Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
u
bli
c Hea
lt
h S
c
ie
nce (IJPH
S)
Vo
l.
6
,
No.
4
,
D
ece
m
ber
201
7
, pp.
293
~
298
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8806
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
phs
.
v6
i
4
.
9
113
293
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
https:
//
ww
w.i
aesco
re
.c
om
/j
our
nals/
ind
ex.
php/IJP
H
S
Safety T
alk and
Check to
Prevent
Pesticid
e To
xicity
a
mon
g
F
ar
m
er
Eka
Le
s
ta
ri
Mahyuni
1
, Id
a Yus
tina
2
,
Et
ty Sudar
yati
3
1
Depa
rt
m
ent of
Occ
upational Sa
fety
and
He
al
th
,
Public
He
al
th
Fa
cul
t
y
,
Univ
ersity
of
Sum
at
er
a
Ut
a
ra
,
Indone
sia
2
Depa
rtment
of
Adm
ini
strat
ion a
nd
Hea
l
th
Poli
c
y,
Publi
c
He
al
th
Facult
y
,
Univer
sit
y
of
Sum
at
er
a
U
ta
ra
,
Indon
esia
3
Depa
rtment
of
Nutrit
ion
Hea
l
th
,
Publi
c
He
al
th
Facult
y
,
Univer
sit
y
of
Sum
at
er
a
U
ta
ra
,
Indon
esia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Sep
2
2,
201
7
Re
vised
N
ov
2
8
, 2
01
7
Accepte
d
Dec
12
, 201
7
The
prob
le
m
at
informal
se
ct
o
r
in
pa
rticula
r
for
far
m
er
whe
n
used
th
e
pesti
ci
d
es.
In
Sum
ber
Mufaka
t
vil
la
g
e
the
fa
rm
er
s
al
wa
y
s
use
the
pesti
ci
d
es
without
using
t
he
safe
t
y
equ
i
pm
ent
and
hav
e
direct
con
ta
c
t
with
the
pesti
ci
d
es
exposure
.
Th
e
purpose
of
thi
s
rese
arc
h
wa
s
to
apply
the
safe
t
y
talk
and
check
m
et
h
od
as
pre
vention
m
et
hod
to
solve
the
p
esti
c
ide
s
toxi
cit
y
that
asses
from
safe
t
y
and
h
ealth
o
f
pesti
c
ide
use
beha
viour
.
Th
is
pre
ven
ti
v
e
int
erv
ent
ion
r
ese
arc
h
wa
s
using
Parti
c
ipat
ory
Ac
t
ion
R
ese
arch
(
PA
R)
design
.
Th
e
da
ta
col
l
ec
t
ed
b
y
obs
erv
ation,
qu
et
io
nai
re
,
and
he
al
th
check
li
s
t
.
The
population
w
as
al
l
holticult
ura
far
m
ers
in
Sum
ber
Mufak
at
vil
la
g
e
that
divi
de
in
nin
e
f
armer’s
group.
The
sam
ple
coll
ec
t
ed
b
y
using
proporti
ona
l
ran
dom
sam
pli
ng.
Th
e
da
ta
will
ana
l
y
z
e
b
y
using
qual
i
tative
desc
ript
ive.
The
result
show
ed
t
hat
th
e
impli
cat
ion
of
safe
t
y
t
alk
and
ch
ec
k
m
et
hod
could
pre
vent
of
pest
i
ci
d
e
exposure
tha
t
p
rese
nt
f
rom
safe
t
y
and
hea
l
th
of
pesti
ci
d
es
use
be
havi
our.
To
support
the
a
ct
ion
o
f
safe
t
y
talk
m
ethod
nee
ded
to
develop
one
comm
unity
th
a
t
ca
r
e
about
th
e
far
m
ers
with
gover
nm
ent
endor
sem
ent
.
Th
e
check
m
et
hod
was
ver
y
h
el
pfu
l
the
fa
rm
er
s
to
i
dent
if
y
and
pre
dict
th
ei
r
he
a
lt
h.
Both
of
i
t
c
ould
be
to
culti
vat
e
the
far
m
er
in
safe
t
y
of
pesti
ci
d
e
used
a
nd
ea
r
l
y
d
iscover
y
of
h
ea
l
th
s
y
m
ptom c
ause
pesticide used.
Ke
yw
or
d:
Check
Pesti
ci
des
Pr
e
ven
ti
on
m
eth
od
Safety
t
al
k
Sp
r
ay
ed
f
arm
er
Copyright
©
201
7
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Eka
Le
sta
ri M
ahyu
ni,
Dep
a
rtem
ent o
f
O
ccu
patio
nal Saf
et
y a
nd H
e
al
th
,
Un
i
ver
sit
y
of
S
um
at
era U
ta
ra
,
21
Kam
pu
s
U
S
U
,
Dr Ma
ns
y
ur Pintu
1
,
Me
da
n
2015
5
Ind
onesi
a
.
Em
a
il
:
eka_
m
a
hyuni@y
m
ail.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Occupati
onal
Safety
and
He
al
th
(
OSH
)
as
the
on
e
of
a
ppli
ed
sci
ences
that
play
s
a
m
ajor
r
ole
in
protect
ing
the
workers
at
the
w
ork
place
f
or
al
l
aspects
of
pote
ntial
haz
a
rd
s
an
d
ris
ks
t
hat
c
on
ta
ine
d
i
n
th
e
work
place
fro
m
raw
and
m
ater
ia
ls
unti
ll
the
en
d
of
pro
du
ct
ion
process
e
d
[
1
],
[
2].
On
e
of
the
in
form
al
se
ct
or
s
that
do
m
inate
in
I
ndonesi
a
soc
ie
ty
is
the
farm
ing
com
m
un
it
y.
The
pote
ntial
hazard
i
n
qu
it
e
seriou
s
a
nd
has
a
high
ris
k
at
th
e
far
m
ers
wa
s
wh
e
n
us
in
g
th
e
chem
ic
al
su
c
h
as
fe
rtil
iz
ers
and
pestic
ides
.
It
co
uld
a
ff
e
ct
the
far
m
ers
to
e
xpos
ure a
nd
poss
ible p
oisonin
g of pesti
ci
des
[
3]
.
Pesti
ci
de
ex
po
su
re
d
s
uc
h
as
sp
la
sh
ed
,
sp
il
l
ed
,
s
wall
owed
or
i
nh
al
e
d
is
ne
eded
m
or
e
at
te
ntion
to
be
chro
nic
or
acu
te
tox
ic
it
y
.
The
m
os
t
tox
ic
ity
risk
found
if
the
far
m
ers
do
inc
orrect
use
of
pestic
ide
s
with
po
is
onin
g
sym
pto
m
s
and
inc
r
eased
le
vels
of
cho
li
ne
ste
rase
enzym
e
activity
in
the
bloo
d.
The
sym
ptom
s
of
po
is
onin
g
ex
pe
rience
d
can
be
pr
ece
ded
by
dizzi
ness,
headac
h
e,
it
ches,
ir
rita
ti
on
,
an
d
ca
n
eve
ntu
al
ly
lead
to
cancer
[4
]
,
[
5]
.
Chro
nic
tox
i
ci
ty
was
m
or
e
diff
ic
ult
to
de
te
ct
becau
se
it
’
s
not
im
m
edi
at
el
y
felt
and
d
id
n’t
cause
the
s
pec
ific
sy
m
pto
m
s
and
si
gns.
H
oweve
r,
the
c
hron
ic
to
xicit
y
had
over
l
ong
pe
rio
ds
of
tim
e
as
th
e
cause
of
healt
h
prob
le
m
s.
So
m
e
healt
h
pr
ob
lem
s
that
are
of
te
n
ass
ociat
ed
with
us
e
of
pe
sti
ci
des
include
ey
e
and
s
kin
ir
rita
ti
on
,
canc
er,
m
isc
arr
ia
ge,
def
ect
s
in
in
f
ants,
as
well
as
neuro
l
og
ic
a
l,
li
ver
,
kidne
y
and
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8806
IJPHS
V
ol.
6
, No
.
4
,
Decem
ber
201
7
:
293
–
298
294
resp
i
rator
y
dis
orders.
Ba
se
d
on
a
l
it
eratu
re
stu
dy
that
t
he
im
pact
of
expos
ur
e
of
pe
sti
ci
des
can
le
ad
to
m
ul
ti
ple
m
yel
om
a,
sarco
m
a
,
pro
sta
te
an
d
pa
ncr
eat
ic
c
ancer
,
ute
rine
cancer
,
pan
c
reas,
br
ea
st
c
ancer
,
neur
ob
e
ha
vio
r
al
, and Hod
gk
i
n
[6
]
-
[9
]
.
Su
m
ber
M
ufa
kat
Vill
age
is
on
e
of
the
vi
ll
ages
in
Ka
ba
nj
a
he
s
ub
-
dis
tric
t
wh
er
e
th
e
do
m
inant
far
m
ing
com
m
un
it
y
culti
vate
s
hortic
ultu
ral
crops.
I
n
inc
re
asi
ng
pro
duct
ion,
ho
rtic
ulture
far
m
ers
us
e
pe
sti
ci
de
with
high
fr
e
quency.
Ba
sed
on
the
res
ult
of
pr
e
vious
rese
arch,
is
fo
und
6
far
m
ers
f
rom
55
w
ho
e
xa
m
ined
sh
owe
d
le
vels
of
enzym
e
ch
olineste
rase
cl
os
e
to
the
al
lowed
li
m
it
value.
Sy
m
pto
m
s
of
m
il
d
to
m
od
erate
po
is
onin
g
al
so
felt
51
far
m
ers
sp
r
ay
ing
pest
ic
ides.
Sm
ok
in
g
ha
bits
are
ve
ry
high
in
Su
m
ber
M
uf
a
kat
vi
ll
age
com
m
un
it
y
wh
ere
the
m
ajo
rit
y
of
35
peasa
nts
sm
ok
e
5
-
50
ci
gar
et
te
s
a
day.
Sm
ok
i
ng
hab
it
s
a
re
al
s
o
oft
en
done
w
hile
s
pray
ing
pestic
ide
s
so
that
the
ri
sk
of
in
halat
io
n
is
ve
ry
li
kely
to
occ
ur,
a
dd
e
d
with
ou
t
t
he
us
e
of
per
s
onal
pr
otect
ion
because
it
feels le
ss c
om
fo
rta
ble
an
d
m
ake th
e
wo
rk b
e
com
es slow
er
.
The
pr
e
ve
ntio
n
program
of
pestic
ides
at
K
aro,
es
pecial
ly
Su
m
ber
M
uf
a
kat
vill
age
is
s
ti
ll
no
t
done
well
.
T
he
r
ole
s
of
r
el
at
ed
in
sti
tuti
on
s
s
uc
h
as
the
A
gr
ic
ul
ture
a
nd
Heal
th
O
ff
ic
e
ha
ve
not
co
ns
i
der
e
d
the
eff
ect
s
of
poison
i
ng
du
e
to
the
us
e
of
pesti
ci
des.
The
c
ouns
el
in
g
an
d
assist
ance
o
n
the
pr
ovisi
on
of
pe
rsona
l
protect
ion
or
a
gr
ic
ultur
al
e
qu
ipm
ent
wer
e
th
e
m
e
tho
d
t
hat
acce
pted
by
fa
rm
er
’s
com
m
u
nity
.
This
m
eth
od
of
counseli
ng
in
preve
ntio
n
is
ineff
ect
ive
due
to
the
la
ck
of
ongoin
g
act
ion
o
n
a
pe
rio
dic
ba
sis.
Othe
r
pr
e
ven
ti
on
m
et
ho
d
was
al
so
do
ne
by
fa
r
m
ers
in
si
m
ple
act
ion
li
ke
dr
i
nk
i
ng
herbal
te
a,
dr
i
nk
i
ng
e
gg
m
il
k
te
a
and
ta
king
m
edici
ne
to
re
li
eve
dizzi
nes
s
.
T
he
act
io
ns
of
fa
rm
ers
when
e
xpos
ure
to
pestic
ides
li
ke
was
h
th
ei
r
ha
nd
s
or
ta
ke
a
bat
h
to
cl
ean
f
or
reli
eve
sym
pto
m
s
t
hat
are
felt
,
bu
t
so
m
eti
m
es
th
e
sy
m
pto
m
s
ar
e
no
t
gone
a
nd
will
back in a
f
e
w h
our or i
n o
ne d
ay
.
The
direct
c
onta
ct
with
pesti
ci
des
c
oul
d
no
t
be
a
vo
i
ded
a
nd
the
far
m
ers
assum
e
wh
ic
h
al
l
act
io
n
ha
ve
be
en
res
ol
ved
a
nd
bec
om
e
daily
hab
it
.
T
his
stu
dy
ai
m
s
to
app
ly
th
e
m
et
ho
d
of
sa
fety
ta
lk
an
d
c
heck
as
an
effo
rt
to
overc
om
e
pesti
ci
de
po
is
onin
g
in
far
m
er
com
m
un
it
y
pesti
ci
de
sp
rayi
ng
at
Su
m
ber
Mufa
kat
Vill
age K
a
r
o
.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
This
stu
dy
wa
s
a
pre
ve
ntive
interve
ntio
n
usi
ng
P
arti
ci
pato
ry
A
ct
io
n
R
es
erach
desi
gn.
I
nter
ven
ti
on
researc
h
is
a
st
ud
y
that
pro
vi
des
treat
m
ent
with
a
group
a
ppr
oach
ie
treatm
ent
is
giv
en
in
pack
e
d
f
or
m
wh
ic
h
i
m
po
sed
on
i
ndivid
uals
colle
ct
ively
in
the
com
m
un
it
y
[1
0].
The
st
ud
y
wa
s
co
nducte
d
in
Su
m
ber
Mufa
kat
Vill
age,
Ka
ba
nj
a
he,
Ka
ro
D
ist
rict
.
The
st
ud
y
was
c
onduct
ing
from
Februar
y
2016
to
Septem
ber
2017.
Popu
la
ti
on
in
the
resea
rch
is al
l
ho
rtic
ultu
re
far
m
ers
sp
rayi
ng
p
est
ic
ides
that
exist
in
Sum
ber
Mufak
at
Vill
age
Kab
a
njahe
,
Ka
ro
Re
ge
ncy
.
Sam
pling
in
this
resea
rc
h
w
as
co
nducted
by
pro
ba
bili
ty
pro
portio
nal
sam
pling
from
nin
e
far
m
er
gro
up
s
.
Sam
pling
te
ch
niqu
e
us
in
g
pr
opor
ti
onal
ra
ndom
sa
m
pling
that
is
as
m
any
as
35
pe
op
le
.
This
resea
rc
h
beg
i
ns
by
desi
gn
i
ng
t
he
to
ols
of
"sa
fety
ta
lk
a
nd
chec
k"
m
et
ho
d.
Be
fore
the
m
et
ho
d
was
i
m
ple
m
ented,
far
m
ers
in
the
Su
m
ber
Mufa
ka
t
vill
age
wer
e
so
ci
al
iz
ed
about
how
safety
and
healt
h
be
ha
viors
work in
the
us
e
of
pestic
ides.
The pur
po
se
of
the traini
ng
is
to equate
kn
owle
dg
e a
nd p
e
rc
eptions ab
out t
he da
nger
s and
i
m
pacts of
pestic
ide
us
e
.
The
im
ple
m
ent
at
ion
of
safety
ta
lk
and
c
hec
k
m
et
ho
d
wa
s
carried
out
by
sel
ect
ing
cad
res
from
each f
arm
er
gr
oup
pro
portio
na
ll
y
and
g
ive
n
trai
ning o
n
saf
et
y
ta
lk
an
d
c
he
ck
m
et
ho
d.
T
he
trai
ned
cad
r
es
the
n
app
ly
t
he
m
eth
ods
o
f
sa
fet
y
ta
lk
an
d
c
he
ck
on
the
fa
rm
ers
in
the
far
m
ing
group
.
Ca
dres
was
al
so
accom
pan
ie
d
f
or
one
wee
k
to
im
pr
ov
e
under
sta
nd
i
ng
of
m
et
ho
ds
.
T
hi
s
i
m
ple
m
entation
act
ivit
y
is
then
evaluate
d
us
i
ng
a
pe
rfor
m
ance
achievem
ent
qu
est
io
nn
ai
re
with
a
ta
rg
et
of
at
le
as
t
25%
of
the
popu
la
ti
on
unde
rstan
ding
and
pr
act
ic
in
g
a
safe
and
he
al
thy
pestic
ide
us
e
patte
r
n.
The
data
obt
ai
ned
wer
e
a
na
ly
zed
qu
al
it
at
ive
des
cripti
ve by e
xpla
ining
how
th
e ap
plica
ti
on
of sa
fety
tal
k
an
d
c
heck m
et
ho
d
to
f
a
rm
ers.
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
Su
m
ber
Mu
fa
ka
t
Vill
age
is
l
oc
at
ed
on
the
cr
os
s
r
oad
of
Me
dan
-
Kab
a
njahe
an
d
not
to
o
fa
r
f
r
om
the
ci
ty
of
Be
rastagi.
The
a
gr
ic
ultur
al
pro
duced
in
var
ie
s
f
rom
flow
erin
g
pl
ants,
chill
i,
j
a
pan
flasks
,
to
m
at
oes,
cabb
a
ge,
e
ggpl
ant
and
s
o
on.
Ag
ric
ultur
al
la
nd
is
not
very
wide
and
al
m
os
t
al
l
the
po
pula
ti
on
m
anag
es
it
s
own
fa
rm
la
nd
.
Su
m
ber
Mufa
kat
Vill
age
sti
ll
us
es
chem
i
c
al
-
base
d
synth
et
ic
pestic
ides.
The
ap
plica
ti
on
of
safety
ta
lk
and
check
m
et
ho
d
to
far
m
ers
in
Su
m
ber
Mufa
ka
t
Vill
age
Kabanj
a
he
is
done
by
e
m
po
we
ri
ng
th
e
com
m
un
it
y
in
far
m
er
gr
ou
ps
in
Su
m
ber
Mu
fak
at
vill
age.
The
ta
rg
et
fa
r
m
ers
or
sub
j
ec
ts
in
this
stud
y
wer
e
hortic
ultura
l
fa
rm
ers,
ie
far
m
ers
w
ho
c
ulti
vate
young
plan
ts
of
ve
getable
s
an
d
f
ru
it
s
whic
h
us
e
pestic
ides
i
n
fr
e
qu
e
ntly
tha
n farm
ers
w
ho
use
p
es
ti
ci
des
fo
r old
or h
a
r
d
cr
op
s
s
uch as c
offee,
rub
ber, a
nd
oil palm
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPHS
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8806
Sa
fe
ty
T
alk
an
d
C
heck to
Pre
vent Pest
ic
ide
To
xi
ci
ty
Amo
ng
F
armer
at
.
...
(
Eka
Le
stari
Ma
hyuni)
295
3.1.
So
ci
aliz
at
io
n i
n
occ
up
at
i
ona
l saf
e
t
y and he
alth tr
aining
To
im
ple
m
ent
the
m
e
tho
d
of
safety
ta
lk
a
nd
c
hec
k,
beg
i
n
by
s
ocial
iz
at
ion
a
bout
ho
w
to
us
e
t
he
pestic
ides
in
s
afe
an
d
healt
h
with
giv
i
ng
t
he
Occ
up
at
i
onal
Safety
and
Healt
h
trai
ning
to
Su
m
ber
Mufa
kat
com
m
un
it
y.
The
ai
m
of
this
trai
ning
is
to
reach
t
he
sam
e
per
c
eptio
n
a
bout
OSH
in
us
e
of
pestic
id
es.
T
he
resu
lt
s
s
howe
d
where
t
he
fa
r
m
ers
in
ge
ne
ra
ll
y
kn
ow
that
t
he
e
xposure
t
o
pestic
ides
has
been
their
e
xp
erience
(96%
).
B
ut
the
i
m
pact
exp
e
ri
ence
is no
t so
v
isi
ble b
ecause
the
fa
rm
ers
fe
el
in
go
od
heal
th.
On
the o
the
r
ha
nd,
the
resea
rch
e
rs
fou
nd
so
m
e
sy
m
pto
m
s
of
pe
sti
ci
de
po
is
oning
on
the
t
rain
ees
that
lo
ok
li
ke
blac
k
s
pots
on
t
he
sk
in
s
urf
ace,
it
chin
g
an
d
re
d
on
the
ha
nd
s
,
ti
red
bo
dy,
ey
e
irrita
ti
on
w
he
re
al
l
the
sy
m
pto
m
s
are
consi
der
e
d
far
m
ers
as
a
sy
m
pto
m
of
poison
i
ng.
This
confli
ct
of
un
de
rstan
ding
ex
pl
ai
ned
that
the
ph
e
no
m
enon
occurs
du
e
to
ex
pos
ure
of
pe
sti
ci
des
throu
gh
s
ubcutane
ous
(s
ki
n),
sp
la
sh
i
ng
and
direct
cont
act
du
rin
g
spray
in
g
pestic
ides.
T
he
far
m
ers
did
n’t
acce
pt
if
the
sy
m
pto
m
caused
by
the
pestic
ides
ex
posure. Th
e
fa
rm
er
con
side
rs
it
com
m
on
and
occurs
due
to
injur
y
at
the
ti
m
e
of
wee
di
ng
the
pla
nts
or
wh
e
n
s
pr
ay
in
g
pestic
ides
or
du
e
t
o
pestic
ide
see
pa
ge
wh
ic
h
is
ge
ner
al
ly
cl
eane
d
by
was
hing
with
s
oap
or
s
howe
r
after
spray
ing.
A
nothe
r
sig
n
and
sym
pto
m
s
al
ways
felt
but
no
on
e
of
farm
ers
care
a
bout
it
and
t
hey
s
ugge
st
that
it
is
us
ua
ll
y
happe
ne
d
in
their li
fe.
A
ct
ua
ll
y t
he
sy
m
pto
m
s ar
e exactl
y as t
he
i
nd
ic
at
or of
pestic
ides
exposu
re
[11]
.
Sam
e
ly
sy
m
pt
om
s
felt
in
I
nd
ia
t
hat
f
ou
nd
are
t
he
si
gn
s
an
d
sym
pto
m
s
relat
ed
to
pestic
ide
expos
ur
e
.T
he
sp
raye
rs
wer
e
aske
d
w
hethe
r
they
ha
ve
e
xp
e
rience
d
t
he
se
sig
ns
a
nd
sy
m
pto
m
s
du
r
ing
or
i
m
m
ediat
el
y
after
pe
sti
ci
de
s
pray
ing.
Tim
e
of
r
efe
ren
ce
f
or
the
non
-
spray
ers
was
w
hile
w
orkin
g
i
n
t
he
fiel
d,
durin
g
or
after
pestic
ide
s
pr
ay
ing
.
Th
e
sig
ns
and
sym
pto
m
s
wer
e
re
ported
by
a
la
r
ge
nu
m
ber
of
s
pr
ay
er
s
.
27
7
sp
raye
rs
(71%
)
an
d
113
(
29
%
)
of
non
spray
e
rs
r
e
porte
d
at
l
east
one
of
t
he
se
sig
n
a
nd
sy
m
pto
m
s.
So
m
e
of
the
sign
s
a
nd
sy
m
pto
m
s
with
a
hig
he
r
pre
va
le
nce
wer
e
e
xcessive
s
wea
ti
ng
(
31.8
%
),
sti
ng
in
g
/i
tc
hin
g
ey
es
(33.8%
),
dr
y/
s
or
e
t
hroat
(
20.
5%),
s
kin
re
dness/w
hite
pat
ches
(
32.
8%),
nu
m
bn
ess/m
us
cl
e
weakness/
m
us
cle
cram
ps
(3
0.5
%),
che
st
pain
/burni
ng
se
ns
a
ti
on
(
34.1
%
),
excessive
sal
i
vation
(33.1%
)
.
As
these
si
gn
s
a
nd
sy
m
pto
m
s
were
su
o
mo
t
o
repor
te
d
by
the
fa
rm
ers,
it
was
diff
ic
ult
to
co
nfi
rm
the
occu
r
r
ence
of
so
m
e
of
the
sp
eci
fic
si
gn
s
or
sym
pto
m
s
(like
excessi
ve
sweati
ng)
occ
urrin
g
due
to
pe
sti
ci
de
ex
po
s
ur
e
or
becau
s
e
of
the
tro
pical
hot
we
at
her
pr
e
vaili
ng in
the a
rea
[
12]
.
Sy
m
pto
m
s
that
are
of
te
n
c
om
pla
ined
of
fa
rm
ers
are
f
at
ig
ue
a
nd
pain
i
n
the
body.
T
his
fati
gue
is
cause
d
by
the
durati
on
of
ho
l
ding
a
s
pr
ay
pum
p
around
a
la
nd
wh
ic
h
ca
n
to
ok
up
to
1
-
3
hours
in
a
da
y.
In
add
it
io
n,
m
any
cases
are
felt
by
fa
rm
ers
as
after
them
go
i
ng
ol
d
an
d
c
ould
not
spray
again
beca
us
e
of
l
ow
back
pain,
we
aken
e
d
bo
dy
and
s
hortnes
s
of
breat
h.
Ba
sed
on
the
phe
no
m
enon
the
res
earc
hers
to
ok
the
init
ia
ti
ve
to
giv
e
one
s
olu
ti
on
by
int
rod
ucing
a
nd
doi
ng
ergo
no
m
ic
gym
nastic
s
to
red
uce
pai
n
in
t
he
bo
dy
tog
et
he
r
i
n
trai
ning s
ocial
iz
at
i
on.
3.2.
Implem
ent
ati
on
of
s
af
e
ty ta
lk and chec
k
meth
od
s
t
o
f
ar
mers i
n s
um
ber mu
fakat
vi
ll
ag
e
The
im
ple
m
e
ntati
on
of
safety
ta
lks
and
c
hec
k
m
et
ho
d
be
gin
s
with f
arm
er
cadr
e
sel
ect
ed
from
far
m
er
gro
up
s
in
S
um
ber
Mufak
at
vill
age.
The
sel
ect
ion
of
ca
dr
es
f
r
om
eac
h
far
m
er
group
in
Su
m
ber
Mufa
kat
Vill
age
is
done
by
f
ulfill
ing
the
inclu
siv
e
an
d
e
xclusi
ve
te
rm
s
pro
por
ti
onal
ly
.
Ea
ch
sel
ect
ed
ca
dr
e
is
reco
m
m
end
ed
to
ap
ply
safety
ta
lk
and
c
he
ck
m
et
ho
ds
to
m
e
m
ber
s
of
t
he
fa
rm
ing
group.
T
he
nu
m
ber
of
cadr
es
fro
m
each gr
oup i
s pre
sented
in
Ta
ble
1
.
Table
1
. N
um
ber
of
Ca
dr
e
s a
nd Fa
rm
ers
A
pply
in
g
Sa
fety
T
al
k
an
d
C
hec
k
Me
thods
No
Far
m
e
r’
s
gro
u
p
Nam
e
l
y
A
m
o
u
n
t
Selecte
d
Cadre
1
Rejek
i T
an
i
27
3
2
Ta
m
b
a
r
M
ale
m
35
4
3
Rab
u
I
I
Pasa
r
47
5
4
Arih E
rsad
a I
65
7
5
Arih E
rsad
a I
I
46
5
6
Ju
m
a
Barun
g
22
3
7
Dalan Ku
tig
a I
32
3
8
Dalan Ku
tig
a I
I
31
3
9
Bu
n
g
a Su
m
b
u
l
16
3
Ju
m
lah
(total)
321
35
3.2.1.
Ap
pli
ca
tio
n
of
safet
y ta
lk
m
eth
od
Ba
sed
on
the
r
esults
of
t
he
re
search
,
each
ca
dr
e
has
co
ns
tr
a
ints
in
delive
ring
sa
fety
ta
lk
because
the
far
m
ers
who
do
not
care
to
us
e
pe
sti
ci
des
accor
ding
to
the
proce
dure
.
Safety
m
ess
age
delive
re
d
to
use
per
s
onal
prote
ct
ion
duri
ng
use
of
pestic
ide
s
to
av
oid
di
re
ct
con
ta
ct
with
pestic
ides
a
r
e
den
ie
d
by
fa
rm
ers
because
fa
rm
e
rs
feel
distu
rbed
if
duri
ng
use
of
pe
sti
ci
des
us
i
ng
pe
rsonal
protect
ive
eq
uip
m
ent.
This
i
s
because
far
m
ers
feel
that
for
decade
s
the
y
can
sti
l
l
wo
rk
eve
n
if
the
y
do
no
t
use
per
s
onal
prote
ct
ive
equ
i
pm
ent.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8806
IJPHS
V
ol.
6
, No
.
4
,
Decem
ber
201
7
:
293
–
298
296
The
phrase
c
an
occur
bec
ause
the
pe
sti
ci
des
use
d
by
aver
a
ge
farm
ers
are
incl
ud
e
d
i
n
th
e
orga
nophosp
ha
te
gro
up
an
d
c
arb
am
at
e.
Org
anop
hosph
at
pe
sti
ci
des
are
pe
sti
ci
des
that
ha
ve
a
m
o
m
enta
ry
an
d
rap
i
dly degradi
ng
e
ff
ect
on
t
he
so
il
, eg
Disu
l
fo
t
on, P
arat
hion, Dia
zi
non,
A
zodrin
, Gopha
ci
de,
and
oth
e
r
s
[13]
.
Farm
ers
in
the
Su
m
ber
Mu
fa
kat
vill
age
c
onsider
t
he
spray
ed
pe
sti
ci
de
to
dec
om
po
se
on
pla
nts
a
nd
s
oil
an
d
will
no
t
be
harm
fu
l
to
healt
h.
This
is
suppo
r
te
d
by
the
c
onf
idence
of
far
m
ers
that
their
bodies
rem
ai
n
healt
hy
des
pite
deca
de
s
of
s
pr
ay
in
g.
Pesti
ci
des
will
fall
to
the
ground
not
t
o
thei
r
bodies.
Wh
e
n
i
t
com
es
to
the
body,
far
m
ers
will
cl
ean
it
by
was
hi
ng
it
with
s
oa
p
or
bathing.
I
n
this
case,
fa
r
m
ers
do
not
know
that
pestic
ides
fall
ing
on
the
s
oil
and
poll
uting
the
s
oil
can
al
so
expose
fa
rm
ers
if
the
pest
ic
ides
residue
include
d
in
the
foo
d
chain.
T
he
acc
um
ulati
on
of
pe
sti
ci
de
residues
that
con
ta
m
i
nate
agr
ic
ultura
l
la
nd
an
d
ent
er
the
f
ood
c
ha
in,
the
tox
ic
nat
ur
e
of
pestic
ide
m
at
e
rial
s
can
le
ad
t
o
va
rio
us
disea
ses
su
c
h
as
ca
ncer,
m
utati
on
,
infa
nt
birth
de
fects,
CAI
DS
(Chem
ic
al
ly
A
cqu
ire
d Defici
ency
S
yndrom
e
)
an
d so on
[
14]
.
Farm
ers
in
the Su
m
ber
Mu
fakat
vill
age
adm
i
tt
ed
to
bei
ng
e
xpos
e
d
to p
est
i
ci
des
but
di
d
not
ye
t
know
that
the
ne
gative
im
pact
of
pe
sti
ci
de
us
e
on
public
healt
h
was
pe
sti
ci
de
po
is
onin
g.
At
t
he
tim
e
of
spr
ay
ing
,
far
m
ers
will
be
ex
po
s
ed
t
o
s
pr
i
nk
li
ng
pestic
ides
es
pecial
ly
if
the
far
m
er
does
no
t
us
e
protect
ive
e
qu
i
pm
ent.
Th
e
fa
rm
ers
will
feel
so
m
e
sy
m
pto
m
s
of
poiso
ning
su
c
h
as
na
us
e
a,
dizzi
nes
s,
weakness
,
an
d
te
ars
con
ti
nu
ously
.
I
n
Za
nziba
r
f
ou
nd
that
the
farm
ers
w
ho
did
no
t
us
e
protect
ive
m
easur
es
wer
e
m
or
e
li
ke
ly
to
hav
e
re
ported
sk
in
i
rr
it
at
ion
and
hea
dac
he,
wh
ic
h
to
geth
e
r
with
ey
e
ir
rita
ti
on
,
wer
e
the
m
os
t
com
m
on
ly
repor
te
d
ac
ute
sy
m
pto
m
s [
15
]
.
Safety
m
essages
in
the
safet
y
ta
lk
co
nduct
ed
m
or
e
em
phasi
s
on
the
qu
est
ion
how
t
he
so
luti
on
t
o
avo
i
d
the
opposit
e
wind
dir
ect
ion
w
he
n
s
pr
ay
in
g
pestic
ides.
Fa
rm
ers
feel
that
this
i
s
dangero
us
and
un
a
voida
ble.
Sp
la
s
hes
on
t
he
ey
es
al
way
s
occ
ur
a
nd
s
om
eti
m
es
pestic
ides
are
al
so
about
the
bo
dy.
I
n
reducin
g
di
rec
t
exposure
du
e
to
this
en
vir
on
m
ent
again
reco
m
m
end
ed
to
us
e
a
c
om
plete
sel
f
-
prote
ct
ion
,
especial
ly
ey
e
pr
otect
io
n.
It
is
a
pr
o
blem
becau
se
fa
rm
ers
do
not
ha
ve
protect
ive
goggle
s
or
protect
ive
cl
oth
in
g
as
rec
omm
end
ed
.
I
n
gen
e
ral,
far
m
ers
wear
la
ye
red
cl
oth
es
a
nd
thi
s
is
not
eff
e
ct
ive
becau
se
the
y
feel
the
flo
w
of
p
es
ti
ci
des
that
enter
into
the
bo
dy
through
the
pores
on
the
cl
ot
hes
us
e
d.
E
xpos
ure
to
the
ey
es
due
to the o
ppos
it
e
wind
directi
on
of
t
e
n
m
akes the
eye
s sore a
nd
sore
[16
],
[
19]
.
In
com
par
iso
n
to
the
resu
lt
s
of
researc
h
c
onduct
ed
in
N
gan
t
ru,
Tulun
ga
gung
Distric
t
sh
ows
the
beh
a
vior
of
use
of
P
ers
onal
P
ro
te
ct
ive
E
quipm
ent
(P
P
E)
to
far
m
ers
is
good
en
ough,
bu
t
sti
ll
need
to
be
su
pe
r
vised
.
Fa
rm
ers
al
read
y
us
e
m
asks,
hat
s,
lo
ng
-
sle
eve
d
sh
irts
a
nd
t
rouser
s
.
T
he
pea
sants
use
cl
othi
ng
i
n
ci
rcles
so
that
they
can
cov
e
r
their
no
se
s.
T
he
us
e
of
hat
is
as
a
pr
otect
ion
f
r
om
the
sun
an
d
sp
rin
kling
of
pestic
ides
on
t
he
ey
es
of
fa
r
m
ers.
Th
us
fa
r
m
ers
do
not
ne
ed
to
wear
glasses.
T
he
us
e
of
per
s
onal
pr
otect
ive
equ
i
pm
ent
is
i
m
po
rtant
to
use
as
an
eff
ort
to
av
oid
direct
con
ta
ct
with
th
e
pestic
ide
us
e
d.
Com
pr
ehe
nsi
ve
and
order
ly
us
e
of
PPE
is
e
xp
e
ct
e
d
to
reduce
farm
ers'
risks
to
pestic
ide
pois
onin
g.
P
ois
on
i
ng
ca
n
occ
ur
be
cause
far
m
ers
do
no
t
pay
at
te
ntio
n
to
guida
nce
on
ho
w
to
use
pestic
ides
and
how
to
use
pe
rsonal
protect
ive
equ
i
pm
ent an
d basic sa
nitat
io
n
[17
],
[
20]
.
Fr
om
the
app
l
ic
at
ion
of
sa
fe
ty
ta
lk
m
et
ho
d
far
m
ers
feel
need
ed
f
or
ad
diti
on
al
sup
portive
act
ions
because
of
t
he
safety
m
essage
delive
red.
G
ov
e
r
nm
ent
su
pport
in
t
his
ca
se
sho
uld
be
done
f
or
exam
ple
by
ho
l
ding
an
ap
pro
pr
ia
te
sel
f
-
protect
or
to
fa
rm
ers.
Ba
sed
on
r
esearc
h,
usi
ng
saf
et
y
equ
i
pm
ent
has
associat
e
with
pe
sti
ci
de
tox
ic
it
y.
Healt
h
com
plaints
wer
e
ass
ociat
e
d
with
ty
pe
of
pestic
ides,
behavio
ur
of
w
ork
cl
oth
e
s
us
e
befo
re
being
wa
sh
e
d
a
nd
inad
eq
uate
use
of
per
s
onal
protect
ive
e
qu
i
pm
ents
[21].
F
or
the
a
ppli
cat
ion
of
the
m
et
ho
d
of
con
ti
n
uous
saf
et
y
ta
lk
al
so
re
qu
i
res
a
ca
dr
e
set
as
the
s
upe
rv
is
or
of
each
m
e
m
ber
of
his
gro
up
to
al
ways
so
ci
al
iz
e
healt
h
m
e
ssages
to
far
m
ers
durin
g
t
he
us
e
of
pe
sti
ci
des.
It
sho
uld
be
note
d
in
t
he
de
li
ver
y
of
a
safety
m
es
sage
that
pest
ic
ides
w
hich
ha
ve
high
kil
li
ng
power
in
lo
w
-
gr
a
de
us
a
ge
le
ads
to
le
ss
disrupt
i
on
wh
e
n
c
om
par
ed
to
pe
sti
ci
des
with
lo
w
but
hi
gh
le
vels
of
k
il
li
ng
po
wer
.
T
he
lower
t
he
LD
50
/
LC5
0
valu
e
the
m
or
e
tox
ic
th
e
pestic
ide
.
I
n
high
pestic
id
e
tox
ic
it
y
that
us
e
d
will
sh
ow
m
or
e
sym
pt
om
s
of
to
xi
ci
ty
that
happe
n
on
farm
ers,
as
sam
e
as
of
volum
e
fr
om
pestic
ide
us
e
d
[
22
],
[
23]
.
For
that
ca
dres
an
d
fa
rm
ers
m
us
t
stud
y
the
c
he
m
ic
al
hazard
s
of
pestic
ides
use
d
a
nd
not
jus
t
bu
y
a
nd
us
e
pestic
ides
with
high
to
xicit
y
i
n
or
der
to r
e
duce
pests
on th
e
p
la
nts
p
rod
uced.
3.2.2.
Implem
ent
ati
on
of chec
k m
eth
od
Im
ple
m
entation
of
c
heck
m
e
thod
perf
or
m
ed
by
distrib
uting
c
heck
s
hee
ts
con
ta
inin
g
s
om
e
healt
h
com
plaints
du
r
ing
pestic
ide
use
is
m
or
e
eff
e
ct
ive
than
the
i
m
ple
m
entat
ion
of
sa
fety
ta
lk
m
et
ho
d.
Farm
ers
ar
e
m
or
e
serio
us
a
bout
the
healt
h
com
plaints
be
cause
al
m
os
t
85%
of
the
sym
pto
m
s
on
t
he
c
heck
she
et
ha
ve
bee
n
felt
by
far
m
ers.
Farm
ers
who
hav
e
l
ong
us
e
d
pestic
ides
e
ve
n
co
ns
i
der
it
fam
i
li
ar
with
the
sym
pto
m
s
a
nd
do
no
t
c
onside
r
t
ha
t
the
sym
pto
m
s
are
tox
ic
it
y
in
us
in
g
pesti
ci
des.
T
he
reas
on
s
sta
te
d
are
us
ua
ll
y
bec
au
s
e
they
are
resist
ant
t
o
the
sti
ng
i
ng
s
m
el
ls
of
pestic
ides,
dizzi
ness
and
na
us
ea
tha
t
are
felt
in
jus
t
15
-
30
m
inu
te
s,
the
ho
t
a
nd
s
or
e
s
ki
n
w
he
n
m
ixing
the
pe
sti
ci
des
is
the
n
reduc
ed
a
fter
was
hin
g
with
s
oap,
and
pai
nful
ey
es
f
ro
m
sp
la
sh
i
ng whe
n
s
pr
ay
in
g
a
nd
oth
e
r
c
om
plaints
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPHS
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8806
Sa
fe
ty
T
alk
an
d
C
heck to
Pre
vent Pest
ic
ide
To
xi
ci
ty
Amo
ng
F
armer
at
.
...
(
Eka
Le
stari
Ma
hyuni)
297
This
phe
no
m
enon
in
dicat
es
that
far
m
ers
ha
ve
bee
n
e
xpose
d
f
or
ye
ar
s
and
only
do
sel
f
-
cl
eani
ng
t
o
reduce
ex
posure
to
pestic
ide
s
su
ch
as
bath
ing
,
hand
wa
s
hing
an
d
othe
rs.
Healt
h
c
he
ckin
g
is
nev
e
r
done
because
f
arm
ers
thin
k
it
is
sti
ll
ab
le
to
w
ork
because
the
sy
m
pto
m
s
us
ually
disap
pea
r
at
le
ast
a
day.
It
can
be
con
cl
ud
e
d
85
%
of
fa
rm
ers
hav
e
ex
per
ie
nc
ed
c
hron
ic
m
il
d
poiso
ning
s
ym
pto
m
s.
This
is
du
e
to
c
on
t
inuous
expos
ur
e
t
hat
la
ste
d
f
or
a
lo
ng
tim
e.
Con
ti
nuous
e
xposure
is
m
or
e
da
ng
e
r
ou
s
t
ha
n
disc
onti
nuous
ex
pos
ur
e
at
the
sam
e
tim
e.
Even
past
ex
posure
is
w
or
t
h
no
ti
ng
in
the
even
t
of
a
new
expos
ur
e
risk.
Ther
e
fore
s
pray
ers
that
are
re
peatedly
ex
posed
a
nd
pr
olong
e
d
m
ay
cause
ch
r
on
ic
poiso
ning
.
I
n
m
any
co
untry
,
far
m
ers
s
howe
d
favo
ur
a
ble att
it
ud
e
s a
b
out t
he
risk o
f pesti
ci
de
us
a
ge
[22
],
[
24]
.
These
ci
rc
um
sta
nces
an
d
be
hav
i
or
s
ho
uld
be
m
or
e
at
te
ntion
beca
us
e
far
m
ers
sti
ll
hav
e
the
old
m
ind
set
.
This
unde
rstan
ding
m
ay
le
ad
to
la
te
act
ion
wh
e
n
a
far
m
er
exp
eriences
se
ver
e
po
is
onin
g.
Ch
r
on
ic
m
il
d
po
iso
n
in
g
sym
pto
m
s
e
xp
e
rience
d
by
far
m
ers
can
al
so
increa
se
and
i
nterf
e
re
with
the
act
iv
it
y
of
cho
li
ne
ste
rase
enzym
es in th
e b
ody. Fa
rm
ers
are also
a
war
e
o
f
the
poiso
ni
ng
a
nd ther
e is
increase
d
awa
r
eness
of
far
m
ers
to
check
their
he
al
th.
This
a
wa
ren
es
s
arises
be
cause
the
fa
r
m
er
feels
init
ia
ll
y
the
sy
m
pt
om
s
are
ordina
ry
but
th
e
far
m
er
feels
afr
ai
d
beca
us
e
of
peer
-
to
-
pee
r
exp
e
rience
to
exp
e
rience
paral
ysi
s
and
deat
h
due
to
poiso
ning
pe
sti
ci
de.
I
n
ot
he
r
ha
nd,
the
ne
gative
pestic
ides
eff
ect
on
e
ne
rg
y
m
et
abo
li
sm
m
a
y
a
lso
da
m
age
cel
l
def
ence
a
gainst
reacti
ve
sp
eci
es.
It
is
dep
e
nt
on
c
he
m
ic
al
ty
pes
including
on
pes
ti
ci
des.
To
f
ollow
t
he
eff
ect
of
pestic
ide
poisi
onin
g
in
hum
an
body
can
ca
us
e
a
de
crease
of
c
ho
li
nesterase
le
vels
in
the
blood.
[25
],
[
26]
.
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Safety
ta
lk
and
chec
k
was
t
he
easy
m
et
ho
d
that
help
the
far
m
er
to
pr
even
t
the
pe
sti
ci
des
tox
ic
it
y.
This
m
e
thod
cou
l
d
de
velo
p
the
stren
gth
of
com
m
un
it
y
a
nd
detect
the
sy
m
pto
m
of
to
xicit
y.
Ba
sed
on
th
e
resu
lt
s
of
res
earch
that
has
bee
n
done
,
it
c
on
cl
oude
d
that
ap
plica
ti
on
of
safety
ta
lk
m
et
ho
d
c
an
be
i
m
ple
m
ented
com
pr
ehe
ns
ivel
y
if
suppo
rted
by
the
gove
rnm
ent
and
the
r
egu
la
to
ry
body
to
al
ways
s
oc
ia
li
ze
the
m
essage
of
safety
thr
ough
a
stron
ger
m
edia
cam
paign
.
On
th
e
oth
e
r
hand
the
im
pl
e
m
entat
ion
of
chec
k
m
et
ho
d
c
ou
l
d
increase
the
awar
e
ness
of
far
m
ers
to
ch
eck
their
healt
h
to
be
healt
hy
du
ri
ng
t
he
us
e
of
pestic
ides.
T
o
su
pp
or
t
this
m
et
hod,
the
vill
age
ha
ve
to
m
a
de
a
per
i
od
ic
bi
olo
gical
m
on
it
or
i
ng
as
the
ne
ed
of
healt
h’
s f
arm
ers.
Re
com
m
endat
ion
s
that
c
ould
supp
ort
the
im
ple
m
entat
ion
of
safety
ta
lk
and
c
heck
m
eth
od
is
to
form
the
com
m
un
it
y
health
care
fa
rm
ers
in
colla
borati
on
with
re
gu
la
tory
bodies
Ka
ro
dist
rict
so
as
to
set
up sa
nctions a
nd r
e
wards
for
vill
ages th
at
a
r
e able to
use sa
fe a
nd h
eal
thy
pestic
ides.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
We
would
li
ke
to
tha
nk
Mr.
Ti
m
ur
Tari
gan
,
Mr.
Ar
ia
nto
Sinuha
j
i,
Mr
.
Me
sah,
Mr
.
R
ud
i
Sin
uk
a
ba
n
and
Mr
Ja
pet
Tariga
n
w
ho
s
e
act
as
a
co
m
m
un
it
y
le
ader
and
c
oord
i
nato
r
wh
ic
h
co
op
e
rated
in
i
m
plem
enting
safety
ta
lk
an
d
check
m
et
ho
d
on
fa
rm
er
com
m
un
it
y
in
Su
m
ber
M
uf
a
kat
vill
age.
S
upport
of
vill
age
le
a
de
r
an
d
al
l
far
m
ers
who
pay
at
te
ntio
n
to
the
im
po
rta
nce
of
s
us
ta
ina
bili
ty
of
the
im
plem
ent
ed
of
s
afety
ta
lk
an
d
check
m
et
ho
ds.
The
researc
her
is
al
so
gr
at
ef
ul
to
the
Un
iv
ersit
y
of
N
ort
h
Su
m
at
ra
wh
o
ha
s
f
unde
d
the
i
m
ple
m
entat
io
n
of
this
resea
r
ch
th
rou
gh
TA
LENT
A
re
sear
ch
pr
ogram
.
R
esearche
rs
hope
this
safety
ta
lk
a
nd
check
m
et
ho
d
c
ou
l
d
co
ntin
ue
in
a
su
sta
in
able
m
ann
er
with
the
s
upport
of
var
io
us
par
ti
es
an
d
i
nteg
rated
su
pe
r
visio
n.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
“
Regul
at
ion
Num
ber
1,
1970
about
Oc
cupa
t
i
onal
Saf
ety
,
R
egul
a
ti
on
of
Occ
upa
ti
ona
l
Saf
ety
and
He
al
th
,
”
Dire
ktorat
Jend
e
ral
Ke
te
n
aga
ker
j
aa
n
and Tra
nsm
igra
si,
Jak
arta
,
20
15
.
[2]
Ta
rwaka
,
“
Occ
u
pat
ion
al
Safe
t
y
and
Hea
l
th,
O
ccupat
ion
al
Safe
t
y
and
Hea
lt
h
Ma
nage
m
ent
and
I
m
ple
m
ent
at
ion
a
t
W
orkpla
ce,
”
Ha
rap
an
Offs
e
t
Sur
aka
rt
a
,
2015
.
[3]
W
.
Aktar
,
e
t
.
a
l
.
,
“
Im
pac
t
of
Pestic
ide
s
Us
e
in
Agric
ult
ur
e;
The
ir
Ben
efi
ts
and
Haz
ard
s
,”
Inte
rdisciplinary
Toxic
olog
y
Jour
nal
,
v
ol
/i
ss
ue:
2(
1)
,
pp
.
1
-
12
,
200
9
.
[4]
R.
Quij
ano
and
Saroje
ni
V.
R.
,
“
Pestic
ide
s
ar
e
Dange
rous
to
y
o
ur
Hea
l
th
,
Ya
y
a
san
Duta
Aw
an
,
”
Pesti
ci
de
Action
Network
As
ia
an
d
the Pasifi
c,
19
99
.
[5]
E.
L.
Mah
y
uni
,
“
Risk
Fact
ors
in
Pestic
ide
s
Us
ed
a
gai
nst
Hea
l
th
Com
pla
int
s
at
Farm
ers
in
Bera
stagi
Karo
District
2014
,
”
Journal
o
f
KESM
AS
,
v
ol
/
i
ss
ue:
9
(
1
),
pp
.
79
-
89
,
2015
.
[6]
Alava
nj
a,
et
al
.
,
“
Hea
lt
h
eff
ec
t
s
of
Chronic
Pes
ti
ci
d
e
Exposure
,”
Cance
r
and
Neurotox
i
ci
t
y
A
nnual
Revie
w
o
f
Publ
ic Health
,
v
ol
.
25
,
pp
.
155
-
97
,
2009
.
[7]
T.
A
.
Arcur
y
an
d
S.
A.
Quandt
,
“
Pestic
ide
s
at
work
and
at
ho
m
e;
Exposure
o
f
Migrant
Farm
workers,
”
Journal
Me
dic
a
l
Sc
ie
n
ce
,
v
ol
/i
ss
ue:
362
(
9400
),
pp
.
20
-
21
,
2003
.
[8]
R
.
Debor
ah,
“A
re
pests
the Probl
em or
Pesti
ci
des,
”
B
iol
ogy
Journ
al
,
vo
l
/i
ss
ue:
28
(
1
),
pp
.
6
-
7
,
2006
.
[9]
L
.
S.
Eng
el
,
et
al
.
,
“
Pesti
c
ide
Us
e
and
Brea
st
Canc
er
Risk
a
m
ong
Farm
er’
s
W
ive
s
in
the
Agric
ult
u
ral
He
al
t
h
Stud
y
,
”
Ame
rica
n
Journal
o
f Epi
demiol
ogy
,
vo
l
/is
sue:
161
(
2
),
pp
.
121
-
135
,
2004
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8806
IJPHS
V
ol.
6
, No
.
4
,
Decem
ber
201
7
:
293
–
298
298
[10]
A.
W
.
Prati
kn
y
a,
“
Dasar
-
dasa
r
Metodol
ogi
Pen
el
itian
Kedokt
er
an
dan
Keseha
t
an,
”
PT
.
Raja
Grafi
ndo
Persada
,
Jaka
rta
,
2011
.
[11]
E.
M.
L
esta
ri
an
d
M
.
Sinag
a,
“
Hea
lt
h
Im
pac
t
o
f
Pestic
id
es
Us
i
ng
Method
at
S
pra
y
ed
W
orke
r
Farm
er
in
Sum
ber
Mufaka
t
Vil
la
g
e
,
Karo
,”
Advan
ce
s
in
He
alth
Scie
n
ce
s
Rese
arch,
Atl
ant
is
Pres
s
Proce
edi
ng
1s
t
Public
Hea
l
th
Inte
rna
ti
ona
l
Co
nfe
ren
c
e
(PH
ICo
),
2017
.
[12]
K.
R.
De
y
,
et
a
l
.
,
“
Im
pac
t
of
Pe
stic
ide
Us
e
on
t
he
Hea
l
th
of
Fa
rm
ers;
A
stud
y
i
n
Bara
k
Va
ll
e
y
,
As
sam
(India
)
,
”
Journal
of
En
vi
ronm
ent
al
Ch
emi
stry
and
E
cot
o
xicology
,
v
ol
/i
ss
ue
:
5(10)
,
pp
.
269
-
277
,
2013
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[13]
Sudarm
o
S
.
,
“
Pestic
ide
s
,
”
Kanisi
us Publisher
,
Yo
g
y
ak
arta,
pp.
15
-
33
,
19
91
.
[14]
Sa’id
E
.
G
.,
“
Ne
gat
iv
e
Im
pacts o
f
Pesticides,
”
A
Note
to
A
ll of
us
,
Agrotek
,
v
ol
/
issue:
2(1)
,
pp
.
71
-
72
,
1994
.
[15]
M
.
D
.
Silva
,
et
a
l.
,
“
Pestic
id
e
Us
e
and
Self
Repo
rte
d
Hea
l
th
S
y
m
ptoms
a
m
ong
Ric
e
far
m
ers
in
Zanzi
bar
,
”
Journal
of
Agromedi
ci
ne
,
v
ol
/i
ss
ue:
21
(
4
)
,
2016
.
[16]
R.
Adri
y
ani,
“
E
ffort
s
to
Control
Envi
ronm
ent
a
l
Pollut
ion
Due
t
o
the
Us
e
of
Ag
ric
ult
u
ral
Pest
ic
i
des,
”
K
ese
hatan
Lingkungan
Jou
rnal
,
vol
/i
ss
ue:
3
(1),
pp
.
95
-
100
,
2006
.
[17]
G.
P.
Budi,
“
The
As
pec
ts
of
Im
proving
Pestic
ide
Spra
y
ing
to
Control
Plant
Disruptive
Orga
nism
s,
”
Agrit
ech
Journal
,
vo
l/
issu
e:
11(2)
,
pp
.
69
-
80
,
2009
.
[18]
Rai
ni
M
.
,
“
Tox
ic
olog
y
of
Pest
i
ci
des
and
Treat
m
ent
Due
to
P
esti
ci
d
e
Pois
oni
ng,
”
M
edi
a
Lit
bang
Kesehat
an
,
vol/
issue:
17(3)
,
2007
.
[19]
H.
J.
Mukono,
“
Basic
pr
inc
ip
le
s
of
Envi
ronm
enta
l
Hea
lth
,
”
Sur
ab
a
y
a, Air
l
angga
Univer
sit
y
Press
,
2006
.
[20]
E
.
R
.
W
ism
ani
ngsih
and
D
.
I
.
Oktavi
asa
r
i
,
“
Id
ent
ifica
ti
on
of
P
esti
ci
d
es
T
y
p
es
and
Us
e
of
Saf
ety
Equ
ipment
at
Farm
ers
Spra
y
e
r
s in
Distri
ct Nga
ntru
Tu
lunga
gun
g
Rege
n
c
y
,
”
Jou
rnal
of
W
iy
ata
,
v
ol
/i
ss
ue:
3
(
1
),
20
16
.
[21]
I.
A.
D.
A
.
Mi
naka
,
e
t
al
.,
“
A
ss
oci
at
ion
of
Pestic
ide
Us
e
a
nd
Personal
Pro
te
c
ti
ve
Equ
ipments
with
Hea
lt
h
Com
pla
int
s
among
Hortic
ult
ur
e
Farm
ers
in
Bule
le
ng,
B
al
i
,
”
Pub
li
c
Heal
th
and
Prev
en
ti
v
e
Me
di
ci
ne
,
v
ol
/
issue:
4
(
1
)
,
2016
.
[22]
M
.
Rai
ni
,
“
Tox
ic
olog
y
o
f
Pest
i
ci
des
and
Treat
m
ent
Due
to
P
esti
ci
d
e
Pois
oni
ng
,
”
M
edi
a
Lit
bang
Kesehat
an
,
v
o
l/
issue:
XVI
I(
3
),
pp
.
10
-
18
,
20
07
.
[23]
E
.
S.
Pawukir
a
nd
J
.
Mari
y
ono
,
“
The
Rel
a
ti
onship
Bet
wee
n
Pe
stic
ide
s
Us
e
and
Hea
lt
h
Im
pact;
A
Case
Stud
y
i
n
Highla
nds of
W
est
Sum
at
era,
”
J
ournal
of
Manus
ia
dan
Ling
kung
an
,
v
ol
/i
ss
ue:
IX
(
3
)
,
pp
.
126
-
136
,
2002
.
[24]
B
.
Nega
tu,
“
Us
e
of
Chemic
al
Pe
stic
ide
s
in
Et
hio
pia
:
A
cro
ss
Sec
ti
onal
Com
par
ati
ve
Stud
y
on
Know
le
dge,
Attitud
e
and
Prac
t
ice
of
Farm
ers
and
Farm
W
orke
rs
in
Thre
e
Farm
ing
S
y
stems
,
”
Bri
ti
s
h
Occ
upati
ona
l
Hygie
ne
So
ciety
(
BOSH
)
,
Ann.
O
cc
up.
Hyg
,
v
ol
/i
s
sue:
60
(
5
)
,
pp
.
5
51
-
566
,
2016
.
[25]
M
.
D.
Cole
m
an
,
“
A
Preli
m
ina
r
y
Inve
stiga
ti
on
in
to
the
Im
pac
t
of
Pestic
ide
Com
bina
ti
on
on
Human
Neurona
l
an
d
Glia
l
Cell Line
s
i
n
Vitro
,
”
Pl
oS
ONE
,
v
ol
/i
ss
ue:
7
(
8
)
,
2012
.
[26]
P
.
A
.
Ipm
awa
ti
,
“
Anal
y
sis of
Risk Fac
tors
Affec
ti
ng
Pestic
id
e
Pois
oning
Rat
e
at
F
armers i
n
Jati
Vill
ag
e,
Sawanga
n
Distric
t
,
Mag
el
a
ng
Rege
n
c
y
,
Ce
ntra
l
Java
,
”
Public
Hea
lt
h
Journa
l
(
e
-
journal)
,
v
ol
/i
ss
ue:
4
(
1
),
pp
.
427
-
435,
2016
.
BI
OGRAP
HI
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
Eka
L
esta
r
i
Mah
y
uni
is
a
lectur
e
at
Oc
cupa
t
iona
l
Safe
t
y
and
Hea
lth
Depa
rtment
in
Public
Hea
lt
h
Facul
t
y
Univ
ers
ity
of
Sum
atera
Utar
a
since
20
05
unti
l
l
now.
She
teac
h
about
erg
onom
ic
s,
worker
nutri
ti
on
s,
agr
ic
ul
ture
he
al
th
work,
indust
ria
l
ph
y
s
cho
log
y,
hospita
l’s
occ
u
pat
ion
al
safe
t
y
and
hea
lt
h
and
t
oda
y
in
con
ce
nt
r
at
ion
about
th
e
i
m
pac
t
of
work e
nvironment
such
pesti
ci
des
use,
ph
y
sic
al
h
azard
and
ch
emistr
y
hazard.
The
r
erse
arc
h
intere
st
ed
done
were
about
,
weldi
ng
worker,
pesticid
e
use,
hospital
a
cq
uire
d
inf
ectio
ns,
and
al
l
abou
t
design
an
m
acro
erg
onom
ic
s.
The
m
obil
e
con
ta
c
t
:
+6281376
287171
with
email
cor
r
esponde
n
ce
eka
_m
ah
y
un
i
@
y
m
ai
l
.
com;
e79mah
y
un
i@gm
ai
l.
com.
Ida
Yus
ti
na
is
a
le
c
ture
at
Ad
m
ini
strat
ion
and
Hea
lt
h
Policy
Depa
rtment
in
Public
Hea
lt
h
Facul
t
y
Un
ive
rs
ity
of
Sum
at
era
Utar
a.
She
is
a
dea
n
of
Facu
lty
of
Publi
c
He
al
t
h
since
2015
-
2020.
Her
concent
ra
ti
on
r
elate
d
with
thi
s
r
ese
ar
ch
in
how
to
e
m
powerm
ent
the
far
m
ers
to
b
e
hea
l
th
and
safe
i
n
use
th
e
p
esti
c
i
de.
The
foc
us
t
e
ac
hing
in
the
fac
ulty
are
r
elate
d
a
bout
s
y
st
emic
of
thi
nking,
em
powerm
ent
in
hea
l
th,
m
ana
gem
ent
startegic
and
orga
niz
a
ti
ona
l,
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ad
ership
and
hea
l
th
polic
y
.
The
m
obil
e
cont
a
ct
:
+
628126302472
3
with
email
cor
responde
nc
e
:
ida
_
y
ust@
y
ah
oo
.
com
Et
ti
Sudar
y
ati
is
a
lectur
e
a
t
He
alth
Nutrition
Dep
art
m
ent
in
Publi
c
Hea
lt
h
Fa
cul
t
y
Univer
sit
y
o
f
Sum
at
era
Utar
a
.
She
is
a
hea
dm
aste
r
of
Magister
and
Doctor
al
S
tud
y
Program
in
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Hea
l
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fac
ul
t
y
.
Her
con
ce
ntr
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late
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with
thi
s
rese
arc
h
social
m
obil
izati
on
to
improve
the
health
progra
m
where
have
to
use
the
p
esti
ci
d
e
in
safe
a
nd
hea
lt
h
.
The
f
ocus
conc
ent
r
ate
d
are
abou
ASI
and
nutri
t
ion
co
nsum
pti
on
and
te
chnol
og
y
.
The
m
obil
e
cont
a
ct:
+6282365777178
with
emai
l
cor
responc
e
: et
ysudar
y
at
i@gm
a
i
l.
com
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.