Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
u
bli
c Hea
lt
h S
c
ie
nce (IJPH
S)
Vo
l.
7
, No
.
2,
J
un
e
201
8
, pp.
97
~
101
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8806,
DOI: 10
.11
591/ij
phs.
v7
i
2.
1
17
76
97
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
https:
//
ww
w.i
aesco
re
.c
om
/j
our
nals/
ind
ex.
php/IJP
H
S
Risk Qu
otie
nt
o
f Airbo
rn
e Paraq
uat Exposur
e
am
ong
W
or
k
ers
in
Palm
Oil Plan
tation
Maksuk
1
, Tan
Malak
a
2
,
Su
h
eryant
o
3
, Ab
u
U
m
ayah
4
1
Hea
lt
h
Pol
y
tech
nic
,
Pal
embang,
Indone
sia
2
Facul
t
y
of
Medi
ci
ne
,
Sriwij
a
y
a
Univer
sit
y
,
Indo
nesia
3
Faculty
o
f
Ma
them
a
ti
cal
an
d Natu
ral Scie
nc
e
,
Sriwij
a
y
a
Uni
ver
sit
y
,
Indone
si
a
4
Facul
t
y
of
Agri
cul
tur
e, Sriwij
a
ya
Univer
si
t
y
,
Ind
onesia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Feb
20
, 201
8
Re
vised
A
pr 11
, 2
01
8
Accepte
d
J
un
30
, 201
8
Para
quat
is
th
e
h
erb
icide
wide
l
y
used
at
pal
m
oil
pla
nt
at
ions,
al
th
ough
usage
it
in
som
e
countries
has
bee
n
b
a
nned
and
restr
icted.
Par
aquat
spra
y
ing
was
not
appr
opri
ate
proc
edur
e
coul
d
be
poll
u
te
d
th
e
envi
ronm
en
t
and
lead
to
hea
l
th
disorder
s
workers.
Para
quat
coul
d
enter
th
e
bod
y
through
inha
l
at
ion
,
der
m
al
and
ing
esti
on,
one
of
fre
quent
rout
es
through
inha
lation
during
spra
y
ing
we
eds
i
n
pla
nt
a
ti
on
a
reas
.
Thi
s stud
y
aim
ed
was t
o
ana
l
y
z
e
pot
ent
i
al
inha
l
at
ion
dose
and
Risk
Quoti
ent
to
workers
at
pa
lm
oil
p
la
n
ta
ti
on
.
Thi
s
rese
arc
h
was
a
desc
riptive
stud
y
wi
th
cro
ss
sec
ti
onal
design
an
d
anal
y
s
is
of
envi
ronm
ent
a
l
hea
l
th
risk
m
et
hods.
Airborne
Para
qu
at
residu
e
was
col
lect
e
d
from
8
workers
with
occ
up
atio
nal
a
ct
iv
ity
as
a
supervisor
an
d
spra
y
er.
Airborne
Para
qu
at
residu
e
was
m
ea
sured
for
25
m
inut
es
during
spra
y
ing
b
y
using
per
sonal
ai
r
sam
ple
r
at
worker’s
bre
at
h
i
ng
zone
.
Airbor
ne
Para
qua
t
residue
was
d
e
tecte
d
b
y
High
Pe
rform
anc
e
L
iquid
Chrom
at
ogra
p
h
y
(HP
LC
)
with
NIO
SH
5003
m
et
hods.
Th
e
av
era
ge
of
ai
r
borne
Para
qu
at
residue
was
0.
0125
m
g/m3,
it
val
ues
wa
s
le
ss
tha
n
the
Thre
shold
L
imit
Value
(0.
05
m
g/m
3
)
of
Am
eri
ca
n
Conf
ere
nc
e
of
Gover
nm
ent
Industrial
H
y
gi
eni
sts,
but
the
av
era
g
e
o
f
pote
ntial
i
nhal
a
ti
on
dose
was
0.
001
m
g/kg/
da
y
for
worker’s
weight
55
kg,
it
was
val
ue
highe
r
tha
n
Acc
eptab
le
Oper
at
or
Exposure
L
imit
(0.
0005
m
g/
kg
/day
)
and
th
e
c
al
cu
la
t
ion
of
R
i
sk
Quotie
nt
(RQ) was
m
ore
t
han
1,
it
condi
t
io
ns was una
cc
eptable
for
workers
.
Although,
ai
rborne
Par
aqu
at
residue
wer
e
safe
,
but
pot
ent
i
al
inhalation
dose
and
Risk
Quotie
nt
(RQ)
were
unsafe
for
workers,
ca
use
it
ca
n
be
le
ad
to
l
ung
func
ti
on
disorder
s.
Th
erefore,
for
fur
the
r
studie
s
it
was
nec
essar
y
to
assess
the
lun
g
func
ti
on
o
f
wor
ker
s
and
the
us
e
of
p
ersona
l
pr
ote
c
ti
ve
equi
pm
ent
m
ust
be
complet
e
l
y
and
s
ta
ndar
d
.
Ke
yw
or
d:
Air
born
e
p
a
ra
quat
Pal
m
o
il
p
la
nta
ti
on
Ri
sk
qu
otient
Wor
ker
s
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ma
ks
uk
,
Healt
h
P
o
ly
te
chn
ic
,
Palem
ban
g,
Ind
on
esi
a,
Japa
n
Me
r
de
ka
10A Pale
m
ban
g, S
um
at
era Selat
an
,
I
ndones
ia
.
Em
a
il
:
m
aksuk
@polt
ek
kesp
al
e
m
ban
g.ac
.i
d
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Re
centl
y,
the
us
e
of
pestic
id
es
wer
e
incr
ea
sing
in
ag
ricul
tural
an
d
plant
at
ion
areas,
pa
rtic
ularly
in
dev
el
op
i
ng
co
un
t
ries
inclu
di
ng
I
ndonesi
a,
the
nu
m
ber
of
pestic
ides
us
e
d
a
nd
li
ste
d
as
m
any
as
3.2
07
form
ulati
on
s
fo
r
ag
ricult
ure
and
plantat
ion
[1
]
.
Herbici
de
s
wer
e
wide
ly
us
ed
pestic
ide
s
in
agr
ic
ultu
r
al
an
d
plantat
io
n
area
s,
their
us
e
w
as
ab
ou
t
50
-
60%
[
2],
a
nd
t
he
wi
dely
us
e
d
he
r
bicides
i
ngre
dient
is
P
araquat
dichlori
de
[
3].
Para
qu
at
(1,
1
-
dim
e
thyl
,
4,
4
-
bip
yri
didum
)
is
a
to
xic
herbi
ci
des
a
nd
cl
ass
ifie
d
as
c
at
eg
ory
I
I
hazar
d
[
4].
Th
e
us
es
of
Para
qu
at
ha
ve
been
banned
i
n
som
e
cou
ntries
,
inclu
ding
27
co
un
t
ries
in
Eu
rope
a
nd
in
10
co
un
t
ries
restrict
ed
[
5],
w
hile
Par
aqu
at
is
cl
ass
ifie
d
as
a
res
tric
te
d
pestic
ide
in
I
ndones
ia
[6
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8806
IJPHS
V
ol.
7
,
No.
2
,
J
une
20
18
:
97
–
101
98
In
de
velo
ping
co
un
trie
s
i
nclud
i
ng
I
ndones
ia
,
Para
qu
at
is
us
e
d
f
reely
and
easi
ly
avail
able
on
the
m
ark
et
.
It
co
nd
it
io
n
ca
n
ca
us
e
the wo
rk
e
rs
e
xposure
to
Para
quat
qui
te
high
m
ai
nly
on
spraye
rs
a
nd
s
up
e
rv
is
ors
duri
ng
sp
rayi
ng
in
pla
ntati
on
area
s
[
7].
Para
qu
at
e
xposure
to
work
e
rs
duri
ng
s
pr
ay
in
g
co
uld
be
thr
ough
in
ha
la
ti
on
,
der
m
al
and
i
ngest
ion
routes
[
8].
Pa
raquat
e
xposu
re
c
ou
l
d
le
ad
to
deat
h
bec
ause
le
thali
ty
of
it
s
ve
ry
high,
with
a m
or
ta
li
t
y rate
of
70
-
80%
[9].
The
ave
ra
ge
de
at
h
of
Pa
ra
qu
at
po
iso
ning
w
ere
ab
ou
t
60
-
80%,
m
ajo
rity
of
cases
were
m
od
erate
to
sever
e
,
deat
hs
wer
e
general
ly
du
e
to
hypoxia,
seco
ndar
y
to
pu
lm
on
a
ry
fib
ro
sis
[10].
I
n
ad
diti
on,
the
app
li
cat
io
n
of
Para
qu
at
s
pray
ing
by
far
m
ers
was
relat
ed
t
o
res
pirato
ry
dis
orders
in
Sout
h
Korea
[11].
Stud
ie
s
on
pestic
ide
app
li
cat
ors
in
I
ow
a
a
nd
N
ort
h
Ca
ro
li
na
,
U
SA
re
ported
that
there
was
associat
ion
be
twee
n
sh
ort
ne
ss
of
breat
h
an
d Para
quat
exp
os
ure
[
12
]
. Para
quat
c
on
ce
ntrati
ons
s
pr
ay
e
d
m
anu
al
ly
co
uld be
de
posit
ed
in
the
nose
a
nd
con
tr
i
bu
te
to
i
nter
nal
dose
w
orkers
[
13
]
.
T
he
po
te
ntial
do
s
e
of
Pa
raquat
c
an
be
a
bsor
bed
into
the
wor
ker
'
s
body
th
rou
gh
i
nh
al
at
io
n,
in
ge
sti
on
,
der
m
al
routes
an
d
accum
ulate
s
in
th
e
lun
g,
li
ver
,
hear
t,
kidney
s a
nd o
t
her o
rg
a
ns[9]
,
[14].
Pr
e
vious
stu
dy
in
Ma
la
ysi
a
repor
te
d
that
Para
qu
at
ai
r
con
ce
ntrati
on
m
easur
ed
du
rin
g
25
m
in
sp
rayi
ng
at
w
orkers’
breat
hi
ng
zo
ne
was
0.125
m
g/m
3
and
pote
ntial
inh
al
at
io
n
dose
cal
culat
ed
fro
m
a
ir
con
ce
ntrati
ons
was
0.0
25
m
g/kg/day
[
15
]
.
Paraquat
co
nc
entrati
on
al
so
found
in
ai
r
was
0.
24−
0.97
µg/m
3
durin
g
the
m
e
asur
em
ent
of
8
hour
s
occ
up
at
ion
al
ex
pos
ure
to
Para
qu
at
in
Ma
la
ysi
a
[1
6].
The
refor
e
,
it
was
necessa
ry
to
m
easur
e
ai
rborn
e
Para
qu
at
re
sidu
e
,
assessm
ent
of
pote
ntial
inh
al
at
io
n
dose
and
Ri
s
k
Q
uoti
ent
at
palm
o
il
p
la
ntati
on
s.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
This
resea
rch
was
a
desc
ript
ive
stud
y
with
cro
ss
sect
io
na
l
design
a
nd
analy
sis
of
en
vir
on
m
ental
healt
h
ris
k
m
eth
ods.
This
st
udy
was
c
onduc
te
d
on
A
ugust
2016
at
palm
oil
plantat
io
n
in
Ba
ny
uasin
D
ist
rict
South
Su
m
at
ra
Prov
i
nce
I
ndonesi
a.
Air
bor
ne
Pa
raqu
at
resid
ue
w
a
s
colle
ct
ed
from
8
wor
kers
with
occupati
onal
a
ct
ivit
y
as
a
su
perviso
r
a
nd
s
pr
ay
er
.
Ai
rborne
Pa
raquat
re
sidu
e
was
m
easur
e
f
or
25
m
i
nu
te
s
durin
g
s
pr
ay
in
g
by
us
in
g
personal
ai
r
sam
pler
at
wor
ker’s
br
eat
hing
zo
ne
.
Air
bor
ne
Pa
raquat
resi
du
e
w
a
s
detect
ed by Hi
gh Pe
rfor
m
ance Liq
uid
C
hro
m
at
og
ra
ph
y
(HPLC)
with
NIOS
H 500
3
m
eth
ods.
Data
wer
e
coll
ect
ed
from
sp
rayers
and
s
up
e
rv
is
or
s
a
nd
m
e
asur
e
d
at
worker’s
breat
hi
ng
zon
e
us
i
ng
per
s
onal
ai
r
sa
m
pler
du
ri
ng
s
pr
ay
in
g
f
or
25
m
inu
te
s.
Be
f
ore
m
easur
ing,
flo
w
rate
was
cal
ibrated
by
inter
nal
cal
ibrato
r,
set
t
he
flo
w
rate
to
2
L/
m
in.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
put
the
pe
rsonal
ai
r
sa
m
pler
on
th
e
work
e
rs
wai
st
and
place
the
filt
er
tub
e
with
dist
ance
of
30
cm
at
br
eat
hin
g
z
on
e
a
nd
the
n
store
d
sam
ples
bef
ore
sen
ding
t
o
la
borato
ry
f
or
exam
inati
on
.
Air
born
e
Pa
ra
qu
at
resi
du
e
w
as
te
ste
d
in
la
bo
rat
or
y
by
High
Per
form
ance
Liqu
i
d
Chrom
at
og
raphy (H
P
LC) w
it
h
NIOS
H
50
03
m
et
ho
ds
. Potenti
al
inh
al
at
ion do
se an
d
Ri
sk
Quotie
nt (
RQ
)
were
cal
culat
ed by
m
at
he
m
at
ic
a
l e
qu
at
io
ns (
1)
an
d (2)
[17
].
C
. R.
t
E
. f
E
.
D
t
I
=
(1)
W
b
. t
avg
I
RQ
=
(2)
RFC
The
va
riables
wer
e
us
ed
to
c
al
culat
e
p
oten
ti
al
inh
al
at
ion
do
s
e
an
d
Ri
sk
Quotie
nt
(RQ
)
i.e.
ai
rborne
Para
qu
at
resi
due
(C:
0.0
125
m
g/
m
3
)
,
br
eat
hing
rate
(
R:
0,8
3
m
3
/jam
),
t
i
m
e
of
expos
ur
e
(
t
E
:
8
hour
s/day
),
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
of
expos
ur
e
(
f
E
:250
days/
ye
ar)
,
durati
on
of
e
xposure
(
D
t
:
30
ye
ars
for
non
-
car
ci
noge
nic
su
bst
ances
),
a
ve
rag
e
ti
m
e
peri
od
(du
rati
on
of
ex
pos
ur
e
x
365
days
)
an
d
worker'
s
weig
ht
(m
ini
m
u
m
weig
ht,
m
axi
m
u
m
wei
gh
t,
a
ver
a
ge
weig
ht
of
w
orker
s
at
palm
oil
plantat
ion
and
a
ver
a
ge
weig
ht
of
I
nd
on
e
sia
n
w
ork
ers
)
a
nd
Accepta
ble
O
pe
rator E
xposur
e Lim
it
(A
OE
L:
0.000
5
m
g/k
g/d
ay
)
.
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
3.1.
Airb
orne
Pa
r
aqua
t Res
idue
The
r
esults
of
ai
rborne
Pa
raquat
resi
du
e
w
e
re
des
cribe
d
i
n
Table
1
.
Ba
se
d
on
Ta
ble
1
s
howe
d
that
the
ave
rag
e
of
ai
rborne
Pa
ra
qu
at
resid
ue
w
as
0.0
125
m
g/
m
3
and
that
va
lue
was
le
ss
t
han
Th
res
ho
l
d
Li
m
i
t
Value
rec
omm
end
ed
of
A
CGI
H
(A
m
erican
C
onfer
e
nc
e
of
Gove
rnm
e
nt
Ind
us
tri
al
Hygie
nists)
[
18
]
.
This
co
nd
it
io
n
was
cause
d
by
Paraq
uat
s
olu
ti
on
us
ed
with
a
20
%
s
olu
ti
on
f
orm
and
bef
ore
bein
g
spr
ay
ed
it
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPHS
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8806
Risk
Quo
ti
ent
of Airb
orne P
araqu
at Ex
posure
on W
or
ker
s
at P
alm Oil
Pl
an
t
ation
(
Maks
uk
)
99
was
dilute
d
w
it
h
100
m
l
water
an
d
m
ixed
into
15
li
te
rs
of
water.
C
onse
qu
e
ntly
,
w
hen
s
pray
ed
P
araquat
par
ti
cl
es w
e
re
m
or
e easi
ly
f
al
l t
o
the
gro
und
and air
born
e
P
araquat re
sid
ue
w
as
sli
gh
tl
y.
Table
1.
T
he
Result
s of La
bor
at
or
y Test
of Ai
rborne P
a
ra
quat
Resi
du
e Me
asur
e
d by Pe
rs
on
al
Air
Sam
pler
at
Wor
ker
s
’
Brea
thing Z
on
e
at P
alm
O
il
Plantat
ion
(
n=8)
Sp
ray
in
g
Per
io
d
Airbo
rne Par
aq
u
at Resid
u
e
(
m
g
/
m
3
)
Thresh
o
ld
L
i
m
it
Valu
e (
m
g
/
m
3
)
Du
ring
Spray
in
g
(
2
5
m
in
)
0
.01
2
5
0
.5*
*ACG
IH (2015)
Si
m
il
ar
stud
y
was
repor
te
d
t
hat
ai
rbo
rn
e
Pa
raquat
co
nce
nt
rati
on
s
at
palm
oil
pla
ntati
on
s
in
Ma
la
ysi
a
was
0.125
m
g/
m
3
,
Paraquat
m
easur
ed
usi
ng
per
s
onal
ai
r
sam
pling
at
br
eat
hing
z
on
e
for
25
m
in
duri
ng
sp
rayi
ng
[
15]
.
Airborne
Pa
r
aqu
at
resi
due
w
as
al
so
f
ound
bet
ween
<0.000
1
-
0.0
0024
m
g/
m
3
at
ban
a
na
plantat
io
ns
in
Costa
Ri
ca
[19].
In
a
dd
it
io
n,
ai
rborne
Para
qu
at
resi
due
m
easur
e
d
du
rin
g
sp
rayi
ng
was
fou
nd
resp
ect
ively
0.1
3
m
g/
m
3
and
0.55
m
g/
m
3
[2
0].
Total
Para
qu
at
c
onc
entrati
ons
in
the
ai
r
was
f
ound
0.026
m
g/
m
3
a
t
cotton
planta
ti
on
s
Ca
li
fo
r
ni
a
[21],
wh
il
e
at
ru
bber
a
nd
palm
plantat
ion
s
in
Ma
la
ysi
a
each
wer
e
foun
d res
pecti
vely
b
et
w
een
0.001
-
0.0
1 m
g
/
m
3
and
<
0.000
05
-
0.09
m
g/
m
3
)
[22].
3.2
.
P
ot
en
tial
Inha
l
at
i
on
D
ose
of P
ar
aq
u
at Asse
ssme
nt
The
res
ults of
i
nh
al
at
io
n
pote
ntial
do
se w
e
re
d
escribe
d
in F
igure 1
.
Ba
se
d
on
Fi
gure 1
s
how
s
that t
he
po
te
ntial
inh
al
at
ion
dose
of
pa
raquat
ex
po
s
ure
wer
e
betwe
en
0.0
007
-
0.0
013
m
g/k
g/d
ay
,
the
value
m
or
e
tha
n
Accepta
ble
O
per
at
or
E
xposure
Lim
it
(0
.0005
m
g/k
g/d
a
y)
[23].
It
m
e
ans
this
co
ndi
ti
on
was
unsa
fe
f
or
workers
duri
ng Par
a
quat
spra
yi
ng
at
palm
o
il
p
la
ntati
on fo
r
8
hours/
day.
Figure
1.
P
oten
ti
al
inh
al
at
ion
do
s
e
of
pa
raqu
at
ex
pos
ur
e
The
val
ues
of
po
te
ntial
inh
al
at
ion
dose
at
pal
m
oil
plantat
ion
was
m
or
e
than
Acce
ptabl
e
Op
erat
or
Ex
po
s
ure
Lim
i
t
(0
.
0005
m
g/k
g/d
ay
)
[
23]
.
It
m
eans
that
a
po
te
ntial
inh
al
at
ion
dose
of
Para
qu
at
at
pa
l
m
oil
plantat
io
ns
wa
s
unsafe
f
or
w
orkers
du
rin
g
Para
qu
at
s
pr
ay
ing
for
8
hour
s
/day
with
the
f
reque
ncy
of
ex
po
s
ur
e
250
days/
ye
ar
for
nex
t
30
ye
ars.
A
cc
ordin
g
t
o
re
searc
h
at
plantat
ion
s
i
n
M
al
ay
sia
wer
e
re
ported
t
hat
pot
entia
l
inh
al
at
io
n
dos
e
of
Para
quat
was
0.025
m
g/k
g/
day
(
br
eat
hi
ng
rate
1.7
5
m
3
/h,
tim
e
of
expos
ur
e
8
ho
ur
s
/
day,
weig
ht 70 k
g)
[
15
]
.
In
a
dd
it
io
n,
po
te
ntial
inh
al
at
i
on
dose
was
f
ound
ab
out
0.0
0001
63
m
g/d
ay
(breathin
g
rate
of
1.7
m
3
/h
for
li
ght
w
or
king)
[
24
]
.
T
he
diff
e
re
nce
of
po
te
ntial
inh
al
at
io
n
do
s
e
of
Pa
raquat
was
determ
ined
by
m
easur
em
ents
of
ai
r
bor
ne
Pa
ra
quat
resid
ue,
tim
e
of
ex
po
s
ur
e
,
fr
e
quency
of
ex
posure,
durati
on
of
ex
po
s
ure
,
durat
io
n
of
ex
po
s
ure
a
nd
w
orke
r'
s
weig
ht
[
17
]
.
I
n
a
dd
it
io
n,
t
he
c
oncentr
at
ion
of
Par
aq
uat
ente
rin
g
th
e
bo
dy
durin
g
s
pr
ay
in
g
w
as
determ
i
ned
by
Pa
ra
quat
evapor
at
i
on,
Para
quat
spr
ay
ed
in
dro
plet
form
and
siz
e
of
Para
qu
at
pa
rtic
le
s
hav
e
a
s
uffi
ci
ently
la
rg
e
siz
e
be
twe
en
50
-
100
μm
so
it
can
be
entere
d
to
res
pirato
r
y
tract
24.
How
ever,
a
no
t
her
stud
y
repor
te
d
that
in
halat
ion
r
oute
s
re
pre
sent
rele
van
t
expos
ur
e
r
ou
t
es
f
or
internal
dose e
xposure
[1
9] and Pa
raquat
w
as v
e
ry to
xic th
rou
gh in
halat
ion
route [
24]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8806
IJPHS
V
ol.
7
,
No.
2
,
J
une
20
18
:
97
–
101
100
The
a
verage
o
f
po
te
ntial
inha
la
ti
on
do
se
was
0.0
009
m
g/kg/day,
w
hich
was
est
im
a
te
d
ai
r
bor
ne
Para
qu
at
resi
due
at
wo
r
ke
r’s
br
eat
hi
ng
z
one
duri
ng
s
pray
ing
,
was
1.8
tim
es
hig
he
r
than
the
pr
opos
e
d
Accepta
ble
Operator
E
xposu
r
e
Li
m
i
t
(0
.0005
m
g/k
g/d
ay
).
It
conditi
on
s
c
an
be
l
ead
to
r
espirato
ry
disorde
r
s
for
w
orke
rs.
T
her
e
fore,
t
o
re
du
ce
t
he
e
xposure
of
ai
rbo
rn
e
Para
qu
at
resid
ue
to
t
he
w
ork
ers
du
rin
g
s
pr
a
yi
ng,
so
the
c
om
plete
us
e
of
pe
rsonal
protect
ive
equ
i
pm
ent
is
req
ui
red
f
or
work
e
rs.
In
ad
diti
on
e
xposu
re
ti
m
e
pe
r
day an
d fr
e
que
ncy of e
xposu
r
e sho
uld
als
o b
e re
du
ce
d.
3.3.
Risk
Qu
oti
ent o
f
P
araq
ua
t
Ex
po
s
ure
via
Inh
alation
Ri
sk
Quotie
nt
was
desc
ribe
d
in
Figure
2
.
Ba
sed
on
Fig
ure
2
sho
wed
that
the
value
of
Ri
sk
Q
uoti
ent
was
m
or
e
tha
n
1,
it
m
eans
th
at
conditi
on
w
as
unacce
pta
bl
e
for
wor
ker
s
durin
g
s
pr
ay
in
g
Pa
raquat
at
oi
l
pal
m
pl
antat
io
ns
w
orki
ng
for
8
ho
ur
s/
day
with
f
r
equ
e
ncy
of
e
xposu
re
25
0
da
ys/
ye
ar
fo
r
dur
at
ion
of
e
xposure
for
the
ne
xt
30
ye
ars.
T
his
co
nd
i
ti
on
was
al
s
o
unsafe
for
res
pir
at
or
y
healt
h
w
orkers.
T
her
e
f
or
e
,
it
is
ne
cessary
to
risk
c
ontrol
m
anag
em
ent
by
reducin
g
t
he
c
on
ce
ntrati
on
of
Pa
raquat
in
the
ai
r
,
ti
m
e
of
expos
ur
e
,
dura
ti
on
of
expos
ur
e
and
f
reque
ncy of e
xposu
re.
Figure
2. Ri
sk
quotient
of p
a
r
aqu
at
i
nh
al
at
io
n do
s
e at
palm
oil plantat
io
n
Althou
gh
acco
rd
i
ng
t
o
AC
GIH
that
m
axi
m
um
of
ai
r
born
e
Para
qu
at
resid
ue
wa
s
0.0
5
m
g/m
3
,
bu
t
the
resu
lt
s
of
ris
k
con
tr
ol
m
anag
em
ent
was
red
uce
d
m
axi
m
um
of
ai
rb
or
ne
Paraquat
res
idu
e
was
only
0.006
m
g/
m
3.
Fu
rthe
rm
or
e,
the
w
orker
s
m
ay
be
ex
po
s
ed
to
Para
quat
with
ti
m
e
o
f
ex
posure
f
or
125.3
days
pe
r
ye
ar
and
f
re
quen
cy
of
e
xposu
re
wa
s
ab
ou
t 4
ho
ur
s
/day
,
an
d
the dur
at
io
n
of
e
xposure
was
only
the
ne
xt 1
5
ye
a
rs.
I
t
conditi
ons
acc
orda
nce
wit
h
WHO
reco
m
m
end
at
io
ns
t
hat
workers
w
ho
a
pp
ly
f
or
pe
sti
ci
de
spray
in
g
m
ay
be
al
lowed
f
or
4
-
5
hours/d
ay
[
25
]
.
I
n
ad
diti
on,
the
guidel
ines
f
or
the
use
of
pe
sti
ci
des
in
I
ndonesi
a
al
so
reco
m
m
end
ed t
hat wor
kers c
onduct
ing s
pr
a
yi
ng
s
houl
d onl
y be exp
os
e
d
t
o 5 hou
rs/day
[
26
]
.
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
stu
dy
pro
vid
es
im
po
rtan
t
info
rm
at
ion
on
ai
r
bor
ne
Pa
raquat
resid
ue
durin
g
spray
in
g,
pote
ntial
inh
al
at
io
n
dos
e,
Ri
sk
Quotie
nt
and
how
to
risk
co
ntr
ol
m
anag
em
ent
.
Des
pite
the
resu
lt
s
of
Pa
raquat
con
ce
ntrati
on
m
easur
em
ents
in
the
ai
r
was
le
ss
than
Th
res
ho
l
d
Lim
i
t
Value,
bu
t
po
te
ntial
inh
al
at
ion
dose
of
Para
qu
at
m
or
e
than
Acc
e
ptable
O
per
at
or
E
xposure
Lim
it
and
Ri
s
k
Q
uoti
ent
was
un
acc
eptable
f
or
w
orke
r
s
durin
g
P
ara
qu
a
t
sp
rayi
ng
at
oi
l
palm
plantat
i
on
s
.
T
he
refor
e
,
it
was
necessa
ry
to
risk
c
ontr
ol
m
anag
em
ent
by
determ
ining
th
e
safe
boun
dary
value
for
ai
r
bor
ne
Para
quat
con
ce
ntrati
on,
expos
ur
e
ti
m
e
,
expos
ur
e
fr
e
q
uen
cy
and du
rati
on of
exposu
re.
Re
com
m
end
at
ion
s
f
or
the
w
orkers
that
w
orke
rs
m
us
t
be
us
e
d
t
he
per
s
on
al
protect
ive
eq
uip
m
ent
com
plete
ly
and
sta
ndar
d
dur
ing
pa
ra
qu
at
s
pr
ay
in
g;
f
or
c
om
pan
y
m
us
t
be
pro
vid
e
d
th
e
per
s
onal
pro
te
ct
i
ve
equ
i
pm
ent
com
ple
te
ly
and
gi
ve
punis
hm
ent
to
the
wo
r
kers
who
did
n
ot u
se
it
;
fo
r
f
ur
t
he
r
stud
ie
s
,
it
necessary
to assess
the l
ung f
unct
ion o
f work
ers
t
o
ea
rly
d
et
ect
pulm
on
ary
fib
ro
sis
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
a
uthor
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
to
t
hank
to
I
ndon
esi
a
Endo
wm
e
nt
Fun
d
f
or
Ed
ucati
on,
E
nvir
on
m
ental
Scie
nce
P
rog
r
a
m
of
S
riwij
a
ya
Un
i
ver
sit
y,
Com
pan
y
of
Palm
Oil
Pl
antat
ion
i
n
Ba
nyuasi
n
Distri
ct
and
Gove
rn
m
ent o
f
South
S
um
at
e
ra Province
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPHS
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8806
Risk
Quo
ti
ent
of Airb
orne P
araqu
at Ex
posure
on W
or
ker
s
at P
alm Oil
Pl
an
t
ation
(
Maks
uk
)
101
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Ministr
y
of
Ag
ric
ult
u
re
RI
Di
rec
tor
at
e
Gene
r
al
of
Agric
u
lt
u
ral
Infr
a
struc
tur
e
and
Product
i
on,
“
Pestic
id
es
Agric
ult
ur
e and F
ore
str
y
Regi
st
e
red
”, 2016
.
[2]
Qiao
F.
,
“
pesti
cide
use
and
far
m
ers
he
al
th
in
Chi
na’
s
ric
e
produc
t
ion”
,
Chin
a
Agric
ult
ur
al
Ec
onom
ic
Revi
ew
2012,
4(4):
468
-
484
.
D
OI 10.
1108/175
61371211284821,
2012
.
[3]
Soenar
djo
,
“
I
solat
ion
and
ch
ara
c
te
ri
za
t
ion
of
cor
al
bacte
ri
al
degr
ada
t
ion
of
par
aq
uat
her
bi
ci
de
co
m
pounds
in
Te
luk
Aw
ur
Bea
ch
of
J
epa
ra
”, T
h
esis
,
D
ipone
goro
Uni
ver
sit
y
,
Sem
ara
n
g,
2004
.
[4]
W
orld
Hea
lt
h
Organi
z
at
ion
,
“
The
W
HO
Rec
ommended
Cla
ss
ifica
t
ion
of
Pesti
cides
b
y
Haz
ard
a
nd
Guidel
ine
s
to
cl
assifi
ca
t
ion
”
,
Gene
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