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[
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2.
RE
S
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AR
CH
M
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HO
D
2.
1.
S
t
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y
d
e
s
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2013
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2.
2.
S
am
p
l
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an
d
d
at
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ion
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a
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ur
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D
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t
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’
s
da
t
a
b
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20
13
-
2014.
T
h
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t
a
b
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s
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pa
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s
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m
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d75
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t
h
we
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h
t
<
2
,
500
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a
m
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bi
r
t
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g
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t
≥
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500
g
r
a
m
s
.
2.
3
.
M
e
as
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
D
a
ta
a
b
ou
t
h
e
a
l
th
b
e
h
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v
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or
d
e
te
r
m
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n
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n
ts
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e
T
r
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t
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o
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th
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tt
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n
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a
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t(
T
B
A
)
c
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e
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te
N
a
tal
C
a
r
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(
A
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)
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d
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r
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a
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m
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y
d
r
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n
ki
n
g
)
[
7]
,
s
m
oki
n
g
,
a
n
d
a
c
c
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s
s
i
b
i
l
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w
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tai
n
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d
f
r
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m
i
n
te
r
v
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w
i
n
g
th
e
m
oth
e
r
s
.
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n
v
i
r
on
m
e
n
tal
d
e
te
r
m
i
n
a
n
ts
w
e
r
e
s
l
op
e
s
u
r
f
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c
e
,
a
l
t
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tu
d
e
,
a
n
d
m
e
r
c
u
r
y
e
x
p
os
u
r
e
.
2.
4.
S
t
at
is
t
ical
an
al
ys
is
T
h
e
de
s
c
r
i
pt
i
v
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a
n
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ly
s
i
s
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nv
o
l
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m
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t
c
hi
ng
o
f
a
ge
,
pa
r
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t
y
,
a
n
d
r
e
s
i
de
nc
y
.
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o
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s
s
o
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r
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gr
e
s
s
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a
n
a
ly
s
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s
f
o
r
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c
i
de
nc
e
R
a
t
e
R
a
t
i
o
(
I
R
R
)
wi
t
h
s
i
g
nif
i
c
a
n
c
e
l
e
ve
l
a
t
p
<
0.
05
wa
s
pe
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
w
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t
h
S
t
a
t
a
v
e
r
s
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o
n
12.
T
h
e
s
c
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n
s
t
a
t
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s
t
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c
a
l
m
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t
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d
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o
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s
s
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pr
o
b
a
bil
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y
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o
de
l
wa
s
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p
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udy
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s
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f
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g
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L
B
W
r
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s
[
8]
.
Ge
o
Da
wa
s
us
e
d
to
f
i
n
d
o
ut
M
o
r
a
n
I
n
n
d
e
x
/D
e
gr
e
e
o
f
F
r
e
e
do
m
(
M
I
/D
F
)
t
h
r
o
ugh
t
h
e
d
i
a
g
n
o
s
t
i
c
o
f
s
pa
t
i
a
l
de
p
e
n
de
n
c
e
[
9]
,
A
r
c
G
i
s
pr
o
vi
de
d
m
e
a
s
ur
e
s
o
f
S
p
a
t
i
a
l
A
u
to
c
or
r
e
l
a
t
i
on
(
Gl
ob
a
l
M
or
a
n
'
s
I
)
,
G
e
ti
s
-
or
d
G
e
n
e
r
a
l
G
(
z
s
c
or
e
Gi
)
,
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
Ne
a
r
e
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n
g.
T
hi
s
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
h
a
r
e
d
s
im
il
a
r
f
i
nd
i
ng
s
w
i
t
h
o
t
h
e
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
ut
i
li
z
i
ng
s
p
a
t
i
a
l
a
n
a
ly
s
i
s
t
o
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
hi
g
h
r
i
s
k
pr
e
g
n
a
n
t
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
f
o
r
i
n
t
e
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v
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t
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o
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o
f
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n
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a
t
a
l
vi
s
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t
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by
d
i
vi
d
i
ng
t
h
e
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
i
n
g
a
t
de
ns
e
ly
po
pu
l
a
t
e
d
a
r
e
a
[
14]
.
T
h
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
w
i
t
h
t
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
wa
s
i
t
i
nv
o
l
ve
d
a
r
e
a
s
w
h
e
r
e
t
h
e
po
pul
a
t
i
o
ns
we
r
e
s
m
a
l
l
w
i
t
h
s
e
pa
r
a
t
e
d
a
r
e
a
s
.
T
h
e
h
a
bi
t
o
f
dr
i
n
k
i
ng
popa
b
e
f
o
r
e
o
r
dur
i
n
g
pr
e
g
na
n
c
y
wa
s
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
t
hi
s
r
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s
e
a
r
c
h
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
L
B
W
r
i
s
k.
T
h
e
y
t
e
n
d
e
d
to
hi
g
h
e
r
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
(
h
ot
s
pot)
w
i
t
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t
h
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t
a
bli
s
hm
e
n
t
o
f
de
n
s
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c
l
u
s
t
e
r
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
i
nd
i
vi
dua
l
n
e
i
g
hb
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
ns
w
i
t
h
hi
g
h
I
R
R
v
a
l
ue
s
i
n
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
a
r
e
a
s
.
T
hi
s
f
i
nd
i
ng
c
o
r
r
e
s
po
n
de
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
t
h
e
o
r
y
f
r
a
m
e
wo
r
k
t
h
a
t
wa
s
s
ubmi
t
t
e
d
by
K
r
a
m
e
r
[
15]
i
n
de
t
e
r
m
i
n
i
ng
t
h
e
pr
e
va
l
e
n
c
e
o
f
L
B
W
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
r
e
we
r
e
43
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
t
h
a
t
s
t
i
ll
n
e
e
d
t
o
b
e
c
o
n
s
i
de
r
e
d
a
s
L
B
W
r
i
s
k
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
i
n
c
l
ud
i
ng
a
l
c
o
h
o
l
c
o
n
s
u
m
pt
i
o
n
.
T
hi
s
f
i
nd
i
ng
a
l
s
o
c
o
r
r
e
s
po
n
de
d
w
i
t
h
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
o
n
pr
e
g
n
a
n
t
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
a
l
c
o
h
o
l
c
o
ns
u
m
pt
i
o
n
i
nf
l
ue
nc
e
d
t
h
e
we
i
g
h
t
o
f
t
h
e
ba
by
[
16]
(
v
a
n
W
ij
ng
a
a
r
de
n
e
t
al.
,
201
4)
,
wh
e
r
e
26.
3%
o
f
L
B
W
c
a
s
e
s
wa
s
c
a
u
s
e
d
by
a
l
c
o
h
o
l
c
o
ns
u
m
pt
i
o
n
dur
i
n
g
pr
e
gn
a
n
c
y
[
17]
,
a
n
d
a
l
c
o
h
o
l
wa
s
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
L
B
W
r
i
s
k
[
18]
.
Al
c
o
h
o
l
c
o
ns
u
m
pt
i
o
n
o
f
12
t
i
m
e
s
/da
y
o
r
g
r
e
a
t
e
r
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
d
t
h
e
r
i
s
k
f
o
r
l
o
w
bi
r
t
h
w
e
i
g
h
t
[
19]
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
c
o
n
t
i
n
ue
to
b
e
a
c
o
n
t
r
o
v
e
r
s
y
s
i
nc
e
a
l
c
o
h
o
l
c
o
ns
u
m
pt
i
o
n
wa
s
not
di
r
e
c
t
l
y
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
L
B
W
[
20]
.
T
hi
s
f
i
nd
i
ng
a
l
s
o
c
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
de
d
w
i
t
h
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
J
a
pa
n
w
h
e
r
e
t
h
e
a
ve
r
a
ge
a
l
c
o
h
o
l
c
o
n
s
u
m
pt
i
o
n
a
m
o
u
n
t
wa
s
1t
i
m
e
pe
r
da
y
[
21]
.
I
n
t
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
dr
i
n
k
i
ng
popa
wa
s
n
o
t
a
n
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
ua
l
h
a
bi
t
b
ut
i
t
wa
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
qu
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
l
o
c
a
l
c
us
t
o
m
a
n
d
t
r
a
di
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
u
l
t
ur
e
.
T
B
A
c
a
r
e
i
n
t
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
nf
l
ue
nc
e
d
L
B
W
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
T
B
A
pr
o
vi
de
d
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
s
i
n
c
e
t
h
e
s
e
c
o
n
d
m
o
n
t
h
o
f
pr
e
g
n
a
n
c
y
u
n
t
i
l
t
h
e
de
li
ve
r
y
pr
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
t
r
a
di
t
i
o
n
a
l
wa
y
s
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
f
r
e
que
n
c
i
e
s
o
f
vi
s
i
t
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
10
t
i
m
e
s
c
o
m
pa
r
e
d
w
i
t
h
a
n
t
e
n
a
t
a
l
vi
s
i
t
s
.
T
hi
s
f
i
nd
i
n
g
w
a
s
i
n
a
c
c
o
r
da
n
c
e
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
t
h
e
o
r
y
t
h
a
t
di
s
c
us
s
e
d
s
o
c
i
a
l
e
nvi
r
o
nm
e
n
t
a
s
a
d
i
s
t
a
l
de
t
e
r
m
i
na
n
t
t
h
a
t
i
nf
l
ue
n
c
e
d
L
B
W
[
22]
.
T
h
e
T
B
A
c
a
r
e
pr
o
c
e
dur
e
s
we
r
e
n
o
t
s
u
i
t
a
ble
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
e
gr
a
t
e
d
pr
e
gna
n
c
y
c
a
r
e
s
t
a
n
da
r
d
s
,
w
hi
c
h
a
r
e
e
s
t
a
bl
i
s
he
d
by
t
h
e
go
v
e
r
nm
e
n
t
[
23]
m
a
n
da
t
i
ng
t
h
a
t
pr
e
gn
a
n
c
y
c
a
r
e
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
h
a
n
d
l
e
d
by
c
e
r
t
i
f
i
e
d
he
a
l
t
h
pe
r
s
o
nn
e
l
w
hil
e
T
B
A
s
e
r
v
e
s
o
nl
y
a
s
a
pa
r
tn
e
r
.
T
h
e
f
i
nd
i
n
g
i
n
t
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
c
o
r
r
e
s
po
n
de
d
w
i
t
h
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
s
i
n
s
u
b
-
S
a
h
a
r
a
n
Af
r
i
c
a
a
n
d
S
o
ut
h
A
s
ia,
whi
c
h
to
ge
t
h
e
r
a
c
c
o
un
t
f
o
r
o
v
e
r
h
a
l
f
o
f
t
h
e
de
li
ve
r
i
e
s
(
57%
)
i
n
t
h
e
de
v
e
l
o
p
i
ng
wo
r
l
d,
w
i
t
h
up
to
65%
o
f
bi
r
t
hs
o
c
c
ur
r
i
n
g
o
ut
s
i
de
h
o
s
p
i
t
a
l
s
a
n
d
pr
e
do
m
i
na
n
t
l
y
de
li
v
e
r
e
d
by
T
B
A
c
a
r
e
[
24]
.
A
c
c
o
r
di
n
g
t
o
Ge
o
gr
a
phi
c
W
e
i
g
h
t
Odd
R
a
t
i
o
(
GW
OR
)
a
n
a
ly
s
i
s
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
,
41.
5%
o
f
bi
r
t
h
by
T
B
A
i
nd
i
c
a
t
e
d
s
i
g
nif
i
c
a
n
t
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
hi
p
i
n
s
p
a
c
e
w
i
t
h
l
o
w
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
e
duc
a
t
i
o
n
[
25]
,
whi
l
e
i
n
W
e
s
t
Af
r
i
c
a
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
80%
de
l
i
ve
r
y
pr
o
c
e
s
s
i
s
h
a
n
d
l
e
d
by
T
B
As
[
26]
.
R
e
c
e
n
t
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
N
i
ge
r
i
a
i
nd
i
c
a
t
e
s
t
h
a
t
de
l
i
ve
r
y
pr
o
c
e
s
s
o
u
t
s
i
de
h
o
s
p
i
t
a
l
t
e
n
d
e
d
to
b
e
L
B
W
[
20]
,
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
s
pa
t
i
a
l
ly
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
t
l
e
ve
l
s
o
f
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
ns
be
t
we
e
n
e
a
c
h
f
a
mi
ly
[
27]
.
I
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
a
d
mi
t
t
e
d
t
h
a
t
e
v
e
r
y
d
i
s
t
r
i
c
t
w
i
t
h
l
o
w
l
e
v
e
l
s
o
f
s
o
c
i
a
l
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
wa
y
s
h
a
v
e
T
B
As
to
h
e
l
p
pr
e
g
n
a
n
c
y
c
a
r
e
t
h
r
o
ugh
pa
r
t
n
e
r
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
he
a
l
t
h
pe
r
s
o
n
ne
l
[
28]
.
I
n
t
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
T
B
A
c
a
r
e
wa
s
c
o
n
duc
t
e
d
i
n
t
r
a
di
t
i
o
n
a
l
wa
y
s
.
A
c
c
e
s
s
i
bil
i
t
i
e
s
a
r
e
im
po
r
t
a
n
t
c
o
m
po
n
e
n
t
s
f
o
r
a
s
uc
c
e
s
s
f
u
l
pr
im
a
r
y
h
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
r
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
I
n
t
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
we
f
o
un
d
t
h
a
t
a
c
c
e
s
s
i
b
i
li
t
y
wa
s
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
to
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
,
t
i
m
e
t
r
a
v
e
l
a
n
d
h
u
m
a
n
r
e
s
o
ur
c
e
s
w
i
t
h
s
i
gnif
i
c
a
n
t
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
L
B
W
r
i
s
k,
a
s
m
e
n
t
i
o
n
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
t
h
e
o
r
y
o
f
An
de
r
s
o
n
a
n
d
Ne
w
m
a
n
[
29]
t
h
a
t
e
x
p
l
a
in
e
d
t
h
a
t
a
c
c
e
s
s
i
bil
i
t
y
wa
s
a
s
uppo
r
t
c
o
m
po
n
e
n
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
c
omm
u
ni
t
i
e
s
us
i
ng
h
e
a
l
t
h
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
,
a
n
d
c
o
r
r
e
s
po
n
de
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
t
h
e
o
r
y
o
f
s
e
r
vi
c
e
ut
i
li
z
a
t
i
o
n
[
30]
.
A
c
c
e
s
s
i
b
il
t
y
f
a
c
to
r
s
c
l
e
a
r
l
y
i
nf
l
ue
nc
e
he
a
l
t
h
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
[
31]
.
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
e
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[
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55]
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rt
h
w
ei
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h
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an
d
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fan
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rt
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i
n
Mi
ch
i
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u
s
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n
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me
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o
d
o
l
o
g
y
,
”
In
t
J
H
ea
l
t
h
G
eo
g
r
,
v
o
l
.
810
,
2
0
0
9
.
[4
]
M.
G
o
o
d
ch
i
l
d
an
d
P.
L
o
n
g
l
ey
,
“
T
h
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
o
f
G
I
S
a
n
d
s
p
at
i
al
an
al
y
s
i
s
,”
1996
.
[5
]
O
.
H
u
i
s
m
an
a
n
d
R.
A
.
d
e
B
y
,
“
Pri
n
ci
p
l
e
s
o
f
G
eo
g
rap
h
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c
In
fo
r
m
at
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o
n
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y
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em
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A
n
i
n
t
ro
d
u
c
t
o
r
y
t
e
x
t
b
o
o
k
,”
N
e
t
h
e
r
l
an
d
s
,
I
T
C
e
n
s
c
h
ed
e
,
2009
.
[6
]
T
.
O
.
Su
t
t
o
n
an
d
M.
D
.
Su
t
t
o
n
,
“
A
G
e
n
t
l
e
I
n
t
ro
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
t
o
G
I
S.
E
as
t
e
rn
Cap
e:
Sp
at
i
al
Pl
an
n
i
n
g
&
I
n
f
o
r
m
at
i
o
n
,
”
D
e
p
art
men
t
o
f
L
an
d
A
ffai
rs
(D
L
A
)
,
2009.
[7
]
C.
Ri
w
u
t
,
“
D
ev
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
C
u
l
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
N
at
u
r
e
i
n
K
a
l
i
m
a
n
t
an
,
”
J
o
g
j
ak
art
a
,
N
R
p
u
b
l
i
s
h
i
n
g
,
2007.
[8
]
K
u
l
l
d
o
rff
M.
,
“
SaT
Sc
an
_
U
s
e
rs
_
G
u
i
d
e
,”
2015.
[9
]
A
n
s
el
i
n
L
.
,
et
a
l
.
,
“
G
e
o
D
a:
A
n
I
n
t
ro
d
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c
t
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o
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o
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n
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s
,
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at
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s
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c
s
U
n
i
v
e
rs
i
t
y
o
f
I
l
l
i
n
o
i
s
,
2004.
[1
0
]
E
s
ri
,
“
A
rcg
i
s
Sp
at
i
al
A
n
a
l
y
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s
,
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d
v
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ced
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I
S
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at
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U
s
i
n
g
Ras
t
e
r
a
n
d
V
ec
t
o
r
D
at
a
,”
2011.
[1
1
]
G
.
Ch
am
b
e
rl
a
i
n
an
d
M.
M
o
rg
a
n
,
“
A
BC
O
F
A
n
t
en
at
al
Car
e
,
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o
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rt
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ed
i
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,
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o
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o
n
,
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P
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ro
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p
,
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0
0
2
.
[1
2
]
Ch
u
k
u
S
.
N.
,
“
L
o
w
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rt
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i
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Care
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,
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s
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,
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0
0
8
.
[1
3
]
N
el
s
o
n
R
.
,
“
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o
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w
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h
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s
,
”
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es
t
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n
G
eo
g
r
a
p
h
y,
v
o
l
/
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s
s
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e
:
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)
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p
.
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-
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,
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9
9
8
.
[1
4
]
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o
n
g
S
.
,
et
a
l
.
,
“
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e
o
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at
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al
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t
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o
n
s
,
”
In
t
J
H
ea
l
t
h
G
eo
g
r
,
v
o
l
/
i
s
s
u
e:
1
2
(4
6
)
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
5
]
M.
S.
K
ra
me
r,
“
D
e
t
e
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mi
n
a
n
t
s
o
f
L
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w
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rt
h
W
ei
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l
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s
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me
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n
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M
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n
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s
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B
u
l
l
et
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n
o
f
t
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e
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o
r
l
d
H
ea
l
t
h
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o
n
,
vol.
65
,
p
p
.
663
-
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3
7
,
1
9
8
7
.
[1
6
]
v
an
W
i
j
n
g
aard
e
n
E
.
,
et
a
l
.
,
“
Pre
n
at
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o
s
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o
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CPU
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A
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o
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rt
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w
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n
n
E
p
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d
em
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o
l,
v
o
l
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s
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e:
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4
(4
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p
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0
1
4
.
[1
7
]
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l
v
a
D
.
I
.
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et
a
l
.
,
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cy
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rt
h
w
ei
g
h
t
,
”
R
ev
S
a
ú
d
e
P
ú
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l
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ca
,
v
o
l
/
i
s
s
u
e:
4
5
(5
)
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
8
]
Bas
h
o
re
C
.
J
.
,
et
a
l
.
,
“
Mat
e
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me
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.
S
.
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,
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In
t
J
E
n
vi
r
o
n
R
es
P
u
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l
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c
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l
t
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l
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s
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e:
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p
.
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1
4
-
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,
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0
1
4
.
[1
9
]
Mari
s
c
al
M
.
,
et
a
l
.
,
“
Pat
t
e
rn
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f
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reg
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n
cy
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ri
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i
rt
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w
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g
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t
,
”
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n
n
E
p
i
d
em
i
o
l
,
v
o
l
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i
s
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e:
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6
(6
)
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p
.
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2
0
0
6
.
[2
0
]
s
t
ar
t
.
o
rg
,
B.
“
Su
p
p
o
rt
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n
g
Ch
a
n
g
e
Pr
e
v
en
t
i
n
g
an
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ad
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s
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n
g
al
co
h
o
l
u
s
e
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n
p
reg
n
a
n
cy
,”
1
8
0
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u
n
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re
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t
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d
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arl
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l
d
D
e
v
el
o
p
m
en
t
R
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
C
e
n
t
r
e
,
2005.
[2
1
]
Mi
y
ak
e
Y
.
,
et
a
l
.
,
“
A
l
co
h
o
l
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o
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s
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m
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t
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rt
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me
s
t
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e
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y
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s
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u
O
k
i
n
a
w
a
Mat
e
rn
a
l
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d
Ch
i
l
d
H
e
al
t
h
St
u
d
y
,
”
B
M
C
P
r
eg
n
a
n
cy
a
n
d
Ch
i
l
d
b
i
r
t
h
,
v
o
l
/
i
s
s
u
e
:
1
4
(7
9
)
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
2
]
Mi
s
h
ra
V
.
an
d
R
e
t
h
e
rfo
r
d
R
.
D.
,
“
T
h
e
E
ff
e
c
t
o
f
A
n
t
en
at
al
Care
o
n
Pr
o
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s
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A
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ral
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o
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l
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R
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ch
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p
p
.
2
7
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-
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0
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0
0
8
.
[2
3
]
K
emen
k
e
s
,
“
Ped
o
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a
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l
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y
an
a
n
A
n
t
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al
T
e
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u
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en
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a
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Kes
eh
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r
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t
2
0
1
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ak
art
a
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
4
]
O
l
ad
ei
n
d
e
H
.
B
.
,
et
a
l
.
,
“
Pre
v
al
en
ce
an
d
d
e
t
e
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n
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t
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:
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at
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n
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en
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n
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t
y
,
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g
e
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”
A
f
r
H
ea
l
t
h
S
ci
.
,
v
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s
s
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e
:
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)
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p
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1
5
.
[2
5
]
A
s
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o
a
h
B
.
O
.
,
et
a
l
.
,
“
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l
o
b
J
H
ea
l
t
h
S
ci
.
,
v
o
l
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s
s
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e:
6
(4
)
,
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p
.
1
1
7
-
27
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0
1
4
.
[2
6
]
D
o
r
w
i
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F
.
M
.
an
d
Pa
c
q
u
i
a
o
D
.
F.
,
“
Prac
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fami
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ar
e,
”
J
Tr
a
n
s
c
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l
t
Nu
r
s
,
v
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l
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s
s
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:
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,
p
p
.
33
-
41
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0
1
4
.
[2
7
]
R
.
Bi
x
b
y
L
.
,
“
Sp
at
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ce
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I
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o
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l
S
c
i
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ce
&
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