id
en
tifyin
g
t
h
e
prese
n
ce
o
f
e
nvi
ro
nm
ent
a
l
fact
ors t
h
at
co
ul
d c
o
nt
ri
b
u
t
e
to
m
a
laria b
u
rd
en
o
f
th
e area. Th
is surv
ey was
foc
u
se
d
on
t
h
e
pre
s
ence
o
f
dr
ai
nages
,
t
y
pes
of
wast
es i
n
t
h
e drai
na
ges, a
n
d s
o
ci
o
-
dem
o
g
r
ap
hi
c st
at
us
o
f
t
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
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S I
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6
The Impact of Environmen
t
a
l Fa
ct
o
rs
on
Ma
la
ri
a
Preva
l
en
ce in A Peri-Urban
…. (Olub
unmi A Mo
kuo
l
u
)
17
5
po
p
u
l
a
t
i
on i
n
t
h
e st
udy
area. A m
i
nim
u
m
sam
p
l
e
si
ze of 42
2
was obt
ai
ne
d fr
om
t
h
e
fo
rm
ul
a
n=z
2
p(
1-p
)
d
2
[7]
.
A m
u
lti-staged sa
m
p
ling procedure was thereafter
ad
op
ted
f
o
r
th
e pu
rpo
s
e of
th
e cond
u
c
t of
th
e
ho
use
h
ol
d s
u
r
v
ey
. O
k
el
el
e are
a
was
di
vi
ded
i
n
t
o
5 z
o
nes
bas
e
d t
h
e
assi
st
an
ce of
a l
o
cal
g
u
i
de nam
e
l
y
, Lo
wi
n,
Am
uyankan,
Om
oboriowo, Jagun, and Baba Ladi
fa. From
each of the
zone
s, 40
hous
ehol
ds we
re ra
ndom
ly
sel
ect
ed t
h
r
o
u
gh t
h
e hel
p
of t
h
e l
o
cal
gui
de.
Key
h
ous
eh
ol
d i
n
f
o
rm
ant
i
n
t
e
rvi
e
w, u
s
i
n
g st
ru
ct
ure
d
q
u
e
stio
nn
aire was co
ndu
cted
to
co
llate in
form
at
io
n o
n
ho
useho
l
d
ch
aracteristics. Relev
a
n
t
so
cio
-
dem
ogra
phic c
h
aracteristics of the househol
ds and envi
ronmental factors
such as
Prese
n
ce of Open
Drai
ns
(POD), Solid
W
a
ste in
Drains (SWD),
Prese
n
ce of
Weed
s (P
O
W
) ar
ou
n
d
t
h
e
ho
use
,
STa
g
n
a
t
i
on o
f
Wastewater i
n
Drains (ST
W
D)
were
c
o
nsi
d
ere
d
.
N
on e
n
vi
r
onm
ent
a
l
fact
ors s
u
c
h
as
ED
ucat
i
onal
L
e
vel
o
f
h
o
u
s
eho
l
d
h
e
ad
s (EDL), Av
ailab
ility
o
f
Mosq
u
i
t
o
Nets
(AMN), Op
en
ing of
W
i
nd
ows at Nigh
t (OWN),
u
s
e
of Insecticide Treated Nets (ITN) were
als
o
determ
ined
.
Varia
b
les we
re
entere
d i
n
to
a m
u
lt
ip
le regressio
n
eq
u
a
tion fo
r the g
e
n
e
ration of a m
a
th
e
m
at
ica
l
m
o
d
e
l
u
s
ing
St
at
a
8.0 2
003
Sp
ecial
Ed
ition
(Stata
Corporatio
n
;
Co
lleg
e
Station
,
Tex
a
s,
USA), to d
e
term
in
e th
e re
l
a
t
i
o
nshi
p
bet
w
ee
n
va
ri
o
u
s i
n
de
p
e
nde
nt
vari
a
b
l
e
s an
d
mRDT. Malaria pre
v
alence
was determ
ined in children
u
n
d
er
14y
ea
rs;
re
prese
n
t
i
n
g t
h
e
m
o
st
vul
nera
bl
e age
group to the di
sease. This wa
s to eliminate
the pos
si
ble bi
as from
a type-2 erro
r that may arise from
unde
r
rep
r
ese
n
t
a
t
i
on
of a
dul
t
su
b
j
ec
t
s
. B
l
oo
d sam
p
l
e
s we
re col
l
ect
ed fr
om
fi
nger
pri
c
ks o
f
s
u
b
j
ect
s by
a c
e
rt
i
f
i
e
d
m
e
di
cal
offi
cer
and t
e
st
ed usi
ng t
h
e m
R
DT ki
t
.
St
ruct
ur
e
d
que
stionnaires
were adm
i
nistered and the res
p
onse
r
a
te w
a
s 100
%.
3.
R
E
SU
LTS AN
D ANA
LY
SIS
Th
e fo
llowing p
r
ed
icto
rs: So
lid
W
a
stes in
Drain
s
(SWD), Stagnation
of Wastewat
er
in
Drains
(ST
W
D
)
, P
r
es
ence of
Ope
n
Drai
ns (P
OD
),
and Prese
n
ce
of
W
e
e
d
s (
P
O
W) ha
vi
n
g
p
-
v
a
l
u
e < 0.0
5
l
e
vel
of
si
gni
fi
ca
nce c
o
nt
ri
b
u
t
e
s si
gni
f
i
cant
l
y
as i
nde
pen
d
e
n
t
v
a
ri
ab
l
e
s i
n
e
xpl
ai
ni
ng
t
h
e
de
pe
nd
ent
va
ri
abl
e
,
m
a
l
a
ri
a
pre
v
alence
(usi
ng m
R
DT).
Malaria has be
en known to be a deadly disease fr
om
t
i
me im
m
e
m
o
ri
al
and a m
a
jor p
ubl
i
c
heal
t
h
pr
o
b
l
e
m
.
Ther
e are
10
6 e
n
d
e
m
i
c count
ri
es of
w
h
i
c
h
Ni
g
e
ri
a i
s
o
n
e
[2]
.
The
fi
n
d
i
n
gs
of t
h
i
s
re
searc
h
have
shown that environm
ental fact
ors
play a m
a
jor role in co
nt
ri
but
i
n
g t
o
t
h
e
di
sease.
Th
e av
er
ag
e ag
e of
th
e ch
il
d
r
en
ex
am
in
ed w
a
s 6.2
years, m
ean
w
e
ig
h
t
w
a
s
1
9
.1kg, and
m
ean
te
m
p
erature was 36.5
0
C
.
T
h
ere were
24
1 fem
a
l
e
s and 2
60 (
T
abl
e
1
)
m
a
l
e
s whi
c
h sho
w
s al
m
o
st
equa
l
represen
tatio
n
s
of
b
o
t
h
sex
e
s i
n
th
e to
tal su
bjects.
T
a
bl
e
1. B
a
sel
i
ne char
ac
teri
sti
c
s
of s
t
u
d
y
pop
u
l
a
ti
on
Characteristics
(Se
x
)
Frequency
Percent
Fem
a
le 241
48.
1
M
a
le 260
51.
9
T
o
tal 501
100
Table
2.
Malaria Pre
valence
with use
of
mRDT
Fr
equency
Per
cent
Positive 150
29.9
Negative 351
70.
1
T
o
tal 501
100
Fro
m
th
e m
a
th
e
m
atical
m
o
d
e
l
(Tab
les 3
and
4
)
t
h
e pred
ictors: Ho
useho
l
d
Typ
e
s (HHT),
Av
ailab
ility
o
f
Drains (AVD),
Presen
ce of Op
en
Drai
n
s
(POD), So
lid
Wastes in
Drai
n
s
(SWD), Availab
ility
o
f
Do
or Net
(AVDN), use
of insecticide treated
net (I
T
N
), P
r
ese
n
ce O
f
W
e
e
d
s (P
O
W)
around the
house and E
D
ucational
Level
of
h
ous
ehol
d hea
d
s (
E
DL
) has a n
e
gat
i
v
e re
gres
s
i
on coe
ffi
ci
e
n
t
(
α
-val
ue
),
wh
i
c
h sh
ows a n
e
gat
i
v
e
regression
relatio
n
with
R
D
T, an
ind
i
cator of m
a
la
ria pre
v
alence
. St
agnation
of
Wastewater i
n
Drains
(ST
W
D
)
has t
h
e hi
g
h
est
β
-
v
al
ue (
0
.
4
29
2)
, s
h
owi
ng t
h
at
t
h
e
pre
d
i
c
t
o
r
m
a
kes t
h
e st
r
o
n
g
est
uni
que c
o
nt
ri
b
u
t
i
o
n
t
o
ex
pl
ai
ni
n
g
t
h
e
depe
n
d
ent
vari
a
b
l
e
w
h
en
t
h
e va
ri
ance
expl
ai
ne
d
by
al
l
ot
her
vari
a
b
l
e
s i
n
t
h
e m
odel
i
s
cont
rolled for. Prese
n
ce
of Weeds (POW)
with
β
-
v
al
ue
(-
0.
34
2
3
)
m
a
de t
h
e l
east
c
o
n
t
ri
but
i
o
n i
n
e
x
pl
ai
ni
n
g
malaria pre
v
alence as
indicated
by m
R
DT.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-88
06
I
J
PH
S Vo
l. 3
,
N
o
. 3
,
Sep
t
emb
e
r
201
4
:
1
73
–
17
8
17
6
Table
3. T
a
ble
of c
o
efficients
for
pre
d
ictor
s
of m
a
lari
a prevalence
Model
α
(coefficien
t
) Std.
Er
ror
β
t
-
value
Sig.
(
p
-
value)
HHT
-
0
.
3008
2.
5020
-
0
.
0063
-
0
.
12
0.
904
AVD
-
3
.
8564
7.
7496
-
0
.
0448
-
0
.
50
0.
619
NUMD
3.
2619
7.
4892
0.
0373
0.
44
0.
664
POD
-
19.
7046
4.
2200
-
0
.
2569
-
4
.
67
0.
000
SWD
-
14.
5096
5.
7069
-
0
.
1302
-
2
.
54
0.
012
STWD
31.
597
5
4.
0264
0.
4292
7.
85
0.
000
AVDN
-
8
.
1945
4.
8367
-
0
.
1068
-
1
.
69
0.
092
AVWN
4.
1635
5.
2843
0.
0498
0.
79
0.
432
AMN
0.
1710
6.
8189
0.
0021
0.
03
0.
980
ITN
-
0
.
9307
7.
2839
-
0
.
0104
-
0
.
13
0.
898
OWN
4.
6332
5.
2249
0.
0475
0.
89
0.
376
POW
-
27.
6002
4.
3500
-
0
.
3423
-
6
.
35
0.
000
EDL
-
1
.
0876
1.
7281
-
0
.
0327
-
0
.
63
0.
530
Constant
86.
949
7
22.
007
3
3.
95
0.
000
Sign
ifican
t at 5
%
lev
e
l
(2-tailed
)
Table 4. Sum
mar
y
of mode
l
pred
ictor
parameter
s and ANOVA
T
A
B
LE
SS DF
MS
Nu
m
.
of Obs.
=200
Model
1436
18.
80
5
13
1104
7.
600
4
Pr
ob.
> F =0.
0000
Residual
1185
44.
31
5
186
637.
33
502
6
R-
squar
e
=0.
5478
Total
2621
63.
12
199
1317.
4
026
1
Root M
S
E
=
25.
245
Th
e fo
llowing p
r
ed
icto
rs: So
lid
W
a
stes in
Drain
s
(SWD),
Stagnation of
Wastewat
er in Drains
(ST
W
D
)
, P
r
es
ence of
Ope
n
Drai
ns (P
OD
),
and Prese
n
ce
of
W
e
e
d
s (
P
O
W) ha
vi
n
g
p
-
v
a
l
u
e < 0.0
5
l
e
vel
of
si
gni
fi
ca
nce c
o
nt
ri
b
u
t
e
s si
gni
f
i
cant
l
y
as i
nde
pen
d
e
n
t
va
ri
ab
l
e
s i
n
e
xpl
ai
ni
n
g
t
h
e
de
pe
nde
n
t
vari
a
b
l
e
.
Th
e
v
a
l
u
e
of
R-
squ
a
r
e
(
0
.547
8)
, w
h
ich
is th
e co
efficien
t
o
f
d
e
term
i
n
at
ion s
h
ows t
h
at
54
.8
% of t
h
e
vari
at
i
o
n i
n
m
a
l
a
ri
a preval
e
n
c
e
as i
ndi
cat
ed by
m
R
DT i
s
expl
ai
ne
d by
t
h
e
m
odel
whi
l
e
t
h
e rem
a
i
n
i
ng 45
.2
%
is du
e to th
e
ran
d
o
m
effect of
all th
e o
t
h
e
r
d
a
ta.
Fo
r th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ility v
a
lu
e
for F-test statistic (0.000
0)
is less th
an
(0
.0
5) lev
e
l o
f
sig
n
i
fican
c
e,
th
erefore, t
h
e
fitted
m
o
d
e
l is sig
n
i
fican
t
.
4.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
The baseline
malaria prevalence (ind
i
cat
ed by
m
R
DT) i
s
hi
gh
, 2
9
.
9
%.
Thi
s
i
s
furt
he
r
expl
ai
ne
d by
t
h
e m
a
t
h
em
at
ical
m
odel
rev
eal
i
ng St
ag
nat
i
on
of
wat
e
r
(p
=0.
0
0
0
)
, S
o
l
i
d
wast
e co
nt
ent
i
n
drai
n (
p
=0
.0
12
)
,
O
p
en
ed
d
r
ai
n
s
(p
=0.000
)
and
Pr
esen
ce
o
f
w
e
ed
s ar
ound
th
e hou
se
(p
=0.000
) as i
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
si
g
n
i
f
i
can
t
factors.
Th
e fo
llowing
are
th
e
reco
mmen
d
a
tio
ns:
a.
Go
ve
rnm
e
nt
t
o
ens
u
re i
n
t
e
gra
t
ed sol
i
d
wast
e
m
a
nagem
e
nt
in t
h
e st
udy
si
t
e
, wi
t
h
fu
rt
he
r
com
m
uni
cat
i
o
n
with
th
e co
mmu
n
ity fo
r coop
eratio
n and
un
derstand
ing
o
f
th
e issu
e at stake.
b.
R
e
gul
ar
en
vi
r
o
nm
ent
a
l
sani
t
a
ti
on:
s
w
ee
pi
n
g
and
pac
k
i
n
g
so
l
i
d
wast
e i
n
t
o
a
p
p
r
op
ri
at
e co
nt
ai
ners,
c.
C
onst
r
uct
i
o
n
o
f
su
st
ai
nabl
e
p
ubl
i
c
t
o
i
l
e
t
s
(
h
um
an excret
a
were
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
t
h
e o
p
e
n
d
r
ai
n
s
as s
o
m
e
hous
es
d
o
no
t
h
a
v
e
to
i
l
ets) in
th
e commu
n
ity.
d.
Pun
i
sh
m
e
n
t
s fo
r d
e
fau
lters or no
n co
m
p
liance with
lai
d
d
o
wn ru
les.
REFERE
NC
ES
[1]
S
achs
J
,
M
a
lan
e
y P
,
“
T
h
e
e
c
ono
m
i
c and s
o
ci
al b
u
rden of m
a
la
ria
”
,
nNature,
vo
l.
415, pp. 680-68
5, 2002. PubMed
Abs
t
ract.
[2]
WHO, “World Malaria Repo
rt”, 2011.
[3]
USAID,
“Integr
a
ted Vector
Man
a
gement progr
ammes for Ma
laria contro
l-Progra
m
m
a
tic Environ
m
ental assessm
ent.
Januar
y
2007”,
USAID prepared
b
y
RTI
International, 2007.
[4]
Gianotti R
., “
T
h
e
potent
i
al for e
nvironm
ental m
a
nagem
e
nt to con
t
ribute to m
a
l
a
ri
a vector con
t
rol
in western Niger
”
,
Massachusetts I
n
stitute of
Techn
o
log
y
Dept
. of
ci
vil
and
environ
m
ental
engin
eeri
ng, pp
. 88-93
, 2
008.
[5]
WHO, “The World Health
Repor
t”, Worl
d Health
Organization
,
Geneva, 1997
.
[6]
Najera
J
A,
Z
a
im
M
,
“
M
alar
ia v
ector
con
t
r
o
l”,
W
o
rld He
a
lth Organ
i
za
tio
n com
m
unicabl
e
dis
e
as
e
contr
o
l,
prevention an
d eradication
,
2003
.
[7]
Way
ne W. Daniel, “Biostatistics
A
Founda
tion for analy
s
is in the Health Scie
nces”, John Wiley
and Sons (Asia)
PTE LTD, pp
18
3-184, 2007
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PH
S I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
0
6
The Impact of Environmen
t
a
l Fa
ct
o
rs
on
Ma
la
ri
a
Preva
l
en
ce in A Peri-Urban
…. (Olub
unmi A Mo
kuo
l
u
)
17
7
BIIOG
RAP
H
I
ES OF
AUT
HORS
Olubunmi A Mokuolu is a professional Engi
n
eer with exp
e
rience spanning
over
15
y
e
ars in Environmental/ wa
ter Engineering,
Examiner for pr
ofessional qualif
y
i
n
g
exam
s
,
m
a
s
t
er t
r
ainer
in s
o
lid
was
t
e m
a
nagement and made p
ublications, ho
lds a
bache
l
or’s
degre
e
and a m
a
s
t
ers
degree from
the
Univers
i
t
y
of Ilo
r
in, S
h
e is
curre
ntl
y
at pre-d
e
fens
e
l
e
vel for h
e
r P
h
D at the Univ
ers
i
t
y
of Ibad
an
. S
h
e has
worked in
private and public sectors. Olubunmi brought
awareness to th
e unscientific w
a
y
o
f
handling Hea
lth
Care W
a
ste at
the Universit
y
o
f
Ilorin Tea
c
hin
g
Hospital (UITH).
Environmental unit was created through her dr
ive and she was
made the pioneer h
ead
of the
unit
.
I
t
was to her
cr
edi
t
tha
t
th
e UITH
developed
their
first
ever Policy
o
n
heal
th car
e was
t
e m
a
nagem
e
nt.
S
h
e has
,
in the
cours
e
of tim
e a
s
a M
a
s
t
er train
e
r on
health car
e waste conducted sev
e
ral TOTs
and r
e
gular tr
ain
i
ng for over 900 medical
s
t
aff of the hos
pi
tal
,
cut
ting a
c
ros
s
all cadr
e
s
from
the cl
ean
ers
to t
h
e Cons
ultants
.
S
h
e
has attended man
y
workshops and conferen
ces
as a guest speak
er and a p
a
rticipant.
S
o
m
e
of which
are:
S
o
cie
t
y for
Qualit
y
in He
alt
h
care
in
Nigeri
a,
M
a
rking W
HO
da
y,
Nigerian Society
of Engineers, Lagos
M
e
dical
was
t
e S
u
mm
it, and Rec
y
cl
ing
and
waste manag
e
ment
confer
ence, Birmingham,
UK.
Olubunmi is a
member of many
pro
f
essional
associations some of which
are: Th
e
Nigerian s
o
ci
et
y of Eng
i
neers
(NS
E
),
Institution of Civil Engineers (N
ICE),
Association of professional women Engin
eers
(AP
W
EN), and
Am
erican s
o
ciet
y o
f
Civil Eng
i
neers (ASCE), a ch
arter
e
d Eng
i
neer, registered with Council for
th
e
regulation of engineer
ing in Nigeria (COR
E
N
). S
h
e had s
e
rved as
Chairm
an of
com
m
ittees, for
m
er chairp
erson APW
E
N
in Kwara stat
e and
execu
tive
com
m
itte
e
member of the
Nigerian Society
of
Engine
ers
;
S
h
e is
current
l
y
a
board m
e
m
b
er of
sa
me
a
ssoc
i
a
t
ion.
Dr (M
rs
) Oluwa
y
em
is
i Debora
h
Adegbo
ye is
a M
e
dic
a
l Off
i
cer
at th
e Gen
e
ral
Hospital Ilor
in a secondar
y
health care f
a
cility
in
Kwara State, Nige
ria. She has o
v
er 5
y
e
ar’s public health
experience in the fiel
d of M
a
lar
i
a, HIV/AIDS, and Tuber
c
ulosis.
She also
engag
e
d in oth
e
r pub
lic health pr
ogr
am
s
,
s
e
rvic
es
and
management. She has
worked at th
e federal, state and
local gove
rnmen
t
owned hospitals and organizations
of which she has great rural pub
lic h
e
alth
prospects and
understanding. She has
also
worked with var
i
ous Non Governmental Orga
n
i
zations of which
she presently
has an
ongoing and
aw
ard winning
pro
g
ram on Adoles
cent health
.
Dr Adegboy
e has contribut
ed to hum
anit
y
on the aim
of achieving the Millen
n
ium
Developm
ent G
o
als
.
S
h
e
has
p
a
rticip
at
ed in
diff
erent
t
y
pes
of re
s
earch
and s
t
ill
m
u
ch
inter
e
sted in m
a
n
y
m
o
re. Som
e
i
n
terna
tiona
l rese
arches in whi
c
h
she parti
c
ipa
t
ed
are
:
African Quinine Versus
Artesunate in
Sever
e
Malar
i
a Tria
l, AQUAMAT (2009)
and
Community
Health Plan (CHP) Survey
in
Kwar
a
Centr
a
l condu
cted b
y
Amster
dam
Institute for
Internation
a
l Dev
e
lo
pm
ent (2013).
Dr Adegboy
e
has worked with
many
Non G
overnmental Organ
i
zati
ons as consu
ltant;
som
e
of which
are
the
Fam
i
l
y
Health
Intern
at
i
onal 36O Nig
e
ri
a, Inst
itut
e
of
Hum
a
n
Virolog
y
, Niger
i
a and Management Scien
ces
for Health, Nig
e
ria
.
S
h
e has
als
o
faci
lit
ated
progr
am
for th
e Na
tio
nal M
a
lari
a
cen
t
r
e, Abuj
a.
Niger
i
a
She had her MB BS degree (2008) from Universi
ty
of Ilor
in, Mas
t
er of Public Health
,
MPH (2012) from University
of
Ilorin
and
man
y
other cer
tificate courses.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
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:
2
252
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06
I
J
PH
S Vo
l. 3
,
N
o
. 3
,
Sep
t
emb
e
r
201
4
:
1
73
–
17
8
17
8
Dr. Olugbenga
Mokuolu is a Professor of Paed
iatrics at the U
n
iversity
of I
l
or
in in
Nigeria. He has over 18
y
e
ars’ experien
ce in
the care of the new
born in the tropics,
malaria case manageme
nt
and diverse public h
e
alth
activ
ities. Dr. Mokuolu earn
e
d his
m
e
dical deg
r
ee
at the Univ
ers
i
t
y
of Ibad
an in
Nigeria and
co
m
p
leted his
res
i
denc
y
training
in paed
iatrics and neonatolog
y
in
1995.
He is a fellow
of the West-African
College
of Ph
ysicians. His m
a
j
o
r resear
ch
focus has been on
management o
f
the
newborn infections, anthropometr
y
and mala
r
i
a management;
especially
g
e
stational
age assessm
ent,
neonat
a
l in
fec
tio
ns, perin
a
ta
l malaria
and general
care of th
e newb
orn
with a fo
cus
on
addres
s
i
ng th
e
chal
lenges
of
newborn health needs in a develo
ping
countr
y
using
ap
propriate techno
log
y
.
Some of Dr. Mo
kuolu'
s major co
ntributions hav
e
been with r
e
spect to use of digitally
rec
y
c
l
ed incub
a
t
o
rs
, pioneering
the us
e of ox
y
g
en concen
trato
r
s
as
a cos
t
effec
tive
means of ox
y
g
en deliv
er
y
in dev
e
loping
count
ries, and fabricatio
n of radian
t war
m
ers.
He has
also co-authored
a n
u
mber of land
mark publicatio
ns in th
e f
i
eld
of
m
a
lariolog
y.
He
pla
y
ed
m
a
jor rol
e
in
the d
e
ve
lop
m
ent of th
e W
HO-AFRO and WHO-
HQ Ma
l
a
ri
a ca
se ma
na
ge
me
nt tr
aining manuals.
Dr. Mokuolu has served as Chairm
an for
the
Medical Advisor
y
Com
m
ittee
at the
Universit
y
of Il
orin Te
aching
Hospital,
act
ing
directo
r
of the university
'
s Medical
Centre of
Ex
cellence, Chairman
of the IC
T Com
m
ittee
and s
ub-
Dean in
the F
a
c
u
lt
y of
Clinic
al Scien
c
e
s
. He is currently the Univ
ersity’s Director Centre for Internatio
nal
Education.
Some of Dr Mokuolu’s Nation
a
l
and
International appoi
n
t
ments in
clude:
1.
May
2012 –
Date: Member
, National Sev
e
re
Malaria Tr
eatment
Advisor
y
Group
2.
May
2009 – Date: Mem
b
er, St
eering Com
m
ittee on the redu
cti
on of m
a
ternal
,
newborn and
child mortality
in
West A
frica
, W
e
s
t Africa
Hea
lth
Organiza
tion
3.
May
2004 – Date: Member, Technical E
xpert Group on Antimalarial Treatment
Guidelin
es W
o
rld Heal
th Orga
n
i
zation. Geneva,
Switzerland.
4.
May
2007 –
Date: Co-R
eview
e
r,
Use of Ra
pid Diagnostic Test
in
Malaria,
WHO
Dr Mokuolu is a recipient of man
y
gran
ts/award
s
for biomedical
studies in the field of
m
a
laria whi
c
h i
n
clude
epid
em
iolog
y
o
f
sever
e
m
a
laria
,
m
a
l
a
ri
a in th
e per
i
par
t
um
period and antimalarial
dr
ug
trials.
He co-au
t
hored a publication on Recy
cled
Incubator Techn
i
que (RIT) that r
a
nked as
No 1 in the world listing of TOP 50 re
cent
medical findings
.
Re
se
ar
c
h
Inte
rest
Use of appropriate technolog
y
in
the care of
the n
e
wborn in the tr
opics and gener
a
ting
eviden
ce to
improve manag
e
ment of mala
ria and
conducting
antimalar
i
al drug
trials.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.