Intern
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
urn
a
l
o
f
P
u
b
lic Hea
l
th Science (IJ
P
HS)
V
o
l.3
,
No
.4
, Dece
m
b
er
2
014
,
p
p
.
2
4
1
~
245
I
S
SN
: 225
2-8
8
0
6
2
41
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJPHS
Forgiveness, Gratitude, and Ha
ppi
ness am
ong Coll
ege Stud
ents
Tria
nto
r
o Sa
fa
ria
Magister of
Prof
essional Ps
y
c
holog
y
,
Univer
sitas Ahmad
Dahlan, Yog
y
ak
arta,
Ind
onesia
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received Oct 31, 2014
Rev
i
sed
No
v
20
, 20
14
Accepte
d Nov 26, 2014
W
e
llbeing
is
th
e ult
i
m
a
te go
al
for ever
yon
e
,
not onl
y for
a
doles
cen
ce
.
Present stud
y
explored the r
e
lationshi
ps between gratitude and
forgiveness
with happiness among college stude
nt. A total of 81 undergarduate
ps
y
c
holog
y
stud
ents were recruited in th
is
s
t
ud
y
from
a private u
n
ivers
i
t
y
i
n
Jogjakarta. 29.6
%
(24) of the
sample
were males and 70.4%
(57) were
females. R
e
gress
i
on analy
s
is was used
to pr
edic
t t
h
e re
lat
i
onship b
e
tween
al
l
variab
les. Regr
e
ssion anal
y
s
is predic
t rel
a
tions
hip betwe
e
n gr
atitud
e
and
forgiveness with
happiness,
explaini
ng 28
.9% of
the var
i
an
ce (A
djusted R
2
=
0.289).Gratitud
e
give
the biggest
contribu
tion
to happin
e
ss (
= .536
p=
.000), but forgiv
eness has no sig
n
ificance r
e
latio
nship to happiness (
= .078,
p= .414)
. This r
e
sult m
eans that g
r
atitud
e
is an
im
portant f
acto
r
co
ntributes
to
happiness amon
g undergradu
ate
student
in th
is sample.
Keyword:
Co
lleg
e
stud
ent
Forgi
v
enes
s
Gratitud
e
Hap
p
ine
s
s
Copyright ©
201
4 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Tri
a
nt
o
r
o Sa
far
i
a,
M
a
gi
st
er of Pr
ofessi
o
n
al
Psy
c
hol
ogy
,
Uni
v
ersitas A
h
m
a
d
Da
hlan,
Jal
a
n
Kapas
n
o
.
9,
Sem
a
ki
, U
m
bul
harj
o,
Y
o
gy
aka
r
t
a
, I
n
do
nesi
a
Em
a
il: safaria_d
i
y@yaho
o.com
1.
INTRODUCTION
Prev
iou
s
research
h
a
s foun
d
t
h
at h
a
pp
in
ess h
a
s so
m
e
p
o
s
itiv
e i
m
p
act o
n
th
e p
e
rson
. Perso
n
who
are
h
a
pp
y h
a
v
e
b
e
t
t
er p
o
s
itiv
e energ
y
th
an
un
h
a
p
p
y
. Perso
n
wh
o
are h
a
p
p
y
t
e
n
d
t
o
b
e
m
o
re en
erg
e
tic, p
a
ssio
n
a
te
and
vi
b
r
ant
as
com
p
ared t
o
t
h
e l
e
ss hap
p
y
i
ndi
vi
dual
[
1
]-
[3
].
H
a
p
p
i
n
e
ss is also
assoc
i
ated with increased
activ
ity [4
].
Hap
p
i
n
e
ss is also
asso
ciated
with
in
creased
engag
e
m
e
n
t
an
d so
ciab
ility [1
],[3
].
In
add
itio
n, p
e
rson
wh
o
are h
a
pp
y h
a
v
e
mo
re m
e
n
t
al res
o
urces, th
an
person
who
are less h
a
p
p
y
.
They are als
o
m
o
re creative,
atten
t
i
v
e (m
i
n
df
ul
nes
s
), a
n
d
m
o
re opt
i
m
i
s
t
i
c. They
al
s
o
s
h
o
w
br
oa
der t
h
o
u
ght
an
d atten
tion
,
as well as m
o
re
o
p
e
n
t
o
i
n
fo
rm
atio
n
[4
].
In th
e
sam
p
le o
f
ch
ildren
wh
o are h
a
pp
y,
it was
sh
owed
t
h
at their ab
ility to
delay g
r
atificatio
n are lo
n
g
e
r th
an
ch
ildren who
are
less h
a
pp
y [5
],[6
]. Oth
e
r
st
udi
es i
n
di
cat
e t
h
at
pers
o
n
wh
o are
ha
ppy
have s
o
ci
al
su
pp
o
r
t
and
soci
al
i
nvol
vem
e
nt great
er t
h
an
u
nha
p
p
y
[7
]-[9
]
. Happ
iness is also po
si
tiv
ely related
to
self-esteem
[1
0
]
.
Seve
ral
fact
o
r
s
were
f
o
un
d t
o
ha
ve a si
gni
fi
cant
rel
a
t
i
o
nsh
i
p wi
t
h
ha
p
p
i
n
ess. T
h
ese
fact
ors
i
n
cl
u
d
e
fo
rgi
v
ene
ss an
d g
r
at
i
t
ude
[1
1
]
-[1
3]
. Se
veral
pre
v
i
o
us st
u
d
i
e
s have s
h
ow
n
t
h
at
for
g
i
v
ene
ss co
nt
ri
b
u
t
e
t
o
t
h
e
heal
t
h
an
d ps
y
c
hol
o
g
i
cal
w
e
l
l
-
bei
n
g [
11]
,
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
4]
,[
15]
.
For
g
i
v
e
n
ess
can al
so re
d
u
ce negat
i
v
e e
m
oti
ons,
hat
r
e
d
, a
n
d re
ven
g
e i
n
t
e
nt
i
o
n a
g
ai
nst
t
h
e
per
p
et
rat
o
rs
[
1
1]
. Pe
rso
n
w
h
o are
l
e
ss a
b
l
e
t
o
f
o
r
g
i
v
e, i
ndi
cat
e
great
er sy
m
p
at
het
i
c
ner
v
o
u
s
sy
st
em
act
i
v
at
ion a
nd st
ress
resp
o
n
se t
h
an
t
h
e i
ndi
vi
dual
wh
o easi
l
y
for
g
i
v
e
[16
]
. In
add
ition
,
p
e
rson
who
forg
i
v
ing
h
a
v
e
b
e
tter h
ealth,
an
d
u
s
ing
m
o
re p
o
s
itiv
e cop
i
n
g
st
rateg
i
es than
th
e
less cap
ab
le to
forg
i
v
e [17
]
, hav
e
h
i
gh
er life satisfactio
n
[
1
3]
and t
o
re
du
c
e
t
h
e negat
i
v
e
effect
s o
f
rese
n
t
m
e
n
t
that causes
exc
e
ssive stre
ss
on
th
e bod
y's r
eactio
n
[
1
8
]
.
Past research has also
d
e
m
o
n
s
trated
th
e con
t
rib
u
tion
g
r
atitud
e
toward
s h
a
pp
in
ess. Fro
h
,
Yurkewicz,
& Kash
d
a
n
(20
08) [1
9
]
foun
d
g
r
atitud
e
has a sig
n
i
fican
t
po
sitiv
e correlatio
n
with p
o
s
itiv
e affect, life
satisfactio
n
,
op
ti
m
i
s
m
, so
cial su
ppo
rt, and
p
r
o
s
o
c
ial b
e
h
a
v
i
or.
Gratitud
e
also
showed
a sig
n
i
fican
t
neg
a
tiv
e
co
rrelatio
n
with
ph
ysical sym
p
to
m
s
, b
u
t
no
t with
n
e
g
a
tive affect.
Grat
itude also
shows a strong as
sociation
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-88
06
IJPHS
Vol. 3, No. 4, D
ecem
ber 2014
: 241 – 245
24
2
w
ith
em
o
tio
n
p
r
ou
d,
h
o
p
e
f
u
l
,
in
sp
ir
ed
, fo
rgiv
en
ess, and
ex
cite
m
e
n
t
.
W
o
o
d
, Jo
sep
h
, and
Maltb
y
(
2009
) [2
0
]
foun
d
gratitu
de h
a
s a p
o
s
itiv
e relatio
n
s
h
i
p with
au
ton
o
m
y, p
e
rso
n
a
l gro
w
t
h
, env
i
ronmen
tal
m
a
s
t
ery, self-
acceptance
,
purpose in life an
d positive relationship. The ai
m
of pres
e
n
t study is to exa
m
ine the relati
onshi
p
bet
w
ee
n fo
rgi
v
eness
a
n
d grat
i
t
ude wi
t
h
wel
l
bei
n
g.
2.
HAPPINESS AND
FORGIVENESS
Happ
in
ess is an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
asp
ect in
th
e co
n
s
tru
c
t sub
j
ective wellbein
g
,
so
m
e
ti
me h
a
pp
in
ess
becom
e
s sy
no
ny
m
ous of s
u
b
j
ect
i
v
e we
llb
ei
n
g
. Su
bj
ectiv
e
wellb
eing
inv
o
lv
es v
a
riou
s ways o
f
assessi
ng
and
ex
p
e
rien
ced
person
in
h
i
s life. Subj
ectiv
e wellb
ein
g
enco
m
p
asses
m
o
re th
an
po
sitiv
e feeling
s
. To
v
an
d
Di
ene
r
(
2
01
3
)
[2
1]
sy
nt
hesi
zi
ng
o
f
s
u
b
j
ec
t
i
v
e wel
l
b
ei
ng
con
s
ists of t
h
ree in
terrel
ated as
pects,
na
mely the
freq
u
e
n
c
y of po
sitiv
e affect ex
p
e
rien
ces, infrequ
e
n
t
n
e
g
a
tiv
e affect, and
th
e ach
iev
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
life satisfactio
n
.
Happine
ss
bec
o
m
e
s the
m
o
st searchi
n
g go
al
by individual in one
’
s life as
a final re
sult of the ac
hievem
ent of
t
h
e vari
ous
wa
nt
s an
d nee
d
s.
Pre
v
i
o
us resea
r
ch
has f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
for
g
i
v
e
n
es
s and g
r
at
i
t
ude
as t
w
o fact
o
r
s
t
h
at
l
ead
t
o
ha
ppi
ne
ss.
For
g
i
v
enes
s i
s
br
oadl
y
u
n
d
e
rst
o
od as a
pr
ocess
of
de
creasing inter-related rese
ntment-base
d
negat
i
v
e em
ot
i
ons
,
m
o
t
i
v
at
i
ons
, an
d co
gn
i
t
i
on [2
2]
. Fo
rgi
v
enes
s i
s
a proce
ss by
whi
c
h per
s
o
n
fo
rgi
v
e
m
i
sbehavi
o
r o
f
ot
hers
, t
h
ere
b
y
reduci
ng t
h
e
t
e
nde
ncy
of
pe
rso
n
t
o
see
k
re
ven
g
e [
2
3]
. Fo
rgi
v
enes
s red
u
ces t
h
e
ten
d
e
n
c
y of
u
n
forg
i
v
en
ess, and
it will im
p
act
on
th
e
d
e
cr
ease o
f
n
e
g
a
tiv
e em
o
t
io
n
s
su
ch
as resen
t
m
e
n
t
, h
a
tred
and
re
ve
nge
[
2
4]
.
Furt
her,
gratitude
is a
n
attitude
of accepting a
n
d gr
ateful for what
t
h
e person receive
d
in
thei
r
life
[25
]
. Gratitu
d
e
is related
to
an
in
d
i
v
i
du
al's ab
ility
to
ap
preciate th
e si
mp
le ev
en
ts in
h
i
s life. Person
wh
o
p
o
s
sess t
h
is
g
r
atitu
d
e
will tend
to ap
preciate th
e sim
p
le ev
en
ts as a
p
o
sitiv
e ev
en
t.
Gratitu
d
e
can
b
e
p
r
esen
t i
n
t
h
e fo
rm
of em
oti
on an
d af
fect
i
v
e t
r
ai
t
[2
6]
,[
27]
. G
r
at
i
t
ude as em
ot
i
ons ari
s
e i
n
t
h
e form
of joy
whe
n
receiving gi
fts or benefits,
while as
grateful disposition it is characteriz
ed by general prop
ensity to respond
an
d
appreciate
with
g
r
atitud
e
e
m
o
tio
n
for
t
h
e
k
i
ndn
ess of oth
e
rs
i
n
p
o
sitiv
e
exp
e
rien
ce [26
]
,[2
8
]
.
3.
R
E
SEARC
H M
ETHOD
Qu
esti
o
nna
ire
H
app
in
ess
. T
h
e Oxford
Happiness
Questionnai
r
e wa
s us
ed
after ad
ap
ti
n
g
in
Indo
n
e
si
an
langu
ag
e
[29
]
. A p
ilo
t stu
d
y
was co
ndu
cted
to
test th
e v
a
lid
ity and
reliab
ility o
f
q
u
e
stionn
aire
b
e
fo
re
b
e
ing
used
to
co
llect d
a
ta.
Th
e co
nsisten
c
y
in
tern
al tests
o
f
reliab
ility were carried
o
u
t
u
s
i
n
g Cro
n
b
a
ch
al
p
h
a
, an
d
co
n
t
en
t
val
i
d
i
t
y
was a
ssessed
usi
n
g
pr
of
essi
o
n
al
ju
d
g
m
e
nt
. For
w
ar
d-
bac
k
wa
r
d
t
r
a
n
sl
at
i
on
m
e
t
hod
was
u
s
ed t
o
v
a
lid
ate th
e ite
m
s
o
f
qu
estio
nn
air
e
. Two
ex
tern
al exp
e
rts in
th
e f
i
eld o
f
p
s
ycho
logy w
e
r
e
inv
o
l
ved
in
checki
ng i
t
e
m
s
i
n
t
h
e quest
i
o
nnai
r
e. The
Ox
fo
rd
Hap
p
i
n
e
s
s
Quest
i
o
n
n
ai
re
has 29 i
t
e
m
s
si
x-
poi
nt
Li
kert
scal
e
whi
c
h are
ans
w
ere
d
on
a sca
l
e of
1
(st
r
on
gl
y
di
sag
r
ee)
t
o
6 (st
r
ongly agree). T
h
e
e
x
ample of the items are:
“I
do
n
’
t
f
eel
part
i
c
ul
arl
y
pl
e
a
se
d w
i
t
h
t
h
e w
a
y
I am
”; “I
a
m
in
ten
s
ely in
terested
in
o
t
her p
e
op
le”; “I feel th
a
t
life answered
is very rewarding”; “I
have
ver
y warm feelings tow
a
rds
almost every
o
ne”.
The C
r
o
nbac
h
al
pha was
.
8
1
1
.
For
g
iveness
.
Tran
sg
ressi
o
n
-
rel
a
t
e
d I
n
t
e
r
p
e
r
so
nal
M
o
t
i
v
at
i
on
In
ve
nt
ory
[
38]
(
T
R
I
M
;
M
c
C
u
l
l
o
u
g
h
&
W
i
t
v
liet, 2
002)
w
a
s
u
s
ed
t
o
measu
r
e state f
o
r
g
i
v
en
ess and
w
a
s tr
an
slat
ed
to
Ind
o
n
e
si
an
lang
u
a
g
e
.
TRI
M
con
s
i
s
t
s
o
f
12
i
t
e
m
s
, answe
r
ed
on
a
1-
5 L
i
kert
scal
e
fr
o
m
st
rongl
y
di
s
a
gree
t
o
st
ro
n
g
l
y
ag
ree.
Fo
r
w
ar
d-
back
wa
rd t
r
an
s
l
at
i
on m
e
t
hod
was
use
d
t
o
va
l
i
d
at
e t
h
e i
t
e
m
s
o
f
TR
IM
.
T
h
e exam
pl
e of t
h
e i
t
e
m
s
are:
“
I will
make
him/he
r pay
”; I kee
p as much
distance between
us as possible”; “I am going to get even”.
The
C
r
o
nbac
h
al
ph
a was
.
9
2
4
.
Gra
titud
e
.
G
r
a
t
i
t
ude Quest
i
o
nnai
r
e 6 (G
Q-
6)
was
used
t
o
m
easure
t
h
e gr
at
i
t
ude
a
d
ject
i
v
es (
g
r
at
ef
ul
,
th
an
kfu
l
, a
nd
ap
preci
at
i
v
e
) am
ong
pa
rt
i
c
i
p
ant
s
. G
Q
-
6
u
s
ed a 9
-
poi
nt
Li
kert
t
y
pe s
cal
e ran
g
i
n
g f
r
om
1
(
ina
ccu
ra
te
) t
o
9 (
accur
a
te
). Fo
rw
ar
d-
ba
ckwa
r
d
t
r
ansl
at
i
on m
e
t
hod
was use
d
t
o
val
i
d
at
e t
h
e i
t
em
s i
n
In
d
onesi
a
n
l
a
n
gua
ge.
T
h
e e
x
a
m
pl
e of i
t
e
m
s
are:
“
I
ha
ve so
mu
ch
i
n
life to
b
e
than
kfu
l
for”; “I
a
m
gra
t
efu
l
to
a w
i
de v
a
ri
et
y
of
pe
o
p
l
e
”;
“
Whe
n
I l
ook
at
t
h
e w
o
rl
d,
I
d
o
n
’
t
see
muc
h
t
o
be
gr
at
ef
ul
f
o
r”.
T
h
e Cronbach
al
pha was
.
8
0
3
.
Pa
rticip
an
ts
A t
o
t
a
l
of
81
un
der
g
a
r
d
u
at
e psy
c
h
o
l
o
gy
st
ude
nt
s we
re
recrui
t
e
d i
n
t
o
t
h
i
s
st
udy
fr
om
a pri
v
at
e
uni
versi
t
y
i
n
J
o
g
j
a
k
art
a
,
I
n
d
one
si
a.
29
.6
%
(
2
4
)
of
t
h
e sa
m
p
le were males and
70
.4% (5
7)
were
fe
m
a
les
.
R
e
gar
d
i
n
g t
h
e
age o
f
part
i
c
i
p
ant
s
, 4
0
.
7
% (
3
3)
of t
h
e st
ude
nt
s i
n
t
h
e sam
p
l
e
were age
d
1
9
y
ears ol
d, 4
4
.
4 %
(3
6)
we
re 2
0
y
ears ol
d
,
6.
2% (5
) were
2
1
y
ears ol
d,
6.
2% (
5
)
we
re 2
2
y
e
a
r
s ol
d,
a
n
d
2.
5
%
(
2
)
we
re 2
3
y
ears
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PH
S I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
0
6
For
g
i
veness
,
G
r
at
i
t
ude
, an
d H
a
p
p
i
n
e
ss
A
m
on
g
C
o
l
l
e
ge St
u
d
e
nt
s
(
T
ri
a
n
t
o
r
o
S
a
f
a
ri
a)
24
3
ol
d. R
e
ga
r
d
i
n
g t
h
e et
h
n
i
c
of
part
i
c
i
p
ant
s
, 6
1
.
7
% o
f
t
h
e sa
m
p
l
e
were fr
o
m
Javanese et
ni
c, an
d 3
8
.
3
%
of t
h
e
sam
p
le were
o
t
hers
(
bor
ne
o, sun
d
a
n
e
se, m
a
l
a
y
).
Dat
a
A
n
alysis
Th
e
p
r
esen
t
stu
d
y
u
s
ed
cro
s
s-section
a
l d
a
t
a
. Qu
an
titativ
e d
a
ta an
alaysis was p
e
rformed
for t
h
e
p
u
rp
o
s
es of
t
h
is stud
y.
D
e
scr
i
p
tiv
e an
alysis,
an
d r
e
g
r
ession
w
e
r
e
ap
p
lied to
an
alyse th
e
data.
4.
R
E
SU
LTS AN
D ANA
LY
SIS
A Pea
r
so
n c
o
r
r
el
at
i
on c
o
ef
fi
ci
ent
was c
o
n
duct
e
d t
o
e
x
a
m
i
n
e t
h
e rel
a
t
i
ons
hi
p
bet
w
e
e
n va
ri
abl
e
s
.
Tab
l
e 1
ind
i
cates th
at a
m
o
d
e
rate p
o
s
itiv
e
co
rrelatio
n
(r
= .5
48
,
p
< .0
1) was fou
n
d
between
gratitud
e
and
hap
p
i
n
e
ss. Ho
weve
r, no si
g
n
i
fi
cant
rel
a
t
i
o
n
s
hi
ps bet
w
ee
n fo
rgi
v
ene
ss
an
d
ha
p
p
i
n
ess w
e
re
f
o
u
n
d
(
r
= .
1
6
0
,
p
>.05).
Tabl
e
1. M
e
a
n
s, St
a
nda
rd
De
vi
at
i
ons
, a
n
d
I
n
t
e
rc
or
rel
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
F
o
ur
M
e
a
s
ures
o
f
C
r
eat
i
v
i
t
y
Measure
M SD
1 2 3
1.
For
g
iveness
51.
7
9.
5
2.
Gr
atitude 41
4.
9
.
152
3.
Happiness
38.
7
5.
3
.
160
.
548**
*
p
< .05
.
**
p
< .01
Th
e regression
an
alysis pred
ict relatio
n
s
hip
b
e
tw
ee
n
gr
at
i
t
ude an
d f
o
rgi
v
enes
s wi
t
h
hap
p
i
n
es
s,
expl
ai
ni
ng
2
8
.
9
% o
f
t
h
e
var
i
ance (
A
d
j
ust
e
d R
2
= 0
.
28
9).
Tab
l
e 2
ind
i
cate th
at g
r
atitud
e
g
i
v
e
th
e
b
i
g
g
e
st
cont
ri
b
u
t
i
on t
o
hap
p
i
n
es
s (
=
.53
6
p= .0
0
0
)
,
but
f
o
r
g
i
v
e
n
es
s has n
o
si
g
n
i
f
i
cance rel
a
t
i
o
ns
hi
p t
o
hap
p
i
n
e
s
s (
=
.07
8
, p
=
.414). Th
is
resu
lt mean
s
th
at g
r
atitu
d
e
is
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
fact
or co
n
t
ribu
te to
h
a
p
p
i
n
e
ss am
o
n
g
un
de
rg
rad
u
at
e
st
ude
nt
i
n
t
h
i
s
sam
p
l
e
.
Tabl
e
2. R
e
gre
ssi
on
A
n
al
y
s
i
s
Sum
m
ary
Fo
rgiv
en
ess,
Gratitu
d
e
, an
d Happ
in
ess
Variable
B S
E
B
t p
For
g
iveness
.
044
.
053
.
078
.
822
.
414
Gr
atitude .
584
.
104
.
536
5.
618
.
000
No
te
. Adjusted
R
2
= .289 (
N
=
81,
p
= .0
00)
.
Th
e resu
lts o
f
th
is stu
d
y
in
dicate th
at g
r
ati
t
u
d
e
h
a
s a ro
l
e
in
p
r
ed
ictin
g h
a
pp
in
ess amo
n
g
co
llege
st
ude
nt
s. T
h
es
e resul
t
s
co
n
f
i
r
m
previ
o
us s
t
udi
es [
1
3]
,[
18
]
(Fro
h,
Y
u
r
k
ewi
cz, &
Kas
hda
n,
2
0
0
8
;
Wo
o
d
,
Jo
sep
h
, an
d M
a
ltb
y, 200
9)
wh
ich show
s t
h
e ro
le
o
f
gr
atitu
d
e
in im
p
r
o
v
in
g wellb
ei
n
g
. Gen
e
rally,
g
r
atefu
l
peo
p
l
e
ex
peri
e
n
ce m
o
re l
i
f
e
sat
i
s
fact
i
on,
o
p
t
i
m
i
sm
, vi
t
a
l
i
t
y
, and l
e
ss de
pressi
o
n
an
d envy
.
Grat
ef
ul
peo
p
l
e
al
so en
d
o
rse
hi
g
h
l
e
vel
s
of
agreea
bl
en
ess
,
ext
r
a
v
e
r
si
o
n
,
op
en
ness
, an
d l
o
w l
e
vel
s
of
ne
ur
ot
i
c
i
s
m
[2
4]
.
Pro
s
oci
a
l
beha
vi
o
r
was
al
so
fo
u
nd i
n
grat
eful
peo
p
l
e
t
h
an l
e
ss
grat
ef
ul
pe
o
p
l
e
. T
h
ey
are m
o
re h
e
l
p
f
u
l
,
su
ppo
rtiv
e,
forg
iv
ing
,
and
em
p
a
th
ic toward
o
t
h
e
rs
[24
]
.
Bro
a
d
e
n and
bu
ild
th
eo
ry
[30] (Fred
r
ick
s
on
, 2
001
)
exp
l
ains th
at po
sitiv
e
e
m
o
tio
n
s
su
ch
as h
a
p
p
i
n
e
ss
can
br
oade
n t
h
e re
pe
rt
oi
res
of t
h
o
u
ght
-a
ct
i
on m
o
m
e
nt
ari
l
y
and
b
u
i
l
d
en
d
u
ri
ng
pe
rso
n
al
re
so
urc
e
s. I
n
ad
d
ition
,
accord
ing
to Fred
erick
s
o
n
(2
001
)
[3
0
]
b
r
o
a
d
e
n the g
r
atitu
d
e
can bo
o
s
t t
h
e creativ
e reciprocity an
d
form
a
p
s
ych
o
l
o
g
i
cal, so
cial,
sp
iritu
al and
po
sitiv
e resour
ces. All o
f
it w
o
u
l
d
d
i
rectly i
n
crease th
e
p
o
ssib
ility
of
ha
p
p
i
n
ess
.
Past stu
d
i
es
hav
e
also
fo
und
th
at
g
r
atitu
de h
a
s stron
g
relatio
n
s
h
i
p
to
p
s
ycho
log
i
cal h
ealth
and
p
o
s
itiv
e so
cial fu
nctio
n
i
n
g
[24
]
-[25
].
W
a
tk
i
n
s et al. (2
003) [25
]
h
a
s also fo
und
th
at g
r
atefu
l
p
e
o
p
l
e ten
d
t
o
ex
p
e
rien
ce
g
r
eater p
o
sitiv
e em
o
t
io
n
s
, su
ch as
m
o
re
frequ
en
t
j
o
y,
h
a
ppin
e
ss, an
d
h
ope, as well as fewer
n
e
g
a
tiv
e em
o
tio
n
s
. Th
e regu
lar ex
p
e
rien
ce
o
f
po
sitiv
e emo
tio
ns can
m
a
k
e
p
e
op
le h
ealthier an
d
m
o
re resilien
t
[30
]
. In
add
itio
n,
Watk
ins (2
004
)
[2
5
]
d
e
scrib
e
s sev
e
ral
m
ech
an
is
m
s
to
exp
l
ain
how
g
r
atitud
e
affects
happine
ss. Fi
rst, gratitude
when r
ecei
ving "som
ething speci
al" will increase
the feeling
of happi
n
ess, sec
o
nd,
g
r
atitud
e
alo
n
e
b
o
t
h
b
r
i
n
g
a sen
s
e of satisfactio
n
with
in
th
e
in
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l, t
h
ird
g
r
atefu
l
b
e
h
a
v
i
or itself can
serv
e
as a po
sitiv
e co
p
i
n
g
fo
r
p
e
rso
n
wh
en
faced with
a pro
b
l
em
in
h
i
s life, fo
urth, grat
efu
l
b
e
h
a
v
i
or
will i
n
crease
the accessi
bilit
y and
recollection of
pl
easant
life events. Last, grateful
be
havior
will reduce the li
kelihood
of
dep
r
esse
d
m
o
o
d
on
t
h
e pe
rso
n
.
Co
n
t
rarily, forg
iv
en
ess
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
sh
ow a sign
ifican
t
relation
s
h
i
p
with
wel
l
b
e
in
g. Th
is
resu
lt d
o
e
s no
t
co
nfirm
sev
e
ral p
a
st stud
ies.
Worth
i
n
g
t
o
n
,
W
i
t
v
liet, Piet
rin
i
, & Miller (20
07) [12
]
fo
und
th
at
fo
rg
iv
eness h
a
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-88
06
IJPHS
Vol. 3, No. 4, D
ecem
ber 2014
: 241 – 245
24
4
a relatio
n
s
h
i
p
with
wellb
eing.
W
itv
liet, Lu
dwig
, & Va
nd
er
Laan
(200
1)
[1
1
]
fo
und
f
o
rgiv
en
ess can
r
e
d
u
c
e
n
e
g
a
tiv
e em
o
tio
n
s
, r
e
d
u
ce
str
e
ss and
imp
r
ov
e th
e physio
lo
g
i
cal statu
s
of
ph
ysical h
ealth
. Emo
tio
nal
forgi
v
ene
ss can replace ne
gat
i
ve e
m
otions with positive
emotions. Em
otional forgi
v
en
ess can also change the
p
s
ychop
h
y
sio
l
o
g
i
cal m
o
re
p
o
sitiv
e on
p
e
rson
’s h
ealth and
well-b
e
i
n
g.
5.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
Th
is stud
y
reco
mmen
d
to rel
a
ted
p
a
rties such
as t
eac
hers
or lecture
r
, t
h
at they shoul
d enc
o
ura
g
e,
an
d
im
p
r
ov
e stu
d
e
n
t
s’
g
r
at
efu
l
b
e
h
a
v
i
or. Gratefu
l
b
e
hav
i
or h
a
s several p
o
s
itiv
e
b
e
n
e
fits wh
en it
is
im
pl
em
ent
e
d and
use
d
i
n
e
v
e
r
y
d
ay
si
t
u
at
i
o
n
,
beca
use
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
ca
nn
ot
be s
e
parat
e
d f
r
o
m
t
h
e p
r
obl
em
of
l
i
f
e.
Gratefu
l
b
e
h
a
vio
r
can b
e
used
as a
po
sitiv
e cop
i
ng
wh
en d
ealin
g with
prob
lem
s
o
f
d
a
i
l
y
life.
Non
e
theless,
p
r
esen
t stud
y h
a
s a li
m
itat
i
o
n
,
o
n
e
o
f
it is th
e sam
p
le si
z
e
is s
m
all, so
t
h
e resu
lts of th
is stud
y m
a
y
n
o
t
be
gene
ral
i
zed t
o
ot
he
r sam
p
l
e
.
REFERE
NC
ES
[1]
Cs
iks
zentm
ihal
yi, M
.
, & Hunter
, J
., “
H
appin
e
s
s
in ever
yd
a
y
l
i
f
e
: Th
e us
es
of
experi
enc
e
s
a
m
p
ling”
,
Journal
of
Happiness Studies
, vol. 4
,
pp
. 18
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