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[
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f
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s
id
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ity
[
2
]
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
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t
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w
o
r
k
[
3
]
.
W
h
ile
m
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ep
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[4
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[
8
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f
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[
9
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,
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I
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15
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216
m
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w
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[
1
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t
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[
1
1
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b
u
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at
w
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[
1
2
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th
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1
3
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6
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th
eo
r
y
[
1
4
]
ex
p
lain
ed
th
at
w
h
e
n
in
d
i
v
id
u
a
ls
p
er
ce
iv
e
th
at
th
e
y
ar
e
s
o
ciall
y
i
n
cl
u
d
ed
,
th
e
y
w
ill
d
e
v
elo
p
h
i
g
h
er
s
e
n
s
e
o
f
s
el
f
-
estee
m
,
w
h
ic
h
r
ef
er
s
to
t
h
e
s
u
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
ee
li
n
g
o
f
b
ein
g
i
n
cl
u
d
ed
in
s
o
ciet
y
o
r
al
s
o
k
n
o
w
n
as
s
tat
e
s
el
f
-
e
s
tee
m
[
1
5
]
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
it
w
as
r
ep
o
r
ted
t
h
at
th
e
m
o
r
e
w
e
f
ee
l
s
o
cial
l
y
in
cl
u
d
ed
,
th
e
h
ig
h
er
o
u
r
s
tate
s
elf
-
e
s
tee
m
w
i
ll
b
e
[
1
6
,
1
7
]
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
e
o
f
m
atter
i
n
g
is
as
s
o
ciate
d
w
ith
b
ein
g
s
o
cia
ll
y
i
n
cl
u
d
ed
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
ea
tu
r
e
o
f
m
a
tter
in
g
,
t
h
at
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
ck
n
o
w
led
g
m
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
[
8
]
.
I
n
o
t
h
er
w
o
r
d
s
,
b
ec
au
s
e
o
n
e
f
ee
l
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
y
m
a
tter
to
o
th
er
s
,
t
h
e
y
w
ill
d
e
v
elo
p
th
e
s
e
n
s
e
o
f
b
ein
g
s
o
cial
l
y
i
n
cl
u
d
ed
,
w
h
ic
h
lead
s
to
a
h
ig
h
er
s
tate
o
f
s
el
f
-
e
s
tee
m
.
I
n
q
u
ar
an
tin
e
s
it
u
atio
n
,
it
also
i
m
p
lies
th
at
th
e
s
en
s
e
o
f
in
clu
s
io
n
(
s
tate
s
el
f
-
estee
m
)
m
ig
h
t
e
x
p
lain
t
h
e
lin
k
b
et
w
ee
n
m
a
tter
in
g
an
d
w
o
r
k
s
el
f
-
e
f
f
icac
y
.
S
tate
s
el
f
-
este
e
m
(
SS
E
)
is
th
e
s
e
lf
-
ev
alu
a
tio
n
t
h
at
is
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
s
o
cial
in
clu
s
io
n
o
r
ex
clu
s
io
n
[
1
8
]
.
C
o
n
ce
p
tu
all
y
,
SS
E
is
r
elate
d
to
m
atter
i
n
g
b
ec
au
s
e
m
atter
i
n
g
r
ef
er
s
to
h
o
w
w
o
r
th
y
a
n
i
n
d
i
v
id
u
al
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
t
h
e
y
ar
e
i
n
g
en
er
al
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
m
a
tter
in
g
an
d
S
SE
h
as
b
ee
n
e
s
tab
lis
h
ed
b
y
p
r
ev
io
u
s
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
t
u
d
ies,
w
h
ic
h
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
a
t
w
h
e
n
o
n
e
b
elief
t
h
at
t
h
e
y
m
att
er
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
th
e
y
w
ill
f
ee
l so
ci
all
y
i
n
clu
d
ed
[
2
0
,
2
1
]
.
Dif
f
er
en
t
f
r
o
m
w
o
r
k
er
s
w
h
o
u
s
ed
to
w
o
r
k
at
w
o
r
k
p
lace
s
w
i
t
h
co
w
o
r
k
er
s
,
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
s
w
h
o
u
s
ed
to
b
e
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
r
e
m
o
tel
y
w
it
h
o
u
t
d
i
r
ec
t
in
ter
ac
tio
n
a
m
o
n
g
co
w
o
r
k
er
s
,
s
u
ch
as
d
i
g
ital
lab
o
r
,
it
w
as
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
m
atter
i
n
g
,
in
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
t
h
e
b
elief
th
at
t
h
e
y
an
d
t
h
eir
w
o
r
k
m
a
tt
er
to
t
h
e
o
r
g
a
n
izat
io
n
,
p
r
ed
icts
t
h
eir
en
g
a
g
e
m
en
t
at
w
o
r
k
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
lin
k
b
et
w
ee
n
m
atter
i
n
g
a
n
d
w
o
r
k
s
el
f
-
e
f
f
icac
y
m
ig
h
t
b
e
al
ter
ed
b
y
t
h
e
ch
a
n
g
e
f
r
o
m
w
o
r
k
at
th
e
o
f
f
ice
in
to
W
FH
as
th
e
li
m
itatio
n
o
f
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
ac
e
co
n
tact
a
m
o
n
g
co
w
o
r
k
er
s
m
ig
h
t
also
alter
h
o
w
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
e
o
f
m
atter
i
n
g
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
[
2
3
-
25]
.
I
n
d
iv
id
u
al
s
w
h
o
ar
e
to
tall
y
q
u
a
r
an
tin
ed
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
m
ig
h
t
d
ev
elo
p
h
i
g
h
er
s
en
s
e
o
f
m
atter
i
n
g
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
y
m
ig
h
t
b
e
r
el
y
i
n
g
o
n
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
an
d
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
to
co
n
d
u
ct
th
eir
s
o
cial
i
n
ter
a
ctio
n
;
an
d
h
i
g
h
er
en
g
ag
e
m
e
n
t
in
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
i
m
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
s
tate
s
el
f
-
e
s
tee
m
[
2
6
]
an
d
m
a
tter
in
g
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
q
u
ar
an
ti
n
e
s
i
tu
at
io
n
m
ig
h
t
also
al
ter
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
S
SE
a
m
o
n
g
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
;
f
ir
s
t
o
f
all,
w
h
e
n
th
e
y
d
o
n
o
t
g
o
to
th
e
w
o
r
k
p
lace
,
th
er
e
w
ill
b
e
a
lo
w
er
c
h
an
ce
to
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
o
cial
in
cl
u
s
io
n
,
s
u
c
h
as
lu
n
c
h
w
ith
co
lleag
u
es,
h
ap
p
y
h
o
u
r
s
,
an
d
o
th
er
t
y
p
es
o
f
i
m
p
r
o
m
p
tu
s
o
cial
g
at
h
er
in
g
,
w
h
ic
h
m
i
g
h
t
lead
to
lo
w
er
S
SE
[
1
5
,
2
8
,
29]
,
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
i
t
w
as
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
W
FH
lea
d
s
w
o
r
k
er
s
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
lo
n
elin
e
s
s
[
2
4
,
3
0
,
3
1
]
an
d
th
ey
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
e
l
y
to
f
ee
l
ex
cl
u
d
ed
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
n
-
s
ite
w
o
r
k
er
s
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
eo
r
etica
lly
,
q
u
ar
an
ti
n
e
a
n
d
W
FH
m
i
g
h
t
af
f
ec
t
p
eo
p
le
d
if
f
er
e
n
tl
y
b
ased
o
n
t
h
eir
in
d
iv
id
u
al
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
.
T
h
at
i
s
t
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
w
e
in
c
lu
d
ed
tr
ait
e
x
tr
a
v
er
s
io
n
as a
m
o
d
er
ato
r
.
P
s
y
c
h
o
an
al
y
ti
c
th
eo
r
y
s
u
g
g
ested
th
a
t
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
w
it
h
h
i
g
h
ex
tr
av
er
s
io
n
le
v
el
s
ten
d
to
s
ee
k
f
o
r
s
ta
tu
s
an
d
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
[
3
3
,
3
4
]
as
w
ell
a
s
ad
ap
tin
g
to
a
n
o
n
li
n
e
s
o
cial
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
r
ela
tiv
e
l
y
q
u
ic
k
e
r
th
a
n
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
w
it
h
lo
w
er
ex
tr
a
v
er
s
io
n
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
6
]
,
y
et
t
h
e
y
s
till
m
ig
h
t
n
o
t
f
av
o
r
o
n
l
in
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
o
v
er
p
h
y
s
ical
o
n
e
s
en
o
u
g
h
to
s
er
v
e
as
a
r
ep
lace
m
e
n
t
m
ed
iu
m
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
[
3
7
]
.
Hig
h
l
y
e
x
tr
av
er
ted
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
m
i
g
h
t
m
i
s
s
o
u
t
o
n
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
v
er
b
al
a
n
d
n
o
n
v
er
b
al
cu
es
w
h
ich
g
u
id
es
th
e
f
lo
w
o
f
a
p
h
y
s
ical
in
ter
ac
tio
n
w
h
en
co
m
m
u
n
icat
in
g
v
ia
an
o
n
lin
e
s
o
cial
p
latf
o
r
m
[
3
8
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
b
ec
au
s
e
p
eo
p
le
w
ith
r
elati
v
el
y
h
ig
h
ex
tr
a
v
er
s
io
n
ten
d
to
h
av
e
h
ig
h
er
w
o
r
k
s
el
f
-
ef
f
icac
y
[
3
9
-
42]
,
w
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
es
ize
th
at
ex
tr
a
v
er
s
io
n
le
v
els
w
i
ll
in
ter
ac
t
w
it
h
m
atter
i
n
g
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
p
r
ed
ict
SS
E
an
d
w
o
r
k
s
e
lf
-
e
f
f
icac
y
.
S
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
t
h
at,
th
e
s
o
cial
co
m
p
e
n
s
atio
n
h
y
p
o
t
h
esi
s
p
o
s
tu
late
s
th
at
in
tr
o
v
er
t
s
w
h
o
lack
p
h
y
s
ical
in
ti
m
a
te
s
o
cial
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
m
a
y
b
e
n
e
f
it
an
d
g
ain
m
o
r
e
f
u
l
f
il
l
m
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
o
n
lin
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
in
g
i
n
th
e
W
FH
s
it
u
atio
n
t
h
an
t
h
eir
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
b
ef
o
r
e
W
FH
ti
m
e
[
4
3
]
.
T
h
e
af
o
r
e
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
r
ev
ie
w
s
o
f
liter
atu
r
e
led
u
s
to
o
u
r
h
y
p
o
th
etica
l
m
o
d
el
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
h
y
p
o
th
esized
m
o
d
el
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fr
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217
I
n
o
th
er
w
o
r
d
s
,
w
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
esiz
e
th
at
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
q
u
ar
an
ti
n
e
p
er
io
d
th
at
led
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
er
s
to
W
FH,
s
tate
s
elf
-
e
s
tee
m
w
ill
f
u
ll
y
m
ed
iate
th
e
as
s
o
ciatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
m
at
te
r
in
g
a
n
d
w
o
r
k
s
el
f
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
a
n
d
ex
tr
av
er
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io
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w
i
ll
m
o
d
er
ate
t
h
e
m
ed
iatio
n
,
wh
er
e
m
ed
iatio
n
w
il
l
o
n
l
y
o
cc
u
r
a
m
o
n
g
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
s
w
it
h
lo
w
er
le
v
els
o
f
ex
tr
av
er
s
io
n
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
y
w
i
ll
n
o
t
ad
ap
t
to
th
e
q
u
ar
an
ti
n
e
s
o
cial
s
itu
at
io
n
as
f
a
s
t
a
s
t
h
e
o
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e
s
w
i
th
m
o
d
er
ate
to
h
ig
h
le
v
els o
f
ex
tr
a
v
er
s
io
n
s
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
w
a
s
co
n
d
u
cted
as
a
s
u
r
v
e
y
,
w
h
er
e
a
m
o
d
er
ate
d
m
ed
iatio
n
m
o
d
el
w
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
Data
co
llectio
n
m
eth
o
d
an
d
t
h
e
s
ca
les
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
ap
p
r
o
v
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
et
h
ics
r
e
v
ie
w
b
o
ar
d
o
f
th
e
d
ep
ar
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
HE
L
P
Un
iv
er
s
it
y
Ma
la
y
s
ia
.
Da
ta
w
as
co
llected
f
r
o
m
400
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
(
248
f
em
ale)
ag
ed
b
et
w
ee
n
1
8
an
d
7
2
(
M
=
3
2
.
6
4
,
SD
=
1
2
.
5
)
,
w
h
ic
h
w
er
e
r
ec
r
u
ited
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
r
p
o
s
i
v
e
s
a
m
p
li
n
g
,
w
ith
t
h
e
in
cl
u
s
io
n
cr
it
er
ia
o
f
b
ein
g
1
8
y
ea
r
s
o
f
ag
e
a
n
d
ab
o
v
e,
w
o
r
k
ed
f
r
o
m
h
o
m
e
o
n
l
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
q
u
ar
a
n
ti
n
e
p
er
io
d
,
an
d
n
o
t
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
o
r
s
elf
-
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
.
P
ar
ticip
an
ts
w
er
e
r
ec
r
u
ite
d
v
ia
v
ar
io
u
s
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
p
latf
o
r
m
s
s
u
c
h
as
Face
b
o
o
k
,
I
n
s
ta
g
r
a
m
,
W
h
ats
A
p
p
,
an
d
L
i
n
k
ed
I
n
.
No
co
m
p
e
n
s
atio
n
w
as
g
i
v
en
as
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
w
a
s
v
o
l
u
n
tar
y
.
T
h
e
d
ata
w
as
co
llected
af
ter
t
h
e
y
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
h
o
m
e
b
et
w
ee
n
f
o
u
r
an
d
f
i
v
e
w
ee
k
s
,
an
d
th
e
ir
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
w
a
s
co
m
p
letel
y
an
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
.
A
ll
m
ater
ials
u
s
ed
in
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
w
er
e
m
o
d
if
ied
to
b
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
t
h
e
M
C
O
co
n
tex
t.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
“
D
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
MCO…”
w
a
s
ad
d
ed
to
s
u
p
p
le
m
e
n
t
th
e
m
ater
i
al
ite
m
s
.
B
asic
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
u
c
h
as
ag
e,
g
e
n
d
er
,
n
atio
n
al
it
y
,
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
w
a
s
i
n
clu
d
ed
.
SSE
w
a
s
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
State
Sel
f
-
E
s
tee
m
Scale
(
S
SES)
[
4
4
]
,
w
it
h
t
h
e
i
n
ter
n
al
r
eliab
i
lit
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
ca
l
e
s
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
0
.
7
3
to
0
.
8
1
[
4
5
]
.
Ma
tter
in
g
w
as
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
i
n
g
Ge
n
er
al
Ma
t
ter
in
g
Scale
(
GM
S
)
[
4
6
]
,
w
it
h
t
h
e
i
n
ter
n
al
r
eliab
ili
t
y
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le
r
an
g
e
s
f
r
o
m
0
.
8
2
to
0
.
9
2
[
4
7
]
.
W
o
r
k
s
el
f
-
e
f
f
icac
y
w
a
s
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
i
te
m
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
R
e
m
o
te
W
o
r
k
Self
E
f
f
icac
y
m
ea
s
u
r
e
(
R
W
SE)
[
4
8
]
,
w
it
h
th
e
i
n
ter
n
al
v
alid
it
y
o
f
0
.
8
4
[
4
8
]
.
E
x
tr
av
er
s
io
n
w
as
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
ex
tr
av
er
s
io
n
f
ac
e
t in
B
i
g
Fi
v
e
I
n
v
e
n
to
r
y
(
B
FI)
[
4
9
]
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
d
ata
w
as
a
n
al
y
ze
d
b
y
u
t
ilizin
g
P
R
OC
E
SS
Ma
cr
o
m
o
d
el
8
f
o
r
S
P
SS
,
ap
p
ly
in
g
t
h
e
B
o
o
ts
tr
ap
an
al
y
s
is
w
i
th
5
0
0
0
s
am
p
li
n
g
s
an
d
9
5
%
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
ter
v
al
.
T
h
e
co
n
d
itio
n
al
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t,
th
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
m
a
tter
in
g
a
n
d
w
o
r
k
s
elf
-
e
f
f
icac
y
at
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
le
v
els
o
f
e
x
tr
av
er
s
io
n
,
co
n
tr
o
lli
n
g
f
o
r
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
o
cial
in
c
l
u
s
io
n
w
as
an
al
y
ze
d
f
ir
s
t,
an
d
t
h
e
r
esu
lt i
s
d
ep
icted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
n
d
itio
n
al
d
ir
ec
t e
f
f
ec
t o
f
m
atter
i
n
g
o
n
w
o
r
k
s
el
f
-
ef
f
icac
y
Ex
t
r
a
v
e
r
si
o
n
l
e
v
e
l
s
Ef
f
e
c
t
se
t
p
L
L
C
I
1
U
L
C
I
2
2
0
.
0
0
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1
3
.
0
3
5
.
0
7
.
0
0
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0
8
.
1
8
2
4
.
0
0
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1
5
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0
3
5
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4
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.
0
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2
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4
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0
0
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1
0
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2
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1
L
o
w
e
r
L
e
v
e
l
C
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
t
I
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
2
U
p
p
e
r
L
e
v
e
l
C
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
t
I
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
As
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
1
,
w
h
e
n
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
f
o
r
SSE
,
m
atter
i
n
g
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
p
r
ed
icted
w
o
r
k
s
e
l
f
-
ef
f
icac
y
a
m
o
n
g
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
ac
r
o
s
s
all
l
ev
els
o
f
ex
tr
a
v
er
s
io
n
,
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
p
v
al
u
e
is
le
s
s
t
h
an
0
.
0
5
an
d
th
e
r
an
g
e
b
et
w
ee
n
u
p
p
er
lev
el
an
d
lo
w
er
lev
el
o
f
co
n
f
id
en
t
i
n
ter
v
al
d
id
n
o
t
cr
o
s
s
ze
r
o
(
b
o
th
co
n
f
id
e
n
t
in
ter
v
a
l
le
v
els
ar
e
p
o
s
itiv
e)
.
I
t
in
d
icat
es
t
h
at
ex
t
r
av
er
s
io
n
le
v
els
d
id
n
o
t
m
o
d
er
ate
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
m
atte
r
in
g
o
n
w
o
r
k
s
e
lf
-
ef
f
icac
y
.
F
u
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
T
ab
le
2
d
ep
icts
th
e
test
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
er
ated
m
ed
iatio
n
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
is
.
T
ab
le
2
.
C
o
n
d
itio
n
al
in
d
ir
ec
t e
f
f
ec
t o
f
m
atter
in
g
o
n
w
o
r
k
s
el
f
-
ef
f
icac
y
Ex
t
r
a
v
e
r
si
o
n
l
e
v
e
l
s
Ef
f
e
c
t
B
o
o
t
S
E
1
B
o
o
t
L
L
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2
B
o
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3
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0
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0
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00
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0
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0
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1
B
o
o
t
st
r
a
p
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
Er
r
o
r
Est
i
ma
t
e
2
L
o
w
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r
L
e
v
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o
f
B
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t
st
r
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p
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3
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B
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p
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f
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t
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n
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r
v
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l
T
ab
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2
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
S
SE
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tl
y
m
ed
iated
th
e
ass
o
cia
tio
n
b
et
w
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n
m
atter
i
n
g
an
d
w
o
r
k
s
el
f
-
ef
f
icac
y
at
all
ex
tr
av
er
s
io
n
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v
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w
h
er
e
th
e
all
th
e
r
esu
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o
f
5
0
0
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s
a
m
p
li
n
g
w
it
h
9
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co
n
f
id
en
t
in
ter
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al
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n
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t
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o
(
b
o
th
u
p
p
er
an
d
lo
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le
v
els
o
f
b
o
o
ts
t
r
ap
co
n
f
id
en
t
i
n
ter
v
al
ar
e
p
o
s
iti
v
e)
.
T
h
is
r
es
u
lt
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t.
J
.
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci.
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
1
:
2
15
–
2
20
218
in
d
icate
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
m
o
d
er
ated
m
ed
iatio
n
h
y
p
o
t
h
esi
s
w
as
n
o
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
,
b
ec
au
s
e
ex
tr
a
v
er
s
io
n
le
v
els
d
id
n
o
t
m
o
d
er
ate
t
h
e
m
ed
iatio
n
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
w
h
ile
SS
E
w
as
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
m
ed
iato
r
o
f
th
e
li
n
k
b
et
w
ee
n
m
atter
i
n
g
an
d
w
o
r
k
s
el
f
-
e
f
f
icac
y
,
t
h
e
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
m
atter
i
n
g
w
a
s
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
1
,
w
h
ic
h
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
m
ed
iatio
n
o
f
S
SE
w
a
s
o
n
l
y
p
ar
tial.
I
n
o
t
h
er
w
o
r
d
s
,
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
t
h
at
m
a
tter
in
g
is
a
r
o
b
u
s
t p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
w
o
r
k
s
el
f
-
e
f
f
icac
y
,
b
e
ca
u
s
e
its
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
ce
r
e
m
a
in
ed
af
te
r
b
ein
g
m
ed
iated
b
y
SS
E
,
an
d
it
d
id
n
o
t
in
ter
ac
t
w
it
h
e
x
tr
av
er
s
io
n
le
v
els.
Ou
r
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
t
h
at
m
atter
in
g
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tl
y
p
r
ed
icted
w
o
r
k
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
is
co
n
s
i
s
ten
t
w
it
h
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
[4
-
7]
.
A
d
d
itio
n
all
y
,
we
also
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
SS
E
p
a
r
tiall
y
m
ed
iated
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
t
w
o
af
o
r
e
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
v
ar
iab
les,
w
h
ich
m
ea
n
s
t
h
at
th
e
m
o
r
e
th
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
b
eliev
ed
t
h
at
t
h
e
y
m
atter
ed
to
o
th
er
s
,
t
h
e
m
o
r
e
th
e
y
f
ee
l
i
n
cl
u
d
ed
in
th
e
s
o
cial
cir
cle,
an
d
e
v
e
n
tu
a
l
l
y
t
h
e
f
ee
li
n
g
m
ad
e
th
e
m
b
eli
e
v
e
th
at
t
h
e
y
ca
n
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
b
etter
W
FH
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
e
s
s
o
f
m
a
tter
in
g
i
m
p
lies
t
h
at
w
ith
o
u
t
f
ee
li
n
g
s
o
ciall
y
i
n
cl
u
d
ed
,
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
w
h
o
b
elie
v
ed
th
at
t
h
e
y
m
atter
m
o
r
e,
s
till
te
n
d
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
b
etter
w
o
r
k
s
elf
-
e
f
f
icac
y
.
T
h
e
i
n
ter
est
in
g
p
ar
t
o
f
o
u
r
f
in
d
i
n
g
is
th
at
th
e
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
s
,
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
e
x
tr
av
er
s
io
n
lev
els,
n
eit
h
er
m
ed
iated
t
h
e
d
ir
ec
t
n
o
r
in
d
ir
ec
t
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
m
a
tter
in
g
o
n
w
o
r
k
s
el
f
-
e
f
f
icac
y
;
w
h
ic
h
m
ea
n
s
t
h
at
m
atter
i
n
g
is
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
w
o
r
k
s
el
f
-
e
f
f
icac
y
a
m
o
n
g
ev
er
y
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
w
h
o
h
ad
to
W
FH,
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
th
eir
ex
tr
a
v
er
s
io
n
le
v
el
s
.
T
h
at
p
ar
ticu
lar
f
in
d
i
n
g
w
as
n
o
t
in
lin
e
w
it
h
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies,
w
h
ich
s
u
g
g
ested
t
h
at
t
h
e
ten
d
en
c
y
o
f
h
ig
h
l
y
e
x
tr
a
v
er
ted
in
d
iv
id
u
als
to
ad
ap
t
to
o
n
lin
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
q
u
ic
k
er
th
a
n
th
o
s
e
w
it
h
lo
w
o
r
m
o
d
er
ate
ex
tr
av
er
s
io
n
le
v
els
[
3
5
,
36]
o
r
th
at
th
e
y
m
i
g
h
t
s
til
l
p
r
ef
er
to
co
m
m
u
n
ica
te
d
ir
ec
tl
y
[
3
7
]
.
Ou
r
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
i
m
p
l
y
in
d
icate
d
th
at
r
e
g
ar
d
less
h
o
w
ex
tr
av
er
ted
t
h
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
,
a
s
l
o
n
g
as
th
e
y
b
eliev
ed
t
h
e
y
m
at
ter
,
th
e
y
w
i
ll
also
b
eliev
e
t
h
at
th
e
y
ca
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
w
ell
i
n
d
o
in
g
t
h
e
ir
w
o
r
k
at
h
o
m
e.
T
h
ese
r
es
u
lts
h
ig
h
li
g
h
t
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
m
ai
n
ta
i
n
in
g
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
'
s
e
n
s
e
o
f
m
atter
in
g
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
k
ee
p
th
eir
p
o
s
iti
v
e
b
elief
in
th
e
ir
o
w
n
w
o
r
k
-
r
elate
d
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
I
n
p
r
ac
tice,
Hu
m
an
R
eso
u
r
ce
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
m
a
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
te
g
r
ati
n
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
atter
i
n
g
a
m
o
n
g
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
t
o
b
u
f
f
er
th
e
ir
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
ce
ag
ai
n
s
t
an
y
n
e
g
ati
v
e
attit
u
d
e
to
w
ar
d
s
w
o
r
k
t
h
at
m
i
g
h
t
lead
to
b
u
r
n
o
u
t,
esp
ec
iall
y
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic,
q
u
ar
an
ti
n
e
,
an
d
W
FH.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
elem
en
ts
o
f
m
atter
i
n
g
,
ef
f
o
r
t
s
to
k
ee
p
t
h
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
to
f
ee
l
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
ed
,
i
m
p
o
r
t
an
t,
m
i
s
s
ed
w
h
e
n
ab
s
e
n
t
a
n
d
u
n
iq
u
e
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
.
L
ast
l
y
,
f
u
r
t
h
er
ef
f
o
r
ts
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
e
m
p
lo
y
er
s
to
k
ee
p
th
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
f
ee
l
s
o
ciall
y
i
n
cl
u
d
ed
is
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
in
o
r
d
er
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
SS
E
,
w
h
ic
h
ev
e
n
tu
a
ll
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
eir
w
o
r
k
s
el
f
-
ef
f
icac
y
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
u
s
in
to
a
co
n
clu
s
io
n
t
h
at
t
h
e
i
m
p
lica
tio
n
o
f
W
FH
p
o
lic
y
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
w
ill
n
o
t
n
e
g
ati
v
el
y
a
f
f
ec
t
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
er
s
‟
ef
f
icac
y
,
as
lo
n
g
a
s
t
h
e
y
b
elie
v
e
t
h
at
t
h
eir
p
r
ese
n
c
e
h
o
ld
s
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
m
ea
n
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
s
o
ciet
y
,
an
d
t
h
at
th
e
y
f
ee
l
th
at
t
h
e
y
ar
e
in
cl
u
d
ed
in
th
eir
s
o
cial
cir
cle.
W
FH
m
i
g
h
t
p
h
y
s
icall
y
alien
ated
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
a
n
d
i
s
o
late
th
e
m
f
r
o
m
ea
c
h
o
th
er
;
n
e
v
er
th
ele
s
s
,
i
n
ter
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
m
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
ac
t
iv
itie
s
,
ca
n
al
w
a
y
s
k
ee
p
th
e
m
b
eliev
e
th
at
t
h
e
y
m
a
tter
,
an
d
th
er
ef
o
r
e
t
h
e
y
w
il
l
n
o
t lo
s
e
th
eir
b
elie
f
th
at
t
h
e
y
c
an
d
o
th
eir
w
o
r
k
w
ell.
Ou
r
s
tu
d
y
w
a
s
n
o
t
w
it
h
o
u
t
an
y
li
m
ita
tio
n
.
First
o
f
al
l,
o
u
r
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
ar
e
n
o
t
ca
p
ab
le
to
ex
p
l
ain
w
h
y
s
u
c
h
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
,
esp
ec
i
all
y
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
q
u
ar
a
n
tin
e
p
er
i
o
d
d
u
e
to
p
an
d
e
m
ic
;
th
er
e
f
o
r
e,
f
u
r
th
er
q
u
alitat
iv
e
s
tu
d
y
o
n
t
h
e
s
u
b
j
ec
t
m
atter
s
i
s
h
i
g
h
l
y
s
u
g
g
ested
.
Seco
n
d
,
o
u
r
s
t
u
d
y
d
id
n
o
t
in
v
es
tig
a
te
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
t
y
p
e
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
;
t
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
w
e
s
u
g
g
es
t
t
h
at
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
c
h
to
co
llect
m
o
r
e
i
n
-
d
ep
t
h
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
ata
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
ar
tic
ip
an
ts
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
w
e
s
u
g
g
es
t
f
u
t
u
r
e
s
tu
d
y
to
in
v
est
i
g
ate
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
a
g
e
in
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
w
o
r
k
s
elf
-
e
f
f
icac
y
f
r
o
m
m
at
ter
in
g
.
T
h
ir
d
,
b
ec
au
s
e
w
e
d
id
n
o
t
f
i
n
d
th
at
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
in
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
tr
ait
ex
tr
av
er
s
io
n
to
b
e
i
n
v
o
l
v
ed
i
n
th
e
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
o
n
,
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
esear
ch
co
u
ld
e
x
p
lo
r
e
th
e
o
t
h
er
B
ig
Fiv
e
P
er
s
o
n
alities
s
u
c
h
as
co
n
s
c
ien
t
io
u
s
n
es
s
a
n
d
n
e
u
r
o
ticis
m
,
an
d
th
eir
r
o
le
a
s
a
m
o
d
er
ato
r
s
in
ce
th
e
s
e
tr
ait
s
ar
e
also
r
elev
a
n
t
to
th
e
w
o
r
k
co
n
te
x
t
s
.
L
a
s
tl
y
,
it
is
also
s
u
g
g
es
ted
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
er
s
o
f
w
o
r
k
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
y
to
s
t
u
d
y
f
u
r
t
h
er
o
n
t
h
e
b
en
ef
it
s
o
f
W
FH
f
o
r
th
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
an
d
th
e
o
r
g
a
n
izat
io
n
s
to
b
e
im
p
lied
e
v
en
a
f
ter
t
h
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
is
o
v
er
,
h
o
p
ef
u
ll
y
s
o
o
n
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
f
u
n
d
ed
b
y
I
n
ter
n
al
R
esear
ch
Gr
a
n
t Sc
h
e
m
e,
HE
L
P
Un
i
v
er
s
it
y
n
o
.
2
0
-
07
-
024
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
A
.
K.
Kirk
-
Bro
w
n
,
P
.
A
.
V
a
n
Dijk
,
“
A
n
e
m
p
o
we
r
m
e
n
t
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
w
o
rk
p
lac
e
su
p
p
o
rt
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o
ll
o
w
in
g
d
isc
lo
su
re
,
f
o
r
p
e
o
p
le
w
it
h
M
S
,
”
M
u
lt
i
p
le
S
c
ler
o
sis
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
2
0
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
6
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4
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,
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t.
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1
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7
/
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2
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5
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5
1
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5
2
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9
.
[2
]
R.
S
u
li
sty
a
w
a
ti
,
H.
Nu
rtj
a
h
jan
ti
,
U.
P
ri
h
a
tsa
n
ti
,
“
T
h
e
re
latio
n
s
h
i
p
b
e
tw
e
e
n
w
o
rk
e
ff
ica
c
y
a
n
d
jo
b
in
se
c
u
rit
y
o
n
p
ro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
e
m
p
lo
y
e
e
s o
f
P
T
„x
‟
S
e
m
a
ra
n
g
,
”
Emp
a
ti
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
3
9
-
1
5
3
,
2
0
1
8
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t.
J
.
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8806
E
ffica
cy
o
f W
o
r
kin
g
fr
o
m
Ho
me
a
mo
n
g
Urb
a
n
P
r
o
fess
io
n
a
ls
in
Ma
la
ysia
…
(
K
u
s
u
s
a
n
to
Ditto
P
r
ih
ad
i
)
219
[3
]
R.
F
i
d
a
,
M
.
P
a
c
iello
,
C.
T
ra
m
o
n
tan
o
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Ye
s,
I
Ca
n
‟:
th
e
p
ro
t
e
c
ti
v
e
ro
le
o
f
p
e
rso
n
a
l
se
l
f
-
e
ff
ica
c
y
in
h
in
d
e
ri
n
g
c
o
u
n
ter
p
ro
d
u
c
ti
v
e
w
o
rk
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
u
n
d
e
r
stre
ss
f
u
l
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
s,”
An
x
iety
,
S
tre
ss
Co
p
in
g
,
v
o
l.
2
8
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
4
7
9
-
4
9
9
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
0
6
1
5
8
0
6
.
2
0
1
4
.
9
6
9
7
1
8
.
[4
]
G
.
L
.
F
lett,
A
.
Kh
a
n
,
C.
S
u
,
“
M
a
tt
e
rin
g
a
n
d
P
sy
c
h
o
lo
g
ica
l
W
e
ll
-
b
e
in
g
in
C
o
ll
e
g
e
a
n
d
Un
iv
e
rsity
S
tu
d
e
n
ts:
Re
v
iew
a
n
d
Re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
a
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
Ca
m
p
u
s
-
Ba
se
d
In
it
iativ
e
s,”
In
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
M
e
n
t
al
He
a
lt
h
A
d
d
ict
i
o
n
,
v
o
l.
1
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
6
6
7
-
6
8
0
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/s
1
1
4
6
9
-
0
19
-
0
0
0
7
3
-
6.
[5
]
M
.
A
.
Ka
ra
m
a
n
,
A
.
Ch
a
n
d
rik
a
Ku
m
a
ra
n
,
A
.
Ha
k
tan
ır,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
re
d
icto
rs
o
f
Co
u
n
se
lo
r
-
in
-
T
ra
in
in
g
S
t
u
d
e
n
ts‟
G
e
n
e
r
a
l
S
e
lf
-
E
ff
ic
a
c
y
,
”
M
e
d
it
e
rr
.
J
.
Ed
u
c
.
Res
.
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
n
o
.
2
5
,
p
p
.
1
3
6
-
1
4
9
,
Oc
t.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
9
3
2
9
/m
jer.2
0
1
8
.
1
5
3
.
8
.
[6
]
R.
J.
L
a
m
p
e
rs
k
i,
“
W
o
rk
Na
m
a
s
te:
T
h
e
I
m
p
o
rtan
c
e
o
f
M
a
tt
e
rin
g
a
t
W
o
rk
,
a
n
d
Ho
w
a
Lea
d
e
r
Ca
n
Cre
a
te
a
n
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
W
h
e
re
Em
p
lo
y
e
e
s
F
e
e
l
T
h
e
y
a
n
d
T
h
e
ir
W
o
rk
M
a
tt
e
r,
”
T
h
e
sis
,
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
P
e
n
n
sy
lv
a
n
ia,
P
h
il
a
d
e
l
p
h
ia,
Un
it
e
d
S
tate
s,
2
0
1
8
.
[7
]
M
.
E.
P
.
S
e
li
g
m
a
n
,
"
T
h
e
h
o
p
e
c
i
rc
u
it
:
A
p
sy
c
h
o
lo
g
ist‟s
jo
u
rn
e
y
fro
m
h
e
lp
les
sn
e
ss
to
o
p
t
im
is
m
,"
Ne
w
Yo
rk
,
NY
:
Ha
c
h
e
tt
e
,
2
0
1
8
.
[8
]
G
.
L
.
F
lett,
"
T
h
e
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
y
o
f
m
a
tt
e
rin
g
:
Un
d
e
rsta
n
d
in
g
th
e
h
u
m
a
n
n
e
e
d
to
b
e
sig
n
if
i
c
a
n
t
,"
El
s
e
v
ier
Aca
d
e
mic
Pre
ss
.
,
2
0
1
8
.
[9
]
A
.
Ba
n
d
u
ra
,
"
En
c
y
lo
p
e
d
ia o
f
h
u
m
a
n
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
,
"
Aca
d
e
mic
Pre
ss
,
1
9
9
4
.
[1
0
]
G
.
L
.
F
lett,
“
Re
sili
e
n
c
e
to
I
n
terp
e
rso
n
a
l
S
tres
s:
W
h
y
M
a
tt
e
rin
g
M
a
tt
e
rs
W
h
e
n
Bu
il
d
in
g
th
e
F
o
u
n
d
a
ti
o
n
o
f
M
e
n
tally
He
a
lt
h
y
S
c
h
o
o
ls,
”
in
H
a
n
d
b
o
o
k
o
f
S
c
h
o
o
l
-
B
a
se
d
M
e
n
t
a
l
He
a
lt
h
Pr
o
mo
ti
o
n
,
p
p
.
3
8
3
-
4
1
0
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
1
]
K.
A
.
R.
Rich
a
rd
s,
K.
L
.
Ga
u
d
re
a
u
lt
,
A
.
M
.
W
o
o
d
s,
“
Un
d
e
rsta
n
d
i
n
g
p
h
y
sic
a
l
e
d
u
c
a
to
rs‟
p
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
s
o
f
m
a
tt
e
rin
g
:
V
a
li
d
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
P
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
M
a
tt
e
rin
g
Qu
e
stio
n
n
a
ire
–
P
h
y
sic
a
l
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
Eu
r
o
p
e
a
n
P
h
y
s
ica
l
Ed
u
c
ti
o
n
Rev
iew
,
v
o
l.
2
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
3
-
9
0
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/1
3
5
6
3
3
6
X1
6
6
3
7
3
2
0
.
[1
2
]
J.
C.
S
t
o
n
e
r,
“
Un
d
e
rsta
n
d
in
g
t
h
e
p
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
s
o
f
m
a
tt
e
rin
g
,
fe
e
li
n
g
s
o
f
b
u
r
n
o
u
t,
a
n
d
jo
b
sa
ti
sf
a
c
ti
o
n
o
f
re
sid
e
n
t
a
ss
istan
ts
a
t
f
o
u
r
-
y
e
a
r
M
id
w
e
st
e
r
n
Un
iv
e
rsiti
e
s,” Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
T
e
x
a
s,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
3
]
K.
L
.
G
a
u
d
re
a
u
lt
,
K.
A
.
R.
Rich
a
rd
s,
A
.
M
a
y
s
W
o
o
d
s,
“
In
it
ial
V
a
li
d
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
P
h
y
sic
a
l
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
M
a
rg
in
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Iso
lati
o
n
S
u
rv
e
y
(P
E
-
M
A
IS
),
”
M
e
a
su
re
me
n
t
in
Ph
y
sic
a
l
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Exe
rc
ise
S
c
ien
c
e
.
,
v
o
l.
2
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
69
-
82,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/1
0
9
1
3
6
7
X
.
2
0
1
6
.
1
2
5
7
9
9
4
.
[1
4
]
M
.
R.
L
e
a
ry
,
E.
S
.
T
a
m
b
o
r,
S
.
K.
T
e
rd
a
l
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
e
lf
-
Estee
m
a
s
a
n
In
terp
e
rso
n
a
l
M
o
n
it
o
r:
T
h
e
S
o
c
io
m
e
ter
H
y
p
o
th
e
sis,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Per
so
n
a
l
it
y
a
n
d
S
o
c
i
a
l
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
6
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
1
8
-
5
3
0
,
1
9
9
5
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
3
7
/
0
0
2
2
-
3
5
1
4
.
6
8
.
3
.
5
1
8
.
[1
5
]
T
.
P
y
sz
c
z
y
n
s
k
i,
S
.
S
o
lo
m
o
n
,
J.
G
re
e
n
b
e
rg
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
W
h
y
d
o
p
e
o
p
le
n
e
e
d
se
lf
-
e
ste
e
m
?
A
th
e
o
re
ti
c
a
l
a
n
d
e
m
p
iri
c
a
l
re
v
ie
w
,
”
Psy
c
h
o
lo
g
ica
l
Bu
ll
e
t
in
,
v
o
l.
1
3
0
,
n
o
.
3
.
p
p
.
4
3
5
-
4
6
8
,
M
a
y
2
0
0
4
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
3
7
/0
0
3
3
-
2
9
0
9
.
1
3
0
.
3
.
4
3
5
.
[1
6
]
M
.
Du
e
ñ
a
s,
M
.
G
lo
ria,
“
P
e
rten
e
z
c
o
a
e
sta
Un
iv
e
rsid
a
d
?
T
h
e
m
e
d
i
a
ti
n
g
ro
le
o
f
b
e
lo
n
g
in
g
f
o
r
c
o
ll
e
c
ti
v
e
se
l
f
-
e
ste
e
m
an
d
m
a
tt
e
rin
g
f
o
r
L
a
ti
n
o
u
n
d
e
rg
ra
d
u
a
tes
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
ll
e
g
e
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
5
8
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
8
9
1
-
9
0
6
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
3
5
3
/cs
d
.
2
0
1
7
.
0
0
7
.
[1
7
]
M
.
J.
S
.
V
a
le
n
c
ia,
“
Ho
w
On
li
n
e
S
o
c
ial
M
e
d
ia
P
e
rs
o
n
a
A
ff
e
c
ts
P
e
rso
n
a
l
Id
e
n
ti
ty
a
n
d
S
e
lf
,
”
T
h
e
sis
,
P
o
rtl
a
n
d
S
tate
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
8
]
E.
D.
W
e
ss
e
l
m
a
n
n
,
J.
H.
W
irt
h
,
M
.
J.
Be
rn
ste
in
,
“
Ex
p
e
c
tatio
n
s
o
f
so
c
ial
in
c
lu
sio
n
a
n
d
e
x
c
lu
sio
n
,
”
Fro
n
t
ier
s
in
Psy
c
h
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
8
,
p
.
1
1
2
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
9
]
M
.
Ro
se
n
b
e
rg
,
B.
C.
M
c
Cu
ll
o
u
g
h
,
“
M
a
tt
e
rin
g
:
In
f
e
rre
d
sig
n
i
fica
n
c
e
a
n
d
m
e
n
ta
l
h
e
a
lt
h
a
m
o
n
g
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts,
”
Res
e
a
rc
h
Co
m
m
u
n
it
y
M
e
n
t
al
He
a
l
th
,
v
o
l.
2
,
p
p
.
1
6
3
-
1
8
2
,
1
9
8
1
.
[2
0
]
P
.
P
.
S
im
,
K.
P
rih
a
d
i,
“
T
h
e
y
L
o
g
g
e
d
-
in
,
Co
m
p
a
re
d
,
a
n
d
S
a
ti
sf
ie
d
:
S
e
rial
M
e
d
iatio
n
o
f
M
a
tt
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
tate
S
e
lf
-
e
ste
e
m
o
n
th
e
L
in
k
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
S
o
c
ial
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
a
n
d
L
if
e
S
a
t
i
sf
a
c
ti
o
n
,
”
In
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
Pu
b
li
c
He
a
l
th
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
4
5
-
2
5
4
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
j
p
h
s.v
9
i
3
.
2
0
5
0
9
.
[2
1
]
K.
P
rih
a
d
i,
C
.
Y.
W
o
n
g
,
K.
Y.
Ch
o
n
g
,
“
S
u
ici
d
a
l
t
h
o
u
g
h
ts
a
m
o
n
g
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
stu
d
e
n
ts
i
n
M
a
lay
sia
a
n
d
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
:
T
h
e
ro
le
o
f
m
a
tt
e
rin
g
,
sta
te
s
e
lf
-
e
st
e
e
m
a
n
d
d
e
p
re
ss
io
n
lev
e
l,
”
In
t
e
rn
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
Eva
lu
a
ti
o
n
Res
e
a
rc
h
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
9
4
-
5
0
2
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
2
]
E.
Bu
c
h
e
r,
C.
F
ies
e
ler,
C.
L
u
tz,
“
M
a
tt
e
rin
g
in
d
ig
it
a
l
lab
o
r,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
M
a
n
a
g
e
ria
l
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
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7
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.
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J.
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.
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[2
9
]
R.
Hu
tt
e
m
a
n
,
S
.
Ne
stler,
J.
Wag
n
e
r,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
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,
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ian
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,
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Ro
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.
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,
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2
]
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G
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.
[3
3
]
R.
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.
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4
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.
[3
5
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S
.
J.
L
e
e
,
“
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[3
6
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.
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.
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rg
,
J.
P
e
ter,
“
P
re
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K.
M
o
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C.
M
c
El
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,
“
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.
[3
8
]
M
.
N.
M
e
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in
a
,
S
.
S
r
iv
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sta
v
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,
“
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”
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o
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rn
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1
,
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p
.
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-
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1
6
.
[3
9
]
H.
N.
P
e
re
ra
,
H.
G
ra
n
z
iera
,
P
.
M
c
Ilv
e
e
n
,
“
P
r
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y
,
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n
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jo
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sa
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n
,
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Per
s
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In
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ivid
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.
,
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.
[4
0
]
J.
H.
W
a
n
g
,
C.
C.
Ch
a
n
g
,
S
.
N.
Ya
o
,
e
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a
l.
,
“
T
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trep
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in
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n
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n
,
”
Hi
g
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E
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.
,
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3
4
-
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1
5
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9
9
4
6
-
y.
[4
1
]
K.
L
u
y
c
k
x
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
e
rs
o
n
a
l
i
d
e
n
ti
ty
p
ro
c
e
ss
e
s
a
n
d
se
lf
-
e
ste
e
m
:
T
e
m
p
o
ra
l
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
s
in
h
ig
h
sc
h
o
o
l
a
n
d
c
o
ll
e
g
e
stu
d
e
n
ts,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
Res
e
a
rc
h
Per
s
o
n
a
li
ty
,
v
o
l
.
4
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
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7
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0
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3
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d
o
i:
1
0
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6
/
j.
jr
p
.
2
0
1
2
.
1
0
.
0
0
5
.
[4
2
]
R.
W
e
id
m
a
n
n
,
T
.
Led
e
r
m
a
n
n
,
A
.
G
ro
b
,
“
Big
F
iv
e
traits
a
n
d
re
latio
n
sh
i
p
sa
ti
sf
a
c
ti
o
n
:
T
h
e
m
e
d
iatin
g
ro
le
o
f
s
e
lf
-
e
ste
e
m
,
”
J
.
Res
.
Per
s.
,
v
o
l.
6
9
,
p
p
.
1
0
2
-
1
0
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d
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/
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jr
p
.
2
0
1
6
.
0
6
.
0
0
1
.
[4
3
]
E.
L
.
W
e
iq
in
,
M
.
Ca
m
p
b
e
ll
,
M
.
Kim
p
to
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
o
c
ial
Ca
p
it
a
l
o
n
F
a
c
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b
o
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k
,
”
J
o
u
rn
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l
Ed
u
c
a
t
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C
o
mp
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er
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
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l.
5
4
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.
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7
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6
8
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0
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1
1
7
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/
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7
3
5
6
3
3
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1
6
6
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1
8
8
6
.
[4
4
]
T
.
F
.
He
a
th
e
rto
n
,
J.
P
o
li
v
y
,
“
D
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
v
a
li
d
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
sc
a
le
f
o
r
m
e
a
su
rin
g
sta
te
se
l
f
e
ste
e
m
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
Per
s
o
n
a
li
ty
Soc
i
a
l
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
6
0
,
p
p
.
8
9
5
-
9
1
0
,
1
9
9
1
.
[4
5
]
J.
P
.
C.
C
h
a
u
,
D.
T
h
o
m
p
so
n
,
A
.
M
.
Ch
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Estab
li
sh
i
n
g
th
e
v
a
li
d
it
y
a
n
d
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
o
f
th
e
s
tate
se
l
f
-
e
ste
e
m
sc
a
le
-
UQ
e
S
p
a
c
e
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
tro
k
e
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
2
0
0
8
,
2
0
0
9
.
[4
6
]
M
a
rc
u
s,
F
.
M
.
,
&
Ro
se
n
b
e
rg
,
M
,
"
M
a
tt
e
rin
g
:
it
s
me
a
su
re
me
n
t
a
n
d
sig
n
if
ic
a
n
c
e
in
e
v
e
ry
d
a
y
li
fe
.
P
a
p
e
r
p
re
se
n
ted
a
t
th
e
a
n
n
u
a
l
m
e
e
ti
n
g
o
f
th
e
Eas
tern
S
o
c
io
lo
g
ica
l
S
o
c
iety
,
Cin
c
in
n
a
ti
,
Oh
io
,
1
9
8
7
.
[4
7
]
G
.
El
li
o
tt
,
S
.
Ka
o
,
A
.
-
M
.
G
ra
n
t,
“
M
a
tt
e
rin
g
:
Em
p
iri
c
a
l
V
a
li
d
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
S
o
c
ial
-
P
sy
c
h
o
lo
g
ica
l
Co
n
c
e
p
t,
”
S
e
lf
I
d
e
n
ti
ty
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
3
9
-
3
5
4
,
Oc
t.
2
0
0
4
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
3
5
7
6
5
0
0
4
4
4
0
0
0
1
1
9
.
[4
8
]
D.
S
.
S
ta
p
les
,
J.
S
.
Hu
ll
a
n
d
,
a
n
d
C.
A
.
Hig
g
in
s,
“
A
S
e
l
f
-
E
ff
ica
c
y
T
h
e
o
r
y
Ex
p
lan
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
th
e
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
Re
m
o
te
W
o
rk
e
rs
in
V
irt
u
a
l
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
s,”
Or
g
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
7
5
8
-
7
7
6
,
De
c
.
1
9
9
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
2
8
7
/
o
rsc
.
1
0
.
6
.
7
5
8
.
[4
9
]
O.
P
.
Jo
h
n
,
S
.
S
riv
a
sta
v
a
,
“
T
h
e
Big
F
iv
e
trait
ta
x
o
n
o
m
y
:
Hi
sto
ry
,
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
th
e
o
re
ti
c
a
l
p
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
s,”
in
Ha
n
d
b
o
o
k
o
f
p
e
rs
o
n
a
li
ty:
T
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
re
se
a
rc
h
,
L
.
A
.
P
e
rv
in
a
n
d
O.
P
.
J
o
h
n
,
Ed
s.
Ne
w
Yo
rk
,
NY
:
G
u
il
f
o
rd
P
re
ss
,
p
p
.
1
0
2
-
1
3
8
,
1
9
9
9
.
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