Intern
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
urn
a
l
o
f
P
u
b
lic Hea
l
th Science (IJ
P
HS)
V
o
l.4
,
No
.3
, Sep
t
em
b
e
r
20
15, pp
. 220
~224
I
S
SN
: 225
2-8
8
0
6
2
20
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJPHS
Benefit
of Brown Rice F
e
eding on Elderl
y I
n
somnia
Tit
i
ek
Hidayat
i, N
e
v
i
Seft
avia
n
i,
Ha
st
in
Munif
a
h T.F.F.S.,
A
r
dhit
apra
mest
i
A.H.P.,
Nurisa Fikriya
n
i L.
Medical and
health
scien
c
e facu
lty
,
Univer
sitas Muhammadiy
a
h Yog
y
ak
arta (U
MY), Indonesia
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received
J
u
l 24, 2015
Rev
i
sed
Au
g
21
, 20
15
Accepted Aug 29, 2015
Difficul
t
y
fal
lin
g asleep or inso
m
n
ia is
one of health problems in elder
l
y
.
Age is one of
the risk factor o
f
insomnia. Tr
yptophan in b
r
o
w
n rice
can
stim
ulate the fo
rm
ation of serotonin.
Serotonin
is a neurotransm
itter tha
t
c
a
u
se
s some
one
sle
e
p
s e
a
s
ily
.
This re
s
earch used quasi-experim
e
ntal design
with pretest posttest withou
t
control group.
Population in this
research is
20
elder
l
y
persons in Budi Luhur N
u
rsing
House unit of Kasihan
,
B
a
ntul. Result
experiment shows that 7
eld
e
r
l
y
pers
ons hav
e
improvement in difficulty
falling
asleep or
insomnia. Improvement
of insomnia degree
in
elder
l
y
may
be caused b
y
th
e tr
y
p
tophan
in
brow
n rice.
Elderly
pe
rsons can consume
brown rice as
alternative
food for
improving inso
mnia.
Keyword:
Br
ow
n Rice
Elderly
Ins
o
m
n
ia
Serotonin
Tr
yp
toph
an
Copyright ©
201
5 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Titiek
Hid
a
yati,
Depa
rt
m
e
nt
of
Epi
d
em
i
o
l
ogy
,
Pu
bl
i
c
Heal
t
h
and
Fam
i
ly
M
e
di
ci
ne,
M
e
di
cal
an
d
H
eal
t
h
Sci
e
nce
F
acul
t
y
of
U
n
i
v
ersi
t
a
s M
u
ham
m
a
di
y
a
h Y
ogy
akart
a
,
West
R
i
n
g
R
o
a
d
of
Y
ogy
a
k
art
a
, Ka
si
ha
n, B
a
nt
ul
,
Y
ogy
a
k
ar
t
a
, R
e
p
ubl
i
c
of
I
n
d
o
n
esi
a
.
Em
a
il: h
i
d
a
yati
fku
m
y@yah
o
o
.co
.
i
d
1.
INTRODUCTION
Inc
r
easi
n
g n
u
m
ber of el
derl
y
i
s
st
il
l
a prob
l
e
m
i
n
all
deve
l
ope
d an
d de
ve
l
opi
n
g
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s. De
vel
o
ped
cou
n
t
r
i
e
s ha
ve
hi
ghe
r i
n
c
r
eas
e i
n
t
h
e num
ber of el
de
rl
y
t
h
an i
n
de
vel
o
pi
n
g
co
unt
ri
es. B
u
t
num
ber o
f
e
l
derl
y
in
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
co
un
tries is still g
r
eater th
an
in
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
co
un
tries. Accord
i
n
g to
t
h
e B
a
d
a
n Pu
sat Statistik
(
B
PS) in
20
07
, th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
eld
e
r
l
y in
In
do
n
e
sia w
a
s 18
.9
6 m
i
llio
n
and in
cr
eased
t
o
20
.5
47
.54
1
p
e
op
le in
2
009
. By
20
25, th
e
nu
m
b
er
s
o
f
eld
e
r
l
y ar
e
p
r
ed
icted
t
o
40
m
ill
io
n
s
.
Even
in th
e year
2
050
, t
h
e
nu
mb
er
s of
el
derl
y
reac
h a
l
m
o
st
71
6 m
i
l
lion
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
esi
a
[
1
]
.
In
d
onesi
a
n
l
a
w
no.
13
of
19
9
8
o
n
t
h
e wel
f
a
r
e of t
h
e el
derl
y
est
a
bl
i
s
hes t
h
at
t
h
e age l
i
m
i
t
of el
derl
y
in
Ind
o
n
e
sia is 60
years and
o
v
e
r
(So
c
ial Dep
a
rtem
en
t o
f
RI,
2
004
). In
ad
d
ition
,
In
don
esian law
no
. 36
of
2
009
Article 13
8, p
a
rag
r
ap
h
1
sp
ecifies th
at
th
e efforts of
health care
for
the elderly
m
a
i
n
tain
th
e
h
ealth
statu
s
and productive
life socially and ec
onom
i
cal
ly i
n
acc
or
da
nce
wi
t
h
hum
an di
gni
t
y
.
In t
h
e elde
rly
and in all a
g
es, sleep
not
only m
ean
s "t
im
e out
" f
r
om
t
h
e r
o
ut
i
n
e
bust
l
e
bu
t
al
so ha
ve
im
port
a
nt
fu
nc
t
i
ons
fo
r t
h
e
h
eal
t
h
, em
ot
i
o
n
a
l
,
m
e
nt
al
, and
safet
y
. Lat
e
l
y
,
resea
r
che
r
s
ha
ve f
o
un
d t
h
at
peo
p
l
e
wh
o s
u
f
f
er
fr
o
m
i
n
som
n
i
a
m
o
re
oft
e
n su
ffe
r fr
om
psy
c
hi
at
ri
c pr
obl
em
s than
n
o
rm
al
peopl
e.
Sl
eep
di
s
o
r
d
er i
s
one
of t
h
e hea
l
t
h
pr
obl
em
s in el
derl
y
.
Sl
ee
p di
so
r
d
ers at
t
acks 5
0
% o
f
p
e
opl
e age
d
6
5
or ol
der
wh
o l
i
v
ed i
n
th
e ho
m
e
an
d
6
6
% of
p
e
op
le
who
liv
e i
n
n
u
rsin
g
facilities. Mo
st eld
e
rly
peo
p
l
e exp
e
rience sleep
d
i
sorder th
at
is cau
sed
b
y
the g
r
owi
n
g
vu
l
n
erab
ility o
f
p
hysical an
d
p
s
ych
o
l
o
g
i
cal cond
itio
n
s
o
f
th
e eld
e
rly. Ho
wever, ag
e
in
creasing
is
no
t an
ab
so
lu
te
facto
r
on
set of
sleep dis
o
rders
in the elde
rly.
Anothe
r fact
or
is retired,
deat
h of a
s
p
ou
s
e
or
c
l
o
s
e f
r
i
en
d,
th
e in
cr
e
a
s
e
in
drugs
and disease
experie
n
ced [2].
Man
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
t
o
i
m
p
r
ov
e th
e q
u
a
lity o
f
sleep
in
th
e eld
e
rly is d
i
v
i
d
e
d
in
to p
h
a
rm
aco
log
i
cal an
d
n
on-
p
h
a
rm
aco
lo
g
i
cal th
erap
ies. Ph
arm
aco
lo
g
i
cal th
erap
y su
ch
as con
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
of con
tinuo
u
s
sleep
i
n
g
pills in
eld
e
rly will
mak
e
h
i
gh
tox
i
city effect. Th
e to
x
i
city
in
creasin
g
is du
e to
d
ecreasi
n
g
o
f
b
l
o
o
d
fl
o
w
and
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PH
S I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
0
6
Ben
e
fit o
f
Brown
Rice Feed
i
n
g on
Eld
e
rly
In
somn
ia
(Titiek Hida
ya
ti)
22
1
g
a
stro
in
testin
al
m
o
ti
lit
y in
th
e eld
e
rly. Decreasing
k
i
dn
ey fun
c
tion
in
th
e eld
e
rly is agg
r
av
ated by th
e
co
n
tinuo
us drug
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n and
will cau
ses k
i
dn
ey fail
u
r
e. Th
is h
a
s led
to
a m
o
rtality in
creasin
g
in
th
e
elderly. A
non-pharm
acologi
cal therap
y is requ
ired
fo
r an
effectiv
e and
safe to
im
p
r
o
v
e
sleep
qu
al
ity in
eld
e
r
l
y [2
].
Chinese st
udy
showe
d
that the br
own
rice extract sol
u
tion containi
ng
unsaturated
fatty acids,
beta-
st
erol
, cam
st
erol
, st
i
g
m
a
st
erol
, i
s
ofl
a
vo
nes,
sap
Oni
n
, Z
n
and
Fe, l
ova
st
at
i
n
an
d m
e
vi
nol
i
n
-
H
M
G
-C
oA
[
3
]
.
M
eanw
h
i
l
e
, ac
cor
d
i
n
g t
o
F
A
O, eac
h
1
0
0
gr
o
f
br
ow
n
ri
ce
cont
ai
n
s
7.
3
gr
p
r
ot
ei
n
,
2.
2-
gr
cr
ude
fat
,
7
1
.
1
g
r
am
Carbo
h
y
d
r
ate, 4
.
0
-
g
r
d
i
etary
fib
e
r
an
d
3
8
4
kcal
o
f
en
er
g
y
. In
add
itio
n, brown
rice con
t
ain
s
m
a
n
y
a
m
in
o acid
s
l
i
k
e Ly
si
ne, Th
reo
n
i
n
e
,
M
e
t
h
i
oni
ne, Try
p
t
o
p
h
an
, an
d Tan
n
i
n
[4]
.
B
r
o
w
n ri
ce fl
ou
r pr
eve
n
t
s
vari
o
u
s di
se
ases,
i
n
cl
udi
ng
c
o
l
o
n ca
ncer
,
ki
d
n
e
y
st
ones
,
i
n
so
m
n
i
a
, const
i
p
at
i
on,
hem
o
rr
h
o
i
d
s,
bl
oo
d s
u
gar
,
an
d c
h
ol
est
e
r
o
l
[
3
]
.
2.
R
E
SEARC
H M
ETHOD
Th
is r
e
sear
ch
h
a
s b
e
en
condu
cted
in
Bud
i
Luh
u
r
Nu
r
s
i
n
g H
o
m
e
o
f
K
a
sih
a
n, Ban
t
u
l
for
f
o
u
r
w
e
ek
s
from
the date of Marc
h
31, 2014
un
til April 27, 2014. The
m
e
thod is qua
s
i-
experim
e
ntal design with
pre-test
p
o
s
t
-
test with
ou
t co
n
t
ro
l grou
p
d
e
sign
to
determin
e th
e infl
uence
of fe
eding brown
rice. The popula
tion i
n
t
h
i
s
st
u
d
y
i
s
t
h
e el
derl
y
peo
p
l
e
i
n
B
udi
L
u
hu
r N
u
rsi
n
g
Hom
e
o
f
Kasi
ha
n,
B
a
nt
ul
.
Tot
a
l
sam
p
l
i
ng
m
e
t
hod
got
20
el
derl
y
as t
h
e
expe
ri
m
e
nt
gro
up
w
ho m
e
t
t
h
e i
n
cl
usi
o
n a
n
d
excl
usi
o
n
criteria. T
h
e inclusion criteria
were
el
derl
y
wh
o was reco
r
d
ed j
o
i
n
e
d
B
u
di
Lu
h
u
r N
u
rsi
ng H
o
m
e
of
K
a
si
han
,
Bantul, a
g
ree
d
to be t
h
e s
u
rvey res
p
ondents, agree
d
t
o
consum
e brown rice, a
n
d a
g
reed t
o
answe
r
the
que
st
i
o
n
n
ai
re
.
El
derl
y
w
h
o
di
d
not
f
o
l
l
o
w
t
h
e f
u
l
l
co
urse
o
f
t
h
e st
udy
were
excl
u
d
e
d
fr
om
t
h
e st
udy
sam
p
l
e
.
The i
n
depe
n
d
e
n
t
vari
a
b
l
e
was
t
h
e feedi
ng
of
br
ow
n ri
ce
whi
l
e t
h
e depe
nde
nt
vari
a
b
l
e
was
t
h
e deg
r
ee
of
di
f
f
i
c
ul
t
y
f
a
l
l
i
ng asl
eep
.
To
ol
s an
d m
a
t
e
ri
al
s use
d
in this re
searc
h
are t
h
e
info
rmed
con
s
en
t fo
r
m
,
a
que
st
i
o
n
n
ai
re
PSS
Q_
I, a
n
d
b
r
o
w
n
ri
ce.
B
r
o
w
n
ri
ce
gi
ve
n
as m
u
ch as
15
0
gram
s dai
l
y
fo
r f
o
ur
wee
k
s
fr
om
1
5
.00-
1
6
:
0
0
o
'
clo
c
k
(
a
f
t
er
noon
m
eal b
r
eak
s)
.
PSSQ_I Qu
estio
nn
aire (Pittsb
u
rg
h
Sleep-In
s
o
m
n
i
a
Symp
to
m
Qu
estion
n
a
i
r
e) also kn
own
as t
h
e
Ins
o
m
n
i
a
Sym
p
t
o
m
Quest
i
o
n
n
ai
re
(I
SQ
)
ha
s 1
3
sel
f
-r
at
ed
q
u
est
i
o
ns.
O
n
l
y
quest
i
o
ns
1,
2
or
5
are
us
ed t
o
determ
ine the prese
n
ce,
fre
quency a
nd
duration of sleep
sy
m
p
to
m crite
ria [5
]. PSSQ
_I was
use
d
as
pretest
before
elde
rly ate brown ric
e
and as
posttest after
el
derl
y ate brown rice for
4
wee
k
s.
In this
res
earch,
co
llectin
g
d
a
ta o
n
l
y u
s
ed
PSSQ_
I
sco
r
es i
n
q
u
e
stion
1
or d
i
fficu
lty falli
n
g
asleep
categ
ory. In
add
itio
n, the
fre
que
ncy of insm
onia as ne
ver, seldom
, sometimes, of
ten, and al
ways is taken from
PSSQ_I. T
h
e defi
nition
of
neve
r i
s
ne
v
e
r ex
peri
e
n
ced
i
n
som
n
i
a
, rare
l
y
i
s
l
e
ss t
h
an once
per
week
,
som
e
tim
es
i
s
1-
2 t
i
m
e
s per week
,
freq
u
e
n
tly is 3-4
tim
es p
e
r week
, an
d
alw
a
ys is 5-
7 ti
m
e
s p
e
r
week.
After th
e po
stt
e
st go
t th
e resu
lt,
wh
ich
is ap
p
lie
d fro
m
sco
r
i
n
g cr
iter
i
a i
n
PS
SQ
_I
[5
],
th
er
e ar
e
2
t
y
pe of cha
n
ge
i
n
el
derl
y
i
n
som
n
i
a
, t
h
ey
are 'im
p
rovem
e
nt
t
y
pe'
whi
c
h i
s
m
a
rked by
c
onst
a
nt
fre
q
u
e
n
cy
i
n
‘n
ev
er’, ‘rarel
y’,
o
r
‘so
m
et
i
m
es’, or im
p
r
ov
em
en
t fre
q
u
e
n
c
y of
fallin
g
asleep
in po
stt
e
st. Th
en
'im
p
airm
en
t
typ
e
' wh
ich is
mark
ed b
y
wo
rsen
ing
frequ
ency o
f
falling
as
leep
or t
h
e
frequ
en
cy i
n
d
iificu
lty fallin
g
asleep
i
s
‘frequ
en
tly’ or
‘always’ in
po
sttest.
3.
R
E
SU
LTS AN
D ANA
LY
SIS
Tab
l
e 1
presen
ts th
e in
itial ch
aracteristics o
f
t
h
e
g
e
nd
er,
ag
e, relig
ion
an
d
orig
in
of
p
opu
latio
n
bef
o
re
co
ns
um
ed
br
ow
n
ri
ce
whi
c
h
was
got
fr
om
t
h
e pret
es
t
.
Tabl
e
1 s
h
o
w
s t
h
at
t
h
e m
a
jori
t
y
o
f
se
x i
s
wom
e
n
(5
5%
), t
h
e m
a
jori
t
y
of a
g
e i
s
60
-
74 y
ear
s ol
d (
5
0
%
), t
h
e maj
o
rity o
f
religio
n
is Islam
(85
%
), th
e m
a
j
o
rity o
f
o
r
i
g
in
is th
e City o
f
Yog
y
akarta (35
%
), and
th
e in
itial
maj
o
rity frequ
ency o
f
sleep
d
i
so
rd
ers in
d
i
fficu
lty
fal
l
i
ng asl
e
e
p
aspect
i
s
ne
ver
(5
5%
). T
h
e
p
values
res
u
lt show t
h
at elde
rly who
beca
me the sa
m
p
le of t
h
is
stu
d
y
h
a
d
d
i
fferen
t i
n
itial characteristics in sex, ag
e,
relig
ion
,
orig
in, an
d in frequ
e
n
c
y o
f
d
i
fficu
lty falling
asleep.
Th
en
af
ter
b
r
ow
n r
i
ce and
posttest w
e
r
e
g
i
ven
t
o
th
e
elde
rly, there
we
re
s
o
m
e
changes i
n
fre
quency
o
f
d
i
fficu
lty fallin
g
asleep
t
h
at is sh
owed
in
fo
llowing
Ta
bl
e 2. Ta
bl
e
2 i
s
a res
u
lt wh
ich is ap
p
lied
from th
e
sco
r
i
n
g cr
iter
i
a in
PSSQ
_I
[
5
]
.
Tab
l
e 2 above sho
w
s th
at t
h
e nu
m
b
er
of
el
d
e
r
l
y
h
a
s ch
ang
e
d af
ter bro
w
n
r
i
ce
feedi
ng a
n
d
po
st
t
e
st
were
gi
v
e
n t
o
t
h
e el
de
r
l
y
.
Furt
herm
or
e t
a
bl
e 2 s
h
ow
s t
h
at
t
h
ere
’
s a
n
i
n
c
r
easi
n
g
n
u
m
b
er
of el
derl
y
w
h
o i
s
‘
n
e
v
er
’ s
u
f
f
ere
d
di
ffi
c
u
l
t
y
fal
l
i
ng asl
eep
fro
m
1
1
el
d
e
rlies in
pretest to
14
eld
e
rlies in
p
o
s
ttest. Th
en
th
ere’s
a d
e
creasin
g
nu
m
b
er o
f
eld
e
rly w
ho
is ‘always’ su
ffered
d
i
fficu
lty fallin
g asleep
fro
m
3
eld
e
rlies in
pretest to
1
eld
e
rl
y in
p
o
s
ttest. Ag
ain
fro
m
th
e resu
lt in
tab
l
e 2 an
d
fro
m
th
e
o
p
e
ration
a
l d
e
fin
itio
n
cri
t
e
ri
a of t
h
i
s
st
udy
t
h
e
r
e are
2 t
y
pes o
f
cha
nge
s i
n
f
r
eq
ue
ncy
of
di
f
f
i
c
ul
t
y
fal
l
i
ng asl
eep i
n
el
de
rl
y
,
t
h
ey
are
i
m
p
r
ov
em
en
t t
y
p
e
(wh
ite co
lu
m
n
) an
d
im
p
a
irm
e
n
t
typ
e
(g
rey co
l
u
m
n
) wh
ich
will b
e
clearly co
m
p
ared
in
Tabl
e
3 a
n
d
Fi
gu
re
1.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-88
06
I
J
PH
S Vo
l. 4
,
N
o
. 3
,
Sep
t
emb
e
r
201
5
:
2
20
–
22
4
22
2
Tab
l
e 1
.
In
itial
Ch
aracteristic
o
f
th
e g
e
n
d
e
r, ag
e, relig
io
n
an
d orig
i
n
o
f
el
d
e
rly in Bud
i
Lu
hur Nursing
Ho
m
e
of
Kasi
han
,
B
a
nt
ul
i
n
2
0
1
4
Characteristic
n
(%)
p value
95%CI
G
e
n
d
er
Man
Wo
m
a
n
9 (
45)
11 (
55)
0.
000
(
1
.
311-
1.
788)
Age
60-
74 y
.
o.
75-
90 y
.
o.
>90 y
.
o.
10 (
50)
9 (
45)
1
(5
)
0.
000
(
1
.
266-
1.
833)
Religion
Isla
m
Catholic
Christianity
17 (
85)
2 (
10)
1
(5
)
0.
000
(
0
.
955-
1.
444)
Origin
Bantul
Gunung Kidul
Sle
m
an
Yogyakarta Cit
y
Centr
a
l Java
East Java
Jakarta
5 (
25)
1
(5
)
4 (
20)
7 (
35)
1
(5
)
1
(5
)
1
(5
)
0.
042
(
2
.
744-
4.
755)
Frequen
c
y of Di
fficulty falling aslee
p
0.
000
(
0
.
57-
2.
33)
Never
Seldo
m
S
o
me
t
i
me
s
Of
ten
Always
11 (
55)
4 (
20)
2 (
10)
0
(0
)
3 (
15)
Tabl
e
2. T
h
e
C
h
an
ges
o
f
fre
q
u
ency
i
n
di
ffi
c
u
l
t
y
fal
l
i
ng a
s
l
eep
fr
om
pret
est
t
o
post
t
e
st
o
n
el
de
rl
y
Frequen
c
y
Posttest
Never
Rarely
So
m
e
ti
m
e
s
Frequently
Always
Pretest
Never
7
1
2
1
-
Rarely
2
-
- 1
1
S
o
me
t
i
me
s
2
-
- -
-
Fr
equently
- -
- -
-
Always
3
-
- -
-
Table
3. El
derl
y’s num
b
er in
each type
of el
derly’s
ins
o
m
n
ia fre
que
ncy
T
y
pe of Change
Nu
m
b
er
of elder
lies
p-
value (
C
I
95%)
Im
pr
ovem
e
nt 14
elder
lies
0.
000 (
1
.
08 – 1.
52)
Im
pair
m
e
nt 6
elder
lies
Im
pai
r
m
e
nt
30%
Improvement
70%
Improvement
Im
pai
r
m
e
nt
Fi
gu
re
1.
Perce
n
t
a
ge
o
f
t
h
e
t
y
pe
of
o
f
el
de
rl
y
’
s i
n
s
o
m
n
i
a
fre
que
ncy
c
h
an
ge
Tabl
e
3 a
n
d
F
i
gu
re
1 s
h
o
w
t
h
at
i
m
provem
e
nt
t
y
pe
dom
i
n
at
es t
h
i
s
t
y
p
e
o
f
c
h
an
ge
(7
0
%
) t
h
a
n
t
h
e
im
pai
r
m
e
nt
t
y
pe (3
0%
). Fu
rt
herm
ore
t
h
e
p
-
v
al
ue
i
n
t
h
e t
a
bl
e (
0
.
0
00
) s
h
o
w
s t
h
at
2
t
y
pes
o
f
c
h
an
ge
i
n
e
l
derl
y
in
so
m
n
ia o
r
d
i
fficu
lty fallin
g
asleep
is statistically d
i
fferen
t
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PH
S I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
0
6
Ben
e
fit o
f
Brown
Rice Feed
i
n
g on
Eld
e
rly
In
somn
ia
(Titiek Hida
ya
ti)
22
3
3.
1.
Brown rice m
echanism
Aft
e
r t
h
e feedi
ng
of
br
ow
n ri
ce was com
p
l
e
t
e
l
y
done re
gul
arl
y
i
n
4 wee
k
s, as i
n
Tabl
e
3 an
d Fi
g
u
re
1
,
1
4
eld
e
rlies ex
p
e
rien
ced
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
r
easier
fallin
g asleep
th
an
before.
Ag
ai
n
,
statistical resu
lt (p
=
0.
00
0
)
pr
o
v
ed
t
h
at
i
t
was hap
p
ene
d
beca
use
of t
h
e b
r
o
w
n ri
ce feedi
n
g t
h
erapy
w
h
i
c
h
h
a
d bee
n
gi
ve
n
t
o
t
h
e
el
derl
y
i
n
B
u
di
Lu
h
u
r
N
u
rsi
n
g
Hom
e
of
Kas
i
han,
B
a
nt
ul
.
B
r
o
w
n
ri
ce cont
ai
n
s
m
a
ny am
i
no aci
ds l
i
k
e Ly
si
ne, Thre
o
n
i
n
e, M
e
t
h
i
oni
ne, T
r
y
p
t
o
pha
n, a
n
d
Tan
n
i
n
.
O
f
t
h
e
am
i
no aci
ds,
onl
y
t
r
y
p
t
o
pha
n i
s
f
o
u
n
d
si
g
n
ificantly wit
h
sleep status,
with i
n
creasi
n
g le
vels
du
ri
n
g
ac
ut
e
sl
eep
di
st
ur
ba
nce
[6]
.
Try
p
t
o
p
h
a
n
i
s
vi
t
a
l
fo
r t
h
e f
o
rm
at
i
on
of
ser
o
t
oni
n a
n
d
m
e
lat
oni
n
.
Try
p
t
o
p
h
an
i
t
s
el
f, as
wel
l
as
5-
hy
d
r
o
x
y
t
ry
pt
op
ha
n
has al
so
bee
n
u
s
ed t
o
t
r
eat
de
pres
si
ve
di
so
r
d
er
[7]
,
[8
]
.
The
in
creasing
lev
e
ls o
f
try
p
top
h
a
n
m
easu
r
ed
d
u
ring
sleep
d
e
priv
atio
n
m
a
y co
n
t
ribu
te to
th
e
an
tid
epressi
v
e
effect
of
sl
eep
de
pri
v
at
i
on,
di
rect
l
y
or
i
n
di
rect
l
y
vi
a ser
o
t
o
ni
n
sy
n
t
hesi
s.
Ser
o
t
o
ni
n i
s
a neu
r
ot
ran
s
m
i
t
t
er w
h
i
c
h re
g
u
l
a
t
e
s sl
eep and
wake t
i
m
e [9]
.
Furt
herm
ore a
l
o
w l
e
vel
o
f
serot
oni
n has l
o
n
g
be
en ass
o
c
i
at
ed wi
t
h
m
a
j
o
r
dep
r
essi
v
e
d
i
sor
d
er [
1
0]
. A
nd
base
d o
n
p
r
evi
o
us resea
r
c
h
, t
h
e
rai
s
ed l
e
vel
s
o
f
serot
o
ni
n
du
ri
ng sl
ee
p de
pri
v
at
i
on m
a
y
pro
v
i
d
e a p
o
ssi
bl
e
ant
i
d
ep
ressi
ve
m
echani
s
m
for t
h
i
s
in
terv
en
tion
in hu
m
a
n
s
[1
1
]
,[1
2
]
. Then it also
sup
por
ts re
cent
hum
an in vivo evi
d
ence
showing inc
r
ease
d
cereb
ral
ser
o
t
oni
n
2
A
rece
pt
o
r
bi
ndi
ng du
ri
n
g
24 h
o
u
rs of wa
kef
u
l
n
ess [
12]
. B
e
si
des
ser
o
t
oni
n
an
d
tryp
top
h
a
n
,
taurin
e is i
n
creasi
n
g du
ri
n
g
acu
t
e
sleep
d
e
p
r
ivatio
n
an
d h
a
v
e
b
e
en
im
p
licat
ed
in th
e etio
l
o
g
y
of
d
e
pressi
o
n
[10
]
. In
ad
d
ition
,
all th
ree metab
o
lites h
a
v
e
h
i
gh
con
c
en
tration
s
in
th
e p
i
n
eal g
l
an
d
and
si
gni
fi
ca
nt
l
y
i
n
creased
bei
n
g
obs
er
ved
d
u
r
i
n
g sl
ee
p
dep
r
i
v
a
t
i
on.
3.
2.
Brown rice be
nefits
In a
d
dition t
o
an im
provement, as i
n
Ta
ble 3
and
Fi
gur
e 1, th
er
e wer
e
6
el
d
e
r
l
y
per
s
on
s
wh
o
expe
ri
ence
d i
m
pai
r
m
e
nt
i
n
fal
l
i
ng asl
eep
aft
e
r t
h
ey
at
e bro
w
n ri
ce i
n
4 wee
k
s. T
h
ese t
h
i
n
gs ha
ppe
ne
d
because there
were m
a
ny factors whic
h can’t be c
o
nt
rolled by the
researc
h
er i
n
this study as
initial
characte
r
istic of elde
rly in Ta
ble
1. A
c
cor
d
i
n
g
t
o
D
ogh
r
a
m
j
i et al
(2009)
and LeBlanc et
al
(
200
9)
, m
a
n
y
r
i
sk
factor ca
n trigger ins
o
m
n
ia, are: a) Em
otion. Es
peci
ally
anxiety and depres
sion
can
induce transient and
recurren
t
in
som
n
ia. Th
is stud
y showed th
at
m
o
st o
f
eld
e
rly p
e
rson
s i
n
th
is pop
u
l
ation
worry abo
u
t
th
eir
fam
i
l
y
econo
m
i
c. b) Habi
t
.
C
ons
um
i
ng caffei
n
e
,
al
co
ho
l
,
ove
r sl
eep,
sm
oki
ng be
fo
r
e
sl
eep, aspa
rt
am
e, or
lack
o
f
sun
sh
in
e an
d
less activ
ity can
cau
se in
so
m
n
ia b
y
in
h
i
b
itati
o
n
t
h
e produ
ctio
n
of sero
ton
i
n
.
c)
Environm
ent factor like nois
y, extr
em
e te
m
p
erature or e
nvi
ronm
ental c
h
anges ca
n cause ins
o
m
n
ia. d)
Age
m
o
re t
h
an
5
0
y
ears ol
d.
e)
G
e
nde
r.
I
n
s
o
m
n
ia at
t
acks
(2
0
-
5
0
%
ha
ppe
n i
n
wom
a
n m
o
re t
h
an
m
a
n) f
)
Pr
evi
o
u
s
in
so
m
n
ia ep
isod
e.
g) Chro
n
i
c
illn
ess wh
ich
ca
u
s
es p
a
in
or breath
i
ng
d
i
sturb
a
n
c
e
(C
OPD).
Besid
e
of th
at
, th
e
q
u
a
lity of sleep
is also in
flu
e
n
c
ed
b
y
sleep
h
a
b
it or sleep
h
y
g
i
ene wh
ich
is
ap
p
lied b
y
el
der
l
y. I
t
's ab
ou
t
h
ealth
practic
es (e
g,
diet, e
x
ercise, substa
nce
use) a
n
d e
nvi
ronm
ental factors
(eg
,
l
i
ght
,
noi
s
e
, an
d t
e
m
p
era
t
ure) t
h
at
m
i
ght
prom
ot
e or i
n
t
e
rfere
wi
t
h
sl
eep l
i
k
e av
oi
di
n
g
t
h
e st
i
m
ul
ants (e
g
,
ca
ff
ei
ne,
ni
cot
i
ne)
f
o
r
seve
ral
h
o
u
r
s
bef
o
re
bedt
i
m
e, avoi
d
i
ng al
c
o
h
o
l
a
r
ou
n
d
bedt
i
m
e
as i
t
fra
gm
ent
s
sl
eep
d
u
r
i
ng
t
h
e seco
nd
h
a
lf
of
t
h
e
n
i
gh
t, ex
ercisin
g
r
e
gu
lar
l
y, no
t w
a
tch
th
e clo
c
k
,
and k
e
ep
th
e b
e
dr
oo
m
envi
ro
nm
ent
d
a
rk
, qui
et
,
a
n
d com
f
ort
a
bl
e [1
3]
,[
14]
.
4.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
Brown rice
feed
ing
g
a
v
e
b
e
n
e
fit in eld
e
rl
y in
so
m
n
ia b
y
i
m
p
r
ov
ed
th
e d
e
g
r
ee
of
d
i
fficu
lty fallin
g
asl
eep beca
use
cont
ai
ns
of t
r
y
p
t
o
p
h
an
. El
derl
y
pe
rso
n
s
can co
ns
um
e
br
ow
n ri
ce as
alternative food
for
i
m
p
r
ov
ing
in
so
m
n
ia. I
t
n
eeds f
u
r
t
h
e
r
stud
y to
kn
ow
th
e ben
e
fit
of
co
m
b
in
atio
n
th
er
ap
y b
e
tw
e
e
n
br
own
r
i
ce
feedi
n
g
an
d sl
e
e
p
hy
gi
ene
f
o
r
i
n
som
n
i
a
el
der
l
y
.
ACKNOWLE
DGE
M
ENTS
Th
e au
thor
s than
k to In
don
esian
D
i
r
ector
ate G
e
n
e
r
a
l
of
H
i
g
h
e
r
Edu
cation
(
D
I
K
TI)
,
201
5 Stud
en
t
Creativ
ity Program
.
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