Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
u
bli
c Hea
lt
h S
c
ie
nce (IJPH
S)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
4
,
Dec
201
9
, p
p.
461
~
466
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8806,
DOI:
10
.11
591/ij
phs.
v
8
i
4
.
18348
461
Journ
al
home
page
: htt
ps://
ww
w.i
aesco
re
.c
om
/j
our
nals/
ind
ex.
php/IJP
H
S
Validati
on of dia
betes me
llitu
s patient b
eh
av
i
or questi
onnai
re in
primary
health
care
service
Ginan
j
ar
Z
ukhruf
Sapu
tri
1
,
Ak
r
om
2
,
H
aafiz
ah
Dani
a
3
, Okt
a Mu
th
ia
S
4
1
,2,3
Facul
t
y
of
Ph
armac
y
,
Univer
s
it
as
Ahm
ad
Dah
l
an
,
Indon
esia
4
Facul
t
y
of
Ma
th
emati
cs
and
Na
t
ura
l
Sc
ie
nc
es,
L
ambung Mangkura
t
Univ
ersity
,
I
ndonesia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Feb
20
, 201
9
Re
vised
N
ov
2
0
, 2
01
9
Accepte
d
Nov 29,
2019
Thi
s
stud
y
ai
m
e
d
to
dev
el
op
an
d
val
id
at
ion
a
q
uesti
onnaire
as
m
ea
surem
ent
instrument
for
knowledge
and
a
dher
ence
beha
vi
or
of
D
M
pat
ie
n
ts
in
primar
y
hea
l
th
c
are.
Cro
ss
sec
ti
onal
stud
y
d
esign
was
co
nduct
ed
in
di
abete
s
m
el
litus
pat
i
ent
.
Inc
lusio
n
cri
te
ri
a
we
r
e
pat
ie
nts
in
th
e
age
group
18
-
65
y
ea
rs
,
dia
gnos
ed
with
DM
,
rec
ei
ving
at
le
ast
one
o
ral
ant
id
ia
b
et
i
c
m
edi
ca
t
ion.
Questionna
ir
e
q
uesti
ons
for
b
e
havi
ora
l
i
te
m
were
dev
el
op
ed
base
d
on
Diabe
t
es
Mell
i
tu
s
m
ana
gement
guide
li
n
es
and
r
ef
ere
nc
es
to
pre
v
i
ous
studie
s.
Eva
lu
at
ion
and
val
id
at
ion
b
y
e
xper
t
was
ca
rr
i
ed
out
on
di
abete
s
m
el
litus
expe
rts
and
cl
in
ic
a
l
ps
y
chol
og
ists.
The
pil
ot
st
ud
y
was
conduc
te
d
on
10
hea
l
th
y
p
at
i
ent
s
and
10
pat
i
ent
s
with
dia
be
te
s
who
enr
oll
ed
in
cl
us
ion
cri
t
eri
a
.
Questionna
ir
e
v
al
id
at
ion
te
st
wa
s
conduc
te
d
wit
h
41
DM
outp
atient
at
PK
U
Muham
m
adi
y
ah
Hos
pit
al
in
Y
og
y
ak
arta.
Coll
ec
t
ing
dat
a
b
y
int
erv
i
ewin
g
pat
i
ent
s
base
d
on
questi
onnai
r
e.
Statis
ti
c
al
an
aly
s
is
was
per
form
ed
using
SP
S
S
with
Pear
son
cor
relati
on
co
eff
i
ci
en
ts
for
val
id
at
ion
te
st
a
nd
Cro
nbac
h
al
pha
co
eff
i
ci
en
t
s for
rel
ia
bilit
y
t
est
of
the
questi
o
nnai
re
.
Adhere
n
ce
beha
v
ior
questi
onnaire
co
nsists
of
12
qu
esti
on
item
s,
which
are
d
ivi
de
d
int
o
three
dom
ai
ns:
cogni
tive,
aff
ective,
an
d
ps
y
chomotor
dom
ai
ns.
Vali
da
ti
on
results
show
ed
12
val
i
d
it
em
s
where
the
pea
rson
c
orre
latio
n
va
lue
was>0.
308
(n=
41).
Cronba
c
h
al
pha
as
relia
bil
ity
t
est
results
show
ed
0.
78.
Thi
s
result
show
ed
a
questionna
ire
were
v
alid
and
r
el
i
able
i
n
Diabe
t
es
Mel
litus
pat
i
ent
s
.
Thi
s instrument
would
be
use
in
primar
y
he
al
th
c
are
fo
r
m
ea
suring
adhe
ren
c
e
beha
vior
of
DM
pat
i
ent
s
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Adhe
ren
ce
Be
hav
i
our,
Diabetes
m
el
lit
us
Re
li
abili
t
y
Vali
dation
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Gina
nj
a
r
Z
ukhru
f
Sa
putri
,
Faculty
of Pha
rm
acy
Un
ivers
it
as A
hm
ad
Da
hlan
,
Jl. Prof.
Dr. S
oe
po
m
o
S,
H,
War
un
gboto,
Yogyaka
rta 55
164,
I
ndonesi
a.
Em
a
il
:
zuk
hru
f
.alparsla
n@gm
ai
l.com
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Diabetes
m
el
l
i
tus
(
DM)
belongs
t
o
a
gr
oup
of
c
hro
ni
c
m
et
abo
li
c
di
so
r
der
s
c
ha
ra
ct
erized
by
hype
rg
ly
cem
ia,
w
it
h ab
norm
a
li
ti
es in th
e m
e
ta
bo
li
sm
o
f
car
bohydrat
es,
fat
s,
an
d p
ro
te
ins
as a r
es
ult o
f
i
nsuli
n
insuffici
ency
[
1]
.
Global
ly
,
the
num
ber
of
DM
patie
nts
pe
rsiste
ntly
incr
eases
ever
y
ye
ar.
I
n
20
10,
it
reache
d
285
m
illi
on
,
a
nd
6.6%
of
the
m
wer
e
in
the
age
ra
nge
of
20
-
79
ye
ars
[
2]
.
The
I
ndonesi
a
Healt
h
Pro
file
places
DM at t
he
sixt
h of t
en
m
ajor disea
ses s
uffe
r
ed by h
ospit
a
l ou
t
patie
nts in
the c
ountry i
n 2
012
[
3]
.
Seve
ral
cl
inica
l
tria
ls
hav
e
pro
ve
n
that
pha
rm
acolog
ic
al
thera
py
can
re
du
ce
t
he
m
or
ta
li
ty
rate
of
card
i
ov
asc
ular
com
plica
t
ions
fr
om
hyper
t
ensio
n
[
4]
,
but
non
-
com
pliance
an
d
non
-
co
nc
ordan
ce
a
m
on
g
patie
nts
unde
r
go
i
ng
this
trea
t
m
ent
re
m
ai
n
high
[5]
.
Her
e
,
non
-
c
om
pliance
is
at
tribu
ta
ble
to
m
any
factors,
includi
ng
m
edicat
ion
co
st,
dru
g
reg
im
en,
patie
nt,
fam
i
ly,
an
d
l
ow
c
ogniti
ve
i
n
ger
i
at
ric
patie
nts
[5
-
6]
.
Kno
wled
ge
a
nd
rig
ht
at
ti
tud
e
or
behav
ior
t
ow
a
rd
di
seases
an
d
t
he
ir
c
orres
pond
i
ng
treat
m
e
nt
ar
e
unf
or
tu
natel
y
le
ss
tha
n
ade
quat
e
to
im
pr
ove
the
healt
h
sta
tus
beca
us
e
m
os
t
well
-
inf
or
m
ed
patie
nts
with
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N:
2252
-
8806
In
t.
J.
Publi
c He
al
th Sci.
Vo
l
.
8
, N
o.
4
,
Dece
m
ber
201
9
:
461
–
466
462
for
instanc
e,
ty
pe
2
dia
betes
m
el
l
it
us
do
not
translat
e
the
ir
knowle
dge
into
po
sit
ive
c
ha
racters
nor
he
al
thy
hab
it
s i
n
t
hei
r diet
, physic
al
e
xer
ci
se,
and
w
ei
gh
t m
anag
em
ent
[7
-
8]
.
As
de
velo
ped
by
the
Dia
betes
Self
-
Ma
na
ge
m
ent,
the
e
sse
ntial
com
po
ne
nts
of
DM
m
anag
em
ent
are
edu
cat
io
n
a
nd
li
festy
le
i
nter
ven
ti
on,
a
s
well
as
con
t
ro
l
of
bl
ood
gl
uc
os
e
le
vel,
hype
rtensio
n,
and
hy
per
li
pidem
ia
to
achieve
the
goal
s
of
the
t
her
a
py
[9]
.
E
ducat
ion
ab
ou
t
li
festy
le
m
od
ific
at
ion,
diet
,
ph
ysi
cal
exe
rcise,
an
d
da
ng
e
r
of
sm
ok
ing
ha
bits
is
fu
nda
m
ental
in
DM
m
anag
em
ent
[10
-
11]
.
Co
nduc
ti
ng
a
st
ud
y i
n Et
hi
opia
, Mu
ste
fa
et
al
.,
co
nclu
de
t
ha
t l
ifest
yl
e
m
o
dificat
ion i
s es
sentia
l i
n
ty
pe 2
DM pre
ven
ti
on and
m
anag
em
ent
[11]
.
It
inco
r
porates
the
disse
m
inati
on
of
knowle
dge
of
he
al
thy
li
festy
les,
su
c
h
as
e
xe
rcise,
weig
ht
m
anag
e
m
ent,
eat
ing
patte
rn,
an
d
l
ow
-
ca
rbo
hydrat
e
diets.
He
al
th
wor
ker
s
a
re
s
how
n
to
play
a
ro
le
i
n
prom
oting
or
e
ncou
rag
i
ng ch
a
ng
e
s in
h
eal
thy
b
e
hav
i
or am
on
g pati
ents
w
it
h
ty
pe 2
DM.
Pr
e
vious
stu
di
es
ha
ve
dev
el
oped
be
ha
vioral
quest
ionnaire
s
for
DM
patie
nt
s
with
tw
o
c
om
or
bid
it
ie
s,
wh
ic
h
are
hy
per
te
ns
i
on
a
nd
hy
per
li
pidem
ia
,
fo
r
ho
sp
it
al
s
in
th
e
Sp
eci
al
Re
gi
on
of
Y
og
y
akar
ta
,
Ind
on
esi
a
[
12
-
13]
. In
c
on
tr
ast
,
this
st
ud
y
i
ntegr
at
es
t
he
gove
rn
m
ent
poli
ci
es
on h
eal
th
in
s
ur
a
nce n
am
ed
BPJS,
wh
ic
h
pri
or
it
iz
es
m
os
t
ty
pe
2
DM
patie
nts
with
ou
t
c
om
plica
ti
on
s
t
o
receives
outpati
ent
treatm
ent
i
n
com
m
un
it
y
hea
lt
h
centers
(
pr
im
ary
care
serv
ic
es
).
F
or
this
reaso
n,
an
instr
um
ent
to
screen
an
d
asses
s
the
be
hav
i
or
of
ty
pe
2
DM
patie
nts
as
an
at
tem
pt
to
identify
and
facil
it
at
e
cou
ns
el
in
g
by
pha
rm
acists
in
pr
im
ary care s
erv
ic
es
has
b
ee
n desig
ne
d.
The
le
vel
of
beh
a
vi
or
is
ga
ug
e
d
from
sever
al
as
pects
,
inclu
ding
knowle
dge
of
ty
pe
2
DM
m
anag
em
ent,
l
ifest
yl
e
m
od
ific
at
ion
,
exe
rcis
e,
and
com
pliance
with
oral
antidia
betic
ther
apy.
A
quest
io
nn
ai
re
as
an
inst
ru
m
ent
to
m
easur
e
each
as
pect
an
d
it
s
c
ontr
ibu
ti
on
t
o
sai
d
be
hav
i
or
,
th
ereb
y,
nee
ds
to
be
form
ulate
d.
For
this
reas
on,
the
stu
dy
was
de
sign
e
d
to
cre
a
te
and
vali
date
the
qu
e
sti
onna
ire
on
t
he
be
ha
vior
of D
M
patie
nts
in prim
ary hea
lt
hcar
e se
rv
ic
e
s
.
2.
RESEA
R
CH
METHO
D
This
res
earc
h
ha
s
bee
n
re
view
ed
an
d
a
ppr
ove
d
by
t
he
Re
sea
rch
Et
hics
Co
m
m
i
tt
ee
of
A
hm
ad
Da
hlan
Un
i
ver
sit
y
(
K
EPK
UAD
).
T
he
quest
io
nnai
re
on
the
beh
a
vior
of
DM
patie
nts
was
c
ompil
ed
ba
sed
on
the
D
M
m
anag
em
ent
gu
i
delines
a
nd
by
re
ferrin
g
to
pre
vious
releva
nt
s
tu
dies
co
ncernin
g
the
de
vel
opm
ent
of
qu
e
sti
onnaires
on
DM
know
le
dg
e
a
nd
be
ha
vior
th
rou
gh
Fo
c
us
Gro
up
Discussi
on
(
F
GD).
Eval
uation
an
d
validat
io
n
by
exp
e
rts
in
volve
d
doct
ors
com
petent
in
Diabetes
Me
ll
it
us
,
cl
inica
l
ps
yc
ho
l
ogist
s,
and
ph
a
rm
aci
s
ts.
A
pilot
t
est
was
cond
ucte
d
to
evaluate
wh
et
her
or
not
the
qu
est
io
nn
ai
re
was
feasi
ble
to
unde
rstan
d
the
beh
a
vior
of
D
M
patie
nts.
Th
e
qu
est
io
nnai
r
e
was
te
ste
d
on
te
n
(
10)
healt
hy
respo
nd
e
nt
s
an
d
te
n
(
10)
ty
pe
2
DM p
at
ie
nts who m
et
the inclusion c
rite
ria.
Af
te
r
wa
rd,
it
was
s
ubj
ect
e
d
to
validit
y
an
d
reli
abili
ty
analy
ses
that
invo
lved
forty
-
on
e
(41
)
ty
pe
2
DM p
at
ie
nts
unde
r
go
i
ng
outp
at
ie
nt treat
m
ent at t
he
PK
U
M
uh
am
m
adiy
ah
Ho
s
pital
in
the
Ci
ty
o
f
Yogya
kar
ta
.
In
this
validit
y
te
st,
the
resp
onde
nts
we
re
in
te
rv
ie
we
d
with
t
he
com
piled
qu
e
sti
onnaire
.
The
inclusi
on
crit
eria
wer
e
m
al
e
and
fem
al
e
patien
ts
a
ged
18
-
65
ye
ars
old
w
ho
we
re
c
oope
rati
ve
with
t
he
resea
rch
pr
oc
edure,
wer
e
dia
gnos
e
d
with
ty
pe
2
di
abetes,
an
d
too
k
or
al
antidia
betic
m
edicat
i
on.
Me
anwhil
e
,
the
exclusio
n
cri
te
ria
wer
e
il
li
te
racy,
hea
rin
g
im
p
ai
rm
ent,
and
pr
e
gnancy.
D
uri
ng
the
data
colle
ct
ion
,
sta
nd
a
r
dized
or
l
ic
ensed
ph
a
rm
aci
sts wer
e as
ked to i
nt
erv
ie
w
the
sele
ct
ed
res
ponde
nt
s w
it
h
t
he qu
e
sti
onnaire.
The
quest
io
nn
ai
re
on
the
be
hav
i
or
of
DM
patie
nts
was
w
ritt
e
n
in
Ind
onesi
an,
an
d
it
com
pr
ise
d
12
it
e
m
s
of
ye
s/
no
quest
ions
belo
ng
i
ng
t
o
three
dom
ai
ns
,
nam
el
y
cog
niti
ve,
af
fecti
ve
,
an
d
ps
yc
hom
oto
r.
Score
1
was
a
ssign
e
d
to
eac
h
‘yes’
ans
wer,
w
hile
scor
e
0
to
eac
h
‘
no’
answ
e
r.
This
scor
i
ng
a
ppli
ed
to
al
l
it
e
m
s
excep
t
f
or
quest
io
ns
N
o.
7
an
d
12
in
w
hich
‘yes’
a
ns
we
r
was
gi
ve
n
sc
or
e
1,
w
hi
le
each
‘no’
a
ns
we
r
was
0.
T
he
be
hav
i
or
of
DM
patie
nts
was
c
at
egorized
int
o
four
le
vels,
na
m
el
y
pr
e
-
co
nte
m
pla
ti
on
(
no
c
orrect
answers
in
al
l
three
do
m
ain
s)
,
co
ntem
pl
at
ion
(
on
ly
the
co
gn
it
ive
do
m
ai
n
was
correct
ly
answ
ere
d),
pr
e
par
at
io
n
(both
c
ogniti
ve
a
nd
a
ff
ect
ive
dom
ai
ns
wer
e
c
orrectl
y
answ
e
red),
a
nd
act
io
n
(c
orrect
ans
wer
s
i
n
al
l t
hr
ee
do
m
ain
s)
.
3.
RESU
LT
A
N
D
DISCU
SSI
ON
This
st
ud
y
i
nvolv
e
d
forty
-
on
e
(
41)
ty
pe
2
DM
patie
nts,
m
os
t
of
w
hich
we
re
fem
al
e
(5
8.5
%)
with
a
sta
tus
of
m
a
rr
ie
d
(
100%
).
This
res
ult
si
m
il
ar
to
pr
e
vious
st
udy
that
m
ajo
r
it
y
diabeti
c
patie
nts
are
w
om
en
[11,
1
4
-
16
]
.
Mo
re
than
half
of
them
wer
e
ol
der
tha
n
61
y
ears
old
(58.5
%)
an
d
ha
d
at
te
nd
e
d
form
al
ed
ucati
on
of
m
or
e tha
n
ni
ne
ye
ars (h
igh
sc
hool
or
hi
gh
e
r
ed
ucati
on; 7
8.0%). T
he
m
ajo
rity
o
f
t
hem
h
ad
no
histor
y
of
DM
(63.4%)
,
su
f
fer
e
d
DM
for
m
or
e
than
five
ye
ars
(65.9%)
,
pr
act
ic
ed
low
-
car
bohy
dr
at
e
diets
(
78
%
),
a
nd
di
d
not
have
sm
ok
ing
ha
bi
ts
(85.4%)
.
T
he
dem
og
raphi
c
char
a
ct
erist
ic
s
of
the
patie
nt
s
are
pr
ese
nted
in T
able
1.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t.
J.
Publi
c He
al
th Sci.
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8806
Valid
ation of
di
ab
et
es
mell
it
us
pati
ent
behav
ior
qu
est
io
nnai
re
in
pr
im
ar
y
… (
Ginanjar Z
ukhruf
Saputri
)
463
Durin
g
the
pi
lot
te
st,
the
t
i
m
e
sp
ent
on
on
e
inte
rv
ie
w
us
ing
the
de
velo
ped
qu
est
i
onnaire
on
the
b
e
hav
i
or
of
DM
patie
nts
was
ap
pro
xim
at
ely
10
-
15
m
inu
te
s
,
with
the
aver
a
ge
re
sp
on
de
nts
had
al
ready
unde
rstood
t
he
con
te
nt
of
th
is
qu
est
io
nnai
r
e.
This
instr
um
ent
was
te
ste
d
f
or
it
s
validit
y
on
41
pa
ti
ents,
and
the
ou
tc
om
e
was
12
va
li
d
it
e
m
s
or
quest
io
ns
with
a
Pearson
co
rrel
at
ion
coeffic
ie
nt
of
>
0.308
(n
=
41).
Me
anwhil
e,
th
e
reli
abili
ty
t
est
yi
el
ded
a
Cron
bach
al
ph
a
of
0.7
8,
m
eaning
t
hat
the
quest
io
nna
ire
on
the
be
ha
vior
of
ty
pe
2
DM
pa
ti
ents
can
pro
du
ce
reli
able,
i.e.,
sta
ble
a
nd
consi
ste
nt,
res
ults.
T
he
vali
dity
an
d
reli
abili
ty
te
st
res
ults
are
pr
esented
in
Ta
ble
2.
T
his
re
su
lt
in
li
ne
wi
th
pre
vious
st
ud
y
w
hich
de
velo
ped
knowla
dge,
at
t
it
ud
e,
a
nd
pr
ac
ti
ce
qu
est
io
nna
ire
cal
le
d
KA
P
.
I
nd
e
pe
ndent
Cronbac
h
al
pha
for
K
AP
dom
ai
ns
wer
e
0
.
75
,
0
.
75
a
nd
0
.
63,
m
eaning
tha
t
our
res
ult
on
beh
a
vior
of
DM
patie
nts
qu
e
sti
onnaire
highe
r
than K
AP
[
17
]
.
This
stu
dy
al
s
o
assesse
d
th
e
const
ru
ct
valid
it
y
of
the
quest
ionnaire
us
in
g
Ba
rtle
tt'
s
te
st
of
sphe
rici
t
y
to
determ
ine
t
he
abse
nce
or
pr
ese
nce
of
co
rr
el
at
ion
betwe
en
va
riables
,
a
nd
the
outc
ome
was
a
sign
ifi
canc
e
value
of
0
.
000.
The
Kai
ser
-
Me
ye
r
-
Ol
ki
n
(K
M
O)
m
easur
e
of
sam
pling
adeq
uacy
was
0.546.
W
it
h
the
thre
s
ho
l
d
of
su
it
ab
il
ity
>0.
5
0,
this
figure
ind
ic
at
es
that
the
instru
m
ent
su
it
s
for
facto
r
anal
ysi
s.
In
the
fact
or
an
al
ysi
s,
the
12
quest
io
ns
were
r
edu
ce
d
or
gro
uped
int
o
fou
r
dom
ai
ns
with
an
ei
gen
val
ue
gre
at
er
than
1.
T
he
ei
ge
nv
al
ues
of
Fa
ct
or
s
1
to
4
we
re
3.3
10
,
1
.
727
,
1
.
458
,
an
d
1
.
243
,
res
pecti
ve
ly
.
The
distri
buti
on
of
the
quest
ionnaire
it
em
s
in
t
he
f
our
dom
ain
s
is
as
fo
ll
o
w
s.
Fact
or
1
has
four
qu
e
sti
on
s
,
nam
el
y
No
.
1,
2,
3,
and
4.
Me
a
nwhile
,
quest
io
ns
No.
5,
6,
an
d
7
belo
ng
to
Fact
or
2,
a
nd
only
qu
e
sti
on
N
o.
9
is
pa
rt
of
Fact
or
3.
Fact
or
4
co
ns
i
sts
of
quest
io
ns
N
o.
8,
10,
11
,
an
d
12.
This
resu
lt
releva
nt
with
pr
e
vious
stud
y
t
hat
de
ve
lop
e
d
KAP
qu
est
i
onna
ire in
India.
I
t
w
as
f
ound the
KMO
m
easur
e
of sam
pling
a
dequacy
was 0
.
579
[
17
]
.
The
facto
r
a
na
ly
sis
te
st
rev
e
al
ed
that
Fact
or
s
1
an
d
2
c
orres
ponded
to
two
dom
ai
ns
desig
ne
d
in
the
qu
est
io
nna
ire,
nam
el
y
th
e
cogniti
ve
dom
ai
n
(
m
easur
e
d
by
qu
e
sti
on
s
No
.
1
th
rou
gh
4)
an
d
the
affe
ct
ive
do
m
ai
n
(e
xp
la
ined
i
n
qu
e
sti
on
s
N
o.
5
to
7).
Me
an
w
hile,
Fact
ors
3
a
nd
4
dem
on
stra
te
d
the
ps
yc
hom
oto
r
do
m
ai
n
of
t
he
instru
m
ent
an
d
sho
wed
t
hat
qu
e
sti
on
s
N
o.
8,
10,
11,
a
nd
12
had
sim
i
la
riti
es
in
var
i
a
bles,
wh
ic
h
are
m
edicat
ion
com
pli
ance
an
d
li
festy
le
m
od
ific
at
i
on
(i
.e.,
ph
ysi
c
al
exer
ci
se).
A
s
fo
r
qu
e
sti
on
No.
9,
it
w
as incl
ud
e
d i
n
Fact
or 3 be
cause it
s
pecifi
cal
ly
ask
ed fo
r l
ow
-
gl
uco
se
or
low
-
car
bohy
drat
e d
ie
ts.
Table
1.
T
he
De
m
og
ra
phic
s overvie
w
o
f
the
Ty
pe 2
DM
p
at
ie
nts
De
m
o
g
raph
ic Ch
ar
acter
istics
N
(%)
Sex
Fe
m
ale
24
5
8
.5%
Male
17
4
1
.5%
Mar
ital
Status
Mar
ried
41
100%
Un
m
ar
ried
0
-
Ag
e
≤6
0
y
ears old
17
4
1
.5%
>6
1
y
ears old
24
5
8
.5%
Leng
th
of
E
d
u
catio
n
Less th
an
nin
e y
e
a
rs
9
2
2
.0%
More than
nin
e
y
e
ars
32
7
8
.0%
Occup
atio
n
Go
v
ern
m
en
t e
m
p
l
o
y
ee
5
1
2
.2%
Self
-
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
,
labo
r,
in th
e priv
ate s
ecto
r
7
1
7
.1%
Un
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
(
i
.e.
,
h
o
m
e
m
ak
er
,
r
etire
e)
29
7
0
.7%
Histo
ry
of
Diabete
s Mellitus
Yes
15
3
6
.6%
No
26
6
3
.4%
Du
ration
of
Diabetes
Mellitus
≤2
y
ea
rs
8
1
9
.5%
3
-
5
y
ears
6
1
4
.6%
>5
y
ea
rs
27
6
5
.9%
Diet and
E
atin
g
Pa
ttern
Low
-
ca
rbo
h
y
d
rate/
su
g
ar
d
iet
32
7
8
.0%
No
low
-
carbo
h
y
d
r
ate/su
g
ar
d
iet
9
2
2
.0%
S
m
o
k
in
g
Habit
Yes
6
1
4
.6%
No
35
8
5
.4%
The
ps
yc
ho
m
oto
r
dom
ai
n
was
desig
ned
to
assess
three
aspects,
nam
ely
m
edication
com
pliance,
diet
or
at
te
m
p
ts
to
re
gula
te
glu
c
os
e/
car
bohy
dr
at
e
inta
ke,
and
exe
rcise.
It
desc
ribes
be
hav
i
or
s
f
or
m
ed
by
li
festy
le
m
od
ific
at
ion
an
d
a
dhere
nce
t
o
m
e
dicat
ion
.
It
is
i
n
li
ne
with
the
instr
um
ents
dev
el
oped
to
m
easure
knowle
dge, att
it
ud
e, a
nd
pr
ac
ti
ce ou
tc
om
es i
n India, Et
hiop
ia
, and
Ma
la
ysi
a
[
11, 14
,
1
7
-
18
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N:
2252
-
8806
In
t.
J.
Publi
c He
al
th Sci.
Vo
l
.
8
, N
o.
4
,
Dece
m
ber
201
9
:
461
–
466
464
The
quest
io
nn
ai
re
was
pre
pa
red
by
ref
e
rr
i
ng
to
pre
vious
r
el
evan
t
stu
dies
.
The
f
undam
ental
s
of
DM
m
anag
em
ent
are
sel
f
-
ed
ucati
on
an
d,
the
n,
i
nter
ven
ti
ons
t
ha
t
encou
rag
e
a
li
festy
le
chang
e,
the
prede
fin
ed
go
al
of
bl
ood
suga
r
le
vel
con
tr
ol
,
and
anti
diab
et
ic
ph
arm
acolog
ic
al
thera
py
[11]
.
T
he
co
gn
it
ive
dom
ain
was
intende
d
to
de
te
rm
ine
how
f
ar
patie
nts
under
st
ood
DM
m
anag
em
ent,
inclu
ding
sym
pto
m
s
and
se
ve
rity
of
DM,
the
im
po
rtance
of
com
pliance
with
pharm
acolog
ic
a
l
thera
py
that
adm
inist
ered
oral
dia
betic
drug
s
an
d
insu
li
n.
It
al
so
aim
ed
to
def
ine
or
set
the
ta
rg
et
of
the
pa
ti
ent’s
bloo
d
pressu
re
co
ntr
ol
.
Ba
sed
on
pre
vious
stud
ie
s,
the
m
ajorit
y
of
DM
pa
ti
ents
are
well
-
inf
or
m
ed
of
t
ypes
of
a
ntidia
betic
drug
s
a
nd
their
f
un
ct
i
ons
as
par
t
of
pha
rm
acolo
gical
treatm
ents
b
ut
no
t
of
the
com
plica
ti
on
s
or
se
ver
it
y
of
DM
and
side
e
ff
e
ct
s
of
hypoglyc
em
ic
risk
[1
5
]
.
T
herefo
re,
t
he
un
de
rstan
ding
of
DM
patie
nts
ne
eds
to
be
e
xa
m
ined
acco
rd
i
ng
t
o
the cog
niti
ve d
om
ai
n
in the d
evelo
ped quest
ionnaire.
Self
-
ca
re
prac
ti
ce
is
al
so
req
ui
r
ed
in
ac
hieving
the
ta
rg
et
of
bl
ood
su
ga
r
le
vel
con
t
ro
l
[1
6
]
.
It
is
str
ongly
de
pende
nt
on
knowle
dge
of
the
disease
an
d
will
ingn
ess
to
car
ry
ou
t
neces
sary
disease
m
anag
em
ent
[1
6
]
.
In
t
he
quest
io
nn
ai
re
,
t
he
af
fecti
ve
dom
ai
n
was
form
ulate
d
to
m
easur
e
the
pa
ti
ent’s
awar
e
ness
of
DM
a
nd
desi
re
to
c
om
ply
with
DM
the
rap
y.
Lifest
yl
e
m
od
ific
at
ion
ca
n
si
gn
i
ficantl
y
optim
iz
e
sel
f
-
care
pract
ic
e
as
it
com
pr
ise
s
dieta
ry
pla
n
that
re
gu
la
te
s
the
c
onsu
m
ption
of
s
ug
a
r,
c
arbo
hydr
at
es
,
f
ru
it
s
,
veg
et
a
bles,
a
nd
s
nacks,
sm
ok
i
ng
ha
bit,
and
physi
cal
act
ivit
ie
s,
su
c
h
as
e
xer
ci
se
[11
,
1
5
]
.
A
s
for
the
ps
yc
ho
m
oto
r
do
m
ai
n,
it
was
de
sig
ned
to
m
easur
e
li
festy
le
m
od
ific
at
ion
am
on
g
s
el
ect
ed
DM
pa
ti
ents,
includi
ng phys
ic
al
acti
vity
, lo
w
-
s
ugar
diet, a
nd co
m
pliance
with m
edicat
ion
.
Table
2.
T
he
val
idit
y t
est
r
esu
lt
s o
f
t
he qu
e
sti
onnaire
on t
he beha
vior
of DM
p
at
ie
nts
No
Qu
estio
n
n
aire
Ite
m
s
by
Do
m
ain
Pearso
n
corre
la
tio
n
coef
f
icien
ts
(
N=
41)
CO
G
NIT
IVE
1
Do
y
o
u
kn
o
w that th
e ca
u
se o
f
diab
etes is relat
ed
to th
e
h
o
r
m
o
n
e ins
u
lin
?
0
.59
6
*
*
2
Do
y
o
u
kn
o
w that o
ral
an
tid
iab
etic dr
u
g
s
m
u
st b
e
co
n
sum
e
d
con
tin
u
o
u
sly
to
con
trol b
lo
o
d
gl
u
co
se o
r
su
g
ar
lev
els
?
0
.67
5
*
*
3
Do
y
o
u
kn
o
w that u
n
m
an
ag
ed
diab
et
es can cau
se e
y
e
da
m
ag
e,
kid
n
ey
d
a
m
ag
e,
st
rok
e,
an
d
coro
n
ary
hea
rt
d
i
seas
e
?
0
.51
6
*
*
4
Do
y
o
u
kn
o
w
th
at the sig
n
s an
d
sy
m
p
to
m
s
of
hypo
g
ly
cem
i
a
(blo
o
d
su
g
ar
lev
el dro
p
s to
belo
w 40
m
g
/d
l)
in
clu
d
e sh
ak
in
ess
,
co
ld
sweatin
g
,
b
lu
rr
ed
v
isio
n
and
dizzin
es
s, and
weakn
ess
?
0
.41
3
*
*
AFF
ECT
IVE
5
Do
y
o
u
f
eel that ro
u
tin
ely
takin
g
antid
iab
etic
m
ed
icatio
n
can
co
n
trol y
o
u
r
b
lo
o
d
gl
u
co
se/s
u
g
ar
lev
els?
0
.55
3
*
*
6
Are you
willing
to
tak
e oral a
n
tid
iab
et
ic
m
ed
ica
tio
n
r
eg
u
larly to
con
trol
y
o
u
r
b
lo
o
d
glu
co
se
/su
g
ar
lev
els
?
0
.65
2
*
*
7
Do
y
o
u
assu
m
e tha
t con
tin
u
o
u
s ad
m
in
istratio
n
of
oral antid
iab
etic
m
e
d
icatio
n
can ca
u
se
k
id
n
ey
f
ailu
re
?
0
.37
7
*
PSYC
H
O
M
O
T
O
R
8
Do
y
o
u
f
requ
en
tly
carry
o
ral
antid
iab
etic
m
ed
i
catio
n
when
tr
av
elin
g
(
o
u
t
o
f
town
)
o
r
wo
rkin
g
?
0
.43
4
*
*
9
Hav
e y
o
u
r
ed
u
ced you
r
su
g
ar/ca
rbo
h
y
d
rate
in
tak
e
to co
n
trol y
o
u
r
b
lo
o
d
g
lu
co
se/s
u
g
ar
lev
els
?
0
.31
4
*
10
Do
y
o
u
ex
ercise
(
walk
in
g
or DM
g
y
m
n
astics
)
a
t least
3
-
4
ti
m
es
a
w
eek?
0
.45
0
*
*
11
Do
y
o
u
still take o
ral
an
tid
iab
etic
m
e
d
icatio
n
even
tho
u
g
h
the clin
ical
sy
m
p
to
m
s
or sig
n
s o
f
diab
etes
m
ellit
u
s are
n
o
lon
g
er
ap
p
arent
?
0
.62
6
*
*
12
Did
y
o
u
f
o
rget to
take
m
ed
icin
e
l
ast
week
?
0
.51
4
*
*
The
tra
ns
t
heoreti
ca
l
m
od
el
de
velo
ped
by
DiCl
e
m
ente,
dif
fer
e
ntiat
es
fou
r
le
vels
of
be
hav
i
or:
pre
-
co
ntem
platio
n,
c
onte
m
pla
ti
on
,
pr
e
par
at
i
on,
an
d
act
io
n
[1
9
]
.
Ba
sed
on
the
be
hav
i
or
l
evel,
the
ty
pe
2
DM
patie
nts
obser
ved
in
this
s
tud
y
we
re
di
stribu
te
d
into
61
%
pre
-
c
onte
m
plati
on
,
26.8%
co
ntem
pla
ti
on
,
7.3%
pr
e
pa
rati
on,
a
nd
4.9
%
a
ct
ion
.
M
os
t
pat
ie
nts
we
re
at
t
he
le
vel
of
pre
-
c
on
te
m
plati
on
(
61%),
w
hich
m
eans
that
patie
nts
ha
ve
n
ot
ac
quir
ed
a
c
ogniti
ve
unde
rstan
ding
of
DM
m
ana
gem
ent
and
a
r
e
not
will
ing
to
ta
ke
m
edicat
ion
re
gula
rly
.
At
this
sta
ge,
t
he
re
qu
ired
i
nterventi
on
s
incl
ud
e
an
y
at
tem
pts
to
im
pr
ov
e
e
ducat
ion
on
DM
m
anag
e
m
ent
an
d
m
otivati
on
s
to
inc
re
ase
com
pliance
with
thera
p
y
.
Aro
und
on
e
-
four
t
h
of
the
pa
ti
ents
(26.8%
)
we
re
at
the
le
vel
of
co
ntem
platio
n,
i
nd
ic
at
in
g
t
hat
patie
nts
a
r
e
awar
e
of
th
e
disease
a
nd
ha
ve
the
desire
t
o
c
hange
or
im
pr
ov
e
t
heir
beh
a
vior
from
con
t
e
m
plati
on
to
prepa
rati
on
a
nd
act
ion
/m
ai
nte
nan
ce
.
Me
anwhil
e,
only
a
sm
al
l
pr
oport
ion
of
th
e
m
was
at
the
sta
ge
of
prep
arati
on
(
7.3%)
an
d
act
io
n
(
4.9%
)
.
These
fin
ding
s
show
that
so
m
e
patie
nts
ha
ve
sta
rted
to
im
pr
ov
e
their
com
pliance
with
m
edicat
ion
,
dieta
ry p
la
ns
,
low
-
car
bohy
dr
a
te
intake,
and e
xer
ci
se.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t.
J.
Publi
c He
al
th Sci.
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8806
Valid
ation of
di
ab
et
es
mell
it
us
pati
ent
behav
ior
qu
est
io
nnai
re
in
pr
im
ar
y
… (
Ginanjar Z
ukhruf
Saputri
)
465
Table
3.
T
he
d
i
stribu
ti
on
of ty
pe 2
DM pat
ie
nts
by level
of
beh
a
vior
Levels
of
Beh
av
io
r
N (
%)
Pre
-
co
n
te
m
p
lat
io
n
2
5
(
6
1
.0)
Co
n
te
m
p
latio
n
1
(
2
6
.8)
Preparation
3
(
7
.3)
Actio
n
2
(
4
.9)
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
This
resea
rc
h
sh
owe
d
that
th
e
qu
e
sti
onnair
e
on
at
ti
tu
de
of
ty
pe
2
DM
pa
ti
ents
is
valid
and
reli
able
to
be
use
d
in
pri
m
ary
healt
h
c
are
ser
vice.
T
hi
s
qu
est
io
nnai
r
e
can
be
us
ed
by
the
pharm
aci
st
to
ob
ta
in
t
he
data
on
pre
-
sc
ree
nin
g
re
gardin
g
t
he
le
vel
of
at
t
i
tud
e
of
ty
pe
2
DM
patie
nts
in
pri
m
ary
healt
h
care
se
rvi
ce
to
i
m
pr
ove the
com
pl
ia
nt and the
educat
io
n of
the p
at
ie
nt r
e
ga
rd
i
ng the tr
eat
m
ent.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
Firstl
y
we
w
ould
li
ke
t
o
tha
nk
f
or
KEME
NRIS
T
EK
D
I
KTI
as
a
fou
nder
i
n
this
st
udy.
T
he
sec
ond
we
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
to
than
k
the
P
ha
rm
acy
Faculty
of
U
niv
e
rsita
s
Ah
m
ad
Da
hlan
f
or
gr
a
ntin
g
us
the
pe
rm
iss
ion
of
this
stu
dy.
We
are
al
s
o
gr
at
e
f
ul
to
P
KU
Mu
ham
m
adiy
ah
Yogyaka
rta
H
os
pital
for
gr
a
nting
us
t
he
pe
rm
issi
on
of
this
st
ud
y.
Our
tha
nks
to
al
l
ph
arm
aci
s
ts
Nu
rm
a,
S.Fa
rm
.,A
pt,
Ne
ni
S.F
arm
.,
Apt
.
who
hav
e
he
lped
te
chn
ic
al
ly
in
this
stud
y.
Our
tha
nk
s
to
al
l
of
Diabetes
Me
ll
i
tus
pa
ti
ents
fo
r
vo
l
un
ta
rily
par
ti
ci
pating,
than
k
yo
u f
or
y
our
ti
m
e. A
lso
than
ks
t
o Am
a
rily
Su
ta
fo
r
re
visio
n of
gram
m
er in
this
scri
pt writ
in
g.
REFERE
NCE
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