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[
2
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w
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4
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th
er
s
tu
d
y
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
em
o
tio
n
al
in
tellig
en
ce
is
a
p
r
o
tectiv
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
th
at
ca
n
b
u
f
f
er
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
s
tr
ess
o
r
s
in
ce
r
tain
co
n
tex
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
o
f
s
tr
ess
d
u
e
to
in
ter
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
s
tr
ess
[
9
]
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
t
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
e
m
o
tio
n
al
in
tellig
en
ce
in
m
an
a
g
in
g
s
tr
es
s
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
.
T
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
h
as
a
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
im
p
ac
t
o
n
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al’
s
m
en
tal
well
-
b
ein
g
[
1
0
]
.
R
ec
en
t
tr
en
d
s
in
d
icate
a
g
lo
b
al
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
d
iv
o
r
ce
r
ates
a
s
itu
atio
n
f
u
r
th
er
ex
ac
er
b
ated
b
y
th
e
c
h
allen
g
es
p
o
s
ed
b
y
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
ee
k
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
is
s
u
e
s
b
y
p
r
o
b
in
g
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
en
em
o
tio
n
al
in
tellig
en
c
e
(
E
I
)
,
b
en
ef
icial
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
les
(
B
HS)
,
an
d
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
ati
s
f
ac
tio
n
(
R
S);
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
to
a
s
ce
r
tain
wh
eth
er
B
HS
m
ed
iate
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
e
n
E
I
an
d
R
S.
T
h
e
s
o
cial
ex
ch
an
g
e
th
e
o
r
y
b
y
E
m
e
r
s
o
n
[
1
2
]
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
f
o
cu
s
i
n
g
o
n
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
I
t
e
m
p
h
asizes
th
e
“c
o
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
t”
alg
o
r
ith
m
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
em
p
lo
y
t
o
weig
h
th
e
b
en
ef
its
an
d
r
is
k
s
o
f
a
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
E
m
er
s
o
n
’
s
th
eo
r
y
,
p
ar
tn
e
r
s
in
a
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
ten
d
to
ass
ess
th
eir
b
en
ef
it
an
d
c
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
th
ey
ar
e
i
n
;
wh
en
th
ey
ca
n
p
er
ce
iv
e
a
n
ac
ce
p
tab
le
b
a
lan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
,
th
ey
wo
u
ld
lik
ely
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
s
atis
f
ied
with
th
eir
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
R
S
en
co
m
p
ass
es
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al'
s
o
v
er
all
s
en
s
e
o
f
h
ap
p
in
ess
an
d
co
n
ten
tm
en
t w
ith
in
a
r
o
m
an
tic
u
n
io
n
.
E
x
ten
s
i
v
e
I
t w
as e
s
tab
lis
h
ed
th
at
h
eig
h
ten
e
d
R
S
[
1
4
]
is
in
t
r
icate
ly
lin
k
ed
t
o
en
h
an
ce
d
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
.
A
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
th
at,
a
p
leth
o
r
a
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
ex
er
t
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
v
er
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
s
p
an
n
in
g
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
,
attac
h
m
en
t
s
ty
les,
cu
ltu
r
al
n
u
a
n
ce
s
,
an
d
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
T
h
e
latter
,
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
,
p
lay
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
in
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
o
t
h
er
f
ac
t
o
r
s
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
ar
tn
er
s
s
u
ch
as
in
tim
ac
y
,
co
m
m
itm
en
t,
a
n
d
p
ass
io
n
with
in
th
e
r
ea
lm
o
f
r
o
m
an
tic
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
s
[
1
5
]
.
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
,
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
esen
t,
o
b
tain
,
ac
ce
p
t,
o
r
tu
r
n
d
o
wn
o
n
e
an
o
th
e
r
’
s
id
ea
with
m
in
im
u
m
co
n
f
lict
in
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ettin
g
,
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
lin
k
ed
to
E
I
[
1
6
]
,
in
d
iv
id
u
als
with
ad
eq
u
ate
E
I
ar
e
lik
ely
to
h
a
v
e
s
tr
o
n
g
er
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
th
at
k
ee
p
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
atis
f
y
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
tatem
en
t w
as a
l
s
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
r
ep
o
r
t th
at
in
d
iv
id
u
als en
d
o
wed
with
h
ig
h
er
em
o
tio
n
al
in
telli
g
en
ce
ten
d
t
o
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
ele
v
ated
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
lev
els
an
d
p
o
s
s
ess
s
u
p
er
io
r
co
n
f
lict r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
[
1
7
]
.
I
t
was
also
estab
lis
h
ed
t
h
at
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
with
h
ig
h
er
E
I
ten
d
to
k
n
o
w
h
o
w
to
i
n
teg
r
ate
h
u
m
o
r
to
m
ain
tain
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
h
o
p
e,
r
esil
ien
ce
,
an
d
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
Su
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
at,
a
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
is
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
Do
ǧ
r
u
[
2
0
]
ex
am
i
n
ed
th
e
lin
k
s
b
etw
ee
n
E
I
an
d
v
ar
i
o
u
s
o
u
tco
m
es.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
r
ep
o
r
te
d
th
at
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
estab
lis
h
ed
t
h
at
E
I
p
o
s
itiv
ely
r
elate
d
to
R
S
an
d
n
e
g
ativ
ely
r
elate
d
t
o
s
tr
ess
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
E
I
a
n
d
R
S
m
ig
h
t
n
o
t
h
ap
p
en
d
ir
ec
tly
,
as
h
av
in
g
ex
c
ellen
t
p
eo
p
le
s
k
ills
alo
n
e
m
ig
h
t
n
o
t
s
o
lv
e
ce
r
tain
t
y
p
es
o
f
ch
r
o
n
ic
co
n
f
licts
in
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
,
as
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
b
y
Sier
r
a
et
a
l
.
[
1
5
]
;
s
o
m
e
s
tu
d
ies
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
t
h
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
h
u
m
o
r
in
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
als in
v
o
lv
ed
[
1
9
]
.
Fu
r
h
ter
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
u
s
ag
e
o
f
h
u
m
o
r
m
ig
h
t
r
ef
er
to
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
ch
o
ice
o
f
th
e
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
les
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
;
th
is
ab
ilit
y
to
ch
o
o
s
e
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
s
ty
les
o
f
h
u
m
o
r
is
r
ep
o
r
ted
t
o
b
e
clo
s
ely
tied
to
th
eir
E
I
,
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
a
f
f
ec
ts
th
eir
s
o
cial
en
g
ag
em
en
t a
n
d
th
eir
o
wn
wellb
ein
g
[
1
9
]
.
Hu
m
o
r
s
ty
les r
ef
er
to
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
way
s
in
wh
ich
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als u
s
e
h
u
m
o
r
i
n
th
eir
s
o
cial
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
s
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
T
h
ese
s
ty
les ca
n
b
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
to
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
t
y
p
es,
with
e
ac
h
t
y
p
e
r
ef
lectin
g
a
d
is
tin
ct
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
h
u
m
o
r
.
T
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
v
ar
io
u
s
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
les
s
u
ch
as
i
)
Af
f
ilia
tiv
e,
in
v
o
lv
es
u
s
in
g
h
u
m
o
r
to
en
h
an
ce
s
o
cial
b
o
n
d
s
a
n
d
b
u
il
d
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
with
o
th
er
s
,
ii
)
Self
-
E
n
h
an
ci
n
g
Hu
m
o
r
,
in
v
o
lv
es
f
in
d
in
g
h
u
m
o
r
i
n
o
n
e'
s
o
wn
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
an
d
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
allo
win
g
in
d
iv
id
u
als
to
c
o
p
e
with
s
tr
ess
an
d
ad
v
er
s
ity
b
y
f
in
d
in
g
am
u
s
em
en
t
in
life
'
s
ch
allen
g
e,
iii
)
Ag
g
r
ess
iv
e
Hu
m
o
r
:
s
u
c
h
as
s
ar
ca
s
m
,
teasin
g
,
a
n
d
m
o
ck
e
r
y
,
o
f
te
n
aim
e
d
at
b
elittli
n
g
o
r
e
m
b
ar
r
ass
in
g
s
o
m
eo
n
e
,
iv
)
Self
-
Def
ea
tin
g
Hu
m
o
r
,
m
a
k
in
g
o
n
e
s
elf
th
e
tar
g
et
o
f
jo
k
es a
n
d
s
elf
-
d
ep
r
ec
atin
g
h
u
m
o
r
.
I
t is d
o
n
e
to
d
o
wn
p
lay
th
eir
ac
h
iev
em
en
ts
o
r
m
ak
e
f
u
n
o
f
th
eir
o
wn
f
laws
to
g
ain
s
o
cial
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
.
v
)
E
n
h
an
cin
g
h
u
m
o
r
c
o
m
b
i
n
es
p
o
s
itiv
e
elem
en
ts
o
f
a
f
f
iliativ
e
an
d
s
elf
-
en
h
an
cin
g
h
u
m
o
r
.
I
t
in
v
o
lv
es
u
s
in
g
h
u
m
o
r
to
u
p
lift
o
th
e
r
s
'
s
p
ir
its
,
b
o
o
s
t
m
o
r
ale,
an
d
cr
ea
te
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
wh
ile
also
f
in
d
in
g
am
u
s
em
en
t
in
life
'
s
u
p
s
an
d
d
o
wn
s
.
T
h
e
af
o
r
em
en
tio
n
ed
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
les
ar
e
n
o
t
m
u
tu
ally
ex
cl
u
s
iv
e,
an
d
in
d
iv
id
u
als
m
ay
u
s
e
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
th
em
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
o
cial
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
le
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
t
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
,
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
an
d
o
v
er
all
well
-
b
ein
g
,
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
co
n
t
ex
t a
n
d
th
e
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
o
f
t
h
o
s
e
in
v
o
lv
e
d
[
1
9
]
.
I
n
th
is
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
,
we
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
th
e
B
HS
as
th
ey
f
o
s
te
r
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
al
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e
a
n
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
a
d
ee
p
er
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
en
p
ar
tn
er
s
[
2
1
]
,
a
n
d
it
r
eq
u
ir
es
ad
eq
u
ate
E
I
f
o
r
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al
to
c
o
m
e
u
p
to
em
p
lo
y
B
HS in
th
eir
d
aily
co
n
v
er
s
atio
n
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
,
E
I
in
ter
twin
es with
th
e
u
ti
lizatio
n
o
f
ad
ap
tiv
e
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
les,
s
u
ch
as
B
HS,
an
d
u
tili
ze
it
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
eir
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
o
th
er
s
,
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
,
elev
ate
t
h
e
m
en
tal
well
b
ein
g
o
f
th
eir
s
an
d
th
eir
p
a
r
t
n
er
s
’
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
af
o
r
em
en
tio
n
ed
s
tu
d
ies
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
in
d
iv
id
u
als
with
h
i
g
h
er
E
I
ten
d
to
b
e
a
b
le
to
u
tili
ze
a
d
ap
tiv
e
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
les,
s
p
ec
if
ica
lly
B
HS,
to
elev
ate
th
eir
R
S.
B
ased
o
n
th
at,
we
ai
m
to
i
n
v
esti
g
ate
wh
eth
er
E
I
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
ir
ec
t
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
n
R
S
o
r
is
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
B
HS is r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
m
ain
tain
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
R
S.
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates o
u
r
h
y
p
o
th
et
ical
m
o
d
el.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
N
ice
co
u
p
le,
fu
n
n
y
co
u
p
le,
h
a
p
p
y
co
u
p
le:
emo
tio
n
a
l
in
tellig
en
ce
,
h
u
mo
r
…
(
N
iya
Tr
eza
S
u
n
il
)
1771
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
m
ed
iatio
n
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts
Ou
r
s
tu
d
y
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
ely
tar
g
e
ted
in
d
iv
id
u
als
ag
ed
1
8
to
6
5
in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
r
o
m
an
tic
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
m
ar
r
ia
g
e,
o
r
co
h
ab
itatio
n
in
a
n
y
f
o
r
m
,
an
d
n
o
t
d
iag
n
o
s
ed
with
an
y
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
o
r
m
en
tal
d
is
o
r
d
er
.
T
h
is
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
a
g
e
g
r
o
u
p
was selec
ted
a
s
we
wo
u
ld
lik
e
to
in
clu
d
e
an
y
ty
p
e
an
d
d
u
r
ati
o
n
o
f
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
;
a
n
d
a
co
u
p
le
in
th
eir
twen
ties
m
ig
h
t
h
a
v
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
R
S
co
n
d
itio
n
s
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
a
c
o
u
p
l
e
in
th
eir
f
o
r
ties
; n
ev
er
th
eless
,
alb
eit
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
to
m
ak
e
th
eir
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
atis
f
y
in
g
,
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
E
I
an
d
B
HS
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
v
ar
y
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
[
1
9
]
.
B
ased
o
n
G*
p
o
wer
s
a
m
p
le
s
ize
ca
lcu
lato
r
,
9
0
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
wer
e
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
.
As
m
en
tio
n
ed
,
n
o
n
-
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
s
am
p
lin
g
,
s
p
ec
if
ic
ally
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
a
n
d
s
n
o
wb
all
s
am
p
lin
g
,
wh
ich
ar
e
s
u
g
g
ested
to
ef
f
icien
tly
s
tu
d
y
a
p
o
p
u
latio
n
with
s
p
ec
if
ic
ex
p
er
ien
ce
[
2
4
]
,
s
u
ch
as
b
ein
g
o
r
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
in
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
r
ec
ep
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
wr
itten
p
er
m
is
s
io
n
to
u
s
e
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
f
r
o
m
th
eir
r
ig
h
tf
u
l
o
wn
er
s
,
et
h
ical
clea
r
an
ce
f
r
o
m
th
e
E
th
ics
R
ev
iew
B
o
ar
d
o
f
th
e
Facu
lty
o
f
Ps
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
an
d
So
cial
s
cien
ce
s
,
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
C
y
b
er
jay
a
w
as
o
b
tain
ed
(
#
FP
SS
/2
0
2
w3
/3
0
3
9
)
.
th
e
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
r
ec
r
u
ited
b
y
u
s
in
g
s
o
cia
l
m
ed
ia
a
n
d
o
th
er
elec
tr
o
n
ic
m
ea
n
s
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
;
th
e
lin
k
to
th
e
Go
o
g
le
f
o
r
m
co
n
tain
in
g
o
u
r
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
co
n
ten
t
f
o
r
m
,
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e,
a
n
d
s
ca
les
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
all
th
e
v
ar
iab
le,
was
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
t
o
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
am
e
way
.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
w
er
e
v
o
lu
n
tar
ily
an
d
co
n
s
en
s
u
ally
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
th
eir
d
ata,
as we
ll a
s
h
elp
ed
to
r
ec
r
u
it o
th
er
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
with
in
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia.
2
.
2
.
M
ea
s
ures
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
a
s
u
r
v
ey
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e
with
f
o
u
r
m
ajo
r
s
ec
tio
n
s
af
ter
th
e
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
y
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e:
2
.
2
.
1
.
Rela
t
io
ns
hip
a
s
s
es
s
m
ent
s
ca
le
(
RAS)
T
h
is
s
ca
le
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
th
e
d
eg
r
e
e
o
f
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
Dev
elo
p
ed
b
y
Hen
d
r
ic
k
in
1
9
8
8
[
2
5
]
,
th
e
R
AS
i
s
a
u
n
id
im
en
s
io
n
al
s
e
lf
-
r
ep
o
r
t
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e.
A
f
i
v
e
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
e
r
t
Scale
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
"E
x
t
r
em
ely
Un
s
atis
f
ied
"
to
"E
x
tr
em
ely
Satis
f
ied
"
ass
e
s
s
ed
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
'
s
a
tis
f
ac
tio
n
.
I
tem
s
4
an
d
7
wer
e
r
ev
er
s
e
s
co
r
ed
.
T
h
e
p
a
r
ticip
an
t'
s
s
co
r
e
was
th
e
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
with
h
ig
h
er
s
co
r
es
i
n
d
icatin
g
g
r
ea
ter
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
(
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
Alp
h
a
r
eliab
ilit
y
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
7
9
)
.
2
.
2
.
2
.
H
um
o
r
s
t
y
les qu
estio
n
na
ire
(
H
SQ
)
T
o
m
ea
s
u
r
e
b
e
n
ef
icial
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
les,
a
m
o
d
if
ie
d
v
e
r
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
HSQ
b
y
Ma
r
tin
et
a
l
.
[
2
6
]
was
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
h
a
d
1
6
item
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
6
r
ev
er
s
e
-
s
co
r
e
d
o
n
es,
ass
ess
in
g
af
f
iliativ
e
an
d
s
e
lf
-
en
h
an
ci
n
g
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
les.
R
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
ts
u
s
ed
a
s
ev
en
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
r
an
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
"T
o
tally
Dis
ag
r
ee
"
to
"T
o
tally
Ag
r
ee
.
"
Sco
r
es
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
af
f
iliativ
e
an
d
s
elf
-
en
h
a
n
cin
g
d
o
m
ai
n
s
wer
e
co
m
b
in
e
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
f
i
n
al
s
co
r
e
(
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
r
eliab
ilit
y
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
5
8
)
.
2
.
2
.
3
.
B
rief
em
o
t
io
na
l int
ellig
ence
s
ca
le
(
B
E
I
S
-
10)
E
m
o
tio
n
al
in
tellig
en
ce
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
B
E
I
S
-
1
0
,
a
s
h
o
r
ter
v
er
s
io
n
ad
ap
te
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
Sch
u
tte
Self
-
R
ep
o
r
t E
m
o
tio
n
al
I
n
tellig
en
ce
T
est
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
s
ca
le
in
clu
d
ed
1
0
item
s
ac
r
o
s
s
f
iv
e
s
u
b
s
ets an
d
em
p
lo
y
ed
a
f
iv
e
-
p
o
i
n
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
"Str
o
n
g
l
y
Dis
ag
r
ee
"
to
"Str
o
n
g
ly
Ag
r
ee
.
"
T
h
e
f
in
al
em
o
tio
n
a
l
in
tellig
en
ce
s
co
r
e
was c
alcu
lated
f
r
o
m
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
item
s
co
r
es
(
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
r
eliab
ilit
y
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
8
8
)
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
d
ata
was
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
o
o
ts
tr
ap
m
eth
o
d
with
5
,
0
0
0
s
am
p
les,
at
9
5
%
co
n
f
id
en
c
e
in
ter
v
al
u
s
in
g
PR
OC
E
SS
MA
C
R
O
m
o
d
el
4
in
SP
SS
.
B
o
o
ts
tr
ap
m
eth
o
d
was
c
h
o
s
en
as
its
cr
ea
t
o
r
,
E
f
r
o
n
[
2
8
]
h
as
p
r
o
v
e
n
in
m
an
y
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
it
is
a
p
o
wer
f
u
l
s
tatis
tical
tech
n
iq
u
e
th
at
u
s
es
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
with
r
e
p
lace
m
en
t
to
esti
m
ate
a
p
o
p
u
latio
n
p
ar
am
eter
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
u
s
ef
u
l
f
o
r
test
in
g
m
ed
iatio
n
h
y
p
o
th
eses
f
o
r
s
ev
er
al
r
ea
s
o
n
s
;
f
ir
s
tly
,
th
e
b
o
o
ts
tr
ap
m
eth
o
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
ass
u
m
e
th
at
th
e
d
ata
ar
e
n
o
r
m
ally
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
[
2
9
]
,
m
ak
in
g
it
m
o
r
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
s
m
all
s
am
p
le
s
izes
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
is
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
v
e
r
o
th
er
m
eth
o
d
s
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
e
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
n
o
r
m
ality
,
s
u
ch
as m
u
ltip
le
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
o
r
So
b
el
test
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
5
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-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
1
7
69
-
1
77
4
1772
Seco
n
d
ly
,
b
o
o
ts
tr
ap
p
in
g
allo
w
s
f
o
r
th
e
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
lin
g
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
alm
o
s
t
a
n
y
s
tatis
tic
u
s
in
g
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
is
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
m
a
k
es
it
an
ex
ce
llen
t
to
o
l
f
o
r
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
co
m
p
lex
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
o
s
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
m
ed
iatio
n
an
d
m
o
d
er
at
io
n
a
n
aly
s
es
[
3
4
]
.
T
o
ex
ec
u
te
B
o
o
ts
tr
ap
m
eth
o
d
,
we
u
tili
ze
d
PR
O
C
E
S
S
Ma
cr
o
4
f
o
r
SP
SS
b
y
Hay
es
[
3
5
]
,
with
m
o
d
el
4
f
o
r
m
ed
iatio
n
a
n
aly
s
is
.
PR
OC
E
S
S
Ma
cr
o
f
o
r
SP
SS
wa
s
ch
o
s
en
as
it
is
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
to
o
l
f
o
r
an
aly
zin
g
m
e
d
iatio
n
h
y
p
o
th
eses
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
e
PR
OC
E
SS
Ma
cr
o
is
wi
d
ely
u
s
ed
in
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ield
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
al
s
cien
ce
s
,
b
u
s
in
ess
r
esear
ch
,
m
ed
icin
e,
an
d
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
it
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
icien
t
an
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
th
an
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
[
3
6
]
,
as
it
m
ak
es
n
o
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
s
h
ap
e
o
f
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
r
th
e
s
am
p
lin
g
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
is
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
u
s
ef
u
l
wh
e
n
d
ea
lin
g
with
s
m
all
s
am
p
le
s
izes
o
r
n
o
n
-
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
.
Seco
n
d
l
y
,
b
o
o
ts
tr
ap
p
in
g
allo
ws
f
o
r
th
e
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
lin
g
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
alm
o
s
t
an
y
s
tatis
t
ic
u
s
in
g
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
li
n
g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
is
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
m
ak
es
it
an
e
x
ce
llen
t
to
o
l
f
o
r
ex
p
lo
r
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
lex
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
s
u
ch
as th
o
s
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
m
ed
iatio
n
a
n
aly
s
es.
3
.
1
.
Resul
t
s
T
ab
le
1
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
E
I
o
n
R
S.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
ls
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
E
I
an
d
R
S
(
B
=0
.
3
7
9
7
,
p
<0
.
0
1
*
*
)
.
T
ab
le
1
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
E
I
o
n
R
S
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
(
p
<0
.
0
1
*
*
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
em
o
tio
n
al
in
tellig
en
ce
p
r
ed
icts
th
e
r
elati
o
n
s
h
ip
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
i
n
lin
e
with
t
h
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
ec
en
t
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
o
n
es
b
y
R
asto
g
i
[
8
]
,
J
ó
ze
f
ac
k
a
et
a
l.
[
1
5
]
,
Sam
ad
an
d
Ma
h
m
u
d
[
1
7
]
,
Ka
r
ah
an
et
a
l.
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
ese
u
n
if
o
r
m
ed
f
in
d
in
g
s
estab
lis
h
ed
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
E
I
o
n
R
S
in
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ettin
g
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
T
ab
le
2
p
r
ese
n
ts
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
m
ed
iatio
n
an
aly
s
is
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
th
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
E
I
o
n
R
S
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
m
ed
iato
r
,
B
HS.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
i
n
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
E
I
th
r
o
u
g
h
B
HS
is
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
(
B
=0
.
0
2
6
4
,
p
>
0
.
0
5
)
,
an
d
t
h
e
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
ter
v
al
in
cl
u
d
es
b
o
th
p
o
s
itiv
e
a
n
d
n
eg
ativ
e
v
alu
es.
T
ab
le
2
s
u
m
m
ar
izes th
e
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
th
e
I
n
d
i
r
ec
t E
f
f
ec
t (
X
→
M
→
Y)
: T
h
e
m
ed
iatio
n
o
f
B
HS
b
etwe
en
E
I
an
d
R
S
is
n
o
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
,
as
in
d
icate
d
b
y
th
e
n
o
n
-
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
-
v
alu
e
an
d
th
e
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
ter
v
al
in
clu
d
in
g
b
o
th
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
n
e
g
ativ
e
v
alu
es,
wh
ich
d
o
es n
o
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t o
u
r
p
r
ev
io
u
s
h
y
p
o
th
esis
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Dir
ec
t e
f
f
ec
t o
f
E
I
o
n
R
S
–
b
o
o
ts
tr
ap
f
o
r
co
ef
f
icien
ts
T
ab
le
2
.
I
n
d
ir
ec
t e
f
f
ec
t o
f
E
I
o
n
R
S th
r
o
u
g
h
B
HS
–
b
o
o
ts
tr
ap
f
o
r
co
e
f
f
icien
ts
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
B
S
t
d
.
e
r
r
o
r
S
i
g
.
(
2
-
t
a
i
l
e
d
)
9
5
%
C
I
EI
0
.
3
7
9
7
0
.
0
2
9
8
<
.
0
1
[
0
.
3
2
1
2
,
0
.
4
3
8
3
]
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
B
S
t
d
.
e
r
r
o
r
S
i
g
.
(
2
-
t
a
i
l
e
d
)
9
5
%
C
I
B
H
S
0
.
0
2
6
4
0
.
0
1
5
5
>
.
0
5
[
-
0
.
0
0
7
1
,
0
.
0
5
3
9
]
3
.
2
.
Dis
cu
s
s
io
n
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
d
i
ca
te
th
at
th
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
B
HS
d
o
es
n
o
t
m
ed
iate
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
E
I
an
d
R
S.
I
n
o
th
e
r
wo
r
d
s
,
w
h
ile
b
o
th
E
I
an
d
B
HS
in
d
iv
id
u
ally
h
a
v
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
with
R
S,
B
HS
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
a
c
t
a
s
a
n
i
n
t
e
r
m
e
d
ia
r
y
i
n
e
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
ct
o
f
E
I
o
n
R
S
.
T
h
e
s
e
r
es
u
lt
s
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
th
a
t
t
h
e
i
m
p
a
ct
o
f
E
I
o
n
R
S
r
e
m
a
i
n
s
d
i
r
e
c
t
a
n
d
i
s
n
o
t
c
o
n
t
i
n
g
e
n
t
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
c
e
o
r
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
B
H
S
.
T
h
i
s
i
m
p
li
e
s
t
h
a
t
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
s
wi
t
h
h
i
g
h
e
r
E
I
a
r
e
l
i
k
e
l
y
t
o
e
x
p
e
r
i
en
c
e
g
r
e
a
t
e
r
r
e
l
at
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
s
a
ti
s
f
ac
t
i
o
n
r
e
g
a
r
d
l
e
s
s
o
f
t
h
ei
r
h
u
m
o
r
s
t
y
l
es
,
h
i
g
h
l
i
g
h
ti
n
g
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
an
d
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
r
o
le
o
f
em
o
tio
n
al
in
tellig
en
ce
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
s
atis
f
y
in
g
r
o
m
an
tic
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
C
o
m
p
ar
in
g
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
with
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies,
it
is
ev
id
en
t
th
at
em
o
tio
n
al
in
tellig
en
ce
c
o
n
s
is
ten
tly
em
er
g
es
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
p
r
e
d
icto
r
o
f
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
Hig
h
E
I
le
v
els
ar
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
b
ette
r
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
ag
g
r
ess
io
n
,
an
d
en
h
an
ce
d
o
v
er
al
l
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
q
u
ality
,
alig
n
in
g
with
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
E
I
o
n
R
S
is
f
u
r
t
h
er
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ated
b
y
s
tu
d
ies
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
its
co
r
r
elatio
n
with
h
ig
h
er
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
q
u
ality
an
d
b
etter
s
o
cial
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
th
e
id
ea
th
at
E
I
p
lay
s
a
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
in
s
h
ap
i
n
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
b
e
n
ef
icial
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
les
h
av
e
b
ee
n
wid
ely
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
d
as
f
ac
to
r
s
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tin
g
to
g
r
ea
ter
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
Po
s
itiv
e
h
u
m
o
r
,
a
f
f
iliativ
e
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
les,
an
d
s
elf
-
e
n
h
an
c
in
g
h
u
m
o
r
h
av
e
all
b
ee
n
lin
k
ed
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
q
u
ality
an
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
em
p
h
asize
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
h
u
m
o
r
in
m
ain
tain
i
n
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
co
n
tr
ast
to
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
d
id
n
o
t
f
in
d
a
m
e
d
iatin
g
r
o
le
f
o
r
B
HS
in
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
E
I
an
d
R
S.
I
t
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
wh
ile
b
o
th
E
I
an
d
B
HS
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
t
o
R
S,
th
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1773
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ACK
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y
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
P
.
D
o
w
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w
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d
,
S
.
R
a
s
c
i
u
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e
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u
mar,
“
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4
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9
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w.
[
2
]
C
.
L.
H
o
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d
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n
,
P
.
R
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[
3
]
K
.
W
.
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h
o
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t
a
l
.
,
“
A
n
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x
p
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,
”
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o
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2
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1
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8
.
[
4
]
M
.
R
.
G
o
l
d
f
a
r
b
a
n
d
G
.
Tr
u
d
e
l
,
“
M
a
r
i
t
a
l
q
u
a
l
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t
y
a
n
d
d
e
p
r
e
ss
i
o
n
:
a
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
M
a
rr
i
a
g
e
&
F
a
m
i
l
y
Re
v
i
e
w
,
v
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l
.
5
5
,
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o
.
8
,
p
p
.
7
3
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–
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,
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9
2
9
.
2
0
1
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.
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6
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0
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.
[
5
]
A
.
N
.
F
a
w
w
a
z
,
K
.
D
.
P
r
i
h
a
d
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,
a
n
d
E.
K
.
P
u
r
w
a
n
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t
y
a
s,
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S
t
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d
y
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l
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n
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f
r
o
m
h
o
me
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n
d
so
c
i
a
l
a
n
x
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t
y
a
mo
n
g
u
n
i
v
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r
s
i
t
y
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
:
Th
e
r
o
l
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o
f
s
o
c
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t
a
l
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
p
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s
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l
m
a
t
t
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r
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,
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n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
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a
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J
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r
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f
Ev
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a
t
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d
R
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se
a
rch
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Ed
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c
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n
(
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ERE)
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.
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p
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.
v
1
1
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4
.
[
6
]
A
.
K
r
y
g
sma
n
,
A
.
H
.
F
a
r
r
e
l
l
,
H
.
B
r
i
t
t
a
i
n
,
a
n
d
T.
V
a
i
l
l
a
n
c
o
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t
,
“
D
e
p
r
e
ss
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o
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sy
m
p
t
o
ms,
ma
t
t
e
r
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
a
n
t
i
-
ma
t
t
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r
i
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g
:
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o
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g
i
t
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d
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a
sso
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a
t
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o
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rn
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p
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–
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,
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,
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:
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7
7
/
0
7
3
4
2
8
2
9
2
1
1
0
5
0
5
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9
.
[
7
]
K
.
D
.
P
r
i
h
a
d
i
,
C
.
Y
.
S
.
W
o
n
g
,
E.
Y
.
V
.
C
h
o
n
g
,
a
n
d
K
.
Y
.
X
.
C
h
o
n
g
,
“
S
u
i
c
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d
a
l
t
h
o
u
g
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t
s
a
m
o
n
g
u
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
st
u
d
e
n
t
s:
T
h
e
r
o
l
e
o
f
mat
t
e
r
i
n
g
,
s
t
a
t
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f
-
e
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t
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m
a
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d
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p
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ssi
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n
l
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v
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l
,
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n
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n
a
t
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a
l
J
o
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r
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a
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Ev
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l
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v
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.
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.
[
8
]
S
.
R
a
st
o
g
i
,
“
Em
o
t
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o
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l
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n
t
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l
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c
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,
f
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o
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r
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sh
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n
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n
d
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m
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s:
a
c
o
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r
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l
a
t
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n
a
l
st
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y
a
m
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n
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y
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g
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d
u
l
t
s,”
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n
t
e
rn
a
t
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J
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rn
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I
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Psy
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Un
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sia
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tl
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lo
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c
a
n
b
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re
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c
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d
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t
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m
a
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:
p
rih
a
d
i@c
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b
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rjay
a
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d
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.
m
y
.
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