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,
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I
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8806
I
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Vo
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2
1
.
4
%
in
r
u
r
al
Nig
er
ia
a
n
d
Ken
y
a
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
a
n
d
2
3
.
7
%
an
d
3
8
%
in
u
r
b
a
n
T
an
za
n
ia
an
d
Na
m
ib
ia
[
6
]
.
I
n
E
th
io
p
ia,
s
ev
er
al
s
t
u
d
ies
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
last
d
ec
ad
e
s
h
o
w
ed
th
at
th
e
p
r
ev
ale
n
ce
o
f
C
VD
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
in
cr
ea
s
ed
r
ap
id
l
y
[
7
]
.
A
s
t
u
d
y
co
n
d
u
cted
in
Dab
at
d
is
tr
ict
a
n
d
Go
n
d
o
r
to
w
n
o
f
No
r
th
W
est
E
th
io
p
ia
in
d
icate
d
th
at
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
p
r
ev
ale
n
ce
o
f
h
y
p
er
te
n
s
io
n
w
as
2
7
.
9
%
w
it
h
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
in
t
h
e
u
r
b
an
an
d
r
u
r
al
r
esid
e
n
t
b
ein
g
3
0
.
7
% a
n
d
2
5
.
3
% r
esp
e
ctiv
el
y
[
8
]
.
A
n
o
t
h
er
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
b
ased
s
tu
d
y
in
s
o
u
t
h
er
n
r
e
g
i
o
n
o
f
Du
r
a
m
e
to
wn
an
d
Sid
a
m
a
Z
o
n
e
v
is
u
alize
d
t
h
at
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
2
2
.
4
% a
n
d
9
.
9
% r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
[
9
-
1
0
]
.
H
y
p
er
ten
s
io
n
i
s
an
e
m
er
g
i
n
g
d
is
ea
s
e
o
f
d
e
v
elo
p
i
n
g
co
u
n
t
r
ies
lik
e
E
t
h
io
p
ia;
h
o
w
e
v
er
t
h
e
h
ea
l
th
d
eliv
er
y
s
y
s
te
m
b
asical
l
y
f
o
cu
s
o
n
e
m
er
g
e
n
cies
a
n
d
in
f
ec
t
io
u
s
d
is
ea
s
e
a
n
d
h
ea
lt
h
w
o
r
k
er
s
lack
s
s
u
f
f
icien
t
tr
ain
i
n
g
i
n
n
o
n
-
co
m
m
u
n
icab
le
d
is
ea
s
e
(
NC
D)
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
[
1
1
]
.
Desp
ite
th
e
in
cr
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
atien
t
atte
n
d
an
ce
an
d
m
ed
ical
ad
m
is
s
io
n
r
elate
d
to
h
y
p
er
ten
s
io
n
i
n
m
aj
o
r
h
o
s
p
itals
o
f
o
u
r
co
u
n
tr
y
,
t
h
er
e
i
s
n
o
o
r
g
a
n
ized
d
ata
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
ev
ale
n
ce
a
n
d
a
s
s
o
cia
ted
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
e
f
f
o
r
ts
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
p
aid
b
y
h
ea
lt
h
ca
r
e
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
an
d
p
o
lic
y
m
ak
er
s
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
o
f
th
e
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
k
n
o
w
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
a
g
n
i
tu
d
e
a
n
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
t
h
e
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
s
ar
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e
p
r
ev
en
tati
v
e
ac
tiv
i
ties
to
b
e
b
r
o
u
g
h
t a
b
o
u
t.
2.
M
AT
E
RIAL
S AN
D
M
E
T
H
O
DS
2
.
1
.
Study
Desi
g
n a
nd
Set
t
ing
s
T
h
is
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
t
u
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
f
r
o
m
Ma
r
ch
to
A
p
r
il,
2
0
1
6
in
A
r
b
a
Mi
n
ch
T
o
w
n
;
th
e
ca
p
ital
o
f
Ga
m
o
Go
f
a
Z
o
n
e,
s
o
u
th
er
n
E
t
h
io
p
ia.
I
t
is
lo
ca
ted
at
5
0
5
K
m
s
o
u
t
h
o
f
A
d
d
is
Ab
ab
a
n
ea
r
to
L
a
k
e
A
b
a
y
a.
T
h
e
to
w
n
is
o
r
g
an
ize
d
b
y
f
o
u
r
s
u
b
-
ci
ties
an
d
ele
v
en
k
eb
eles
h
a
v
in
g
a
to
tal
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
7
4
8
4
3
o
f
w
h
ic
h
5
8
7
4
ar
e
civ
il
s
er
v
an
ts
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
f
iv
e
f
ed
er
al
i
n
s
ti
tu
t
es,
s
i
x
r
eg
io
n
al
i
n
s
tit
u
tes,
t
w
e
n
t
y
zo
n
al
in
s
tit
u
tes
,
eig
h
teen
A
r
b
a
Min
c
h
to
w
n
in
s
titu
te
s
an
d
t
w
e
n
t
y
A
r
b
a
Mi
n
ch
zu
r
ia
in
s
tit
u
tes.
2
.
2
.
Study
P
o
pu
l
a
t
io
n a
nd
Sa
m
pl
ing
T
ec
hn
i
qu
e
T
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
w
a
s
all
civ
il
s
er
v
a
n
ts
wo
r
k
in
g
i
n
A
r
b
a
Mi
n
c
h
to
w
n
.
T
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
s
ize
w
as
d
eter
m
in
ed
o
n
t
h
e
b
asis
o
f
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies
d
o
n
e
in
E
th
io
p
ia
f
o
r
h
y
p
er
te
n
s
io
n
.
T
h
en
u
s
i
n
g
s
i
n
g
le
p
o
p
u
latio
n
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
f
o
r
m
u
l
a;
b
y
tak
i
n
g
p
r
ev
ale
n
ce
o
f
h
y
p
er
ten
s
io
n
a
s
2
7
.
3
%
[
1
2
]
;
5
%
m
ar
g
i
n
al
o
f
er
r
o
r
;
9
5
%
C
I
;
th
e
s
a
m
p
le
s
ize
w
as
3
0
5
.
Sin
ce
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
is
le
s
s
t
h
an
1
0
,
0
0
0
(
5
8
7
4
)
,
r
ed
u
ctio
n
f
o
r
m
u
la
w
as
ap
p
lie
d
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
ed
u
c
tio
n
f
o
r
m
u
la
a
n
d
1
0
%
n
o
n
r
es
p
o
n
s
e
r
ate
th
e
to
tal
ca
lcu
lated
s
a
m
p
le
s
ize
w
a
s
3
1
9
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
ca
lc
u
lated
f
o
r
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
w
it
h
d
o
u
b
le
p
o
p
u
latio
n
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
f
o
r
m
u
la
w
as
o
n
l
y
1
3
6
;
th
er
ef
o
r
e
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
s
iz
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
o
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
w
a
s
e
n
o
u
g
h
to
an
s
w
er
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
as
w
e
ll.
Sa
m
p
li
n
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e:
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
i
n
s
tit
u
tio
n
s
h
o
s
ted
i
n
A
r
b
a
Mi
n
ch
to
w
n
ar
e
ca
te
g
o
r
ized
in
to
f
ed
er
al
(
5
)
,
r
eg
io
n
al
(
6
)
,
zo
n
al
(
2
0
)
,
A
r
b
a
Min
ch
to
w
n
(
1
8
)
an
d
A
r
b
a
Min
ch
zu
r
ia
(
2
0
)
.
Sim
p
le
r
an
d
o
m
s
a
m
p
li
n
g
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
lo
tter
y
m
et
h
o
d
w
a
s
u
s
ed
to
s
elec
t
3
0
%
o
f
d
e
p
ar
t
m
en
ts
.
C
i
v
il
s
er
v
a
n
ts
l
is
ts
w
er
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
h
u
m
a
n
r
eso
u
r
ce
c
o
r
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
s
elec
ted
in
s
tit
u
te
t
h
en
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
w
er
e
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
all
y
s
elec
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
li
s
t.
On
th
e
w
a
y
p
r
eg
n
a
n
t
w
o
m
e
n
w
er
e
ex
cl
u
d
ed
to
r
u
le
o
u
t
p
r
eg
n
a
n
c
y
in
d
u
ce
d
h
y
p
er
ten
s
io
n
.
2
.
3
.
Da
t
a
Co
llect
io
n P
ro
ce
du
re
a
nd
Da
t
a
Q
ua
lity
Co
ntr
o
l
T
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
d
ata
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
w
as
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
p
ar
ticip
an
t
’
s
h
i
s
to
r
y
an
d
p
h
y
s
ical
e
x
a
m
i
n
atio
n
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
.
Data
w
a
s
co
llected
b
y
u
s
in
g
: c
h
ec
k
l
is
t a
n
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
a.
Stru
ctu
r
ed
Qu
e
s
tio
n
n
air
es
:
I
t
w
as
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
ab
o
u
t
i
n
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
w
i
th
t
h
e
ST
E
P
w
i
s
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
th
e
W
HO
f
o
r
NC
D
s
u
r
v
e
illan
ce
i
n
d
ev
e
lo
p
in
g
co
u
n
tr
ie
s
.
A
ST
E
P
is
a
s
eq
u
e
n
tial
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
v
o
l
v
i
n
g
th
e
co
llectio
n
o
f
d
ata
o
n
s
elec
ted
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
s
[
1
3
]
.
b
.
An
t
h
r
o
p
o
m
etr
ic
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
ts
:
h
e
ig
h
t,
w
e
ig
h
t,
w
a
is
t
cir
cu
m
f
er
e
n
ce
a
n
d
Hip
cir
c
u
m
f
er
e
n
ce
w
er
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
af
ter
co
m
p
letin
g
t
h
e
in
ter
v
ie
w
,
w
it
h
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
an
d
ca
lib
r
ated
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
I
n
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
w
it
h
th
e
W
HO
g
u
id
eli
n
e
[
1
3
]
.
c.
B
lo
o
d
p
r
ess
u
r
e
(
B
P
)
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t:
B
P
w
as
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
d
ev
ice
w
i
th
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
itti
n
g
af
ter
r
esti
n
g
f
o
r
at
leas
t
5
m
i
n
u
tes.
B
P
w
a
s
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
t
h
r
ee
ti
m
e
s
,
with
at
lea
s
t
th
r
ee
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
P
HS
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SS
N:
2252
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r
ev
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F
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f H
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erten
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erva
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(
A
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ch
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i
n
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te
s
b
et
w
ee
n
co
n
s
ec
u
ti
v
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m
ea
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n
ac
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w
it
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o
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m
en
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ea
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SB
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f
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t
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o
n
d
a
n
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ir
d
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
w
er
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
an
al
y
s
i
s
[
1
3
]
.
d
.
Data
q
u
alit
y
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t:
Valid
it
y
w
a
s
m
ain
tain
ed
b
y
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s
in
g
s
tan
d
ar
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ized
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u
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air
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at
w
a
s
p
r
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p
er
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e
n
ev
er
ch
e
w
k
h
at
;
w
h
ile
9
4
.
4
%
w
er
e
co
n
s
u
m
ed
f
r
u
it
an
d
v
e
g
etab
l
e
1
-
3
d
a
y
s
p
er
w
ee
k
an
d
al
m
o
s
t
all
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
w
er
e
p
r
ep
ar
ed
th
eir
f
o
o
d
u
s
i
n
g
v
e
g
etab
le
o
il.
A
s
to
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
le
v
el
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
ac
ti
v
itie
s
,
2
0
7
(
6
7
.
6
%)
w
er
e
u
n
d
er
ta
k
en
m
o
d
er
ate
p
h
y
s
ical
ac
ti
v
it
ies.
W
h
er
ea
s
1
5
8
(
5
1
.
6
%)
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
h
ad
p
r
o
b
lem
r
elate
d
to
p
h
y
s
ical,
m
e
n
tal
o
r
s
o
cial
s
tr
e
s
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
eir
li
f
e
(
T
ab
le
2
)
.
T
ab
le
2.
Sex
A
d
j
u
s
ted
Fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
D
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
o
f
B
eh
a
v
io
r
al
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ic
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
O
v
e
r
a
l
l
M
a
l
e
=
n
o
(
%)
F
e
mal
e
=
n
o
(
%)
S
mo
k
i
n
g
st
a
t
u
s
n
e
v
e
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
Ex
-
smo
k
e
r
1
4
9
(
5
4
.
6
%)
1
1
(
7
3
.
3
%)
1
8
(
1
0
0
%)
1
2
4
(
4
5
.
4
%)
4
(
2
6
.
7
%)
-
2
7
3
(
8
9
.
2
%)
1
5
(
4
.
9
%)
1
8
(
5
.
9
%)
A
l
c
o
h
o
l
st
a
t
u
s
n
e
v
e
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
Ex
-
d
r
i
n
k
e
r
6
1
(
5
0
.
8
%)
1
0
2
(
6
1
.
1
%)
1
5
(
7
8
.
9
%)
5
9
(
4
9
.
2
%)
6
5
(
3
8
.
9
%)
4
(
2
1
.
1
%)
1
2
0
(
3
9
.
2
%)
1
6
7
(
5
4
.
6
%)
1
9
(
6
.
2
%)
K
h
a
t
u
se
n
e
v
e
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
1
2
9
(
5
2
.
4
%)
3
4
(
8
5
%)
1
5
(
7
5
%)
1
1
7
(
4
7
.
6
%)
6
(
1
5
%)
5
(
2
5
%)
2
4
6
(
8
0
.
4
%)
4
0
(
1
3
.
1
%)
2
0
(
6
.
5
%)
F
r
u
i
t
&
v
e
g
e
t
a
b
l
e
G
o
o
d
p
o
o
r
1
6
8
(
5
8
.
1
%)
1
0
(
5
8
.
8
%)
1
2
1
(
4
1
.
9
%)
7
(
4
1
.
2
%)
2
8
9
(
9
4
.
4
%)
1
7
(
5
.
6
%)
P
h
y
si
c
a
l
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
H
i
g
h
6
(
7
5
%)
2
(
2
5
%)
8
(
2
.
6
%)
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
1
2
3
(
5
9
.
4
%)
8
4
(
4
0
.
6
%)
2
0
7
(
6
7
.
6
%)
i
n
a
c
t
i
v
e
4
9
(
5
3
.
8
%)
4
2
(
4
6
.
2
%)
9
1
(
2
9
.
7
%)
S
t
r
e
ss st
a
t
u
s
Y
e
s
9
7
(
6
1
.
4
%)
6
1
(
3
8
.
6
%)
1
5
8
(
5
1
.
6
%)
No
8
1
(
5
4
.
7
%)
6
7
(
3
8
.
6
%)
1
4
8
(
4
8
.
4
%)
3
.
1
.
3
.
B
io
-
M
edica
l
Rela
t
ed
Cha
ra
c
t
er
is
t
ics
o
f
Respo
nd
en
ts
Of
3
0
6
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
8
6
(
2
8
.
1
%)
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
h
ad
f
a
m
il
y
h
is
to
r
y
o
f
h
y
p
er
te
n
s
io
n
a
n
d
4
9
(
1
6
%)
w
er
e
en
q
u
ir
ed
w
it
h
f
a
m
i
l
y
h
is
to
r
y
o
f
DM
w
h
ile
5
0
(
1
6
.
3
%)
w
er
e
o
v
er
w
ei
g
h
t
a
n
d
4
9
(
1
6
%)
w
er
e
o
b
ese
w
it
h
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
p
r
ev
ale
n
ce
o
f
o
b
esit
y
o
f
1
6
%.
O
v
er
w
e
ig
h
t/o
b
esit
y
w
a
s
s
lig
h
tl
y
p
r
ev
a
len
t
a
m
o
n
g
f
e
m
ales
4
7
(
3
6
.
7
%)
th
an
m
ales
5
2
(
2
9
.
2
%).
A
b
d
o
m
i
n
al
o
b
esit
y
w
a
s
m
o
r
e
p
r
ev
a
len
t
i
n
f
e
m
ale
(
5
9
.
9
%)
th
a
n
m
ale.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
b
o
d
y
w
ei
g
h
t
an
d
w
aist
cir
cu
m
f
er
en
ce
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
w
er
e
6
8
.
5
(
SD
=
1
1
.
2
)
Kg
an
d
8
8
(
SD
=
1
2
.
7
5
)
C
m
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
(
T
ab
le
3
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
P
HS
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8806
P
r
ev
a
len
ce
a
n
d
A
s
s
o
cia
ted
F
a
cto
r
s
o
f H
yp
erten
s
io
n
a
mo
n
g
C
ivil S
erva
n
ts
.
.
.
.
(
A
s
ch
en
a
ki
K
a
ls
s
a
)
379
T
ab
le
3
.
Sex
A
d
j
u
s
ted
Fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
D
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
o
f
B
io
-
Me
d
i
ca
l Ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
C
iv
i
l Ser
v
an
t
s
W
o
r
k
in
g
i
n
A
/M
in
c
h
To
w
n
,
2
0
1
6
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
O
v
e
r
a
l
l
M
a
l
e
=
n
o
(
%)
F
e
mal
e
=
no
(
%)
B
M
I
n
o
r
mal
1
2
6
(
6
0
%)
8
1
(
3
9
.
1
%)
2
0
7
(
6
7
.
6
%)
o
v
e
r
w
e
i
g
h
t
2
5
(
5
0
%)
2
5
(
5
0
%)
5
0
(
1
6
.
3
%)
G
e
n
e
r
a
l
o
b
e
se
2
7
(
5
5
.
1
%)
2
2
(
4
4
.
9
%)
4
9
(
1
6
%)
A
b
d
o
mi
n
a
l
o
b
e
si
t
y
Y
e
s
5
6
(
4
2
.
1
%)
7
7
(
5
9
.
9
%)
1
3
3
(
4
3
.
5
%)
No
1
2
2
(
7
0
.
5
%)
5
1
(
2
9
.
5
%)
1
7
3
(
5
6
.
5
%)
F
a
mi
l
y
h
i
st
o
r
y
o
f
H
P
T
Y
e
s
4
1
(
4
7
.
7
%)
4
5
(
5
3
.
3
%)
8
6
(
2
8
.
1
%)
No
1
3
7
(
6
2
.
3
%)
8
3
(
3
7
.
7
%)
2
2
0
(
7
1
.
9
%)
F
a
mi
l
y
h
i
st
o
r
y
o
f
D
M
Y
e
s
2
2
(
4
4
.
9
%)
2
7
(
5
5
.
1
%)
4
9
(
1
6
%)
No
1
5
6
(
6
0
.
7
%)
1
0
1
(
3
9
.
3
%)
2
5
7
(
8
4
%)
3
.
1
.
4
.
Dis
t
ributio
n o
f
B
lo
o
d P
re
s
s
u
re
T
h
e
m
ea
n
SB
P
an
d
DB
P
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
w
er
e
1
2
0
.
8
7
+
1
4
.
1
5
(
1
2
1
.
7
8
SD
1
3
.
7
am
o
n
g
m
e
n
an
d
1
1
9
.
6
SD
1
4
.
7
am
o
n
g
w
o
m
e
n
)
m
m
H
g
a
n
d
8
0
.
2
8
+
8
.
8
(
8
0
.
6
SD
8
.
4
am
o
n
g
m
e
n
a
n
d
7
9
.
6
SD
9
.
2
am
o
n
g
w
o
m
en
)
m
m
H
g
,
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
SB
P
an
d
DB
P
o
f
m
ales
w
er
e
h
i
g
h
er
th
a
n
f
e
m
al
es
b
y
2
.
1
8
m
m
Hg
an
d
1
.
0
0
m
m
Hg
,
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
B
o
th
m
ea
n
SB
P
an
d
DB
P
r
o
s
e
s
tead
il
y
w
it
h
a
g
e.
3
.
2
.
P
re
v
a
lence
o
f
H
y
pert
ens
io
n
A
b
o
u
t
1
8
9
(
6
1
.
8
%)
p
a
r
ticip
a
n
ts
h
ad
n
o
r
m
al
B
P
,
4
0
(
1
3
.
1
%)
w
er
e
p
r
e
-
h
y
p
er
te
n
s
iv
e,
6
7
(
2
1
.
9
%)
h
y
p
er
te
n
s
i
v
e
an
d
1
0
(
3
.
3
%)
w
er
e
h
y
p
o
ten
s
iv
e
u
p
o
n
b
lo
o
d
p
r
ess
u
r
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t.
E
ig
h
t
y
f
iv
e
(
2
7
.
8
%)
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
w
er
e
h
y
p
er
te
n
s
i
v
e
d
u
r
in
g
a
n
d
b
ef
o
r
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
.
So
th
at
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
r
ev
a
len
c
e
o
f
h
y
p
er
te
n
s
io
n
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
w
er
e
2
7
.
8
%
(
9
5
%
CI
=
2
2
.
9
-
3
2
.
7
)
(
Fig
u
r
e
1
)
.
F
ig
u
r
e
1
.
H
y
p
er
ten
s
i
v
e
Sta
g
i
n
g
o
f
C
iv
il
Ser
v
a
n
ts
W
o
r
k
i
n
g
i
n
A
r
b
a
Min
c
h
T
o
w
n
,
So
u
t
h
E
t
h
io
p
ia
3
.
3
.
F
a
ct
o
rs
Ass
o
c
ia
t
ed
w
it
h
H
y
pert
ens
io
n
Bi
-
v
ar
iab
le
an
a
l
y
s
is
:
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
a
g
e
w
as
h
ig
h
l
y
ass
o
ciate
d
w
i
th
h
y
p
er
te
n
s
io
n
(
p
<
0
0
1
)
an
d
H
y
p
er
te
n
s
io
n
w
a
s
s
i
g
n
i
f
ic
an
tl
y
m
o
r
e
p
r
e
v
alen
t
i
n
d
iv
o
r
c
e
th
a
n
s
in
g
le
a
n
d
m
ar
r
ied
(
p
=
0
.
0
1
4
)
.
L
ik
e
w
is
e,
th
e
b
u
r
d
en
o
f
h
y
p
er
ten
s
io
n
was
f
o
u
n
d
m
o
r
e
co
m
m
o
n
a
m
o
n
g
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
m
o
k
er
s
t
h
a
n
n
e
v
e
r
(
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
h
y
p
er
ten
s
io
n
w
a
s
co
m
m
o
n
a
m
o
n
g
s
u
b
j
ec
t
w
it
h
p
ast
h
i
s
to
r
y
o
f
alco
h
o
l
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
t
h
an
n
ev
er
(p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
to
s
tr
ess
s
tatu
s
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
s
u
b
j
ec
t
w
h
o
h
av
e
s
tr
es
s
r
elate
d
to
liv
i
n
g
co
s
t
a
n
d
w
o
r
k
-
o
v
er
lo
ad
w
er
e
al
m
o
s
t
9
ti
m
e
h
i
g
h
r
is
k
o
f
d
ev
e
lo
p
ed
h
y
p
er
te
n
s
io
n
t
h
a
n
w
it
h
o
u
t.
Sig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
h
ig
h
er
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
h
y
p
er
te
n
s
io
n
wa
s
d
etec
ted
a
m
o
n
g
s
u
b
j
ec
t
w
h
o
h
ad
f
a
m
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1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
P
HS
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8806
P
r
ev
a
len
ce
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A
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381
T
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in
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
b
e
h
ig
h
er
a
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
s
t
u
d
ies
r
ep
o
r
ts
f
r
o
m
s
o
u
t
h
er
n
E
t
h
io
p
i
a
o
f
D
u
r
a
m
e
(
2
2
%)
an
d
s
id
a
m
a
(
1
0
.
1
%),
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
b
as
ed
s
tu
d
y
d
o
n
e
in
No
r
th
E
th
io
p
ia
(
1
8
.
1
%),
So
u
th
w
e
s
t
E
th
io
p
ia
(
1
3
.
2
%)
an
d
Viet
n
a
m
(
1
4
%)
[
9
-
1
0
]
,
[
1
8
-
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
d
is
cr
ep
an
c
y
m
a
y
b
e
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
ese
s
t
u
d
ies
w
er
e
d
o
n
e
b
o
th
in
u
r
b
an
an
d
r
u
r
al
d
w
el
ler
s
w
h
e
r
ea
s
o
u
r
s
t
u
d
y
w
as
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
ab
o
u
t
in
u
r
b
an
d
w
elle
r
s
.
T
h
e
o
th
er
r
ea
s
o
n
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
d
u
e
to
s
tu
d
y
p
o
p
u
latio
n
an
d
ag
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
i.e
.
in
th
e
s
o
u
t
h
w
est
s
t
u
d
y
,
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
p
o
p
u
latio
n
w
a
s
t
h
o
s
e
w
h
o
ca
m
e
f
o
r
h
ea
l
th
ca
r
e
s
er
v
ice
i
n
t
h
e
h
o
s
p
itals
an
d
t
h
e
o
th
er
f
o
u
r
s
t
u
d
ies
w
er
e
co
n
d
u
cted
in
g
e
n
er
al
p
o
p
u
lati
o
n
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
r
esu
l
t
o
f
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
w
a
s
lo
w
er
th
a
n
t
h
at
o
f
f
i
n
d
in
g
f
r
o
m
I
n
d
ia
(
4
4
.
8
%),
Sen
eg
al
(
4
6
%),
Gh
a
n
a
(
4
2
.
4
%),
So
u
th
A
f
r
ica
(
4
6
%)
an
d
A
n
g
o
la
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
t
o
r
w
o
r
k
er
s
(
4
5
.
2
%)
[
2
1
-
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
th
i
s
d
is
cr
ep
an
c
y
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
a
s
s
o
cia
ted
w
it
h
t
h
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
in
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
a
n
d
s
o
cio
-
cu
lt
u
r
al
s
ta
tu
s
,
r
ac
ial
an
d
g
en
e
tic
p
la
y
r
o
le.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
m
ea
n
SB
P
an
d
DB
P
o
f
f
e
m
ale
w
er
e
lo
w
er
th
an
m
ale
s
,
f
e
m
a
les
h
a
v
e
h
i
g
h
er
p
r
ev
alen
c
e
o
f
h
y
p
er
te
n
s
io
n
b
u
t
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
w
a
s
s
tati
s
ticall
y
n
o
n
-
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t.
A
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
in
th
e
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
h
y
p
er
te
n
s
io
n
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
ag
e
h
as
b
ee
n
d
etec
ted
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
w
h
ic
h
is
co
n
s
is
te
n
t
w
it
h
m
a
n
y
o
t
h
er
s
tu
d
ie
s
[
2
5
-
2
6
]
.
I
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
,
as
m
a
n
y
s
t
u
d
ies
ag
r
ee
d
,
t
h
e
r
is
k
o
f
h
y
p
er
ten
s
io
n
in
cr
ea
s
ed
w
i
th
ag
e.
St
u
d
y
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
o
l
d
er
t
h
an
5
0
y
e
ar
s
an
d
4
0
-
4
9
y
ea
r
s
w
er
e
1
3
.
3
an
d
5
.
0
ti
m
es,
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
m
o
r
e
li
k
el
y
to
b
e
h
y
p
er
te
n
s
i
v
e
t
h
a
n
t
h
o
s
e
w
h
o
w
er
e
b
elo
n
g
i
n
g
to
2
0
-
2
9
y
ea
r
s
o
f
ag
e.
T
h
is
co
u
ld
b
e
d
u
e
to
ag
e
r
elate
d
v
asc
u
lar
ch
an
g
e
an
d
at
h
er
o
s
cler
o
s
is
.
His
to
r
y
o
f
cu
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
p
r
ev
io
u
s
alco
h
o
l
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
w
er
e
id
en
ti
f
ied
as
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
h
y
p
er
ten
s
io
n
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
C
u
r
r
en
t
an
d
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
alco
h
o
l
u
s
er
w
er
e
3
.
3
(p
=
0
.
0
0
7
)
an
d
8
.
9
(p
=
0
.
0
0
6
)
ti
m
es,
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
m
o
r
e
li
k
el
y
to
b
e
h
y
p
er
ten
s
i
v
e
th
an
n
o
n
u
s
er
s
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
th
is
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
d
u
e
to
im
m
ed
iate
an
d
cu
m
u
lat
iv
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
alco
h
o
l
o
n
ca
r
d
iac
o
u
tp
u
t
a
n
d
b
lo
o
d
v
es
s
els
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
w
as
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
w
it
h
s
i
m
ilar
s
t
u
d
y
d
o
n
e
in
E
t
h
io
p
ia
[
1
0
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
P
h
y
s
ical
i
n
ac
ti
v
it
y
w
a
s
n
o
t
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
r
i
s
k
f
ac
to
r
as
e
x
p
e
cted
in
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
w
h
ic
h
is
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
w
it
h
s
tu
d
y
d
o
n
e
in
A
d
d
is
A
b
a
b
a
civ
il
s
er
v
a
n
t
s
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at,
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
ac
tiv
it
y
r
elied
o
n
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
r
ep
o
r
ted
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
t
i
m
e
s
p
en
d
s
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
ac
ti
v
ities
a
n
d
h
en
ce
s
u
b
j
ec
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
o
f
i
n
ten
s
it
y
b
y
d
i
f
f
e
r
en
t
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
T
h
is
m
a
y
h
av
e
r
esu
lted
i
n
m
i
s
clas
s
i
f
icati
o
n
o
f
in
te
n
s
it
y
an
d
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
p
h
y
s
ica
l a
ctiv
ities
.
B
MI
an
d
W
HR
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
class
i
f
icatio
n
o
f
g
en
er
al
o
b
esit
y
an
d
ab
d
o
m
in
a
l
o
b
esit
y
.
W
H
R
is
m
o
r
e
s
en
s
iti
v
e
i
n
d
etec
tin
g
h
y
p
er
te
n
s
io
n
t
h
an
B
MI
[
2
8
]
.
I
n
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
b
o
th
h
ig
h
B
MI
an
d
W
HR
w
er
e
as
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
h
y
p
er
te
n
s
io
n
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
,
th
e
l
ik
el
ih
o
o
d
o
f
h
y
p
er
ten
s
i
o
n
a
m
o
n
g
g
en
er
al
a
n
d
ce
n
tr
al
o
b
ese
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
w
a
s
4
.
2
an
d
1
2
.
2
ti
m
e
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
n
e
to
h
y
p
er
te
n
s
io
n
t
h
an
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
o
n
e.
T
h
is
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
ex
ce
s
s
ac
cu
m
u
lat
io
n
o
f
f
at
r
es
u
lt
in
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
b
lo
o
d
ch
o
lest
er
o
l
an
d
tr
ig
l
y
ce
r
id
e
lev
el
an
d
lo
w
er
h
ig
h
-
d
en
s
it
y
l
ip
o
p
r
o
tein
lev
el
s
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
i
n
g
w
a
s
co
n
s
i
s
te
n
t
w
it
h
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
E
th
io
p
ia
an
d
Sen
e
g
al
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
8
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
Fa
m
il
y
h
is
to
r
y
o
f
h
y
p
er
te
n
s
io
n
w
as
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
b
e
a
p
o
ten
tial
g
e
n
etic
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
o
f
h
y
p
er
ten
s
io
n
.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
t
h
e
a
s
s
o
ciatio
n
o
f
h
y
p
er
te
n
s
io
n
w
i
t
h
f
a
m
il
y
h
is
to
r
y
o
f
h
y
p
er
te
n
s
i
o
n
.
T
h
o
s
e
w
h
o
h
ad
f
a
m
il
y
h
is
to
r
y
o
f
h
y
p
er
te
n
s
io
n
w
er
e
5
.
6
(
9
5
%
C
I
=
2
.
4
-
13
%
)
ti
m
e
s
m
o
r
e
lik
e
l
y
to
b
e
h
y
p
er
te
n
s
io
n
t
h
a
n
co
u
n
ter
p
ar
t.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
w
a
s
in
li
n
e
w
it
h
o
th
er
s
t
u
d
ies
co
n
d
u
cted
in
Go
n
d
ar
E
th
io
p
ia
an
d
A
f
r
ica
[
1
4
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
r
ea
s
o
n
s
m
ig
h
t
b
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
w
it
h
f
a
m
il
y
h
is
to
r
y
o
f
h
y
p
er
ten
s
io
n
h
av
e
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
g
en
e
tic
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
f
ac
to
r
th
at
f
a
m
il
y
ten
d
to
s
h
ar
e
th
e
s
a
m
e
lif
es
t
y
le
c
h
o
ice
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
.
Stre
s
s
le
v
el
o
f
s
tu
d
y
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
p
s
y
ch
o
-
s
o
cial
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
h
y
p
er
te
n
s
io
n
.
Stre
s
s
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
h
ea
r
t
r
ate
a
n
d
b
lo
o
d
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
a
n
d
ca
n
r
aise
b
lo
o
d
p
r
ess
u
r
e
o
v
er
a
p
er
io
d
o
f
ti
m
e,
a
n
d
p
r
ec
ip
itate
h
ea
r
t
attac
k
an
d
s
tr
o
k
e
[
3
0
]
.
I
n
th
is
in
s
tit
u
tio
n
b
ased
s
t
u
d
y
,
s
tr
ess
s
tat
u
s
o
f
s
t
u
d
y
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
w
er
e
s
tr
o
n
g
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f
h
y
p
er
te
n
s
io
n
.
An
i
n
d
i
v
id
u
al
w
it
h
p
s
y
c
h
o
-
s
o
cial
s
tr
e
s
s
w
er
e
1
2
.
3
ti
m
es
h
ig
h
r
is
k
o
f
d
ev
e
lo
p
in
g
h
y
p
er
t
en
s
io
n
th
a
n
co
u
n
ter
p
ar
t.
Un
li
k
e
m
a
n
y
o
th
er
s
t
u
d
y
f
in
d
in
g
s
[
2
2
]
,
[
3
1
-
3
3
]
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
d
id
n
o
t
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RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
V
.
L
.
Ro
b
e
rt,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
He
a
rt
Di
se
a
se
a
n
d
S
tro
k
e
S
tatisti
c
s
-
2
0
1
2
u
p
d
a
te:
A
Re
p
o
rt
f
ro
m
th
e
Am
e
rica
n
He
a
rt
a
ss
o
c
iatio
n
,
”
Circ
u
l
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
1
2
5
(
1
)
,
p
p
.
e2
-
e
2
2
0
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
]
W
HO
,
“
A
G
lo
b
a
l
Brief
o
n
Hy
p
e
rt
e
n
sio
n
.
A
V
e
n
u
e
A
p
p
ia,
G
e
n
e
v
a
S
w
it
z
e
rlan
d
,
”
W
HO
,
2
0
1
3
.
[3
]
W
HO
,
“
Re
p
o
rt
o
n
p
re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
o
f
Ch
ro
n
ic Dise
a
se
s:
A
V
it
a
l
i
n
v
e
stm
e
n
t.
G
e
n
e
v
a
S
w
it
z
e
rl
a
n
d
,
”
W
HO
,
2
0
0
8
.
[4
]
L
.
S
h
e
rlo
c
k
,
et
al
.
,
“
Hy
p
e
rten
sio
n
a
m
o
n
g
o
ld
e
r
a
d
u
l
t
in
L
o
w
-
a
n
d
M
id
d
le
in
c
o
m
e
c
o
u
n
tri
e
s:
P
re
v
a
len
c
e
,
a
wa
re
n
e
ss
a
n
d
c
o
n
tro
l
,
”
In
t
.
J
.
E
p
id
e
mi
o
lo
g
y
,
2
0
1
4
.
[5
]
Da
lal
S
.
,
et
al
.
,
“
No
n
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
b
le
d
ise
a
se
in
su
b
-
S
a
h
a
ra
n
Af
ric
a
n
:
w
h
a
t
w
e
k
n
o
w
n
o
w
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
.
Ep
id
e
mi
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
40
(
1
)
,
p
p
.
8
8
5
-
9
0
1
.
[6
]
He
n
d
rik
s
M
.
E
.
,
et
al
.,
“
Hy
p
e
rten
sio
n
in
su
b
-
S
a
h
a
ra
n
Af
rica
:
C
ro
ss
se
c
ti
o
n
a
l
su
rv
e
y
s
in
f
o
u
r
u
rb
a
n
a
n
d
ru
ra
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
ies
,
”
P
L
OS
ONE
,
v
o
l
/i
s
su
e
:
7
(
3
)
,
2
0
1
2
.
[7
]
W
HO
,
“
G
lo
b
a
l
in
f
o
b
a
se
in
d
ica
to
rs,
b
lo
o
d
p
re
ss
u
re
ra
ise
d
i
n
Et
h
i
o
p
ia.
G
e
n
e
v
a
,
S
w
it
z
e
rlan
d
,
”
W
HO
,
2
0
1
1
.
[8
]
A
b
e
b
e
S
.
M.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
re
v
a
len
c
e
a
n
d
a
ss
o
c
iate
d
f
a
c
to
rs
o
f
H
y
p
e
rten
sio
n
:
A
Cro
ss
se
c
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
m
m
u
n
it
y
B
a
se
d
S
tu
d
y
in
No
r
th
W
e
st E
th
i
o
p
ia,”
P
L
OS
ONE
,
vol
/i
ss
u
e
:
10
(
4
)
,
2
0
1
5
.
[9
]
He
lelo
T
.
P
.,
e
t
a
l.
,
“P
re
v
a
len
c
e
a
n
d
a
ss
o
c
iate
d
f
a
c
to
rs
o
f
H
y
p
e
rte
n
sio
n
a
m
o
n
g
A
d
u
lt
s
in
Du
ra
m
e
T
o
w
n
,
S
o
u
t
h
e
r
n
Et
h
io
p
ia
,
”
P
L
OS
ONE
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
9
(
11
)
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
0
]
G
id
a
y
A
.
a
n
d
T
a
d
e
ss
e
B.
,
“
P
re
v
a
len
c
e
a
n
d
d
e
ter
m
in
a
n
ts
o
f
H
y
p
e
rten
sio
n
in
r
u
ra
l
a
n
d
u
rb
a
n
a
r
e
a
o
f
S
o
u
th
e
rn
Et
h
io
p
ia
,
”
Et
h
i
o
p
M
e
d
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
49
(
2
)
,
p
p
.
1
3
9
-
1
4
7
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
1
]
T
e
s
fa
y
e
F
.
,
“
Ep
id
e
m
io
lo
g
y
o
f
CV
D
risk
f
a
c
to
rs
in
Et
h
io
p
ia:
t
h
e
ru
ra
l
-
u
r
b
a
n
g
ra
d
ien
t
,
”
J
.
Hu
m
a
n
Hy
p
e
rte
n
sio
n
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
21
(
2
)
,
p
p
.
28
-
3
7
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
2
]
A
n
g
a
w
K
.,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
re
v
a
len
c
e
o
f
h
y
p
e
rten
sio
n
a
m
o
n
g
f
e
d
e
ra
l
m
in
istr
y
o
f
c
iv
il
se
rv
a
n
ts
in
A
d
d
is
A
b
a
b
a
,
Et
h
io
p
ia:
a
c
a
ll
f
o
r
a
w
o
rk
p
lac
e
-
sc
re
e
n
in
g
p
ro
g
ra
m
,
”
BM
C
c
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rd
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l
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r d
is
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rd
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r
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v
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l.
15
,
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p
.
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[1
3
]
W
HO
,
“
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T
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ise
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p
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c
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(S
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)
,”
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v
a
,
W
o
rld
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a
lt
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a
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iza
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n
.
[1
4
]
Aw
o
k
e
,
et
al
.
,
“
P
re
v
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len
c
e
&
a
s
so
c
iate
d
f
a
c
to
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f
h
y
p
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rten
sio
n
a
m
o
n
g
a
d
u
lt
s
in
G
o
n
d
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r,
n
o
rt
h
we
st
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h
io
p
ia:
a
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
b
a
se
d
c
ro
ss
se
c
ti
o
n
a
l
stu
d
y
,
”
BM
C
c
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rd
io
v
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sc
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l
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r d
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r
,
v
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l.
12
,
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p
.
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3
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2
.
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5
]
A
n
ten
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h
Z.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
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re
v
a
len
c
e
a
n
d
c
o
rre
lati
o
n
o
f
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y
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n
a
m
o
n
g
a
d
u
l
t
p
o
p
u
l
a
ti
o
n
in
Ba
h
ir
Da
r
c
it
y
,
n
o
rth
w
e
st
Et
h
io
p
ia
,
”
I
n
ter
.
J
Ge
n
M
e
d
,
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l
.
8
,
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p
.
1
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5
-
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5
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
6
]
A
b
iso
la
M
.
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e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
re
v
a
len
c
e
a
n
d
a
ss
o
c
iate
d
f
a
c
to
r
w
it
h
h
y
p
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rten
sio
n
a
n
d
o
b
e
sity
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m
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g
c
iv
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s
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rv
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n
ts
in
Ka
d
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n
a
sta
te
,
”
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n
A
fri
M
e
d
J
.
,
v
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l
/
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e
:
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(
1
)
,
p
p
.
1
3
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
7
]
Bil
iam
in
u
S
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
re
v
a
len
c
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o
f
h
y
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n
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n
d
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ss
o
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iate
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v
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riab
le
in
p
a
i
d
w
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rk
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r
in
ll
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rin
,
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e
ria
,
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b
M
e
d
,
v
o
l/
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e
:
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(
4
)
,
p
p
.
3
4
2
-
6
,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
8
]
M
e
n
g
istu
M
.,
“
P
a
tt
e
rn
o
f
BP
d
is
tri
b
u
t
io
n
a
n
d
p
re
v
a
len
c
e
o
f
h
y
p
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rten
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n
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n
d
p
re
-
h
y
p
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rten
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n
a
m
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g
a
d
u
lt
s
in
No
rth
e
rn
Et
h
i
o
p
ia:
d
isc
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o
sin
g
th
e
h
id
d
e
n
b
u
r
d
e
n
,
”
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C
,
v
o
l
.
14
,
p
p
.
33
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
9
]
G
u
d
in
a
E
.
K
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
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re
v
a
len
c
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o
f
h
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p
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rten
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n
a
n
d
it
s
risk
f
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c
to
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in
so
u
t
h
w
e
st
Et
h
io
p
ia.
Da
v
e
p
re
ss
Jo
u
rn
a
l:
In
teg
Blo
o
d
P
re
ss
,
”
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n
tro
l
,
v
o
l.
6
,
p
p
.
1
1
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
0
]
V
a
n
H
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
G
e
n
d
e
r
d
if
f
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re
n
c
e
in
t
h
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p
re
v
a
len
c
e
a
n
d
so
c
i
o
-
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic d
e
ter
m
in
a
n
ts
o
f
h
y
p
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rten
sio
n
:
f
in
d
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n
g
f
ro
m
th
e
W
HO
S
T
EP
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su
rv
e
y
s
in
ru
r
a
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
o
f
V
ietn
a
m
,
”
J
H
u
m.
Hy
p
e
rte
n
sio
n
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
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e
:
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(
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p
.
1
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0
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6
.
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1
]
Ch
a
tu
rv
e
d
i
S
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Hy
p
e
rten
si
o
n
in
De
lh
i:
p
re
v
a
len
c
e
,
a
w
a
re
n
e
ss
,
trea
t
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
c
o
n
tro
l
,
”
T
ro
p
Do
c
t
,
v
o
l/
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e
:
3
7
(
3
)
,
p
p
.
1
4
2
,
2
0
0
7
.
[2
2
]
Da
n
iel
C
.
a
n
d
P
e
d
ro
M
.,
“
P
re
v
a
len
c
e
o
f
c
a
rd
io
v
a
sc
u
lar
ris
k
f
a
c
to
rs
a
n
d
so
c
io
-
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
lev
e
l
a
m
o
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g
p
u
b
li
c
se
c
to
r
w
o
rk
e
r
in
A
n
g
o
la
,
”
BM
C
Pu
b
li
c
h
e
a
lt
h
,
v
o
l.
13
,
p
p
.
7
3
2
,
2
0
1
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
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2252
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8806
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r
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A
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383
[2
3
]
P
e
ss
in
a
b
a
s,
et
al
.
,
“
P
re
v
a
len
c
e
a
n
d
d
e
term
in
a
n
ts
o
f
h
y
p
e
rten
sio
n
a
n
d
a
ss
o
c
iate
d
f
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c
to
rs:
Da
ta
f
ro
m
a
p
o
p
u
latio
n
-
b
a
se
d
c
ro
ss
se
c
ti
o
n
a
l
s
u
rv
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y
in
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a
in
t
L
o
u
is,
S
e
n
e
g
a
l
,
”
Ca
rd
i
o
v
a
sc
u
l
a
r J Af
r
.
,
v
o
l.
24
,
p
p
.
1
8
0
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
4
]
G
e
b
re
s
e
las
sie
K
.
Z
.
a
n
d
P
o
d
y
a
b
M
.,
“
Ep
i
d
e
m
io
lo
g
y
o
f
h
y
p
e
rten
s
io
n
sta
g
e
in
tw
o
c
o
u
n
tri
e
s
in
su
b
S
a
h
a
ra
n
Af
rica
:
F
a
c
to
rs as
so
c
iate
d
w
it
h
h
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p
e
rten
sio
n
sta
g
e
s
,
”
In
t
J
Hy
p
e
r
,
2
0
1
4
.
Ar
ti
c
le
ID 9
5
9
2
5
6
.
[2
5
]
M
a
rti
n
P
.,
“
Ch
ro
n
ic
No
n
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
b
le
Dise
a
se
in
Et
h
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p
ia
-
A
h
id
d
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n
b
u
rd
e
n
.
Et
h
io
p
ian
,
”
J
.
He
a
lt
h
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l/
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e
:
2
2
(2
)
,
p
p
.
1
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2
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
6
]
Ok
p
e
c
h
i
I
.
G
.
,
et
al
.
,
“
BP
g
ra
d
ie
n
ts
a
n
d
c
a
rd
io
v
a
sc
u
lar
risk
fa
c
to
rs
in
u
rb
a
n
a
n
d
ru
ra
l
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
in
A
b
ia
sta
te
so
u
th
e
a
ste
rn
Nig
e
ria u
sin
g
th
e
W
HO
S
tep
w
ise
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
,
”
PL
OS
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NE
,
v
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l.
8
,
p
p
.
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,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
7
]
S
isa
y
T
.
,
e
t
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l.
,
“
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v
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su
m
p
ti
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n
,
a
lco
h
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l,
k
c
h
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t
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se
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n
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ig
h
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ss
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re
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lt
I
Jim
m
a
to
w
n
,
so
u
th
w
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st E
th
io
p
ia
,
”
S
c
ien
c
e
J
o
f
p
u
b
li
c
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h
,
v
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,
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p
.
6
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4
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2
0
1
5
.
[2
8
]
G
a
n
d
h
i
R
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
re
latio
n
b
e
tw
e
e
n
BM
I
a
n
d
W
HR
in
k
n
e
e
o
ste
o
a
rth
ri
ti
s
,
”
c
a
n
J
S
u
rg
,
v
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l/
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ss
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e
:
5
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(
3
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,
p
p
.
151
-
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5
4
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
9
]
T
e
s
fa
y
e
F
.
,
et
al
.
,
“
A
s
so
c
iatio
n
b
e
tw
e
e
n
BM
I
a
n
d
BP
a
c
ro
ss
th
re
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
in
A
f
ric
a
a
n
d
As
ia
,
”
J
Hu
m.
Hy
p
e
rte
n
sio
n
,
v
o
l.
21
,
p
p
.
28
,
2
0
0
7
.
[3
0
]
L
a
u
re
l
M
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
re
v
a
len
c
e
o
f
h
y
p
e
rten
sio
n
in
ru
ra
l
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n
d
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r
b
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n
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o
p
u
lati
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n
in
Ke
n
y
a
,
”
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o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
p
u
b
li
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lt
h
,
v
o
l.
3
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
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-
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9
,
2
0
0
6
.
[3
1
]
T
e
s
fa
y
e
F
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
ss
o
c
iatio
n
o
f
sm
o
k
in
g
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n
d
k
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t(Cath
a
e
d
u
li
F
o
rsk
)
u
se
w
it
h
Hig
h
Blo
o
d
P
re
ss
u
r
e
a
m
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g
a
d
u
lt
s
in
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d
d
is
A
b
a
b
a
,
Et
h
io
p
ia
,
”
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n
te
r o
f
Dise
a
se
Co
n
tro
l
a
n
d
p
re
v
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n
ti
on
,
2
0
0
8
.
[3
2
]
Ha
b
ib
a
R.
,
et
al
.
,
“
Hy
p
e
rten
sio
n
a
m
o
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g
T
u
n
isian
a
d
u
l
ts:
a
re
su
lt
o
f
TA
HIN
A
P
ro
jec
t
Ja
p
,
”
S
o
c
Hy
p
e
rte
n
sio
n
,
v
o
l
.
35
,
p
p
.
3
4
1
,
2
0
1
2
.
[3
3
]
Ba
y
ra
y
A
.
a
n
d
Be
rh
e
h
,
“
N
u
tri
ti
o
n
a
l
sta
tu
s
a
n
d
m
a
jo
r
ris
k
f
a
c
to
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f
h
y
p
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rten
sio
n
a
m
o
n
g
a
d
u
lt
in
ti
g
ra
y
,
n
o
rth
Et
h
io
p
ia:
c
a
se
-
c
o
n
tr
o
l
stu
d
y
,
”
In
t
J
Ph
a
rm
a
sc
ien
c
e
Res
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
3
(
11
)
,
p
p
.
4
2
0
6
-
1
2
,
2
0
1
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.