Intern
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
urn
a
l
o
f
P
u
b
lic Hea
l
th Science (IJ
P
HS)
V
o
l.3
,
No
.2
,
Jun
e
2
014
, pp
. 13
7
~
14
2
I
S
SN
: 225
2-8
8
0
6
1
37
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJPHS
Student’s Perception and Atti
tudes toward Public Health
Professi
on and Nati
onal
Comp
et
ency E
x
aminati
o
n
La
f
i
M
unira
, Lina
Ha
ndayani
Faculty
of
Public Health
, Univ
er
sita
s Ahmad Dahlan, Yog
y
akar
ta, Indon
esia
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received
March 28, 2014
Rev
i
sed
May 10
, 20
14
Accepted
May 21, 2014
One form of
quality
assuran
ce is
convenin
g
public health’s national
competencies examination
in academic ph
ase
whic
h is condu
cted b
e
for
e
students gradu
a
te from univ
e
rsity
.
Th
e
purpose
of this stud
y
to
determine
students’s perceptions a
nd attitudes about pub
lic h
ealth’s pro
f
ession and
nation
a
l com
p
et
enci
es
exam
inat
i
on. The des
i
gn
of this
s
t
ud
y
was
des
c
riptiv
e
qualitativ
e emplo
y
ed case stud
y
appro
ach
. Focus group discussio
n
was used
to col
l
ec
t da
ta
.
Data wer
e
an
al
yz
ed b
y
conten
t
anal
ys
is
.S
tud
e
n
t
s
felt
les
s
confiden
t about their
identity
profession so that requ
ires motivation
b
y
lecturer
. Students expressed the need
to improve public health g
r
aduates’s
com
p
etenc
i
es
s
i
nce a
cad
em
ic p
h
as
e. Na
tiona
l c
o
m
p
etenci
es
exa
m
ination is
im
portant to d
o
as a solut
i
o
n
to
guar
a
ntee the gr
a
duates’s quality
.
Im
plem
entation
of the com
p
ete
n
cies
tes
t
is
ne
eded to cons
ide
r
as
pects
of
m
a
nagem
e
nt and
techn
i
c
a
l r
eadin
es
s
.
Nation
a
l co
m
p
etenci
es
exa
m
ination is
a
tool th
at
could p
r
oves the
iden
tity
of
public health graduates’s co
mpetencies.
Ever
y
one with
a public health b
ackgr
ound should know that
ther
e will be
a
competency
test then they
should
prepar
e it
properly
.
Keyword:
Attitu
d
e
s
Com
p
etencies
Ex
am
in
atio
n
Perce
p
t
i
ons
Pub
lic h
ealth
Copyright ©
201
4 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Lina Handayani,
Facu
lty of Public Health
,
Uni
v
ersitas A
h
m
a
d
Da
hlan,
Pro
f
.
S
o
ep
om
o
St
reet
, Um
bul
har
j
o 55
1
6
4
,
Y
ogy
a
k
art
a
,
I
n
d
one
si
a.
Em
a
il: l
i
n
a
fk
m
@
g
m
ail.co
m
1.
INTRODUCTION
Pu
bl
i
c
heal
t
h
e
ducat
i
o
n i
s
c
u
r
r
ent
l
y
sh
o
w
i
n
g
t
h
e am
ount
of
i
n
t
e
rest
f
o
r l
earne
rs a
r
e l
i
k
el
y
cont
i
n
ue
to increa
se. T
h
is fact is a form
of
public awarenes
s of the
im
portance of
health nee
d
s as
a science, as
well as
p
r
o
m
isin
g
areas of work
i
n
t
h
e fu
ture. Al
on
g with
t
h
at
, t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
u
b
lic h
ealth in
stitu
te h
a
s increased
m
o
l
d
y
i
n
vari
ous
re
gi
o
n
s,
and
rea
lized
t
h
at th
e
g
r
owth
has no
t
b
e
en acc
om
panied
by a number
of
i
m
p
r
ov
em
en
ts in
th
e
qu
ality o
f
edu
cation
,
edu
catio
n
a
l
or
ientatio
n
v
a
ries an
d is ofte
n consid
ered
m
o
re
distan
t
fr
om
expect
at
i
ons
[
1
]
.
Th
e con
d
ition
s
m
e
n
tio
n
e
d
abo
v
e
will
n
o
t
pro
d
u
c
e l
earn
i
n
g
ou
tco
m
es (learn
i
n
g
ou
tco
m
es)
with
t
h
e
ex
p
ected
ab
ility to
an
swer the n
eed
s
o
f
p
r
o
f
essio
n
a
l pub
lic h
ealth
effo
rts. At th
e sam
e
ti
me, th
e ch
allen
g
e
s
of
globalization s
u
ch as the ASEAN Free Tra
d
e Area (A
F
T
A) an
d
Worl
d Trade
Or
gani
z
a
t
i
on (
W
TO
) i
n
whi
c
h
p
u
b
lic h
ealth
workers
fro
m
foreign
coun
tri
e
s can
also
com
p
ete in
o
u
r
co
un
try
with
th
e qu
ality o
f
p
u
b
l
i
c
h
ealth
p
e
rson
nel stan
d
a
rd
ized [1
] Th
e qu
ality o
f
pub
lic h
e
alth
serv
ices is l
a
rg
ely
d
e
term
i
n
ed b
y
t
h
e
q
u
a
lity o
f
th
e h
ealth p
e
rso
n
n
e
l
who
hav
e
p
r
ev
iou
s
l
y
co
m
p
leted
ed
u
cation
at
each
institu
tio
n. It
n
e
ed
s a
q
u
a
lity
assu
ran
c
e
syste
m
o
f
h
i
g
h
e
r ed
u
cation
grad
u
a
tes th
at can
gu
aran
tee th
e qu
ality o
f
h
ealth
care for h
ealth
w
o
r
k
er
s pr
oduced
[1
].
Every
st
ud
ent
wh
o
has c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
d hi
s e
d
uc
at
i
on m
u
st
t
a
k
e
t
h
e e
x
am
organi
ze
d
by
t
h
e
ed
ucat
i
onal
u
n
it accred
ited edu
catio
n prov
id
er or
trai
n
i
n
g
in
stitu
tion
s
th
at are
p
a
rt
o
f
t
h
e
q
u
a
lity assu
ran
ce
syste
m
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-88
06
IJP
H
S
V
o
l
.
3,
No
. 2,
Ju
ne
2
0
1
4
:
13
7 – 1
4
2
13
8
h
i
gh
er h
ealth
ed
u
cation
and
co
m
p
eten
ce
of
h
ealth
wo
rk
ers in
Ind
o
n
e
sia. On
e fo
rm
o
f
q
u
a
lity assuran
ce is
conve
n
ing com
p
etency test for each
hea
lth profe
ssion. Com
p
etency te
st is a process to m
easure the
k
nowledg
e,
sk
i
lls, and
attitu
d
e
s of
h
ealth
p
e
rso
n
n
e
l in
acco
r
d
a
n
c
e with est
a
b
lish
e
d
p
r
o
f
essio
n
a
l stan
d
a
rds [2
].
Div
e
rsity p
a
ttern
s
o
f
institu
tio
n
a
l m
a
n
a
g
e
men
t
o
f
ed
u
c
atio
n
an
d
t
h
e num
b
e
r o
f
h
ealth
edu
cation
in
stitu
tio
n
s
are v
e
ry m
u
ch
a
p
a
rticu
l
ar ch
allen
g
e
for In
donesia to
m
a
in
tai
n
th
e qu
ality o
f
its g
r
adu
a
tes. U
n
til
no
w,
t
h
e
com
p
et
ency
t
e
st
h
a
s bee
n
ap
pl
i
e
d t
o
doct
o
rs
a
n
d
d
e
nt
i
s
t
s
wh
o
ha
ve
been
i
n
pr
o
g
ress
si
n
ce 2
0
0
7
,
whi
l
e
f
o
r ot
he
r heal
t
h
p
r
ofes
si
onal
s
, t
h
e c
o
m
p
et
ency
t
e
st
i
s
bei
ng
devel
ope
d,
part
i
c
ul
a
r
l
y
t
h
e pu
bl
i
c
heal
t
h
and obstetrics
[2].
C
o
m
p
et
ency
t
e
st
sh
oul
d
be
he
l
d
f
o
r
any
st
u
d
e
nt
s
wh
o
ha
ve
com
p
l
e
t
e
d ed
u
cat
i
on i
n
i
t
s
pa
t
h
as a
f
o
rm
o
f
qu
ality assu
ran
ce
o
f
grad
u
a
tes
fro
m
h
i
g
h
e
r hea
lth
ed
u
cation
and
co
m
p
eten
ce of h
ealth
wo
rk
ers in
Indo
n
e
sia, g
i
ven
th
e g
l
ob
alizatio
n
o
f
th
e
h
ealth
sect
o
r
is an opp
ortun
ity to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e qu
ality o
f
h
ealt
h
workers so
as
to
i
m
p
r
ov
e th
e q
u
a
lity o
f
h
e
alth
care and
qu
ality o
f
h
ealt
h
wo
rk
ers in
ord
e
r to
co
m
p
et
e with
foreign
h
ealth
workers wh
o will
work
in
Ind
o
n
e
sia as well
as in g
l
o
b
a
l m
a
rk
et
[2
].
Re
m
i
n
d
th
e i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
th
e im
p
l
e
m
en
t
a
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e co
m
p
eten
cy test is n
a
tion
a
lly un
iform
an
d
standa
rdize
d
to ens
u
re
the c
o
m
p
etence of t
h
eir graduates
i
n
p
r
o
f
ession
al d
u
ties,
it
is n
e
cessary
to
rev
i
ew
th
e
ex
ten
t
to wh
ich
p
e
rcep
tion
s
an
d attitu
d
e
s
of
stu
d
e
n
t
s ab
ou
t
th
e pro
f
essi
o
n
an
d pub
lic h
eal
th
co
m
p
eten
cy
test.
2.
R
E
SEARC
H M
ETHOD
Th
is research
was d
e
scrip
tive
qu
alitativ
e. Th
is
st
u
d
y
fo
cu
sed
o
n
stud
en
t
p
e
rcep
tio
ns an
d
attitu
d
e
s
abo
u
t
t
h
e p
r
o
f
e
ssi
on a
nd
pu
bl
i
c
heal
t
h
com
p
etency test. The study took pla
ce at the Faculty of
Pub
lic Health
,
Ah
m
a
d
Dah
l
an
Un
iv
ersity, im
p
l
e
m
en
ted
startin
g
i
n
Ju
ly 2
013
and
end
e
d
in
Janu
ary
20
14
.
Subj
ects in
th
is
st
udy
were
se
ven
p
u
b
l
i
c
he
al
t
h
st
u
d
ent
s
Ahm
a
d Da
hl
a
n
Uni
v
ersity.
Data collection technique
was focus
gr
o
u
p
di
sc
ussi
ons
(
F
G
D
)
.
The resea
r
ch i
n
st
r
u
m
e
nt
s used i
n
t
h
i
s
st
udy
were:
1) F
G
D’s
Gui
d
e t
o
ope
n di
sc
ussi
o
n
s wi
t
h
t
h
e
research
subj
ects; 2
)
Statio
nery,
record s
h
eet, recorde
r
s and cam
eras
t
o
sup
port th
e FGD pro
cess with
inform
ants
(res
earch subjects).
The va
ri
ab
les u
s
ed
in
t
h
is stu
d
y
are stud
en
ts' p
e
rcep
tion
s
ab
ou
t th
e
professio
n
an
d
p
u
b
lic h
e
alth
co
m
p
eten
cy tests an
d
stu
d
e
n
t
attitu
d
e
s
ab
ou
t th
e professio
n
an
d
p
ublic h
ealth
co
mp
eten
cy
test. Data anal
ysis was em
ploying a sem
i
otic engi
neeri
ng
app
r
oach t
o
c
o
nt
ent
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
.
The
val
i
d
i
t
y
of
dat
a
was ch
eck
e
d by trian
g
u
l
atio
n.
3.
R
E
SU
LTS AN
D ANA
LY
SIS
3.1. Student
P
erceptions of professional
i
d
entity
as
a public heal
th w
o
rker
In
th
e
p
r
o
cess
o
f
b
eco
m
i
n
g
health
p
r
o
f
ession
als, stud
en
ts
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
b
e
liefs an
d
attitu
d
e
s ab
ou
t th
eir
pr
ofe
ssi
o
n
. St
u
d
ent
s
de
vel
op
an u
nde
rst
a
n
d
i
ng
of t
h
e l
i
m
i
ts of t
h
ei
r p
r
o
f
essi
on
, an
d t
h
e
way
s
i
n
whi
c
h t
h
ey
can
in
teract wi
th
o
t
h
e
rs as p
a
rt o
f
th
e
h
ealthcare tea
m
. Un
ity b
e
tween
b
e
l
i
efs, attitu
d
e
s an
d
u
n
d
e
rstand
in
g
of
th
eir ro
le, i
n
t
h
e con
t
ex
t
o
f
wo
rk
, g
e
n
e
rally refers to
t
h
eir ' p
r
o
f
ession
al iden
tity
'.
The i
n
f
o
rm
ant
ex
pl
ai
ne
d t
h
a
t
pu
bl
i
c
heal
t
h
pe
rs
onnel is i
m
portant,
beca
use t
h
ey can a
n
alyze the
necessa
ry
sha
r
pl
y
t
o
p
o
l
i
c
y
-
m
a
ki
ng,
a
n
d
c
a
n al
s
o
be a
l
eader
i
n
t
h
e
h
eal
t
h
sect
o
r
s
o
m
u
st
kn
owi
n
g m
a
ny
scien
ces.
Th
e in
fo
rm
an
t also
asserted
t
h
at e
m
p
l
o
y
m
en
t is still a
m
b
i
g
uou
s an
d no
t
in
acco
r
d
a
n
c
e with
sci
e
nt
i
f
i
c
poss
e
ssed.
Obsc
u
r
i
t
y
or
m
i
sm
at
ch em
pl
oym
ent
l
a
nd em
pl
oym
ent
i
n
t
h
e heal
t
h
sect
or can
be cause
d
due t
o
t
h
e ext
e
nt
of em
pl
oy
m
e
nt
of pu
bl
i
c
heal
t
h
, i
n
ad
di
t
i
on t
o
t
h
e p
ubl
i
c
heal
t
h
h
a
s a broa
d scope
o
f
knowledge t
o
be learne
d, so
that gr
aduates
of public healt
h
m
u
st be
prep
ared if
placed
at any
position in t
h
e
health sect
or.
".. p
e
op
le say th
at pu
b
lic h
eal
th
g
r
adu
a
tes as j
u
st lik
e th
e
do
ctor, peop
le ask
e
d
ho
w t
o
cu
re
n
o
t
h
o
w
to
prev
en
t .." (I3
)
Co
n
c
erns ab
out th
e lack
o
f
p
u
b
lic reco
gn
itio
n, and
th
e sh
ad
ows of o
t
h
e
r p
r
o
f
ession
s repeated
m
a
n
y
ti
m
e
s b
y
in
forman
ts o
f
th
is stu
d
y
. Based
on th
ese find
ing
s
there are resea
r
che
r
s interp
ret
that info
rm
ants feel
less confide
n
t
because of the
lack of
public recognition, low
self-esteem
,
pessim
i
stic a
nd less m
o
tivated as
pu
bl
i
c
heal
t
h
st
ude
nt
beca
use
i
t
i
s
not
t
h
ei
r fi
rst
ch
oi
ce w
h
e
n
ap
pl
y
i
ng t
o
b
ecom
e
a st
udent
i
n
u
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
, t
h
ey
di
d
n
’t
k
n
o
w
w
h
at
i
s
t
h
e
esse
n
ce o
f
pu
bl
i
c
he
al
t
h
an
d t
h
e
pr
osp
ect
o
f
wo
r
k
i
ng i
n
fr
ont
o
f
t
h
e
pu
bl
i
c
he
al
t
h
.
One as
pect of t
h
e learne
r to consi
d
er is the conf
ide
n
ce (self-confi
d
ence
),
wh
ich
is o
n
e
of th
e cap
ital
in
a life th
at
m
u
st
b
e
g
r
o
w
n o
n
an
y self learn
e
rs so
th
at later th
ey can
be a
m
a
n
wh
o
is ab
le to
co
n
t
ro
l th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PH
S I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
0
6
S
t
ud
en
t
'
s Percep
tio
n and
Attitu
d
e
s To
wa
rd
Pub
lic Hea
lth
Pro
f
ession
an
d Na
tion
a
l
…. (
L
a
fi Mu
n
i
ra
)
13
9
v
a
ri
o
u
s
asp
ects th
at ex
ist i
n
itself, wit
h
th
e abilit
y th
e
stud
ents will b
e
m
o
re clear in settin
g p
e
rson
al
g
o
a
ls and
obj
ectives a
r
e
clear, it will be
better a
b
le to
direct be
ha
vior towa
rd
success [3].
Thus c
onfide
n
ce can inc
r
ease
st
ude
nt
i
n
t
e
rest
i
n
l
earni
n
g
a
b
out
pu
bl
i
c
heal
t
h
an
d t
h
e
desi
re an
d pa
ssi
o
n
t
o
k
n
o
w
t
h
e c
o
m
p
et
enci
es of pu
bl
i
c
h
ealth
ed
ucation
.
Self-co
n
fid
e
n
c
e is a state in
th
e on
e th
at con
t
ain
s
th
e st
reng
th
s, ab
ilities an
d
sk
ills of a person
.
With
a lack
o
f
con
f
i
d
en
ce, low
self-esteem
will d
o
m
in
ate a p
e
rs
o
n
in
t
h
eir life, and
th
ey
will g
r
o
w
in
t
o
a
p
e
ssi
m
i
st.
W
i
t
h
o
u
t
a se
ns
e of
co
nfi
d
enc
e
t
h
at
i
s
fi
rm
l
y
em
bedded i
n
t
h
e l
ear
ners'
so
ul
s,
pessi
m
i
sm an
d l
o
w sel
f
-e
st
eem
will b
e
ab
le to
k
now it with ease. C
onfid
en
ce is so
m
e
th
in
g
th
at is v
a
l
u
ab
le. By h
a
v
i
ng
con
f
i
d
en
ce,
o
n
e
can
d
o
anything with t
h
e confi
d
enc
e
that it woul
d succeed, if they fail they sti
ll has the spirit, re
mains to be rea
listic,
an
d th
en
try ag
ain
with
a
st
eady [3]. Base
d
on t
h
e re
sea
r
ch
findings
, there
was a
n
e
xpectation that
public
h
ealth
ed
ucation
can
b
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p b
e
tter in
t
h
e fu
tu
re with th
e co
m
p
eten
cy test.
3.
2. T
h
e
at
ti
tu
de o
f
s
t
ude
nts
ab
out
pr
ofes
si
on
al
i
d
en
ti
ty
a
s
a
publ
i
c
h
e
al
th w
o
r
k
er
Accord
ing
to i
n
fo
rm
an
ts,
p
ublic h
ealth
sho
u
ld
streng
th
en
t
h
e
po
sitio
n so
th
at it can ru
n
a syn
e
rg
istic
an
d
i
n
tegrated
with
o
t
h
e
r
h
ealth
p
illars, cu
rat
i
v
e
and
re
h
a
b
i
l
itativ
e. Accordin
g
to
t
h
e in
fo
rman
t co
m
p
ete
n
cy is
a
m
u
st-h
av
e cap
ab
ility fo
r
work
p
e
rfo
rm
an
ce. Co
m
p
etence is a set o
f
k
nowledg
e, skill, an
d
attitu
des th
at
m
u
st
be owne
d, l
i
v
ed
, r
u
l
e
d,
and real
i
zed
b
y
a perso
n
i
n
carry
i
n
g o
u
t
t
h
e dut
i
e
s of
pr
o
f
essi
o
n
al
i
s
m
wi
t
hou
t
leav
in
g
asp
ect
s o
f
p
e
rson
ality an
d
so
cial sk
ills ab
ilities i
n
carryin
g
ou
t h
i
s du
ties. Co
m
p
eten
ce o
f
h
ealth
p
r
o
f
ession
als is th
e ab
ility to
k
now th
e sub
j
ect
m
a
tter is
b
r
oad
and
d
e
ep
that can
b
e
app
lied
to
ev
eryd
ay
tasks
[4]
.
According to t
h
e inform
ant m
u
st be com
p
etent pub
lic
hea
lth gra
d
uates a
n
d m
a
ster the com
p
etencies
n
eed
ed
to
co
m
p
lete th
e to
tal in
wo
rk
an
d
pu
b
lic recog
n
itio
n. Co
m
p
etencies th
at n
eed
to
b
e
o
w
n
e
d
by th
e
p
u
b
lic h
ealth
g
r
adu
a
tes is very bro
a
d
,
not o
n
l
y
h
a
rd
sk
ills b
u
t
also
i
n
clud
es so
ft
sk
ills. Acco
rd
i
n
g to
in
fo
rm
an
ts, p
u
b
lic h
ealth
is n
eed
ed
b
ecau
s
e it can
analyze the health
co
nd
itio
n
sh
arp
l
y to
an
in
pu
t to
st
akeh
ol
de
rs w
ho m
a
ke heal
t
h
p
o
l
i
c
y
.
In ad
di
t
i
on t
o
t
h
e p
ubl
i
c
heal
t
h
ca
n be sai
d
t
o
be
t
h
e l
eader of
m
a
ny
sci
e
nce
gra
d
u
a
t
e
s m
u
st
unde
r
s
t
a
nd
n
o
t
onl
y
kne
w
o
n
e as
pe
ct
of
sci
e
nce
.
Hardskills pre
v
ious statem
e
n
ts re
ga
rdi
n
g
the tra
n
slation of the
text i
n
line
with t
h
e academ
ic
ed
u
cation
o
f
pu
b
lic h
ealth, the p
u
b
lic h
ealth ed
u
ca
tion c
o
m
p
etency standards ar
e t
h
e
minim
u
m
co
mpetencies
th
at
m
u
st b
e
ach
iev
e
d
in
p
u
b
lic h
ealth
gradu
a
te ed
u
cation
con
s
istin
g
o
f
:
1
) th
e ab
ility to
c
o
ndu
ct a stu
d
y
and
an
alysis ( An
alysis an
d
Assessm
en
t ), 2
) ab
ility to
d
e
v
e
lo
p
po
licies and
prog
ram
s
p
r
eren
can
a
an
h
e
alth
(
Po
licy d
e
v
e
l
o
pmen
t an
d
pro
g
ram
p
l
an
n
i
n
g
), 3
) th
e ab
ilit
y to
carry ou
t co
mm
u
n
i
catio
n
( co
mm
u
n
i
c
a
ti
on
sk
ills),
4
) t
h
e
ab
ility to
un
d
e
rstand
the lo
cal cu
ltu
re (
cu
lt
u
r
al co
m
p
eten
cy / lo
cal wisdo
m
), 5
) t
h
e abilit
y to
con
d
u
ct
pu
bl
i
c
devel
o
pm
ent
( pu
bl
i
c
di
m
e
nsi
o
ns o
f
prac
t
i
ce ), 6 ) und
erst
an
d t
h
e ba
si
cs of p
ubl
i
c
heal
t
h
scien
ces ( b
a
sic p
u
b
lic h
ealth
scien
ces), 7 ) ab
ility
to
p
l
an
and
m
a
n
a
g
e
th
e so
urces
o
f
fun
d
s ( Finan
c
ial
p
l
ann
i
ng
an
d
man
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
), 8
) ab
ility to
lead
and
t
h
ink
syste
m
( Leadersh
i
p
and
syste
m
s th
in
k
i
ng
/ to
tal
syste
m
) [1].
Wh
ile th
e
n
e
ed
fo
r soft sk
ills p
o
ssessed
b
y
g
r
adu
a
tes of
p
u
b
lic h
ealth
ed
u
cation
i
n
pu
b
lic h
ealt
h
ed
u
cation
acade
m
i
c p
a
p
e
rs n
a
mely, (1
)
fear
o
f
Go
d Alm
i
g
h
t
y, (2)
h
a
s a m
o
ral, et
h
i
cal and
g
ood
perso
n
ality in
com
p
leting its
task, (3) act as
citizens who t
a
ke pride
and
patriotism
and support for t
h
e
peace of t
h
e world,
(4) ab
le to
work
tog
e
t
h
er and
h
a
v
e
so
cial sen
s
itiv
ity an
d
co
n
c
ern
toward
s so
ciety an
d th
e env
i
ron
m
en
t, (5)
respect
cul
t
ura
l
di
versi
t
y
, vi
e
w
s, bel
i
e
f
s
, an
d rel
i
g
i
o
ns as
wel
l
as opi
ni
o
n
s /
fi
ndi
ng
s o
f
t
h
e ori
g
i
n
al
a
not
her
pers
o
n
, (
6
) u
p
hol
di
n
g
t
h
e r
u
l
e
of l
a
w a
n
d h
a
ve t
h
e
passi
o
n
t
o
put
t
h
e i
n
t
e
rest
s of t
h
e
nat
i
on a
n
d t
h
e
wi
der
p
u
b
lic [1
].
Pu
bl
i
c
heal
t
h
g
r
ad
uat
e
ed
ucat
i
on i
s
n
o
t
f
r
ee fr
om
probl
em
s. Pr
obl
em
s of
pu
bl
i
c
heal
t
h
e
ducat
i
o
n i
n
the curricul
um
according to the inform
an
ts include
public he
alth
institutions vary so it
is not the sam
e
quality
st
anda
rd
s, t
h
e
l
ack o
f
pr
ofe
s
si
onal
t
eac
hi
n
g
st
af
f,
p
ubl
i
c
heal
t
h
b
o
o
k
s
are n
o
t
m
a
ny
, passi
ve i
n
p
u
r
sui
n
g
scien
ce stud
en
t
,
and
cam
p
u
s
facilities are in
ad
equ
a
te.
"Th
e
n
eed fo
r
filterin
g
i
n
co
m
i
n
g
st
u
d
e
n
t
s,
as lo
ng
as th
ere
is n
o
filtering
.
Th
e
p
r
o
cess m
u
st b
e
goo
d
so
th
at th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
was goo
d, with
th
e grad
uates was
so
q
u
alified
,
with
that p
e
op
le will k
now Pub
l
i
c
Health
Facu
lty. "(I7)
"If t
h
e l
ect
ure
r
i
s
su
pp
ose
d
t
o
e
n
t
e
r fi
rst
g
r
ade m
u
st
pr
ovi
de m
o
t
i
v
at
i
on,
beca
use t
h
e
t
e
xt
b
o
ok
we
can
read it ourself, s
o
m
e
ti
m
e
s t
h
ere
are
al
so
pe
opl
e
w
h
o
ne
ed m
o
t
i
v
at
i
on t
o
bu
r
n
s
p
i
r
i
t
.
T
h
e m
a
t
e
ri
al
t
h
at
i
t
can be read, i
f
y
o
u
d
o
not
u
n
d
erst
a
n
d y
ou ca
n ask
.
Not
o
n
l
y
m
a
t
t
er b
u
t
su
pp
ort
m
o
ti
vat
i
on
"(I7)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-88
06
IJP
H
S
V
o
l
.
3,
No
. 2,
Ju
ne
2
0
1
4
:
13
7 – 1
4
2
14
0
So
lu
tion
s
to
t
h
e
p
r
ob
lem
s
o
f
ed
u
cation
exp
r
essed in
clude prov
id
i
n
g mo
tiv
atio
n to stu
d
e
n
t
s
on
a
reg
u
l
a
r
basi
s a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e esse
n
ce of
p
ubl
i
c
h
eal
t
h
i
t
s
el
f by
facul
t
y
an
d s
t
ude
nt
o
r
ga
ni
z
a
t
i
ons, t
h
e nee
d
f
o
r
q
u
a
lity i
m
p
r
ove
m
e
n
t
in
th
e l
earn
i
n
g
pro
c
ess so
t
h
at an
y
qu
alified
g
r
adu
a
tes, n
e
ed
to imp
r
ov
e th
e
qu
ality o
f
teaching fac
u
lty, the
need
for scree
n
ing
when ne
w a
d
m
i
ssions so the
out
put
will not be in
vai
n
. Stude
nts
th
em
selv
es n
e
ed
to
b
e
requ
i
r
ed to
b
e
m
o
re activ
e in th
eir stud
ies.
Acco
rd
ing
t
o
th
e i
n
fo
rm
an
t as
well fo
r
pu
bl
i
c
heal
t
h
s
t
ude
nt
s t
h
em
sel
v
es, t
r
y
i
n
g
ha
rd t
o
ap
pr
o
p
ri
a
t
i
ng t
h
em
sel
v
es an
d i
m
prove
sel
f-c
on
fi
de
nc
e t
h
at
public healt
h
graduates a
r
e c
o
m
p
etent to work in
accordanc
e
with t
h
e
scie
ntific field.
Perf
o
r
m
a
nce or l
o
w
pe
rf
orm
a
nce can
be c
a
use
d
by
va
ri
o
u
s fact
ors t
h
at
ori
g
i
n
at
e fr
o
m
i
n
si
de an
d
outsi
de stude
n
ts. External fac
t
ors ca
n
be lea
r
ni
ng f
acility, teaching
facult
y, and
providi
n
g fee
d
back syste
m
.
Facto
r
in
st
u
d
en
t learn
i
ng
strateg
i
es in
cl
ud
e in
tellig
en
ce, m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d so on
. Teach
i
ng
an
d learn
i
n
g
p
r
o
cess is a p
r
o
cess th
at d
e
lib
erately created
for th
e b
e
n
e
fit o
f
stu
d
e
n
t
s, so
th
e stu
d
e
n
t
s will b
e
h
a
p
py an
d
ex
cited
t
o
learn
,
teach
e
rs stri
v
e
to pro
v
i
d
e
an
d u
s
e all th
e
po
ten
tial and
effo
rts
[5
].
Th
e pro
b
l
em
is
th
e m
o
tiv
atio
n
issu
es/factors
that are im
portant for
stude
n
t
s
. It m
eans the stude
nts go
to
sch
o
o
l/co
lleg
e
witho
u
t
th
e
m
o
t
i
v
a
tio
n
to
learn. It is n
o
t
ju
st ab
ou
t m
o
ti
v
a
tio
n
, it is h
i
g
h
l
y v
a
riab
le in
terms
of the level a
nd type, types, then
the task of the teacher is to
condition the pot
e
ntial
m
o
tive
was to
conce
n
t
r
at
e
d
o
n
l
ear
ni
n
g
[
5
]
.
W
a
l
b
e
r
g c
o
nc
l
udes t
h
at
m
o
ti
vat
i
on c
o
nt
ri
b
u
t
e
s bet
w
een
11 t
o
20
perc
e
n
t
o
f
l
earni
n
g
achi
e
vem
e
nt
. St
udi
es con
d
u
ct
ed
by
Suci
at
i
con
c
l
ude
d t
h
at
t
h
e cont
ri
but
i
o
n
of m
o
t
i
v
at
i
on by
3
6
p
e
rcen
t
[6
]
wh
ile Mc . Clellan
d
,
su
gg
ests th
at ach
i
ev
emen
t m
o
tiv
ati
o
n ( ach
i
ev
emen
t m
o
tiv
atio
n )
h
a
v
e
cont
ri
b
u
t
e
d
6
5
perce
n
t
t
o
t
h
e a
c
hi
evem
ent
of
l
earni
n
g
[5]
.
3.3. Th
e perce
ption
of
the
students
ab
out
public he
alth
compe
t
enc
y
te
st
Accord
ing
to th
e info
rm
an
t co
m
p
eten
cy test is a m
easu
r
e
o
f
id
en
tity as a pu
b
lic
h
ealth
g
r
adu
a
te ,
a
to
o
l
th
at th
e p
u
b
lic v
i
ews th
at p
u
b
lic h
ealth
gradu
a
te
s we
re capable and com
p
etent.
W
ith the com
p
etency test
expect
at
i
o
ns g
r
ad
uat
e
jo
b pl
acem
e
nt
ap
prop
riate scien
tifi
c
pu
b
lic
h
ealth
later.
Th
is i
s
in
lin
e
with th
e
R
e
gul
at
i
o
n o
f
t
h
e M
i
ni
st
er o
f
Heal
t
h
No
.1
79
6
of
20
1
1
conce
r
ni
n
g
t
h
e
R
e
gi
st
rat
i
on
M
e
di
cal
s, com
p
et
enc
y
testin
g
is a fo
rm o
f
q
u
a
lity assu
ran
ce of h
i
gh
er edu
ca
tion
g
r
adu
a
tes h
ealth
and
co
m
p
eten
ce o
f
h
ealth
workers
in Indone
sia organize
d by the
educa
tional unit accredited
education
provider
or traini
ng institution is part of
th
e q
u
ality ass
u
ran
ce system
an
d
fo
llowed
by
m
a
n
d
a
to
ry learn
e
rs, in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
ad
u
lt edu
c
atio
n
prog
ram
,
h
ealt
h
pr
ofe
ssi
o
n
s ca
ndi
dat
e
s
wh
o
h
a
ve c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
d hi
g
h
er
ed
ucat
i
o
n
heal
t
h
.
Specifically for health worke
r
s a
nd m
e
dical personnel
coup
led
with
t
h
e reg
i
stered ob
ligatio
n
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e co
nd
ition
s
to h
a
v
e
a certificate o
f
com
p
eten
cy an
d
t
o
g
e
t p
a
rticip
an
ts are
req
u
i
red
to
p
a
ss a com
p
eten
c
y
test appropriat
e com
p
etency standa
r
d
s of
their
r
e
spectiv
e pr
of
ession
s
4
. C
o
m
p
etency test f
o
r
Indonesia
n
health
workers
who refer to the c
o
m
p
etency
stan
dards as agree
d
by stake
hol
de
rs o
f
their re
spective p
r
ofe
ssions
,
cove
ring aspec
t
s of
knowle
dge, skills,
a
n
d professi
onal be
havior are
tested
with test e
qui
pm
ent in accordance
with
asp
ects
o
f
tested. Befo
re fo
llowing th
e co
m
p
ete
n
cy test, p
a
rticip
an
ts h
a
d
t
o
g
e
t a briefi
n
g
o
n
profe
ssional education institutions each
wi
th a curric
u
lum that
is prepared
in acc
ordance with the
standa
rds
of professi
onal
com
p
etence [4].
Th
e qu
ality o
f
p
u
b
lic h
ealth
ed
u
cation
is cu
rren
tly n
o
t
measu
r
ab
le b
ecau
s
e it h
a
s n
o
t
h
a
d
form
al
educat
i
o
n st
a
n
dar
d
(t
he st
an
d
a
rd
of
care
pr
o
f
essi
o
n
,
desc
ri
pt
o
r
s, c
o
m
p
et
ency
st
an
dar
d
s,
cur
r
i
c
ul
um
st
anda
r
d
s,
accreditation
standa
rds
(qual
ity cascade),
or if t
h
ere is
still varied to m
eet
the
four pillars
of action,
co
nsequ
e
n
tly, in
crease
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
pub
lic h
eal
th
ed
u
cation
i
n
stitu
te th
at m
u
ch
,
n
o
t
with the stand
a
rd
izatio
n of
ed
u
cation
and i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
qu
ality o
f
ed
u
cation
.
Th
ese cond
itio
ns is certain
ly
n
o
t
go
ing
to
produ
ce
l
earni
n
g
out
c
o
m
e
s
(l
earni
n
g
out
c
o
m
e
s)
with the e
x
pected com
p
et
encies, in orde
r to answer t
h
e
needs
of t
h
e
Pub
lic Health serv
ice
qu
ality i
n
a
profession
al
m
a
n
n
e
r .
3.
4 S
t
ude
nt attitudes
about
public he
alth
compe
t
enc
y
te
st
Inform
ants have good i
n
tere
st to
com
p
etency test becaus
e
the in
form
ant had
pre
v
iousl
y
attended a
sem
i
nar ab
out
t
h
e com
p
et
ency
t
e
st
conduct
e
d by
t
h
e fac
u
l
t
y
. Acco
rdi
ng t
o
t
h
e i
n
f
o
rm
ant
com
p
et
ency
test
i
s
im
port
a
nt
, a
n
d
as a publ
i
c
he
al
t
h
st
ude
nt
s h
a
ve t
o
pr
epa
r
e
fo
r it, and
m
u
st b
e
ab
le to
d
eal with
it. W
ith
th
e
com
p
etency test hope
there
is
a clear
job
de
s
c
ri
pt
i
o
n f
o
r
pu
bl
i
c
heal
t
h
g
r
a
duat
e
s
.
Ind
i
v
i
d
u
a
ls
with
attitu
d
e
trying
to
m
a
x
i
m
i
ze
th
e th
ing
s
wanted
and
u
n
wanted
. Ind
i
v
i
du
al
s will form
a po
sitiv
e attitu
d
e
toward
s t
h
e th
ing
s
h
e
fel
t
wou
l
d be
p
r
o
f
itab
l
e and
form
a n
e
g
a
tiv
e
attitu
d
e
toward
s t
h
e
th
in
gs th
at sh
e
felt wou
l
d b
e
detri
m
en
tal to
.
Attitu
d
e
is a
b
e
lief o
r
op
in
i
o
n
ab
ou
t th
e p
e
rson
,
ob
j
ect
o
r
an
id
ea.
Attitu
d
e
is a fi
x
e
d p
a
ttern
o
f
t
e
n
d
e
n
c
ies
feelin
g
s
,
b
e
liefs and
b
e
h
a
v
i
or
o
f
oth
e
rs, id
eas and
o
b
j
ect
[7
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PH
S I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
0
6
S
t
ud
en
t
'
s Percep
tio
n and
Attitu
d
e
s To
wa
rd
Pub
lic Hea
lth
Pro
f
ession
an
d Na
tion
a
l
…. (
L
a
fi Mu
n
i
ra
)
14
1
"I th
ink
ev
ery
p
e
op
le wit
h
pub
lic h
ealth
b
a
ck
gro
und
m
u
st
k
now
th
e i
n
fo
rm
ation about c
o
m
p
etency
test .
" ( I7
)
Attitude c
o
ntains se
ve
ral com
p
one
n
ts,
one c
o
m
pone
nt
of c
o
gnitive
or pe
rceptual
, inform
ants in this
st
udy
e
x
presse
d a c
o
m
p
et
enc
y
t
e
st
sho
u
l
d
b
e
wi
del
y
di
sse
m
i
nat
e
d i
n
a
d
v
a
nce ,
i
t
sh
o
u
l
d
be c
a
re
ful
l
y
p
r
epare
d
i
n
ad
va
nce
wi
t
h
a l
o
t
o
f
c
o
nsi
d
erat
i
o
n,
i
f
t
h
e
new
2
0
1
5
i
s
ri
pe ca
n
be
do
ne
.
Attitu
d
e
h
a
s sev
e
ral lev
e
ls.
Th
e fo
llowing are th
e v
a
ri
o
u
s lev
e
ls o
f
attitu
d
e
s, con
s
istin
g
o
f
: ( 1
)
receiving ( Re
ceiving
) m
ean that the
pers
on ( the s
u
bject
) and wa
nt to
pay attention
to a give
n stim
ulus (
objects ), (
2 ) respond ( Res
p
onding
) provi
de an ans
w
e
r
whe
n
aske
d,
do nothing and
accom
p
lish tas
k
s give
n
is an
ind
i
cation
o
f
t
h
e attitu
de, (
3
) resp
ect
(
Valu
e),
(
4
) en
co
urag
ing
oth
e
rs t
o
work / d
i
scuss a
p
r
oble
m
is
an
in
d
i
cation
of th
e attitu
d
e
, ( 5
) b
e
resp
on
sib
l
e ( Resp
on
si
b
l
e ) is resp
onsib
le fo
r ev
ery
t
h
i
n
g
th
at h
a
s b
een
ch
osen with an attitu
d
e
all th
e risk is
h
i
gh
est
[4
].
In
t
h
is stud
y, t
h
e inform
an
t has h
a
d
lev
e
ls ab
ov
e t
h
e stag
e to
tak
e
resp
onsib
ility fo
r
what h
a
s
b
e
en
selected
. Th
e i
n
fo
rm
an
t d
i
d
no
t h
e
sitate to
do
th
e d
i
scu
ssi
on and prese
n
t their vie
w
s to t
h
e resea
r
che
r
a
s
well
as t
o
ot
her i
n
f
o
rm
ant
s
ent
h
u
s
i
a
st
i
cal
ly
wi
t
hout
l
i
m
i
t
a
ti
on sus
p
i
c
i
on
or
di
scom
fort
i
n
t
h
e form
of ex
pr
essi
on .
The inform
ant agree
d
with
the conc
ept of exit exam
if the reas
on
be
f
o
re
gra
d
uat
i
on com
p
et
enc
y
t
e
st
co
ndu
cted
in
acad
em
ic s
t
ag
e, th
e in
stitu
tio
n will n
o
t
b
e
h
a
n
d
s
-o
ff in
th
e
sen
s
e th
at th
ey
h
a
v
e
a respo
n
sib
ility
to the stude
nts who will participate com
p
ete
n
cy test because its status is
still a
student,
but if it is done after
g
r
adu
a
tio
n th
e
in
stitu
tio
n
can
wash its h
a
nd
s
o
f
th
e
g
r
adu
a
tes.
Accord
ing
to th
e in
form
an
t b
e
fore m
a
tu
rity test
stude
nt com
p
etency should reall
y
prepa
r
e ,
ev
eryth
i
n
g
work
ed
h
a
rd
bo
th
stu
d
e
n
t
s and
lectu
r
ers . An
o
t
her in
fo
rm
an
t saw no
po
sitiv
e effects and
n
e
gativ
e
effects , t
h
e po
sitiv
e effects
o
f
a
pu
b
lic h
e
alth
g
r
adu
a
te
clarity itself, an
d
its n
e
g
a
tiv
e
effect is th
e lack
of
access to i
n
formation concerning th
e
com
p
etency test to s
t
ude
nts
who a
r
e outside Ja
va i
s
land .
Th
e en
tire info
rm
an
ts exp
e
ct b
e
fo
re m
a
tu
rity te
st stude
nt com
p
etenc
y
should really pre
p
are
,
ev
eryth
i
n
g
wo
rk
ed h
a
rd
b
o
t
h
stu
d
e
n
t
s an
d lectu
r
ers.
An
o
t
her inform
an
t saw
n
o
po
sitiv
e effects and
n
e
g
a
tiv
e
effects, th
e positiv
e effects of a p
u
b
lic h
ealth
g
r
ad
u
a
te
clarity itse
l
f, an
d
its n
e
g
a
tiv
e effect is th
e la
ck
of
access to i
n
formation concerning
the
com
p
etency test to s
t
ude
nts
who a
r
e outside Ja
va i
s
land.
Inform
an
ts su
gg
est th
e n
e
ed
fo
r a try ou
t and
sim
u
latio
n
b
e
fore im
p
l
e
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
eten
cy
test, so
th
at stu
d
e
n
t
s can
prep
are th
em
sel
v
es.
Acco
rd
ing
to
info
rm
an
ts in
welco
m
i
n
g
co
m
p
eten
cy test
lecturers
need
to im
prove the
i
r com
p
etence first. Lecture
r
s need to t
eac
h su
b
j
ect
s sha
r
p a
nd
det
a
i
l
e
d, an
d
r
e
qu
ir
ed
a
stud
y club
th
at
is gu
id
ed
b
y
th
e cou
r
se lectu
r
er
s.
I
t
sh
ou
ld be also
h
e
ld tr
ain
i
n
g
fo
r f
a
cu
l
t
y on
effective
teachi
n
g m
e
thods t
o
suppo
rt a
national com
p
etenc
y
test.
4.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
Fro
m
th
e resu
lts o
f
research
o
n
th
e
p
e
rcep
tio
n
s
and
attitu
d
e
s of stu
d
e
n
t
s ab
ou
t th
e p
r
o
f
essi
on
and
p
u
b
lic h
ealth
co
m
p
eten
cy test
at th
e Facu
lty o
f
Pub
lic Health
,
Ah
m
a
d
Dahlan
Un
iv
ersity, can
b
e
su
mm
e
d
up
as fo
llo
ws:
1.
There has bee
n
no public
ac
know
ledgm
e
nt, job
placem
e
n
t that is no
t in accordance
with science
,
and
gra
d
uat
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
rel
a
t
e
d t
o
t
h
e
ed
ucat
i
onal
p
r
ocess
u
nde
rt
ak
en
du
ri
n
g
a
st
u
d
ent
.
I
f
si
nce t
h
e st
ude
nt
l
ack
s
th
e sou
l
o
f
pub
lic h
ealth
, less con
f
i
d
en
t, less m
o
tiv
ated
an
d no
t seri
ou
s in
learn
i
ng
it
wh
en
p
a
ssed
will
h
a
v
e
less co
m
p
eten
ce so
d
i
fficu
lt to
g
e
t a j
o
b
o
r
qu
ality o
f
p
e
rfo
rm
an
ce as a p
u
b
lic h
ealth
p
e
rso
n
n
e
l was
n
o
t
op
ti
m
a
l
.
2.
G
r
adu
a
tes n
e
ed
to kno
w a lo
t
of
k
n
o
w
ledg
e
an
d h
a
v
e
a good
co
m
p
eten
ce.
3.
Stu
d
e
n
t
p
e
rceptio
n
s
ab
ou
t th
e co
m
p
eten
cy test as a m
ean
s o
f
prov
ing
t
h
e i
d
en
tity o
f
th
at
co
m
p
eten
t p
ublic
h
ealth
g
r
adu
a
tes. As a
pu
b
lic
h
ealth
st
u
d
e
n
t
sh
ou
l
d
b
e
ab
le
to
face th
e co
mp
eten
cy test.
4.
Th
e co
m
p
eten
cy test is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
. All p
a
rties with
a p
u
b
lic
h
ealth
b
a
ckg
r
ou
nd
to
b
e
aware o
f
th
e ex
istence
of the c
o
m
p
etency test. T
h
e
good c
o
m
p
etenc
y
test
con
d
u
ct
ed bef
o
re
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
gra
duat
e
fr
om
uni
ve
rsi
t
y
.
The sm
al
l
am
o
unt
of s
u
b
j
ect
s
part
i
c
i
p
at
ed i
n
t
h
i
s
st
u
d
y
co
ul
d
be t
h
e l
i
m
i
t
a
t
i
on of t
h
e st
udy
.
Si
nce
this study wa
s
case study, s
o
t
h
e
result ca
n
not be
ge
ne
ralized.
REFERE
NC
ES
[1]
Indonesian Public Health
Asso
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–
Academic Paper
”
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[2]
Health
Professional Edu
c
a
tion
Qualit
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j
e
c
t
, Dir
ector
ate G
e
neral of High
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ation
,
”C
ompetency
Test
Developm
ent
In
stitute – Academ
ic Pap
e
r”, pp
. 2-
3, 2012
.
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