Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
u
bli
c Hea
lt
h S
c
ie
nce (IJPH
S)
Vo
l.
7
, No
.
3,
Septem
ber
201
8,
pp. 1
51
~
156
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8806,
DOI: 10
.11
591/ij
ph
s.
v7
i
3.
14290
151
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
https:
//
ww
w.i
aesco
re
.c
om
/j
our
nals/
ind
ex.
php/IJP
H
S
Knowled
ge, Attit
ud
e a
nd
P
reventi
ve P
ra
ctices
abou
t Ebol
a
Viral Di
seas
e am
ong Jour
nalists in
Osogbo,
S
outhw
est Nige
ria
Ca
ll
istu
s A A
kinl
eye
1
, Sam
uel A. Ol
ow
ookere
2
, O
l
at
u
nji
A
Ol
agun
oy
e
3
, Monis
ola
O
mo
yeni O
ginn
i
4
,
Ayo
yink
a
Olu
fu
nmil
ay
o
B
olo
run
dur
o
5
, E
benez
er G Ad
epoju
6
1
,3
Depa
rtment
of
Com
m
unity
Me
dic
in
e, L
AU
TECH
Te
a
chi
ng
Hos
pit
al,
Os
ogbo,
Niger
ia
2,5
Depa
rtment
of
Com
m
unity
He
al
th
,
Obaf
emi
A
wolowo Unive
rsit
y
,
Ile
-
Ife
,
Nige
ria
4
Depa
rtment of
Nurs
ing
Scie
nc
e
,
Obaf
emi
Aw
olowo
Univer
sit
y
,
Ile
-
Ife
,
Nig
eria
6
Depa
rtment of
Preve
nti
v
e
Medi
ci
ne
,
St
at
e
Spec
i
al
ist
Hos
pit
al,
O
sogbo,
Niger
i
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
ul
12
, 2
01
8
Re
vised
Sep
2
,
201
8
Accepte
d
Se
p 14
,
201
8
The
W
est
Afric
an
subregion
pr
ese
ntly
fa
ce
s
th
e
Ebo
la
viral
d
i
sea
se
(EVD)
epi
demic
.
In
or
der
to
cont
ro
l
t
his
epi
demic
,
jo
urna
li
sts
nee
d
t
o
inform
the
publi
c
.
Thi
s
st
ud
y
assess
ed
t
hei
r
knowledg
e
,
at
t
it
ud
e
and
pre
vent
iv
e
pra
ctice
s
.
A
de
script
iv
e
cro
ss
-
sec
t
iona
l
stud
y
was
conduc
t
ed
among
93
journa
li
sts
wor
king
in
Os
un
Stat
e
who
com
ple
t
ed
a
self
a
dm
ini
stere
d
questi
onnaire.
Data
collecte
d
wa
s
ana
l
y
sed
.
Me
a
n
(SD
)
age
was
26.
4±8.2
y
e
ars
ran
g
ing
1
8
to
49
y
e
ars.
Mea
n
(SD
)
dura
ti
on
in
pra
c
ti
sin
g
journa
l
is
m
was
7.
6±6.7
y
ears
(ra
nge,
1
-
20
y
e
ars).
Mos
t
ha
d
te
rtiar
y
edu
ca
t
ion
(87.
1%)
,
were
singl
es
(74.
2%),
Chr
isti
ans
(51%)
and
Yor
uba
(92.
5%)
.
D
espit
e
goo
d
knowledge
(58.
1
%)
of
EVD,
m
os
t
had
low
risk
per
ce
pt
ion
(46.
2%)
.
The
o
n
l
y
stat
isti
ca
l
sign
i
fic
an
t
pre
di
ct
o
r
of
good
knowledge
was
rel
igi
on
.
In
conc
lusion
,
m
os
t
journa
l
ists
have
good
knowledge
but
low
risk
per
ce
p
ti
o
n
.
Eff
orts
to
impro
ve
th
e
r
isk
Ke
yw
or
d:
E
bola
v
iral
d
is
ease
E
pid
em
ic
Jo
ur
nalist
s
Nige
ria
Ri
sk
p
e
rce
ptio
n
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f
Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Sam
uel A
. O
l
owo
okere
,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f C
omm
un
it
y Heal
th,
Ob
a
fem
i Aw
ol
owo U
niv
e
rsity
, I
le
-
If
e,
N
i
ge
ria
.
Em
a
il
:
sanu
ol
owo
okere
@yah
oo.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Eb
ola
virus
dis
ease
(EVD)
is
a
m
ajo
r
pu
blic
healt
h
pro
blem
associat
ed
with
high
case
fatal
it
y
rate.
The
E
bola
vir
us
was
res
pons
i
ble
f
or
t
he
rec
ent
la
rg
e
st,
lo
ngest
,
m
os
t
wide
sp
rea
d
E
V
D
epidem
ic
in
the
W
est
Africa
n
co
untr
ie
s
of
G
uin
ea,
Sierra
Le
on
e
,
Liberia,
Ma
li
,
Sene
gal
and
N
igeri
a
[1,
2].
T
his
epidem
ic
was
al
so
repor
te
d
i
n
oth
er
co
untrie
s
su
c
h
as
S
pain,
U
nited
Stat
es
of
Am
erica
m
os
tly
of
heal
th
care
work
e
r
s
wit
h
con
ta
ct
with
a
f
fected
West
A
fr
ic
an
c
ount
ries
[3,
4].
O
n
A
ugus
t
8,
20
14,
World
Healt
h
Orga
nizat
ion
(
WHO)
declare
d
the
e
pi
dem
ic
as
a
P
ubli
c
Healt
h
Em
erg
e
ncy
of
I
nte
rn
at
io
nal
C
on
c
ern.
It
fa
r
ou
tst
rips
othe
r
prev
iou
s
EVD
e
pid
em
ics
that
hav
e
be
en
re
ported
in
oth
e
r
Africa
n
countries
s
uch
as
Dem
ocr
at
i
c
Re
public
of
Cong
o,
Sudan,
Gabo
n
and
U
ga
nd
a
.
A
com
m
on
facto
r
ab
out
the
co
untrie
s
wh
e
re
t
he
epidem
ic
occ
urred
was
the
high
pove
rty
le
vel
with
la
r
gely
de
stroyed
or
se
ver
el
y
dysf
un
c
ti
on
al
he
al
th
c
are
syst
em
du
e
to
c
onflic
ts
a
nd
wa
rs
and
ina
bili
ty
t
o
co
ntr
ol
this
epidem
ic
[2
]
.
This
disease
is
sp
rea
d
by
sp
e
ci
fic
sit
uations
fr
om
on
e
hu
m
an
t
o
ano
t
her
i
n
hos
pital
s
with
po
or
in
fecti
on
co
ntr
ol
m
echan
ism
,
m
or
tuaries
thr
ough
ina
ppr
opriat
e
ha
nd
li
ng
of
dead
bodies
a
nd
c
omm
un
it
i
es
with
la
ck
or
ina
de
qu
at
e
per
s
on
al
pr
otect
ive
equ
i
pme
nt
with
wi
de
sp
rea
d
ignora
nce a
bout
the m
od
e
of
s
pr
ea
d of t
his e
pid
em
ic
hin
de
r
it
s contro
l
an
d p
rev
e
ntio
n
[
2]
.
World
wide
,
th
e
m
edia
are
no
ta
ble
age
nts
inf
or
m
ing
the
gen
e
ral
public
about
var
io
us
top
ic
s
unde
r
the
su
n
[5
]
.
Wh
il
e
carrying
out
this
ta
sk
,
som
e
j
ourn
al
ist
s
at
tim
es
m
isrepr
ese
nts
inf
or
m
at
ion
gather
e
d,
get
m
aime
d
or
die
wh
il
e
on
duty
[6
-
8].
Most
A
fr
ic
an
s
rely
on
the
internati
onal
m
edia
as
t
heir
sou
rce
of
reli
abl
e
inf
or
m
at
ion
even
on
ne
ws
an
d
issu
es
c
on
ce
r
ning
the
co
ntinent.
T
his
is
m
os
tl
y
due
to
la
c
k
of
la
te
st
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8806
IJPHS
V
ol.
7
,
No.
3
,
Septem
ber 2
018:
15
1
–
156
152
te
chnolo
gy,
poorl
y
trai
ne
d
sta
ff
a
nd
ina
ppr
opriat
e
co
nt
ro
l
of
ne
ws
a
gen
ci
es
acr
os
s
the
c
on
ti
ne
nt
s
by
gove
rn
m
ents
who
owne
d
m
os
t
of
these
ag
encies.
The
refor
e
,
the
re
is
wi
dely
no
i
nd
e
pe
nd
e
nt
ne
ws
a
ge
ncy
that
can
ca
rr
y
non
adu
lt
erate
d
ne
ws
it
em
s
without
bei
ng
co
ntr
ol
le
d
by
the
se
gove
r
nm
ent
agen
ci
es.
E
V
D
i
s
highly
f
at
al
and
has
no
c
ure.
Also,
local
belie
fs
i
n
witc
hc
ra
ft
and
fear
w
or
s
e
n
the
a
bili
ty
t
o
co
ntr
ol
an
d
pr
e
ve
nt
furthe
r
s
pr
ea
d
of
the
diseas
e.
T
his
belie
f
so
m
et
i
m
es
resu
lt
s
in
fam
ily
m
e
m
ber
s
hid
i
ng
a
n
in
fected
fam
i
l
y
m
e
m
ber
fr
om
the
surveil
la
nc
e
te
a
m
and
ta
king
these
in
f
ect
ed
pe
op
le
t
o
tradit
io
nal
he
al
ers
with
pa
ti
ents
avo
i
ding
treat
m
ent
centres
.
The
tra
diti
onal
burial
pr
act
ic
es
enc
oura
ge
the
spread
of
this
diseas
e
f
ro
m
un
s
uspect
in
g
r
el
at
ives
from
t
he
co
r
ps
e
of
th
ei
r
dea
d
fam
il
y
m
e
m
ber
hen
c
e
the
nee
d
to
c
hange
t
his
da
nger
ous
funer
al
pract
ic
es that i
nv
olv
e
cl
os
e c
on
ta
ct
with in
fected
dea
d rela
ti
ves
[
2]
.
The
r
ole
of
the
internati
onal
m
edia
in
info
r
m
ing
the
peopl
e
about
the
Eb
ola
viral
diseas
e
(EVD)
has
sensiti
ze
the
pe
op
le
an
d
gove
rn
m
ent
w
or
l
dwide
le
a
ding
t
o
va
ri
ou
s
at
te
m
pts
at
pr
eve
nt
ion
a
nd
c
on
t
r
ol
of
t
he
dead
ly
disease
[9
-
11]
.
H
owev
er,
since
t
he
lo
cal
m
edia
la
rg
el
y
dep
en
d
on
t
he
inter
natio
na
l
m
edia
fo
r
the
news
carried
t
o
their
local
aud
ie
nc
e,
it
is
i
m
po
rtant
to
assess
t
he
knowle
dge
of
these
local
m
edia
pract
it
ione
rs
to
gauge
the
in
f
or
m
at
ion
avail
able
to
the
ge
ner
al
po
pu
la
ce.
Des
pite
the
i
m
po
rtant
r
ole
play
ed
by
these
j
ou
rn
al
ist
s,
fe
w
stu
dies
ha
d
assesse
d
their
knowle
dge
at
ti
tud
e
an
d
pre
ven
ti
ve
pract
ic
es
towa
r
ds
the
EV
D,
hen
ce
, th
e
nee
d for this
stu
dy.
2.
MA
TE
RIA
L
S
AND MET
H
ODS
Osun
Stat
e
is
locat
ed
i
n
the
s
ou
t
h
-
west
par
t
of
Ni
ger
ia
.
It
is
ho
m
e
to
se
ve
ral
m
edia
hous
es
w
hich
include
t
he
Ni
ger
ia
Tel
e
visio
n
A
utho
rity
,
the
Stat
e
owned
Ra
dio
a
nd
Tel
evisio
n
sta
ti
ons
an
d
seve
ral
pri
vat
e
Ra
dio
a
nd
Tel
evisio
n
sta
ti
on
s.
Als
o,
sev
era
l
pr
i
nt
m
edia
pr
act
it
ion
ers
w
ork
in
t
he
Stat
e.
This
c
r
os
s
-
sec
ti
on
al
stud
y
was
c
on
du
ct
e
d
am
on
g
j
ou
rn
al
ist
s
wor
king
in
the
pri
nt
an
d
m
ass
m
edia
or
gan
isa
ti
on
s
in
Os
un
S
ta
te
,
Nige
ria
in
the
m
on
th
of
Dece
m
ber
2015.
All
the
jour
nalist
s
on
du
ty
du
r
ing
the
st
ud
y
pe
rio
d
in
t
hese
m
edia
hous
es
wer
e
a
ppr
oach
e
d
to
c
om
plete
a
pr
et
est
ed
sel
f
adm
inist
ered
quest
ionnaire
on
thei
r
so
ci
o
-
dem
og
r
aph
ic
char
act
e
risti
cs,
knowle
dge,
at
ti
tud
e
an
d
pr
e
ven
ti
ve
pract
ic
es
to
E
VD.
T
hey
we
re
al
lo
wed
t
o
c
om
pl
et
e
this
qu
e
sti
onn
ai
re
in
their
sp
a
re
ti
m
e.
Qu
est
ionn
ai
re
inform
at
io
n
was
an
onym
ise
d.
Ethic
al
appr
ov
al
to
co
nduct
this
stud
y
was
ta
ken
from
the
Stat
e
Ho
s
pital
Ethic
s
an
d
Re
search
C
omm
ittee
.
W
ritt
en
in
form
ed
con
se
nt
was
ta
ken
f
ro
m
the
responde
nts
w
hile
they
wer
e
reass
ur
e
d
of
th
e
confide
ntial
ity
of
the
inf
or
m
at
ion
obta
ine
d.
The
data colle
ct
ed
wer
e
en
te
re
d a
nd k
e
pt in
a
pa
sswor
d protec
te
d
c
om
pu
te
r.
The
data
obta
ined
we
re
analy
sed
us
in
g
SP
S
S
ve
rsion
16.
S
i
m
ple
descr
ipti
ve
an
d
in
fere
nt
ia
l
sta
ti
st
ics
wer
e
done
.
K
nowle
dg
e
sco
re
w
as
com
pu
te
d
f
or
18
-
it
em
qu
e
sti
on
s
on
knowle
dge
of
E
VD.
Eac
h
it
em
was
assigne
d
“+
1”
for
co
rr
ect
knowle
dge
an
d
“
0”
for
inc
orrect
knowle
dge.
T
he
knowle
dge
s
cor
e
was
gr
a
de
d
as
good
or
a
ppropr
ia
te
(if
res
ponde
nt
sco
red
≤10
po
i
nts)
a
nd
not
go
od
or
no
t
a
ppr
opria
t
e
(if
sco
re
wa
s
>1
0
po
i
nts)
us
in
g
t
he
m
ean
sco
re
as
the
break
-
off
po
i
nt.
Test
of
sig
nifican
c
e
was
c
onduct
ed
us
in
g
a
ppr
opriat
e
sta
ti
sti
cal
m
eth
ods.
M
ulti
va
riat
e
analy
sis
was
pe
rfo
rm
ed
us
i
ng
lo
gisti
c
reg
res
sio
n
to
evaluate
so
ci
o
-
dem
og
ra
ph
ic
va
riables
a
nd
ot
h
er
var
ia
bles
t
hat
are
i
nd
e
pe
nd
e
ntly
associ
at
ed
with
good
knowle
dge
of
EV
D.
Adjuste
d
odd
r
at
io
(AOR)
an
d
95%
CI
we
r
e
pr
ese
nted
a
nd
us
e
d
as
m
ea
su
res
of
t
he
str
eng
t
h
of
assoc
ia
ti
on
.
Sign
i
ficant le
ve
l was
put at
<
0.05.
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
total
of
93
jour
nalist
s
ou
t
of
102
a
ppro
ac
hed
c
om
plete
d
the
stud
y.
Me
an
(SD)
a
ge
w
as
26.4±
8.2
ye
ar
s
rangin
g
f
ro
m
18
to
49
y
ears.
Me
an
(
S
D)
du
rati
on
in
pr
act
isi
ng
jour
nalism
was
7.
6±6
.7
ye
ars
(
range
1
-
20
ye
ars).
Ma
jority
we
re
yo
ung
(
87.1%),
si
ng
le
(74.2%
),
had
te
rtia
ry
ed
ucati
on
(
87.
1
%
),
C
hr
ist
ia
ns
(
50.
5%),
Yoruba
(92.5
%)
a
nd h
a
d 1
0 y
ears and
belo
w
le
ngth
of em
plo
ym
ent (
66.
7%
)
as
sho
wn
in
Table
1
.
Table
2
sho
w
s
EVD
a
war
e
ness
an
d
sou
r
ce
of
awa
ren
e
ss
about
the
outb
reak.
Most
responde
nts
(88.2%
)
wer
e
awar
e
of
E
VD
epidem
ic
in
West
Af
rica
s
ub
reg
i
on
with
col
le
agu
es
a
nd
ra
dio
as
m
ajo
r
s
ources
of
awa
reness.
Figure
1
re
port
s
EV
D
knowle
dg
e
am
on
g
res
pondents
.
Ma
jority
(
58.1%)
had
ap
pro
pr
ia
t
e
EV
D
knowle
dge.
Ta
ble
3
re
ports
knowle
dge
of
E
VD
cl
inica
l
va
riables
by
res
ponde
nts.
Ma
jor
it
y
kn
ow
s
E
V
D
vir
al
aet
iolog
y
(51.6%)
,
m
od
e
of
infecti
on
(
68.
8%
),
preve
ntio
n
(60.2%
)
a
nd
t
hat
E
VD
tran
s
m
issi
on
will
r
edu
ce
with
go
od
pe
rs
on
al
a
nd
e
nvir
on
m
ental
hygi
ene
(
51.
6%).
T
able
4
s
hows
t
he
res
ponde
nts
risk
per
ce
ptio
n
an
d
at
ti
tud
e
to
EV
D.
O
nly
46.2%
con
si
der
e
d
sel
f
t
o
be
at
risk
with
48.4%
seei
ng
fell
ow
j
our
nalist
s
at
risk
of
EVD
infecti
on.
A
bout
42%
f
el
t
that
their
w
ork
place
is
protect
ed
f
r
om
EVD
infecti
on
with
58.
1%
wan
ti
ng
their
workplac
e to
hav
e
a
wr
i
tt
en
EV
D
c
ontr
ol poli
cy
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPHS
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8806
Kno
wl
ed
ge, att
it
ud
e
and prev
entiv
e p
r
actic
es about E
b
ola
Viral Dise
as
e
…
(
Call
ist
us
A
Akinley
e
)
153
Table
1.
So
ci
o
-
Dem
og
ra
ph
ic
Characte
risti
cs
o
f
Re
s
pondent
s
Variable
Frequ
en
cy
%
Ag
e gro
u
p
(
y
ea
rs)
18
-
35
81
8
7
.1
>3
5
12
1
2
.9
Mar
ital
statu
s
Sin
g
le
69
7
4
.2
Mar
ried
24
2
5
.8
Level o
f
edu
catio
n
Seco
n
d
ary
12
1
2
.9
Ter
tia
ry
81
8
7
.1
Relig
io
n
Ch
ristian
ity
47
5
0
.5
Isla
m
46
4
9
.5
Ethn
icity
Yo
rub
a
86
9
2
.5
Ibo
7
7
.5
Du
ration
of
e
m
p
lo
y
m
en
t
(
y
ears
)
≤1
0
62
6
6
.7
>1
0
31
3
3
.3
Table
2.
E
V
D Aw
a
re
ness
a
nd
Source
of
Aw
a
re
ness
a
bo
ut the O
utbrea
k
Variable
Frequ
en
cy
%
Aware
of
the EVD
epid
e
m
ic in
W
est
Af
rica
Yes
82
8
8
.2
No
11
1
1
.8
*
So
u
rces of
awar
e
n
ess
Co
lleag
u
es
34
4
1
.5
Rad
io
30
3
6
.6
Newsp
ap
ers
25
3
0
.5
Internet
19
2
3
.2
Televis
io
n
16
1
9
.5
No
tice bo
ard/p
a
m
p
h
lets
11
1
3
.4
*
Multip
le r
esp
o
n
ses
Figure
1.
EV
D
knowled
ge
am
ong res
pondent
s
Table
3
.
K
now
le
dg
e
of E
VD
Cl
inica
l Variab
le
s
Variable
Frequ
en
cy
%
Kn
o
ws EVD
is a v
iral
d
iseas
e
Yes
48
5
1
.6
No
45
4
8
.4
Kn
o
ws EVD
clin
ic
al presen
tatio
n
s
Yes
42
4
5
.2
No
51
5
4
.8
Kn
o
ws EVD
h
as
no
cure
Yes
42
4
5
.2
No
51
5
4
.8
Kn
o
ws EVD
m
o
d
e
of
in
f
ectio
n
Yes
64
6
8
.8
No
29
3
1
.2
Kn
o
ws h
o
w E
VD
can b
e preven
ted
Yes
56
6
0
.2
No
37
3
9
.8
EVD
t
rans
m
iss
io
n
will r
ed
u
ce
with
g
o
o
d
personal and
env
iron
m
en
tal
h
y
g
ien
e
Yes
48
5
1
.6
No
45
4
8
.4
Su
sp
ected cases
need
sp
ecial c
ar
e in
d
esig
n
ated
h
o
s
p
itals
Yes
56
6
0
.2
No
37
3
9
.8
Table
4.
Ri
s
k Perce
ption an
d Att
it
ud
e t
o
E
V
D
/
Viral
Hem
or
rh
a
gic F
ever
s
Variable
Frequ
en
cy
%
Co
n
sid
er
self
to b
e
at
risk
Ag
ree
43
4
6
.2
Disag
ree
34
3
6
.6
Un
d
ecid
ed
16
1
7
.2
Jo
u
rnalis
ts are
p
ro
n
e to EVD
inf
ectio
n
Ag
ree
45
4
8
.4
Disag
ree
30
3
2
.3
Un
d
ecid
ed
18
1
9
.3
EVD
cases sh
o
u
ld
be q
u
arantin
e
Ag
ree
74
7
9
.6
Disag
ree
4
4
.3
Un
d
ecid
ed
15
1
6
.1
My wo
rkp
lace is p
rotected
f
ro
m
EV
D inf
ectio
n
Ag
ree
39
4
1
.9
Disag
ree
44
4
7
.3
Un
d
ecid
ed
10
1
0
.8
My wo
rkp
lace
sh
o
u
ld
hav
e a
written
EVD
co
n
trol p
o
licy
Ag
ree
54
5
8
.1
Disag
ree
27
2
9
.0
Un
d
ecid
ed
12
1
2
.9
Table 5
s
hows resp
onde
nts’ p
rev
e
ntive pract
ic
es against EV
D
in
fecti
on. M
ajorit
y avo
id
s eati
ng
bus
h
m
eat
since
ou
t
br
ea
k
(
70.
7%),
us
e
pe
rs
on
al
protect
ive
eq
ui
pm
ent
(7
0.7%
)
.
So
m
e
responden
ts
eat
bitt
er
ko
la
and
sal
t
(
12.
2%
),
a
vo
i
d
ha
ndsha
ke
with
c
ollea
gu
e
s
an
d
oth
er
pe
op
le
(19.5%)
a
nd
wash
i
ng
ha
nds
after
tou
c
hing
sic
k
people
(
45.
1%
).
Ta
ble
6
s
hows
the
ass
ociat
ion
betwee
n
re
sp
on
de
nts’
cha
racteri
sti
cs
and
E
V
D
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8806
IJPHS
V
ol.
7
,
No.
3
,
Septem
ber 2
018:
15
1
–
156
154
knowle
dge.
Re
li
gio
n
is
t
he
only
chara
ct
eris
ti
c
that
was
st
at
ist
ic
ally
sign
ific
ant
am
on
g
respo
nd
e
nts.
T
able
7
sh
ows
the
l
ogist
ic
reg
ressio
n
of
res
ponde
nts’
c
har
act
eri
sti
cs
and
E
V
D
knowle
dg
e
.
Re
li
gio
n
is
the
only
sta
ti
sti
cally
sign
ific
ant c
ha
rac
te
risti
c that
pr
e
dicts g
ood k
no
wled
ge
am
on
g
respo
nd
e
nts.
Table
5
.
Pr
e
ve
ntive P
racti
ces
Ag
ai
ns
t E
VD
/
Viral
Hem
or
rhagic
Fe
ver
s
Infe
ct
ion
Variable
Frequ
en
cy
(
n
=8
2
)
%
Av
o
id
eating
bu
sh
m
e
at sin
ce
ou
tb
rea
k
Yes
58
7
0
.7
No
24
2
9
.3
Eat
b
itter
ko
la and
salt to p
reven
t E
B
V inf
ectio
n
Yes
10
1
2
.2
No
72
8
7
.8
Use p
erso
n
al pro
te
ctiv
e equ
ip
m
en
t to p
reven
t inf
ectio
n
Yes
58
7
0
.7
No
24
2
9
.3
Av
o
id
han
d
s
h
ak
e with co
lleag
u
es an
d
oth
er
p
eo
p
le
Yes
16
1
9
.5
No
66
8
0
.5
Han
d
wash
in
g
af
ter
to
u
ch
in
g
sick
people
Yes
37
4
5
.1
No
45
5
4
.9
Table
6.
Assoc
ia
ti
on
b
et
wee
n R
espon
den
ts
’ C
har
act
erist
ic
s
a
nd
E
V
D
Kno
wled
ge
Variable
Kn
o
wled
g
e
2
p
-
v
alu
e
Ap
p
rop
riate
(%)
Inap
p
rop
riate
(%)
Ag
e gro
u
p
(
y
ea
rs)
<3
6
4
6
(
5
6
.8)
35
(43
.2)
0
.51
8
*
≥3
6
8
(
6
6
.7)
4
(
3
3
.3)
Level o
f
edu
catio
n
Seco
n
d
ary
8
(
6
6
.7)
4
(
3
3
.3)
0
.51
8
*
Ter
tia
ry
4
6
(
5
6
.8)
3
5
(
4
3
.2)
Mar
ital
statu
s
Sin
g
le
3
6
(
5
2
.2)
3
3
(
4
7
.8)
3
.81
0
0
.05
1
Mar
ried
1
8
(
7
5
.0)
6
(
2
5
.0)
Du
ration
of
e
m
p
lo
y
m
en
t
(
y
ears
)
≤1
0
3
5
(
5
6
.5)
2
7
(
4
3
.5)
0
.19
9
0
.65
6
>1
0
1
9
(
6
1
.3)
1
2
(
3
8
.7)
Relig
io
n
Ch
ristian
ity
3
4
(
7
2
.3)
1
3
(
2
7
.7)
7
.95
3
0
.00
5
Isla
m
2
0
(
4
3
.5)
2
6
(
5
6
.5)
Ethn
icity
Yo
rub
a
5
2
(
6
0
.5)
3
4
(
3
9
.5)
0
.12
6
*
Ibo
2
(
2
8
.6)
5
(
7
1
.4)
*
Fish
er’
s ex
act tes
t
Table
7.
L
ogi
sti
c Regressi
on
of R
esp
onde
nt
s’
Characte
risti
cs
and E
V
D K
no
wled
ge
Variable
AOR
9
5
%C
I
p
-
v
alu
e
Mar
ital
statu
s
Sin
g
le
0
.46
9
0
.15
9
-
1
.387
0
.17
1
Mar
ried (
ref)
1
Ethn
icity
Yo
rub
a
2
.20
0
0
.37
7
-
1
2
.8
4
3
0
.38
1
Ibo
(r
ef
)
1
Relig
io
n
Ch
ristian
ity
2
.87
6
1
.17
8
-
7
.026
0
.02
0
Isla
m
(r
ef
)
1
4.
DISCU
SSI
ON
This
stu
dy
asse
ssed
E
VD
knowled
ge,
at
ti
tude
and
p
r
eve
ntive
pract
ic
es
am
on
g
jour
nalist
s
work
i
ng
i
n
the
pr
i
nt
and
m
ass
m
edia
or
gan
iz
at
io
ns
in
Osun
Stat
e,
Ni
ger
ia
.
J
our
nalist
s
are
in
the
fro
ntli
ne
in
getti
ng
ne
ws
to the g
e
ne
ral p
ubli
c h
e
nce are expose
d
to
va
r
io
us
p
e
ople
a
nd
places
wh
il
e p
er
form
ing
this duty
[
7]. T
his puts
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPHS
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8806
Kno
wl
ed
ge, att
it
ud
e
and prev
entiv
e p
r
actic
es about E
b
ola
Viral Dise
as
e
…
(
Call
ist
us
A
Akinley
e
)
155
the
jo
urnali
st
at
risk
in
sit
uations
inclu
ding
diseases
s
uc
h
a
s
EV
D
[8,9
]
.
It
repo
rted
t
hat
m
os
t
j
ourn
al
ist
s
we
r
e
awar
e
of
the
E
VD
e
pi
dem
ic
i
n
the
West
Africa
n
s
ub
-
reg
i
on
wit
h
colle
a
gues
a
nd
ra
dio
as
m
ajo
r
s
ourc
es
of
inf
or
m
at
ion
.
P
rev
i
ou
s
st
ud
ie
s
on
E
VD
had
repor
te
d
sim
il
a
r
fin
dings
[
11
-
13
]
.
T
he
fact
that
so
m
e
j
ournal
ist
s
disp
la
y i
gn
or
a
nce
of the E
V
D
e
pid
em
ic
r
equ
i
res ur
ge
n
t a
tt
ention.
Most
res
ponde
nts
we
re
yo
un
g,
si
ng
le
,
ha
d
t
erti
ary
ed
ucati
o
n,
Ch
risti
ans
and
ha
d
10
ye
ars
a
nd
belo
w
le
ng
th
of
em
plo
ym
ent.
A
pr
evio
us
stu
dy
in
this
e
nv
ir
on
m
ent
repor
te
d
si
m
il
ar
find
ing
[
14
]
.
Si
nc
e
the
respo
nd
e
nts
ne
ed
good
healt
h
t
o
do
their
work,
t
his
stu
dy
fi
nd
i
ng
s
hould
inf
orm
po
li
cy
directi
on
t
ow
a
r
ds
pr
e
ve
ntion
of
t
his
li
fe
threate
ning
disease
.
Du
e
to
t
he
nat
ur
e
of
their
w
ork
,
if
infecte
d,
they
cou
l
d
spr
ead
the
disease
local
ly
to
un
s
uspect
ing
fell
ow
jour
nalist
/
m
edia
pr
act
it
ion
ers,
f
ri
ends,
fam
il
y
m
e
m
ber
s,
heal
th
care
workers,
oth
e
r
acqu
ai
ntances
and
m
e
m
ber
s
of
t
he
c
omm
un
it
y
[10
-
14]
.
Hen
ce
,
this
popula
ti
on
sho
ul
d
be
ta
rg
et
ed
by
m
or
e
stu
dies
ass
essing
their
E
VD
kn
ow
le
dge
at
ti
tud
e
a
nd
pr
e
ve
ntive
pr
a
ct
ic
es
to
in
for
m
po
li
cy
ta
rg
et
ed
at p
re
ven
ti
on a
nd c
ontr
olli
ng
E
V
D epidem
ic
.
This
stu
dy
rep
ort
ed
that
al
thou
gh
m
ajo
rit
y
had
good
knowle
dge,
s
om
e
resp
onde
nt
s
had
po
or
knowle
dge.
T
his
f
ur
t
her
reinfor
ce
t
hat
jo
urnali
sts
nee
d
to
un
dergo
t
arg
et
e
d
ed
ucat
ion
on
EV
D
s
o
as
t
o
i
m
pr
ove
their
knowle
dge
of
t
his
dea
dly
dise
ase.
This
st
ud
y
repor
te
d
that
t
he
sou
rce
of
in
form
ation
on
EVD
f
or
m
os
t
j
ou
r
nalist
s
that
par
ti
ci
pated
was
no
t
the
inter
net.
This
im
pl
ie
s
that
j
ournal
ist
s
do
no
t
acce
ss
inf
or
m
at
ion
from
reli
able
so
ur
ces
su
c
h
as
t
he
inter
net.
He
nce
the
m
edia
orga
nisati
on
s
t
hat
em
plo
ye
d
these
j
ou
rn
al
ist
s
nee
d
e
ncou
rag
em
ent to p
rovide
in
te
rn
et
f
a
ci
li
ti
es
for
t
heir
sta
ff
and enc
oura
ge t
hem
to
us
e it
.
Most
j
our
nalis
ts
disp
la
y
lo
w
risk
per
c
eptio
n
as
they
neithe
r
see
t
hem
sel
v
es
nor
their
c
ol
le
agu
es
at
risk
of
E
V
D.
This
ne
gative
at
ti
tud
e
cou
l
d
le
ad
to
po
or
preve
ntio
n
prep
aredness
a
nd
con
t
ro
l
of
this
dead
ly
epidem
ic
hen
c
e
urge
nt
act
ion
m
us
t
be
ta
ke
n
to
put
in
place
po
li
ci
es
that
wi
ll
con
tr
ol
an
d
r
edu
ce
t
he
burden
of
the d
ise
ase
. T
he
n
ee
d
to
estab
li
sh
the E
V
D p
olicy
in
the
wo
rkplace
will
h
e
lp to
c
ontr
ol th
is epidem
ic
[
11,
14
]
.
Althou
gh,
s
om
e
pr
e
ve
ntive
pr
act
ic
es
s
uc
h
as
ha
ndwas
hing
had
bee
n
pro
ven
to
be
eff
ect
ive
in
con
t
ro
ll
in
g
the
EV
D
e
pid
em
i
c,
ho
wev
e
r,
th
e
us
e
of
bitt
er
kola
an
d
sal
t
re
qu
ire
f
ur
t
he
r
in
vestigat
io
n.
T
he
fin
ding
in
this
stud
y
t
hat
reli
gi
on
was
t
he
on
ly
so
ci
o
-
dem
og
ra
phic
fact
or
tha
t
predict
good
kn
ow
le
dg
e
needs
furthe
r
in
vestigat
ion.
H
owev
er,
s
om
e
reli
gi
ou
s
pract
ic
es
ha
ve
bee
n
prov
e
n
to
e
ncour
a
ge
sp
rea
d
of
E
V
D
suc
h
as p
e
rfor
m
ance of
burial
r
it
es
on p
at
ie
nts
that
d
ie
d f
ro
m
EVD [1
5
-
18]
.
This
baseli
ne
s
tud
y
am
ong
N
igerian
jo
urnal
ist
s
is
lim
it
ed
by
it
s
cr
os
s
-
se
ct
ion
al
stu
dy
de
sign.
Also
,
so
m
e
responde
nts
c
ou
l
d
hav
e
giv
e
n
s
ocial
ly
acce
ptable
an
swer
s
to
so
m
e
qu
e
sti
on
s
de
spi
te
assur
a
nces
on
th
e
pur
po
se
of
t
hi
s
stud
y.
It
is
howe
ve
r
e
xp
ect
ed
that
t
hi
s
stu
dy
will
gu
i
de
plan
ning
a
nd
im
ple
m
enti
ng
interve
ntio
ns
t
arg
et
e
d
at
c
on
t
ro
ll
in
g po
s
sibl
e epid
em
ic
s am
on
g
this
high
ly
m
ob
il
e study
p
op
ulati
on
.
5.
CUN
CLUSIO
N
In
c
on
cl
us
io
n,
so
m
e
j
ou
r
na
li
sts
had
ina
ppr
opriat
e
EV
D
kn
ow
le
dg
e
.
Effor
ts
to
i
m
pr
ov
e
the
j
ou
rn
al
ist
s’
risk
pe
rce
ption
and
public
ed
ucati
on
f
ocu
si
ng
on
the
c
oncept
of
univ
ersal
preca
utio
ns
a
r
e
require
d.
Als
o,
E
VD
co
ntr
ol
po
li
cy
a
nd
e
m
erg
ency
pr
epar
e
dness
t
ow
ar
ds
possibl
e
EV
D
e
pide
m
ic
i
s
necessa
ry.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
a
uthors
ar
e
gr
at
e
fu
l
t
o
m
e
m
ber
s
of
t
he
Osun
Stat
e
br
a
nch
of
the
Nat
ion
al
Un
i
on
of
Jour
nalist
s
that pa
rtic
ipate
d
in
this st
ud
y.
REFERE
NCE
S
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H,
Ge
isbert
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l
a
Hae
m
orrha
g
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r
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ls B, Wic
h
m
ann
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eri
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e
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r
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e
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st
y
l
e
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wit
h
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digni
t
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in
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the
-
ebol
a
zone
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07c41f
d2
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2252
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u
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“
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ic
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s
y
m
bio
ti
c
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c
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a
lth Prepa
red
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off
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“
Report
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tru
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Sta
y
Safe
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a.
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”
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p://ww
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jr.
o
rg/be
hind_t
h
e_n
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rom
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nta
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y
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ea
r.
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y
n
te
r.
org
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fro
m
-
ai
ds
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to
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ebol
a
-
journa
li
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la
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ea
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pit
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ira
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