Intern
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
urn
a
l
o
f
P
u
b
lic Hea
l
th Science (IJ
P
HS)
V
o
l.4
,
No
.1
, Mar
c
h 201
5,
p
p
.
4
4
~
49
I
S
SN
: 225
2-8
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6
44
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJPHS
R
o
le
o
f
Mo
the
r
s
’ N
u
tr
itio
na
l K
n
o
w
le
dge
,
N
u
tr
itiona
l Fac
t
o
r
s o
n
the School Performance
Jas
mi
nAr
a
Fa
rhan
a
1
, Far
h
ana Ak
ther
2
,
Mesbah
Ud
din T
a
lukder
2
,
Md.
Arif
ul Islam
2
,
Md. To
rikul Isla
m
1
, Md
. AminulHaque Bhuyan
1
1
Institute
of Nut
r
ition
and Food
Scien
c
e
,
Unive
r
sit
y
of Dhak
a,
Dha
k
a, B
a
ngl
adesh
2
Departm
e
nt of Food
Techno
log
y
and
Nutr
ition
a
l Sci
e
nce, Maw
l
anaBhashan
i Sci
e
nce and
T
echno
log
y
Universi
t
y
,
Tangail, Bang
ladesh
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received
Ja
n 01, 2015
Rev
i
sed
Jan 30, 201
5
Accepted
Feb 26, 2015
A cros
s
s
ectiona
l s
t
ud
y
was
carri
ed out to inv
e
s
t
i
g
ate
the ef
fec
t
s
of m
o
thers
’
nutrition
a
l kno
wledge, h
eal
th
and nutrit
i
onal
factors and socio-econom
i
c
parameters on school performan
ce among cl
ass five students of
University
Laborator
y
Scho
ol, Dhak
a. All o
f
the
ei
ght
y stud
ents were se
le
ct
ed for th
is
stud
y
.
Th
is stud
y
found
th
ere is a strong
relationship b
e
tween mother’s
knowledge scor
e and s
c
hool
performance. It was found th
at mothers
’
knowledge scor
e was responsible for 91
.1 p
e
rcen
t ch
ange
in school
performance. Th
e mean BMI of the mothers was 20.44. We foun
d that th
e
school performance measured
b
y
cla
ss roll
number of the students is
significantly
related
with
m
o
th
ers
BM
I. Th
ere
was
an im
perf
ect n
e
ga
tiv
e
association between socio-econo
mic pa
rameters and school performance. Bu
t
the relationship
between
the
school
performances with socio-economic
parameters was strongly
si
gnificant. Th
is stud
y
also
observed the
relationship
between Indiv
i
d
u
al Dietar
y
Div
e
rsity
Score (IDD
S
) of respondent and mark
s
achi
e
ved
in c
l
as
s
4 final
exam
.
It is
alarming th
at consumption
percen
tag
e
were low
for
egg
s
(30) and
milk and m
ilk products (37.5)
, but majo
rity
of
th
e
students who co
nsumed milk an
d milk
products (63.3%)
and
eg
gs (66.7%)
got th
e high
est
marks.
Keyword:
BMI
Ch
ild
ren
K
now
ledg
e
Nu
t
r
itio
n
a
l Facto
r
s
School Perform
a
nce
Copyright ©
201
5 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
M
e
sbah
U
ddi
n Tal
u
k
d
er
,
Dep
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
Foo
d
Tech
no
log
y
and
Nu
trition
a
l Scien
c
e,
Mawlan
aBh
a
sh
an
i
Scien
c
e an
d Tech
no
log
y
Un
iv
ersity,
Tang
ail, Bang
l
a
d
e
sh
.
Em
a
il: mesb
ah_
du0
6@yahoo
.co
m
1.
INTRODUCTION
Ch
ild
ren
are t
h
e
wealth
of
an
y natio
n as th
ey c
o
n
s
titu
t
e
on
e
o
f
th
e im
p
o
r
tan
t
segmen
ts of th
e
po
p
u
l
a
t
i
on.
Sc
ho
ol
age i
s
t
h
e
act
i
v
e gr
owi
n
g p
h
ase
of c
h
i
l
d
h
o
o
d
.
Pri
m
ary
scho
ol
age i
s
a dy
nam
i
c peri
od
of
phy
si
cal
gr
o
w
t
h
as wel
l
as of
m
e
nt
al
devel
opm
ent
of t
h
e chi
l
d
[
1
]
.
C
h
i
l
d
ren i
n
t
h
e age
gr
o
up o
f
5
-
1
4
y
ears
are often cons
idere
d
as sc
hool-a
g
e.
Sin
ce
1
972
, t
h
e
Un
i
t
ed
Nation
s
Ed
u
cation
a
l Sci
e
n
tific and
C
u
ltu
ral
Or
ga
ni
zat
i
on (
UNE
SC
O
)
c
o
n
s
i
d
er 6-
1
1
years as prim
ary sc
hool age and
12
-17
year
s as seco
nd
ar
y schoo
l ag
e
for statistical pu
rpo
s
es. Th
e
health
well
b
e
ing
o
f
ch
ildren
i
s
a
fund
am
en
t
a
l issu
e i
n
ed
ucatio
n
.
In
d
e
ed
, activ
e
pr
om
ot
i
on o
f
heal
t
h
i
s
n
o
w
seen as a
pri
o
r
i
t
y
for sc
ho
ol
.
In c
o
unt
ri
es a
r
o
u
nd t
h
e w
o
rl
d, t
h
e i
s
s
u
e i
s
bei
n
g
add
r
esse
d t
h
r
o
ug
h s
c
h
o
o
l
hea
l
t
h
ser
v
i
ces,
he
al
t
h
ed
ucat
i
o
n
and
sc
ho
ol
m
e
al
s pr
o
g
ram
m
ers [
2
]
.
Th
e ch
ildren the
m
selv
es, of co
urse, with th
eir un
iq
u
e
ab
ilities, tem
p
era
m
e
n
ts
an
d prop
ensities p
l
ay a
cent
r
al
r
o
l
e
i
n
fo
rm
i
ng and
re
fo
rm
i
ng t
h
ei
r
beha
vi
o
r
, as
pi
r
a
t
i
ons a
nd ac
h
i
evem
ent
s
[3]
.
Pare
nt
s, t
h
e
br
oade
r
fam
i
l
y
, peer gr
o
ups
, nei
g
h
b
o
r
ho
o
d
i
n
fl
u
e
nces, sc
ho
ol
s
and
ot
her
b
odi
es (e
.g
. ch
urc
h
es, cl
ubs
)
are al
l
i
m
p
licated
in
sh
ap
ing
ch
ild
ren
’
s progress to
wa
rds th
eir self fu
lfillm
e
n
t and
citizensh
ip.
Nu
t
r
itio
n
a
lly
educate
d
m
o
thers ca
n
bri
n
g up th
ei
r ch
ild
ren
in a
h
ealth
ier way
[4
]
.
Th
ere is a
po
sitiv
e asso
ciation
b
e
tween
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PH
S I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
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6
Ro
le
o
f
Mo
t
h
ers' Nu
trition
a
l
Kn
o
w
ledg
e, N
u
tritio
na
l Fa
cto
rs
on
Th
e
S
c
ho
o
l
.... (Ja
s
mi
n
A
ra
Fa
rh
ana
)
45
th
e m
o
th
ers' nu
tritio
n kno
w
l
ed
g
e
an
d th
e ch
ild
ren
'
s w
e
i
g
ht-for-ag
e
[5
]. Mo
th
er’s
know
ledg
e on
n
u
t
ritio
n
h
a
s
a significa
nt positive infl
uence on c
h
ildre
n’s diet qua
lity and c
h
ildre
n’s dietary intakes. Recent research
shows t
h
at childre
n’s
health
can affect their schooling
outcom
es. Heig
ht for a
g
e, a c
u
m
u
la
tive indicator
of
childre
n’s he
alth status, i
n
cre
a
ses schoo
l enro
ll
m
e
n
t
[6
].
A
m
o
th
er with
j
u
st a few years
o
f
schoo
lin
g
is m
o
re
lik
ely to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
h
e
r ch
ild
ren
with
t
h
e care and
stim
u
l
a
tio
n
th
at will d
r
am
atical
ly i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
early,
form
ative years tha
n
the
m
o
ther who
has
ne
ver recei
ved a
n
y form
al educ
ation at all. Illustratively,
one study
foun
d th
at a si
n
g
l
e year
o
f
m
o
th
er's ed
u
cati
o
n was asso
ci
ated
with a
9
p
e
rcen
t
d
ecrease
in
ch
ild m
o
rtality [7
].
Research
ind
i
cates th
at h
ealth
prob
lem
s
d
u
e
to
m
i
serab
l
e n
u
t
rition
a
l statu
s
in
p
r
im
ary sch
o
o
l
-ag
e
chi
l
d
re
n a
r
e a
m
ong t
h
e
m
o
st
com
m
on cau
s
e
s o
f
l
o
w
sc
ho
ol
e
n
r
o
l
m
ent
,
hi
g
h
a
b
se
nt
eei
sm
, earl
y
dr
op
out
an
d
u
n
s
atisfacto
r
y
classroo
m
p
e
rfo
r
m
a
n
ce. It is t
h
erefore
im
p
o
r
tan
t
th
at m
o
th
ers are edu
cated on
pro
p
e
r
n
u
t
ritio
n
so
th
at th
ey cou
l
d
cater to
th
e g
r
owing
n
e
eds an
d
fo
r a b
e
tt
er nu
tritio
n
a
l statu
s
o
f
th
eir ch
ild
ren
th
at wi
ll h
e
lp
th
eir ch
ildren
o
n
b
e
tter schoo
l ach
iev
e
m
e
n
t
[8
]. Th
e so
cioeco
no
m
i
c statu
s
o
f
a ch
ild
is
u
s
u
a
lly d
e
termin
ed
by
pare
nt
al
educat
i
o
nal
l
e
v
e
l
,
parent
al
o
ccupat
i
o
nal
st
at
us
a
nd i
n
c
o
m
e
l
e
ve
l
.
I
t
is
un
de
r
s
t
o
o
d
t
h
a
t
l
o
w
soci
oec
o
nom
i
c
st
at
us
ne
gat
i
vel
y
an
d
de
pre
ssi
ngl
y
a
ffect
s
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
’
aca
dem
i
c achi
e
ve
m
e
nt
[9]
.
Sch
ool
age
i
s
c
onsi
d
ere
d
as a
dy
nam
i
c peri
o
d
of
g
r
owt
h
a
n
d
de
vel
o
pm
ent beca
use
chi
l
d
r
e
n
u
nde
rg
o
phy
si
cal
, m
e
nt
al
, em
ot
i
onal
and
soci
al
cha
nge
s. I
n
ot
he
r
wo
rd
s t
h
e
fo
u
ndat
i
o
ns
of
g
o
od
heal
t
h
a
n
d
sou
n
d
mind are laid during the school age
period. Hence the present study wa
s fo
rm
u
l
ated
with
th
e ob
j
e
ctiv
e, to
assess an
d
find
th
e effects
o
f
m
o
th
ers’
nu
tritio
n
a
l
kn
ow
ledg
e,
h
ealth and
nu
tr
itional f
acto
r
s and so
cio-
econ
o
m
i
c param
e
t
e
rs on t
h
e
sch
ool
per
f
o
r
m
a
nce of s
e
l
ect
ed p
r
i
m
ary
scho
ol
g
o
i
n
g c
h
i
l
d
re
n a
nd t
o
pr
o
v
i
d
e
b
a
selin
e d
a
ta fo
r
fu
ture
research
.
2.
R
E
SEARC
H M
ETHOD
Type of
stud
y
A cr
oss sect
i
o
nal
sam
p
l
e
survey
was car
ri
e
d
o
u
t
am
ong 5
gra
d
er
s st
u
d
ent
s
of
Uni
v
ersi
t
y
Labo
rat
o
ry
Scho
o
l
& C
o
lleg
e
(ULAB) in Dh
ak
a city.
Basis for
selection
o
f
s
t
ud
y
p
l
ace:
Well comm
unicated.
Assu
ran
ce
from
th
e schoo
l au
tho
r
ity fo
r fu
ll co
-op
e
ration
.
Stud
y population and
sampl
e
siz
e
:
The
st
udy
p
o
pul
at
i
o
n was
t
h
e 5 gra
d
er
s st
ude
nt
s of
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
Lab
o
r
at
ory
Sch
o
o
l
&
C
o
l
l
e
ge
(UL
A
B). T
h
ere were
80 students in
gra
d
e 5. As
beca
use
th
ere
were
on
ly 8
0
st
u
d
en
ts, t
h
at’s
wh
y all of th
em
are i
n
cl
ude
d i
n
m
y
st
udy
.
So
s
a
m
p
le size (N)
is also
80.
Rese
arch I
n
struments
:
Devel
o
pme
n
t
of the
ques
t
ionnaire
:
A q
u
est
i
o
nnai
r
e was de
vel
o
p
e
d co
nt
ai
ni
n
g
bot
h cl
ose a
n
d
ope
n en
de
d q
u
est
i
o
ns t
o
o
b
t
a
i
n
rel
e
va
nt
i
n
f
o
rm
at
i
on o
n
i
n
t
e
r
n
et
ex
p
o
s
u
re
, s
o
ci
o
-
eco
n
o
m
i
c and dem
o
g
r
a
phi
c c
o
ndi
t
i
on.
Data Co
llection:
Qu
esti
o
n
n
a
ire
was ask
e
d
p
a
ssiv
ely and
cau
tio
usly no
t to
influ
e
n
ce t
h
e resp
ond
en
ts. Measuring
in
stru
m
e
n
t
s were Bathroo
m
scale/Salte
r scale:
W
e
ight m
eas
urem
ent & Modi
fied tape:
He
ight m
easurement.
Collecti
o
n
of s
o
cio-economic
,
dem
o
graphi
c
an
d F
o
od be
h
avi
or i
n
form
a
t
i
o
n
:
The pa
rt
of t
h
e
quest
i
o
n
n
ai
re
t
h
at
was desi
g
n
ed
to
ob
tain
so
cio-econo
m
i
c
in
form
atio
n
was co
llected
b
y
in
terv
iew
i
n
g
t
h
e r
e
spond
en
ts. A
ll of th
e r
e
sp
ond
en
ts w
e
r
e
in
ter
v
iew
e
d
abo
u
t
h
ealth
, edu
c
atio
n
a
l
in
fo
rm
atio
n
,
occu
p
a
tion
,
family size, in
co
me, liv
in
g
con
d
i
t
i
o
n
etc.
All o
f
th
e in
fo
rm
atio
n
’
s
were
reco
rd
ed
i
n
the
res
p
ective
places of
t
h
e questionnaire
.
Pilo
t
surv
ey
A p
ilo
t su
rv
ey
was co
ndu
cted to
test th
e effi
cien
cy o
f
t
h
e qu
estion
n
a
ire, t
o
loo
k
fo
r an
y p
r
ob
lem
in
th
e m
e
th
o
d
o
l
og
y and
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
sk
ill in co
llectin
g th
e
d
a
ta.
Anthropometric Measurem
ents:
Wei
g
ht
an
d
hei
ght
we
re m
easure
d
acc
or
di
n
g
t
o
st
a
nda
rdi
z
e
d
pr
oce
d
u
r
e
us
i
ng a
p
pr
o
p
ri
at
e
de
vi
ce.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:2252
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06
IJP
H
S
V
o
l
.
4,
No
. 1,
M
a
rc
h 20
1
5
:
4
5
– 49
46
Da
ta
Ve
rifica
t
i
on:
Questi
onnaires
were c
h
ec
ke
d each
day afte
r interv
iewi
ng and agai
n the
s
e were care
f
ully checke
d
aft
e
r c
o
m
p
l
e
t
i
on
o
f
al
l
dat
a
col
l
ect
i
on a
n
d
code
d
be
fo
re
en
tering
i
n
to
t
h
e co
m
p
u
t
er. Th
e
d
a
ta
was ed
ited
i
f
th
er
e w
a
s
an
y d
i
scr
e
p
a
n
c
y (do
u
b
t
en
tr
y, w
r
on
g
en
t
r
y
etc)
.
Statistica
l Ana
l
y
s
is:
Al
l
of t
h
e st
at
i
s
t
i
cal
anal
y
s
i
s
and al
l
ot
he
r d
a
t
a
proces
si
n
g
were
do
ne by
usi
n
g SPS
S 1
6
.
0 wi
nd
o
w
s
pr
o
g
ram
.
Fo
r t
a
bul
a
r
, c
h
art
s
a
n
d
g
r
a
phi
cal
r
e
prese
n
tatio
n
M
i
cro
s
o
f
t Word
an
d
Microsoft Ex
cel was u
s
ed
.
3.
R
E
SU
LTS AN
D ANA
LY
SIS
Tabl
e
1 s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
perce
n
t
di
st
ri
but
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
heal
t
h
a
n
d
nut
ri
t
i
onal
fact
ors
t
h
at
a
ffect
s
t
h
e sc
h
ool
perform
a
nce of the
st
ud
en
t.
Th
e st
u
d
y
fo
un
d th
at
h
a
lf
o
f
th
e m
o
th
ers
belo
ng
to normal weigh
t
.
Amo
n
g
t
h
e
m
o
t
h
ers, 5
2
.
5
perce
n
t
bel
o
ng
s t
o
no
rm
al
wei
ght
whe
r
eas
36
.2
pe
rce
n
t
w
e
re u
n
d
er
wei
ght
a
n
d
11
.2
p
e
rcen
t
were
o
v
er
wei
g
ht
. T
h
e res
p
on
dent
m
o
t
h
ers
had
n
o
t
u
n
i
f
or
m
percept
i
o
n
abo
u
t
t
h
ei
r
o
w
n heal
t
h
.
Ab
o
u
t
2
7
.
5
p
e
rcen
t m
o
th
ers th
ou
gh
t th
at th
eir h
ealth
is g
ood
wh
er
e as 2
3
.
8
m
o
th
ers th
ou
gh
t th
ey have excellent
health
co
nd
itio
n. It
was foun
d th
at
m
o
st o
f
th
e mo
th
ers
d
i
d
n
o
t
h
a
v
e
chron
i
c
diseases. On
ly
6
.
2
percen
t mo
th
ers
have
di
abet
es,
5 pe
rcent
ha
ve
ast
h
m
a
, 8.8 pe
rcent
ha
ve
hea
r
t
di
sease and 5
perce
n
t
have l
u
n
g
di
sease
.
B
u
t
t
h
e
m
o
th
ers are con
s
ciou
s
abou
t th
eir ch
ild’s edu
catio
n.
Half
of th
e m
o
th
ers t
a
k
e
care
o
f
ch
ild
’s edu
cation
wh
ere
as o
n
l
y
1
0
perc
ent
o
f
t
h
e fat
h
e
r
s a
r
e c
once
r
ne
d
of
t
h
ei
r c
h
i
l
d
’s e
ducat
i
o
n.
Tabl
e 1. Perce
n
t
di
st
ri
but
i
o
n
of
heal
t
h
an
d n
u
t
r
i
t
i
onal
fact
o
r
s
i
n
fl
ue
nci
n
g sch
ool
per
f
o
rm
ance (n=
8
0)
Var
i
able Categor
y
Fr
equency
Per
cent
(
%
)
Categor
y
of
m
o
ther
s BM
I
Under
weight
Nor
m
al
weight
Over weight
29
42
9
36.
2
52.
5
11.
2
M
o
ther
s own per
c
eption about health
E
x
cellent
Very
good
Good
Fair
Poor
19
19
22
12
8
23.
8
23.
8
27.
5
15.
0
10.
0
Mothers chronic di
sorder
Diabetes
Asth
m
a
Heart disease
L
ung disease
No chronic disease
5
4
7
4
60
6.
2
5.
0
8.
8
5.
0
75
T
a
kes care about education
Father
Mo
th
er
Both
None
Teacher
10
40
11
5
14
12.
5
50.
0
13.
8
6.
2
17.
5
Tab
l
e 2
.
Descrip
tiv
e
statistics
o
f
h
ealth
and
nu
tritio
n
a
l factors o
f
schoo
l
p
e
rfo
r
m
a
n
ce
(n
=8
0)
Variable
(Mean ±
S.
E.)
S.D.
Mini
m
u
m
Maxi
m
u
m
M
o
ther
s BMI
20.
44±0.
2
8
2.
53
16.
23
26
M
a
r
k
s obtained in class 4 final exam
599.
01±
12.
91
115.
55
432
810
Per
centage of
m
a
rks obtained in class 4
fina
l e
x
am
70.
47±1.
5
2
13.
59
51
95
Tabl
e
2 re
p
r
es
ent
s
t
h
e m
ean
, st
an
dar
d
de
v
i
at
i
on, m
i
nim
u
m
and m
a
ximum
val
u
e f
o
r
heal
t
h
a
nd
nut
ri
t
i
onal
fact
ors t
h
at
affect
s
scho
ol
pe
rf
o
r
m
a
nce. The m
ean o
f
B
M
I o
f
t
h
e m
o
t
h
ers w
a
s 20
.4
4.
It
wa
s fo
u
nd
t
h
at
a hi
ghe
st
95
pe
rce
n
t
m
a
rks
was
achi
e
v
e
d
whi
c
h i
s
e
q
ui
val
e
nt
t
o
81
0 m
a
rks
whe
r
e
a
s l
o
we
st
4
3
2
m
a
rks
was achi
e
ved i
n
cl
ass 4 fi
nal
exam
. The
m
ean f
o
r pe
rce
n
t
a
ge of m
a
rks obt
ai
ne
d i
n
cl
a
ss 4 fi
nal
exa
m
and
to
tal
m
a
rk
s
ob
tain
ed
i
n
class 4 fin
a
l ex
am
were
7
0
.47
p
e
rcen
t and
59
9.01
resp
ectiv
ely.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PH
S I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
0
6
Ro
le
o
f
Mo
t
h
ers' Nu
trition
a
l
Kn
o
w
ledg
e, N
u
tritio
na
l Fa
cto
rs
on
Th
e
S
c
ho
o
l
.... (Ja
s
mi
n
A
ra
Fa
rh
ana
)
47
Fi
gu
re
1.
Perce
n
t
di
st
ri
but
i
o
n
of
K
n
o
w
l
e
dge
score
o
f
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
Fi
gu
re 1
depi
c
t
s t
h
e perce
n
t
di
st
ri
b
u
t
i
on
of
kn
o
w
l
e
d
g
e sco
r
e of m
o
t
h
ers
.
Thi
s
st
u
d
y
fo
u
nd t
h
at
onl
y
25
perce
n
t
m
o
thers
obt
ai
ne
d
50 a
nd a
b
o
v
e
m
a
rks, 2
1
.
2
pe
rcent
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
40
-
4
9
,
2
3
.
8
pe
rcent
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
30
-
3
9
and
3
0
pe
rcent
obt
ai
ne
d l
e
ss
t
h
an
3
0
m
a
rks.
Table
3.
Corre
lation coefficient s
h
ow
ing t
h
e
effects
of nutri
tional fact
or
s an
d socio
-
econ
omic p
a
r
a
m
e
ter
s
on
sch
ool
per
f
o
rm
ance
Correlation be
tw
een nu
tritional fa
ctors and school
perfor
m
a
nce
Dependent var
i
able
I
ndependent var
i
ab
le
Correlation coefficient
P-value
School Per
f
orm
a
nce
T
o
tal knowledge scor
e
-
0
.
954
0.
000
M
o
ther
s BMI
-
0
.
886
0.
000
Correlation be
tw
een socio-econo
mic pa
ra
m
e
ters an
d school perfor
mance
School Per
f
orm
a
nce
T
o
tal inco
m
e
of th
e fam
i
ly
-
0
.
940
0.
000
M
onthly
tuition cost
-
0
.
958
0.
000
No of ear
ning per
s
on in fam
i
ly
-
0
.
891
0.
000
Tab
l
e3
illu
strates th
e asso
ciatio
n
b
e
tween
nu
tritio
n
a
l fact
ors and
scho
o
l
p
e
rform
a
n
ce measu
r
ed
b
y
cl
ass rol
l
num
ber
.
It
rep
r
ese
n
t
s
t
h
at
t
h
ere i
s
an i
m
perfect
i
v
e ne
gat
i
v
e c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
on bet
w
ee
n sc
ho
ol
per
f
o
r
m
a
nce
an
d to
tal know
ledg
e sco
r
e. Th
is tab
l
e also
sho
w
s th
e
co
rr
elatio
n
coef
f
i
cien
t
b
e
tween
BMI
and scho
o
l
per
f
o
r
m
a
nce i
s
-0.
8
86 i
n
di
cat
i
ng t
h
e n
e
gat
i
v
e associ
at
i
o
n
.
The rel
a
t
i
o
nshi
p bet
w
ee
n sc
h
ool
pe
rf
o
r
m
a
nce and
to
tal k
nowledge sco
r
e is strong
ly sig
n
i
fican
t
as th
e p-v
a
lue i
s
zero. T
h
is indicates
that the
i
r perform
ances are
not
sam
e
due t
o
t
h
e
di
ffe
re
nt
val
u
es
of t
h
e
m
e
nt
i
oned t
o
t
a
l
kn
owl
e
dge
sc
ore
rel
a
t
e
d
vari
abl
e
s.T
h
i
s
t
a
bl
e al
so
shows that the
school pe
rformance m
easu
r
ed b
y
class ro
ll nu
m
b
er o
f
th
e st
u
d
e
n
t
s is sig
n
i
fican
tly related
with
m
o
thers BMI, marks obtaine
d
in class 4
final exam
, because the Ch
i
-
s
qua
re test shows the
p-value
<
0.01.
This indicates
that their
pe
rform
a
nces are
not sam
e
due
t
o
t
h
e
di
ffe
re
nt
val
u
es
o
f
t
h
e
m
e
nt
i
oned
hea
l
t
h
an
d
n
u
t
r
itio
n
r
e
lated
v
a
r
i
ab
les.The stud
y fo
und n
e
g
a
tiv
e associatio
n
b
e
tw
een
so
cio-
economic p
a
r
a
m
e
ter
s
and
sch
ool
per
f
o
r
m
a
nce. As t
h
e
p-
val
u
e i
s
ze
r
o
t
h
e
rel
a
t
i
ons
hi
p
bet
w
ee
n t
h
e sc
ho
ol
pe
rf
orm
a
nces wi
t
h
soci
o
-
econ
o
m
i
c para
m
e
t
e
rs i
s
hi
g
h
l
y
si
gni
fi
ca
nt
.
Tabl
e
4. C
r
os
s
t
a
bul
at
i
o
n
of
I
ndi
vi
d
u
al
Di
et
ary
Di
versi
t
y
S
c
ore
(
I
D
D
S
)
of
res
p
o
n
d
ent
a
n
d m
a
rks ac
hi
ev
ed i
n
cl
ass 4
fi
nal
e
x
am
Ma
rk
s Ach
iev
e
d
In
Class 4
Fin
al Ex
a
m
I
DDS
<500
500-
59
9
600-
69
9
700 and abo
v
e
T
o
tal
Consu
m
ption o
f
dar
k
gr
een
leafy
vegetables
1(
3.
2)
1(
3.
2)
14(
45.
2)
15(
48.
4)
31(
38.
8)
Consu
m
ption of fr
uits
5(
15.
2)
3(
9.
1)
9(
27.
3)
16(
48.
5)
33(
41.
2)
Consu
m
ption of eg
gs
3(
12.
5)
1(
4.
2)
4(
16.
7)
16(
66.
7)
24(
30)
Consu
m
ption of fl
esh
m
eats
7(
20.
6)
8(
23.
5)
3(
8.
8)
16(
47.
1)
34(
42.
5)
Consu
m
ption of fi
sh and sea foods
7(
19.
4)
5(
13.
9)
10(
27.
8)
14(
38.
9)
36(
45)
Consu
m
ption of
m
ilk and
m
ilk pr
oduct
1(
3.
3)
3(
10)
7(
23.
3)
19(
63.
3)
30(
37.
5)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
<30
3
0
‐
39
40
‐
49
50
and
above
30
23.8
21.2
25
Percent
Knowledge
score
of
mothers
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I
S
SN
:2252
-88
06
IJP
H
S
V
o
l
.
4,
No
. 1,
M
a
rc
h 20
1
5
:
4
5
– 49
48
Tabl
e 4 s
h
ow
s t
h
at
t
h
e sch
ool
per
f
o
r
m
a
nce
m
easured
by
m
a
rks of t
h
e st
u
d
e
n
t
i
s
rel
a
t
e
d wi
t
h
In
di
vi
dual
Di
et
ary
Di
ver
s
i
t
y
Sco
r
e (
I
D
D
S
)
.
45
pe
rcent
st
u
d
ent
s
c
o
nsum
ed fi
s
h
an
d sea
fo
o
d
s.
Am
ong
t
h
em
3
8
.9
p
e
rcen
t ob
tain
ed
h
i
gh
est
m
a
rk
s.
42
.5
p
e
rcen
t
stud
ents cons
um
ed flesh m
eats and 47.1
pe
rcent
of them
achi
e
ve
d hi
g
h
e
st
m
a
rks.
C
o
nsum
pt
i
on o
f
fr
ui
t
s
was 4
1
.
2
p
e
rce
n
t
o
f
whi
c
h 48
.5 pe
rcent
st
ude
nt
s obt
ai
ne
d
hi
g
h
est
m
a
rks.
38
.8
perce
n
t
st
ude
nt
s co
ns
u
m
ed dar
k
gree
n l
eafy
ve
get
a
bl
es o
f
w
h
i
c
h
48
.4
pe
rcent
a
c
hi
eve
d
hi
g
h
est
m
a
rks.
It
i
s
al
arm
i
ng t
h
at
m
a
jori
t
y
of t
h
e st
u
d
e
n
t
s
(6
2.
5
perce
n
t
)
di
d n
o
t
co
ns
um
e
m
i
l
k
and
m
i
l
k
pr
o
duct
;
o
n
l
y
37.
5 pe
rcent
st
u
d
ent
s
c
ons
um
ed m
i
l
k
and m
ilk p
r
o
d
u
ct
s. M
a
jo
ri
t
y
of t
h
e st
ude
nt
s (
6
3
.
3
p
e
rcen
t
)
of
hi
g
h
est
m
a
r
k
s gr
o
up c
o
n
s
um
ed
m
i
l
k
an
d m
i
l
k
pr
od
uct
.
C
ons
um
pt
i
o
n
of eg
gs am
on
g hi
g
h
est
m
a
rk gr
ou
p
i
s
hi
g
h
.
3
0
per
cent
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
c
ons
um
ed eg
gs
of
w
h
i
c
h
6
6
.
7
perce
n
t
got
hi
g
h
est
m
a
rks i
n
c
l
ass 4
fi
nal
e
x
a
m
.
DIS
C
USSI
ON
In t
h
i
s
st
u
d
y
sch
ool
per
f
o
r
m
a
nce was m
easure
d
by cla
ss roll num
b
er. The
lower t
h
e class
roll
num
ber, t
h
e
b
e
t
t
e
r t
h
e scho
ol
per
f
o
r
m
a
nce. Sch
ool
per
f
o
rm
ance of t
h
e st
ude
nt
s was
severel
y
affe
ct
ed by
m
o
th
er
s’
nu
tr
itio
n
a
l kn
ow
ledg
e. A
lo
t of
nu
tr
itio
n
a
l know
ledg
e f
actor
s ar
e av
ailab
l
e. Family
b
ack
gro
und
is
t
h
e key
t
o
a st
ude
nt
s’
l
i
f
e a
n
d
out
si
d
e
o
f
s
c
ho
ol
, i
s
t
h
e
m
o
st
im
port
a
nt
i
n
fl
ue
nce
o
n
st
ude
nt
l
ear
ni
n
g
[
1
0]
.
There a
r
e n
u
m
e
ro
us h
eal
t
h
and
nut
ri
t
i
onal
fact
or
s w
h
i
c
h
affects the sc
hool
perform
a
nce. Dietary di
versity
score
s
are c
r
e
a
t
e
d by
s
u
m
m
i
ng ei
t
h
e
r
t
h
e
num
ber
of i
n
di
vi
d
u
al
f
o
od
s
or
f
o
o
d
gr
o
u
p
s c
ons
um
ed ove
r a
refe
rence
pe
ri
o
d
.
The
di
et
ary
di
ve
rsi
t
y
sco
r
e
s
co
nsi
s
t
of
a s
i
m
p
l
e
cou
n
t
of
f
o
o
d
gr
o
u
p
s
t
h
at
a
h
ouse
h
ol
d
or
a
n
i
ndi
vi
dual
has
cons
um
ed ov
er t
h
e past
24
ho
urs
.
St
u
d
i
e
s un
de
rt
ake
n
i
n
p
r
e-i
n
d
u
st
ri
a
l
soci
et
i
e
s sho
w
t
h
at
chi
l
d
re
n wi
t
h
a few y
ears of
form
al
school
i
ng pe
rf
orm
bet
t
e
r t
h
an t
h
ei
r
unsc
h
o
o
l
e
d
p
eers o
n
a vari
et
y
of
co
gn
itiv
e tests
[11
]
.
St
ude
nt
s
wh
o
have
a l
o
w
So
ci
o Ec
on
om
i
c
St
at
us ear
n l
o
wer t
e
st
sc
o
r
es
an
d are
m
o
re
l
i
k
el
y
t
o
d
r
o
p
out
of sc
ho
ol
[
11]
. C
l
ass pe
rf
orm
a
nce was
n
e
gat
i
v
el
y
cor
r
e
l
at
ed wi
t
h
t
h
e
fact
or
s t
o
t
a
l
i
n
com
e
of t
h
e f
a
m
i
ly
,
m
o
n
t
h
l
y tu
itio
n
co
st,
nu
m
b
er o
f
earn
i
n
g
p
e
rso
n
s in
th
e
family, an
d
th
is correlatio
n
was si
g
n
i
fican
t (p
<0.0
1) at
1
p
e
rcen
t lev
e
l o
f
sign
ificance. Re
search
sh
ows t
h
at su
pp
ortiv
e and
atte
n
tiv
e p
a
ren
ting
p
r
actices p
o
sitiv
ely
affect aca
demic achievem
e
nt. Maternal
characte
r
istic
s are anothe
r key factor t
h
at affects ac
adem
ic
achi
e
vem
e
nt
[1
2]
.
4.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
In c
o
ncl
u
si
on
,
i
t
m
a
y
be sai
d
t
h
at
sch
ool
per
f
o
r
m
a
nce of t
h
e sel
ect
ed st
u
d
e
nt
s va
ri
es
due
t
o
m
o
t
h
ers’
n
u
t
ritio
n
a
l k
nowledg
e, h
ealth
and
n
u
t
ritio
nal
facto
r
s
an
d
so
cio-econo
m
i
c p
a
ram
e
ters. Scho
o
l
p
e
rfo
r
man
ce
measu
r
ed
b
y
mar
k
s gr
oup
of
th
e stud
en
ts w
a
s sign
if
ican
tly r
e
lated
w
ith
th
o
s
e. A
lo
t
o
f
n
u
t
r
itio
n
a
l know
ledg
e
fact
or
s are av
ai
l
a
bl
e. Am
ong t
hose
we ga
ve em
phasi
s on t
h
e effect
s
of m
o
t
h
ers k
n
o
wl
e
dge sc
ore
,
B
M
I,
soci
o
-
eco
n
o
m
i
c fact
or o
n
Sc
ho
ol
pe
rf
orm
a
nce. Al
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
i
s
st
udy
pr
o
v
i
des a gene
ral
i
d
ea, m
o
re rem
a
i
n
s t
o
b
e
learn
e
d abou
t th
e
ro
le
o
f
ch
ild
h
ealth
, and
o
n
wh
at po
licies (eith
er i
n
t
h
e sch
o
o
l
o
r
i
n
th
e Fam
ily) are m
o
s
t
effectiv
e at add
r
essi
ng
ch
ild
ren
’
s sch
o
o
l
p
e
rfo
r
m
a
n
ce and h
ealth prob
lem
s
. Fin
a
lly it
can
b
e
sai
d
matern
al
n
u
t
ritio
n
a
l
k
nowledg
e
p
l
ay a cru
c
ial ro
le
o
n
th
e nu
trition
a
l statu
s
of ch
ild
ren
.
It is th
erefore im
p
o
r
tant th
at
m
o
th
ers are ed
u
cated
on
p
r
o
p
e
r nu
trition
so
th
at th
ey
co
u
l
d
cater to
t
h
e growing
n
e
ed
s and
for a
b
e
tter
nut
ri
t
i
onal
st
at
us
of
t
h
ei
r
chi
l
dre
n
.
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NC
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nurag S
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y
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a
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I
J
PH
S I
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SN
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8
0
6
Ro
le
o
f
Mo
t
h
ers' Nu
trition
a
l
Kn
o
w
ledg
e, N
u
tritio
na
l Fa
cto
rs
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Th
e
S
c
ho
o
l
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s
mi
n
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ra
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rh
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h
e knowledg
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i
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e
ña SR.;
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e
l
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acu
lt
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l o
f
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y
n
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i
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a
ren
t
al
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e
nce
on th
e a
cadem
ic
a
c
hiev
e
m
ent of adol
es
ce
nts
:
the
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l
l
e
ng
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r fam
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e
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,
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f
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n
g
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.
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audhr
y
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f
iq M., Berh
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actors
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cting studen
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y
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em
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