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ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
urn
a
l
o
f
P
u
b
lic Hea
l
th Science (IJ
P
HS)
V
o
l.4
,
No
.2
,
Jun
e
2
015
, pp
. 14
0
~
14
4
I
S
SN
: 225
2-8
8
0
6
1
40
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJPHS
The Correl
ati
o
n between Smokin
g Status and BMI with the
MSDs Complaints of Palm Farmers
Husd
a Okt
a
vi
ann
o
or
1
, Z
a
irin Noo
r
Helmi
2
, Ra
tna Setyaning
r
um
3
1
Public Health
Studies Progr
am, Medical Faculty
of Lambung Mangkurat Univer
sity
, Indon
esia
2
Orthopaed
ics
and Traumato
log
y
D
e
partment
of
Ulin Reg
i
onal
Public
Hospital
,
Medical Facu
lty
of
Lambung Mangkurat Univ
ersity
, Indon
esia
3
Occupation
a
l
Health
and
Safety
D
e
partment of
Public He
alth
St
udi
es
P
r
ogram
M
e
dica
l
Faculty
of Lambung
Mangkurat University
,
Indo
nesia
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received Apr 17, 2015
Rev
i
sed
May 20
, 20
15
Accepted
May 29, 2015
According a s
t
u
d
y
b
y
R
e
s
ear
ch
Cent
re and Health Ec
olog
y
Development
Ministr
y
of Health in 2004
, palm farmers are one of a group
worker that
suffers com
p
lai
n
t m
u
sculoskele
tal d
i
sord
er.
Thi
s
res
earch
to d
e
term
ine th
e
correl
a
tion be
t
w
een the s
m
oking s
t
at
us and BMI
with com
p
laints of
musculoskeletal
disorders (MSDS) of pa
lm farmers in PT. X
.
Th
e
method ar
e
anal
yt
ic obs
erv
a
tional wi
th th
e c
r
os
s
-
s
ectional
ap
proach. Ins
t
rum
e
nts
s
u
ch as
questionnaires, mikrotoise,
scales
underfoot, check the NBM, and VAS.
Res
earch
techn
i
que is
us
e purpos
ive
sampling. Resear
ch sample of 40
respondents. R
e
sults showed 32.5% lig
h
t
smokers, 45% moderate smokers,
and 15% of
heav
y
smokers, 17
.5% we
ight and
2.5% obese,
an
d 60% had
complaints of M
S
Ds. Spearman test results, it
is
known there
is a correlation
between
the smoking status with compla
ints of
MSDs (p=0.037), ther
e was
no significan
t co
rrelation between BMI w
ith complaints of MSDs (p=0.272)
.
It can be con
c
lu
ded that th
ere is
a correl
a
tion b
e
tween th
e s
m
oking s
t
atus
with MSDs complaints
, but there
is no
correlat
i
o
n
between the B
M
I with the
MSDs complaints. This res
earch
is expected to be input for the compan
y
to
conduct
train
i
ng
exercises ergon
omics
and providing informatio
n about th
e
im
portance
of m
a
int
a
ining
the
he
alth
of tob
a
cco
consumption.
Keyword:
BMI
MSDs C
o
m
p
lain
ts
Palm
Farm
ers
Sm
oki
ng St
at
u
s
Copyright ©
201
5 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
H
u
sd
a Ok
tav
i
an
noo
r,
Pub
lic Health
Stu
d
i
es Prog
ram
,
Lam
bung
M
a
n
g
k
u
r
at
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,
A.
Ya
ni Km
. 36 R
o
ad, Banja
r
bar
u
City, I
n
donesia
70711.
Em
a
il: h
u
s
d
a
.ok
t
av
ianno
or@g
m
a
i
l
.co
m
1.
INTRODUCTION
Health
is an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
ele
m
en
t to
b
e
ab
le to
enj
o
y
a qu
ality o
f
life, eit
h
er at ho
m
e
o
r
at wo
rk
[1
]
.
Occu
pat
i
o
nal
heal
t
h
i
s
a f
r
e
e
con
d
i
t
o
n f
r
o
m
phy
si
cal
di
s
t
ur
bance
,
m
e
ntal
, or em
ot
i
o
n
a
l
pai
n
ca
used
by
t
h
e
work
place [2]. Occupational
health in
cludes
harm
onization of va
rious effo
rts bet
w
een the worke
r
s with a job
and workplace
bot
h
physical a
n
d psyc
hol
ogic
a
l. One
of t
h
e
m
is aim
e
d to pre
v
e
n
t the
on
s
e
t
of health problem
s
of worke
r
s
due
to situation
or
conditions of
t
h
e workplace [3].
One
of t
h
e hea
l
t
h
pr
obl
em
s are com
p
l
a
i
n
t
s
of m
u
scul
os
ke
l
e
t
a
l
di
sorde
r
s
(M
SDs
)
. F
r
om
dat
a
of t
h
e
Natio
n
a
l Health
Surv
ey 2
001
, MSDs is on
e of ten
m
o
st com
p
lained diseases
by
t
h
e com
m
uni
ty
[4]
.
Mean
wh
ile d
a
t
a
o
f
H
ealth
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t
N
o
r
t
h
Su
m
a
tr
a Pr
ov
in
cial in
2
008
m
e
n
tio
n
s
t
h
at MSD
s
r
a
nk
s
f
i
r
s
t of
the 10
non-c
o
mmunicable diseases we
re
reporte
d
fr
o
m
all h
ealth
cen
t
ers i
n
Nort
h
Su
m
a
tra with
th
e
p
r
ev
alen
ce
of 1
2
% [5
]. A
c
cord
i
n
g
V
e
rb
eek
JH
et al. (2
011) in
Abd
illah
(2
013
) abo
u
t
the co
m
p
lain
ts o
f
MSDs
were
one
of them
researche
d
in
Am
eri
ca i
n
2
0
0
4
,
cl
ai
m
e
d t
h
at
a
b
out
60
% t
h
e
m
a
nual
han
d
l
i
n
g
w
o
r
k
e
r
s
suffere
d
pains and
injuries
i
n
the
bac
k
a
r
ea while wo
rk
ing
,
su
ch
as
lift, p
u
ll
an
d
ho
ld
someth
in
g
[6
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PH
S I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
0
6
Th
e C
o
rrel
a
tion
b
e
tween
Smokin
g
S
t
a
t
u
s
and
BMI with
t
h
e MSDs C
o
mp
lain
ts .... (Hu
s
da
Okta
viann
oo
r)
14
1
Acco
r
d
i
n
g t
o
a
st
udy
by
R
e
s
earch
C
e
nt
re
a
n
d
Heal
t
h
Ec
o
l
ogy
Devel
o
p
m
ent
M
i
ni
st
ry
of
Heal
t
h
i
n
2
004
in
Y
u
liani et
al. (
2
01
2)
sh
ow
ed
co
m
p
lain
ts o
f
MS
Ds e
xpe
ri
ence
d by
31
.6
% of pal
m
farm
ers i
n
R
i
au [7]
.
The a
g
ricult
ural sector es
pe
cially sub-sect
or
planta
tion
was th
e
o
n
e
ele
m
en
t th
at g
e
ts top
priority
i
n
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
en
t activ
ities o
f
eco
n
o
m
ical in
d
u
stry in
ad
d
ition
to th
e
o
il an
d n
a
t
u
ral
g
a
s fro
m
co
mmo
d
ity
m
a
i
n
st
ay
of I
n
do
nesi
a
n
. T
h
e
pr
o
duct
of
pal
m
oi
l
s
gro
w
i
n
g
rapi
dl
y
al
on
g
wi
t
h
t
h
e
devel
opm
ent
of t
e
c
h
nol
ogy
and
fo
o
d
i
n
dus
t
r
y
as wel
l
as non
-f
o
od m
a
t
e
ri
al
s for i
n
d
u
st
ri
al
[8]
.
Pal
m
farm
ers pl
ay
an i
m
port
a
nt
rol
e
i
n
t
h
e
fo
o
d
pr
o
duct
i
o
n fo
r t
h
e co
u
n
t
r
y
s
i
d
e an
d ur
b
a
n p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
on
and r
e
m
a
i
n
a
m
a
i
n
source
of
i
n
com
e
, em
ploy
m
e
nt
,
an
d expo
rt commo
d
ities [9
].
Harv
esting
j
ob on
p
a
lm
farm
e
r
allow th
e com
p
la
in
t o
f
MSDs
[10
]
.
PT. X is
o
n
e
of th
e p
a
lm
s o
i
l
p
l
an
tatio
n
com
p
an
y lo
cated
in
Sou
t
h
Kaliman
tan
with
t
h
e ex
ten
s
iv
e
wh
ol
e
of
t
h
e
gar
d
e
n
s c
o
re
i
s
3
.
4
0
6
hect
ar
es,
di
vi
de
d
i
n
t
o
fo
ur
gar
d
e
n
s co
re s
ect
i
o
n
.
B
a
sed
o
n
t
h
e
dat
a
obt
ai
ne
d, t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
i
v
i
t
y
i
n
the gar
d
e
n
sect
i
on I
-
I
V
i
n
2
0
1
2
t
o
20
1
3
has
decrease
d
f
r
o
m
104.
3
70 t
o
n
s
t
o
be
83.788 tons. Garde
n
s se
ction
I expe
rience
d t
h
e largest
decl
i
n
e di
ffe
rence
i
n
i
s
3
3
.
2
%
(
6
.
8
2
2
t
ons
) c
o
m
p
are
d
with t
h
e
garde
n
section II,
decrease
o
f
3
0
.1
%
(
619
1 ton
s
)
,
g
a
r
d
en
sectio
n II
I of
23
.6% (4
.8
63 ton
s
)
,
and
gar
d
e
n
sect
i
o
n
IV
o
f
13
.1
%
(2
.7
06
t
o
ns)
.
T
h
e
decl
i
n
e
i
n
prod
u
c
tiv
ity is
one of th
e im
p
act
s fro
m
co
m
p
lai
n
t
of
MSD
s
. Mor
e
ov
er, th
e bu
rd
en on
f
a
r
m
er
s
to
co
llect fresh
fru
it bu
n
c
h
e
s at l
east 2.5 t
ons
a
day inc
r
ease t
h
e ris
k
th
e co
m
p
lain
t.
Wo
rl
d
Heal
t
h
Or
ga
ni
zat
i
on
(
W
H
O
)
i
n
W
i
j
a
y
a
(2
0
1
1
)
de
fi
ne t
h
e M
S
D
s
i
s
t
h
e
di
st
u
r
bance
o
f
t
h
e
m
u
scl
e
s, t
e
ndo
ns,
joi
n
t
s
, ve
rt
ebrae
,
peri
p
h
er
al
nerves
, an
d
vasc
ul
ar sy
st
em
occur su
d
d
e
n
l
y
or g
r
ad
ual
l
y
and
acu
te and
ch
ron
i
c [1
1
]
.
Adv
e
rse im
p
act o
f
th
e d
i
st
u
r
b
a
nce
will resu
lt in
red
u
c
ed
sk
ills to
carry ou
t th
e work
,
red
u
ce
d w
o
r
k
pr
o
duct
i
v
i
t
y
, a
nd i
n
crease
d
h
eal
t
h
care cost
s. M
S
Ds
have
t
h
ree fact
ors
,
nam
e
ly
occupa
t
i
onal
f
acto
r
s, env
i
ron
m
en
tal f
acto
r
s an
d
ind
i
v
i
du
al f
acto
r
s [
1
2
]
. N
u
rh
ik
m
a
h
(
2011
)
m
e
n
tio
n
s
th
e cor
r
elatio
n
bet
w
ee
n i
n
di
vi
dual
fact
o
r
s
wi
t
h
com
p
l
a
i
n
t
s
of
M
S
Ds
[
1
3]
.
Th
e co
rrelatio
n
of BMI with th
e co
m
p
lain
ts o
f
MSDs
is
reinforced
by the
W
i
nne
r et al. (1994) i
n
Zahi
r
(2
0
1
2
)
c
l
aim
e
d t
h
at
fo
r pat
i
e
nt
s
w
h
o
are
obese
ha
v
e
a 2.
5 t
i
m
es
hi
g
h
er
ri
sk
com
p
ared with t
h
in.
A
pers
o
n
w
h
o i
s
ove
r
w
ei
g
h
t
has
great
er
ri
sk
of
l
o
w b
ack
pai
n
, beca
use t
h
e
b
u
r
d
e
n
o
n
t
h
e
jo
i
n
t
s
wei
g
ht
l
e
v
e
rag
e
will in
crease [1
4
]
. Th
e co
rrelatio
n
o
f
sm
o
k
i
n
g
statu
s
with
th
e co
m
p
lain
ts of MSDs is
also
reinforced
by th
e
McPartlan
d
et
al. (19
97) in
Mu
tiah
et al. (2
013
) m
e
n
tio
ns
th
at th
e n
i
co
t
i
n
e
in
cig
a
rettes will in
crease
p
l
asma
ep
in
ep
hrin
e; it cau
ses a reductio
n
in
bo
n
e
min
e
ral co
n
t
ent, cau
sing
th
e p
a
in
du
e to
crack
s or d
a
m
a
g
e
to
th
e
bo
ne [
15]
.
B
a
sed
on t
h
e
back
g
r
o
u
nd a
b
ove
, i
t
i
s
nece
ssary
t
o
d
o
re
s
earch
ab
o
u
t
co
rrel
a
t
i
o
n
bet
w
e
e
n sm
oki
n
g
statu
s
and
BM
I with
M
S
Ds com
p
la
in
ts on
p
a
l
m
farm
ers in
PT.
X.
2.
R
E
SEARC
H M
ETHOD
Design
of th
is
research
was an
ob
serv
ation
a
l an
alytic with
cro
ss section
a
l ap
p
r
o
a
ch
. The sa
m
p
lin
g
tech
n
i
qu
e th
at
u
s
ed
in
th
is r
e
sear
ch
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e sam
p
lin
g
.
Fr
o
m
th
e p
opulatio
n
of
47
r
e
sp
ond
en
ts, th
er
e ar
e
7
p
e
op
le th
at d
i
d n
o
t
fu
lfill th
e in
clu
s
ion
criteria o
f
th
e respon
d
e
n
t
s d
i
d
no
t h
a
v
e
a
h
i
sto
r
y
o
f
d
i
seases such
as
br
o
k
en or di
sl
ocat
ed bo
nes, di
abet
es,
a
nd di
st
ur
ba
nce
o
f
the thyroi
d gl
and, at the
time the researc
h
was as
p
a
lm farm
ers,
an
d
w
illin
g
to
b
e
th
e resp
onden
t
, so
th
at
sam
p
les
tak
e
n
in th
is research
are 40
sam
p
les
.
D
a
ta
were ob
tain
ed with
th
e filli
n
g
o
u
t
th
e questio
nn
aire to
find
o
u
t
th
e iden
tity o
f
th
e respo
n
d
e
n
t
s in
clu
d
i
ng
sm
oking status and BMI as
well as check the Nordic
B
ody
M
a
p t
h
a
t
has been st
a
nda
r
d
i
zed t
o
m
easure
com
p
l
a
i
n
t
s
of M
S
Ds. T
h
e i
n
depe
n
d
ent
va
ri
abl
e
i
n
t
h
i
s
res
earch
was sm
oki
n
g
st
at
us an
d
B
M
I. The de
p
e
nde
nt
v
a
riab
le in
th
is research
was co
m
p
lain
ts o
f
MSDs.
Data
were an
alyzed
usin
g
un
iv
ariate an
alysis to
d
e
term
in
e
the freque
ncy
distribution of
each
varia
b
le s
e
parately. Me
a
n
while the
bi
variate analysis
is use
d
to anal
yze the
correlation
bet
w
een t
h
e sm
oking st
atu
s
and
BMI wit
h
th
e co
m
p
lain
ts
of MSDs
were analyzed
using
Sp
earm
an
Ran
k
with
th
e d
e
gree of
co
nf
id
ence is 95
%.
3.
R
E
SU
LTS AN
D ANA
LY
SIS
3.
1.
U
n
i
v
ari
a
t
e
An
al
ysi
s
The focus of t
h
e resea
r
ch are
s
m
oking status, BMI,
and
com
p
la
in
ts o
f
MSDs on
p
a
lm
farm
ers in
th
e
PT.
X.
O
v
er
vi
e
w
of
sm
oki
ng
s
t
at
us, B
M
I,
an
d c
o
m
p
l
a
i
n
t
of
M
S
Ds
of
res
p
o
nde
nt
s a
r
e s
h
o
w
ed
i
n
Tabl
e
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-88
06
IJP
H
S V
o
l
.
4, No
. 2,
J
u
ne 2
0
1
5
:
14
0 – 1
4
4
14
2
Tabl
e
1.
Di
st
ri
but
i
o
n a
n
d F
r
e
que
ncy
of
Sm
oki
n
g
St
at
u
s
, B
M
I, a
n
d
C
o
m
p
l
a
i
n
t
s
o
f
M
S
Ds
of
Pal
m
Far
m
ers i
n
PT. X
Variable
Quantity
Percentage
(%)
Sm
ok
i
n
g St
at
u
s
Non-
Sm
oker
(
n
ever
s
m
oked)
3
7.
5
L
i
ght s
m
oker
s
(<10 ci
gar
e
ttes per
day
)
13
32.
5
M
oder
a
te s
m
oker
s
(
10-
20 cigar
e
ttes per
day)
18
45
Heavy s
m
oker
s
(
>
20 cigar
e
ttes
per
day)
6
15
BMI
T
h
in (
<
18 kg/m
2
)
3
7.
5
Norm
al (
18-
24
kg/m
2
)
30
75
W
e
ight (
25-
30 k
g
/m
2
) 6
15
Obese (
>
30 kg/m
2
) 1
2.
5
Co
m
p
laints
of M
S
Ds
Yes
24
60
No 16
40
T
o
tal
40
100
So
urce
: Pri
m
a
r
y D
a
t
a
Tabl
e 1 s
h
ow
s
t
h
e di
st
ri
b
u
t
i
o
n an
d f
r
e
que
nc
y
of sm
oki
n
g
s
t
at
us of t
h
e 4
0
resp
o
nde
nt
s t
h
at
sel
ect
ed
as sam
p
les in this resea
r
ch. T
h
e ave
r
a
g
e res
p
ondents sm
ok
ed 1
0
.
0
8 ci
gar
e
t
t
e
s per day
.
Of t
h
e
4
0
res
p
on
de
nt
s
th
er
e w
e
r
e
3
(7.5
%)
o
f
r
e
spond
en
ts
n
o
n
-
sm
o
k
e
r
s
, 13
(
3
2
.
5%)
lig
h
t
sm
o
k
e
r
s
, 18
(4
5%)
mo
d
e
r
a
te sm
o
k
e
rs, an
d
6 (1
5%
) hea
v
y
sm
okers. T
h
e
avera
g
e B
M
I
of
th
e r
e
sp
ond
en
ts ar
e 21
.5
81
k
g
/
m
2
. Of t
h
e 40 r
e
sp
o
nde
nt
s
t
h
ere
were
3 (
7
.
5
%
)
of
res
p
o
n
d
ent
s
t
h
i
n
,
30
pe
o
p
l
e
(7
5%
) o
f
n
o
r
m
a
l
,
6 pe
opl
e
(1
5%
) wei
ght
,
and
1
(2
.5%
)
o
b
ese.
Mo
st o
f
the r
e
sp
ond
en
ts as man
y
as 24
(
60%)
of
r
e
sp
ond
en
ts h
a
v
e
co
m
p
lain
ts o
f
MSDs.
W
h
ile as m
a
n
y
as 16
(4
0%
) of res
p
o
nde
nt
s di
d
n
o
t
have
com
p
l
a
i
n
t
s
o
f
M
S
Ds.
3.
2.
B
i
v
a
ri
ate
An
al
ysi
s
The
res
u
lts of
the analysis
of the c
o
rrelation
be
tween
sm
o
k
i
ng
statu
s
an
d BMI
with
th
e co
m
p
lain
ts
of
M
S
Ds
o
n
t
h
e res
p
o
n
d
ent
s
by
usi
n
g t
h
e
S
p
earm
a
n R
a
n
k
C
o
r
r
el
at
i
on t
e
s
t
can
be see
n
i
n
Ta
bl
e
2.
Tab
l
e
2
.
An
alysis
o
f
th
e Co
rrelatio
n b
e
tween
Sm
o
k
i
ng
Status an
d BMI with th
e C
o
m
p
la
in
t o
f
MSDs
Variable
P-value
Correlation
Spear
m
an
Evidence
T
h
e cor
r
e
lation of s
m
oking statu
s
with the
co
m
p
laints of MS
Ds
0.
037
0.
332
Cor
r
e
lation
The correlation of
the BM
I with the
co
m
p
laint
s
o
f
MSDs
0.
272
-
0
.
178
No
cor
r
e
lation
Tabl
e 2 s
h
ow
s
t
h
at
vari
a
b
l
e
s b
e
t
w
een sm
oki
n
g
st
at
us
with
co
m
p
lain
ts o
f
MSDs
the
r
e is
a correlation
with
p
-
v
a
lu
e=0
.
0
3
7
(p
<0.05
)
with
correl
a
tio
n
co
effi
cien
t 0.332
, i
n
d
i
catin
g
a
po
sitive correlation
with
the
streng
th
of th
e
m
o
d
e
rate co
rrelatio
n
.
Based
on
th
e in
terv
iews with
th
e p
a
l
m
far
m
ers,
m
o
st o
f
th
e resp
on
d
e
n
t
s
were
sm
okers
wi
t
h
sm
oki
n
g
st
at
us va
ri
et
y
i
s
1
3
p
e
rs
o
n
s (
3
2
.
5
%
) l
i
g
ht
s
m
okers,
18
pe
opl
e
(4
5%
) m
ode
rat
e
sm
okers, an
d 6 (1
5%
) hea
v
y
sm
okers. Ac
cor
d
i
n
g R
a
hay
u
(2
0
1
2
)
, t
h
at
sm
oki
ng
posi
t
i
v
el
y
i
s
l
i
nked wi
t
h
com
p
laints of
MSDs s
u
c
h
as
back pai
n
,
sci
a
t
i
ca or i
n
t
e
r
v
er
t
e
bral
di
schem
i
a [
16]
.
Sm
okers a
r
e
m
o
re likely to s
u
ffer
back proble
m
s
than
non-sm
okers. T
h
e l
o
nger and
highe
r
fre
que
ncy
of
s
m
oki
ng,
be
hi
ghe
r as
wel
l
t
h
e l
e
vel
o
f
pe
rcei
ve
d c
o
m
p
lai
n
t
s
. It
i
s
cau
sed
by
sm
oki
n
g
ca
n
dam
a
ge
m
u
scl
e
t
i
ssue an
d r
e
duce
ne
rve
re
spo
n
se t
o
pai
n
. C
a
use sm
oke
rs feel
m
o
re com
p
l
a
i
n
t
s
of
M
S
Ds
in
clu
d
e
n
i
co
tine is th
e powerfu
l stim
u
l
an
t t
o
inflict p
a
i
n
o
n
t
h
e
b
ody
'
s
re
spo
n
se a
n
d ci
g
a
ret
t
e
sm
oke causes
im
m
une dam
a
ge t
o
t
h
e
m
u
scl
e
an
d
bo
ne
t
i
ssue t
h
ere
b
y
r
e
duci
n
g
t
h
e
bl
oo
d
su
p
p
l
y
t
o
t
h
e t
i
ssues
, i
n
c
r
ease
s
b
l
oo
d
cl
o
t
s or
redu
ce th
e
flow of
n
u
t
rien
ts
to
th
e m
u
scles an
d
jo
in
ts
[13
]
,[1
7
]
. Th
e sm
o
k
i
ng
effects also
still
settle in
th
e
bod
y of
so
m
e
o
n
e
th
at
h
a
d stopped
sm
o
k
i
ng
. Th
is is i
n
acco
r
d
a
n
c
e
w
ith
th
e op
in
i
o
n of
Palmer et
al in Anisa (2013) that cl
ai
m
e
d t
h
at
t
h
ere i
s
a
si
gni
fi
cant
c
o
r
r
el
at
i
on
bet
w
e
e
n t
h
e
sm
oki
ng
st
at
us wi
t
h
t
h
e
pa
i
n
of
m
u
scul
os
kel
e
t
a
l
i
n
sm
okers
an
d e
x
-sm
oke
rs [
1
5]
.
Th
is research
in
lin
e with
th
e research
b
y
San
tiasih
(2
013
), ab
ou
t th
e stu
d
y
of
m
a
n
u
al
m
a
terial
h
a
nd
ling
ag
ai
nst o
f
low b
a
ck
p
a
in
o
n
th
e textile wo
rk
ers
d
e
clare th
at th
ere is a co
rrelation
b
e
t
w
een
sm
o
k
i
ng
and c
o
m
p
l
a
i
n
t
s
of M
S
Ds wi
t
h
p-val
u
e o
f
0.
0
17 (
p
<0
.0
5)
[1
8]
. In l
i
n
e wi
t
h
Sant
i
a
si
h, rese
arch A
n
drea
ni
,
et
al
(201
3) abo
u
t
th
e jo
b
attitu
des co
rrelated
with
sub
j
ecti
v
e co
m
p
lain
ts
o
f
tailo
rs on
Patu
a Surab
a
y
a
street
declare
d
that there is a corre
lation betwee
n the sm
oking
statu
s
with
sub
j
ective co
m
p
lain
ts with
p-valu
e of
0.
03
6
(
p
<
0
.
0
5
)
[
1
9]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PH
S I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
0
6
Th
e C
o
rrel
a
tion
b
e
tween
Smokin
g
S
t
a
t
u
s
and
BMI with
t
h
e MSDs C
o
mp
lain
ts .... (Hu
s
da
Okta
viann
oo
r)
14
3
Variab
les b
e
t
w
een
th
e BM
I
with
th
e co
m
p
lain
ts o
f
MSDs there
was
no correlation
wi
th p-val
u
e =
0.
27
2 (
p
> 0
.
0
5
)
wi
t
h
a co
rrel
a
t
i
on coe
ffi
ci
e
n
t
-0
.1
7
8
,
ind
i
catin
g
a n
e
g
a
tiv
e correlation
with
th
e streng
th
of
th
at co
rrelation
is very weak
.
Acco
rd
ing
t
o
th
e t
h
eory
th
at th
e larg
er
th
e a p
e
rso
n
'
s
BMI, th
e
g
r
eater th
e
in
flu
e
n
ce
on
t
h
e co
m
p
lain
ts o
f
MSD
s
. B
u
t in
reality on
th
e ground
sh
ow
s th
at the no
rm
al BM
I w
a
s
ex
p
e
rien
ci
n
g
th
e sam
e
th
in
g th
at th
ere are
com
p
laints of MSDs. Base
d
o
n
th
e
research
carried
o
u
t, the
avera
g
e pal
m
farm
ers have
no
rm
al
nut
ri
t
i
onal
st
at
us t
h
a
t
i
s
equal
t
o
21.
58
1 k
g
/
m
2
.
Av
ailab
ility o
f
g
o
o
d
n
u
t
ritio
n
a
l stat
u
s
i
n
th
e bod
y
g
r
eatly affects
th
e lev
e
l
o
f
th
e ph
ysical
fitnes
s of a
worker.
BMI is a factor that can caus
e
co
m
p
lain
ts of MSDs [2
0
]
.
In
p
e
op
le th
at
h
a
v
e
ex
cessiv
e
weigh
t
th
e
risk
o
f
low
b
a
ck
p
a
i
n
is greater, b
e
cau
se t
h
e
b
u
rd
en
o
n
t
h
e jo
in
ts wei
g
h
t
lev
e
rag
e
will in
crease, so
as to
allo
w
th
e o
c
curren
c
e of low
b
a
ck
pain
. Sk
eletal mu
scle co
m
p
lain
ts related
t
o
b
o
d
y
size
o
v
e
r
du
e to th
e
equ
ilib
ri
u
m
structure i
n
ske
l
etal to receive
th
e loa
d
,
good
weight of t
h
e
body a
s
well as
othe
r a
dditiona
l loads [14].
Resu
lts o
f
t
h
is r
e
sear
ch
ar
e
n
o
t
in
lin
e
w
ith
r
e
sear
ch
carr
i
ed
o
u
t
b
y
Sep
tiaw
a
n
(2
013)
abo
u
t
t
h
e
fact
or
s rel
a
t
e
d
l
o
w bac
k
pai
n
i
n
w
o
r
k
er
s bui
l
d
i
ng t
h
e PT. M
i
kr
ol
an
d Sem
a
rang cl
ai
m
e
d t
h
at
t
h
ere i
s
a
correlate between the BMI
w
ith
co
m
p
lain
ts o
f
MSDs
with
p-v
a
l
u
e of
0.
03
0
(
p
<
0
.
0
5
)
[
21]
. Ho
we
ver
,
i
n
l
i
n
e
w
ith
r
e
sear
ch
car
r
i
ed ou
t
b
y
I
s
n
a
in
(
201
3)
on th
e co
rr
elated
betwee
n the
BMI and
hi
gh
heels with
co
m
p
lain
ts
of l
o
we
r bac
k
pai
n
i
n
t
h
e sal
e
s pr
om
ot
i
on g
i
rl
(SPG
) Sal
a
t
i
ga R
a
m
a
y
a
na cl
aim
e
d t
h
at
t
h
ere i
s
no c
o
r
r
el
at
i
o
n
b
e
tween
th
e B
M
I with
lower b
ack
p
a
in
com
p
la
in
ts with
t
h
e p
-
val
u
e i
s
0.
34
5 (
p
>
0.
0
5
)
[2
2]
. I
n
l
i
n
e wi
t
h
research
Isn
a
i
n
, research
Po
lii, et al (20
1
3
)
also
clai
m
e
d
th
at th
ere was
no
cerrelation
b
e
t
w
een
t
h
e nu
trit
io
n
a
l
st
at
us an
d m
u
s
c
ul
os
kel
e
t
a
l
co
m
p
l
a
i
n
t
s
wi
t
h
p-
val
u
e
o
f
0.
05
4
(p
<0
.0
5)
[
2
3
]
.
4.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
Palm
farm
ers were
3 (
7
.
5
%
)
of
res
p
o
n
d
ent
s
n
o
n
-
sm
okers
, 1
3
(
3
2.
5%) l
i
ght
sm
okers
,
18
(
45%
)
m
o
d
e
r
a
te s
m
o
k
e
r
s
, and
6
(1
5%)
h
e
av
y s
m
o
k
e
r
s
. Palm f
a
r
m
er
s w
e
r
e
3
(7.5
%)
o
f
r
e
spond
en
ts th
i
n
, 30
p
e
op
le
(7
5%
) of
no
rm
al
, 6 peo
p
l
e
(
1
5%)
wei
g
ht
, and
1 (
2
.
5
%)
ob
ese. M
o
st
of t
h
e resp
on
de
nt
s as
m
a
ny
as 24 (6
0
%
)
of
res
p
o
n
d
ent
s
ha
ve c
o
m
p
lai
n
t
s
o
f
M
S
D
s
.
Whi
l
e
as
m
a
ny
as 1
6
(
4
0
%
)
of
res
p
on
de
nt
s di
d
n
o
t
ha
ve
com
p
laints of
MSDs. T
h
ere i
s
a c
o
rr
elatio
n
b
e
tween
t
h
e sm
o
k
i
n
g
statuses with co
m
p
lain
ts
o
f
M
S
Ds on
p
a
l
m
farm
ers
in PT.X. The
r
e was no
correlation betwee
n
t
h
e
B
M
I with co
m
p
lain
ts o
f
MSDs on
p
a
lm
farmers in
PT.X.
Ne
xt re
search are
expected to
resea
r
chi
n
g
ot
he
r
va
ri
abl
e
s
of
en
vi
ro
nm
ent
a
l
fact
ors
(t
em
perat
u
re a
n
d
hum
i
d
i
t
y
) and wo
rk
(w
or
ki
n
g
freq
u
e
n
cy
, w
o
rk p
o
st
ure
,
d
u
r
a
t
i
on, an
d w
o
r
k
l
o
a
d
)
wi
t
h
co
m
p
l
a
i
n
t
s
of M
S
Ds as
well as co
m
p
le
men
t
th
e limita
tio
n
s
con
t
ain
e
d in
th
is research
.
Th
e co
m
p
any is exp
ected
t
o
p
r
ov
id
e t
r
ainin
g
t
o
pal
m
far
m
ers i
n
t
h
e
f
o
rm
of
st
ret
c
hi
n
g
a
n
d
gy
m
n
ast
i
c
s
m
o
vem
e
nt
’s er
go
nom
i
c
s t
o
re
d
u
ce t
h
e
i
n
ci
de
nce
o
f
MSDs that ca
n inc
r
ease
work
productivity. Provisi
on
of
inform
atio
n
to
farm
ers ab
ou
t th
e im
p
o
r
tan
ce
of
main
tain
in
g
health
y o
il o
n
cig
a
rette con
s
u
m
p
tio
n
esp
e
cially
th
e in
fluen
ce of th
e m
u
scu
l
ar and
sk
eletal
com
p
l
a
i
n
t
s
per
cei
ved t
h
at
due
t
o
t
o
bacc
o c
o
n
s
um
pt
i
on ca
n
b
e
re
duce
d
.
ACKNOWLE
DGE
M
ENTS
Tha
nks t
o
Al
l
a
h S
W
T
fo
r t
h
e
gi
ft
t
h
at
has been gi
ve
n. T
h
a
nks t
o
al
l
st
ak
ehol
ders
wh
o
sup
p
o
rt
t
h
e
passa
ge of
t
h
i
s
researc
h
.
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