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a
n
d
y
o
u
n
g
c
hi
l
d
f
e
e
d
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ng
pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
i
s
i
de
n
t
i
f
i
e
d
a
s
a
s
igni
f
i
c
a
n
t
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
ut
or
to
un
de
r
-
n
ut
r
i
t
i
o
n
wo
r
l
dw
i
de
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
a
nd
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
ns
to
i
m
pr
o
v
e
f
e
e
d
i
n
g
pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
a
r
e
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
g
l
o
b
a
ll
y
r
e
c
o
m
m
e
nde
d
c
o
r
e
pa
c
ka
ge
s
o
f
d
i
r
e
c
t
n
utr
i
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
s
[
10
]
,
[
11
]
.
A
s
i
a
n
a
n
d
Af
r
i
c
a
n
c
o
un
t
r
i
e
s
h
a
v
e
m
o
r
e
s
e
v
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r
e
b
ur
de
n
o
f
u
n
d
e
r
-
n
ut
r
i
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
poo
r
f
e
e
d
i
ng
pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
,
w
h
e
r
e
l
e
s
s
t
h
a
n
o
n
e
-
t
hi
r
d
o
f
6
-
23
m
o
n
t
h
s
o
l
d
c
hil
dr
e
n
m
e
e
t
t
h
e
m
i
nim
u
m
s
t
a
n
da
r
d
f
o
r
di
e
t
a
r
y
d
i
ve
r
s
i
t
y
[
3
]
,
[
9
]
.
E
t
hi
o
p
i
a
i
s
a
l
s
o
a
f
f
e
c
t
e
d
by
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n
de
r
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n
ut
r
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t
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o
n
a
n
d
p
oo
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f
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d
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pr
a
c
t
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c
e
s
,
w
h
e
r
e
o
n
e
-
f
if
t
h
o
f
a
ll
i
nf
a
n
t
de
a
t
h
s
a
r
e
a
tt
r
i
b
ut
e
d
to
p
oo
r
f
e
e
d
i
n
g
pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
[
12
]
.
On
e
o
u
t
o
f
t
we
n
t
y
c
hil
dr
e
n
a
c
hi
e
v
e
d
t
h
e
mi
n
im
u
m
s
t
a
n
da
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d
f
o
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di
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t
a
r
y
d
i
v
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s
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t
y
a
c
c
o
r
d
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n
g
to
E
t
hi
o
p
i
a
n
de
m
o
gr
a
p
hi
c
a
n
d
h
e
a
l
t
h
s
ur
v
e
y
(
2011)
[
13
]
.
O
t
h
e
r
po
c
ke
t
s
t
udi
e
s
i
n
t
h
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n
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n
pa
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t
r
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h
o
we
d
m
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n
im
u
m
d
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e
t
a
r
y
d
i
ve
r
s
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t
y
wa
s
8.
5%
-
39
%
[
14
]
-
[
18
]
.
M
o
s
t
o
f
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h
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s
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udi
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s
do
n
e
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n
c
o
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p
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t
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n
E
t
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a
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t
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c
o
m
p
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t
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f
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g,
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hi
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h
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o
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po
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o
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pr
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e
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S
t
ud
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n
d
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ve
r
s
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o
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r
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o
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po
n
e
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t
o
f
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o
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p
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m
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n
t
a
r
y
f
e
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d
i
ng,
i
n
ur
ba
n
s
e
tt
i
ngs
we
r
e
pr
e
vi
o
us
ly
r
e
po
r
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
he
n
o
r
t
h
e
r
n
p
a
r
t
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
un
t
r
y
[
14
]
,
[
18
]
.
Ho
we
v
e
r
,
t
h
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pr
a
c
t
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c
e
a
n
d
t
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o
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f
a
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o
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o
f
d
i
e
t
a
r
y
d
i
ve
r
s
i
t
y
v
a
r
y
f
r
o
m
a
r
e
a
t
o
a
r
e
a
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
a
n
e
e
d
to
s
t
udy
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h
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pr
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va
l
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n
c
e
o
f
d
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t
a
r
y
d
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r
s
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y
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n
d
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o
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f
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or
s
a
m
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n
g
m
o
t
h
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r
s
o
f
i
nf
a
n
t
s
a
n
d
y
o
u
n
g
c
hil
dr
e
n
a
g
e
d
6
-
23
m
o
n
t
h
s
i
n
E
a
s
t
e
r
n
E
t
hi
o
p
i
a
to
p
r
o
vi
de
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
t
h
a
t
i
s
c
o
nt
e
x
t
-
s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
to
a
l
l
o
w
f
o
r
a
ppr
o
pr
i
a
t
e
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
ns
.
2.
RE
S
E
AR
CH
M
E
T
HO
D
A
c
o
m
m
u
ni
t
y
b
a
s
e
d
c
r
o
s
s
-
s
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t
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s
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pp
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d
t
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e
w
m
o
t
h
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r
s
h
a
vi
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n
f
a
n
t
s
a
n
d
y
o
u
n
g
c
hil
dr
e
n
a
g
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d
6
-
23
m
o
n
t
h
s
i
n
H
a
r
a
m
a
y
a
T
o
wn
o
f
E
a
s
t
e
r
n
E
t
hi
o
p
i
a
f
r
o
m
F
e
b
r
ua
r
y
20
to
M
a
r
c
h
04/2016.
Ha
r
a
m
a
y
a
t
o
wn
i
s
t
h
e
a
d
m
i
n
i
s
t
r
a
t
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v
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nt
e
r
o
f
Ha
r
a
m
a
y
a
D
i
s
t
r
i
c
t
i
n
t
h
e
E
a
s
t
e
r
n
E
t
hi
o
p
i
a
,
w
hi
c
h
h
a
s
a
tot
a
l
po
pu
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
42,
815;
o
f
w
h
o
m
,
1
,
674
(
3.
91%
)
a
n
d
9
,
475
(
22.
13%
)
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
r
e
i
nf
a
n
t
s
/c
hil
d
r
e
n
a
ge
d
6
-
23
m
o
n
t
h
s
a
n
d
wo
m
e
n
o
f
r
e
pr
o
duc
t
i
v
e
a
g
e
gr
o
up,
r
e
s
pe
c
t
i
ve
ly
.
T
h
e
t
o
wn
i
s
l
o
c
a
t
e
d
506
k
m
t
o
t
h
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e
a
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
c
a
p
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t
a
l
,
A
dd
i
s
Ab
a
b
a
,
o
n
t
h
e
wa
y
to
Ha
r
a
r
T
o
wn
.
T
h
e
s
a
m
p
l
e
s
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z
e
f
o
r
t
h
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pr
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v
a
l
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nc
e
o
f
d
i
e
t
a
r
y
d
i
ve
r
s
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t
y
pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
wa
s
de
t
e
r
m
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ne
d
by
s
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ng
l
e
po
pul
a
t
i
o
n
pr
o
p
or
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
(
n
=
(
Z
/2
)
2
pq/d
2
)
)
,
c
o
n
s
i
de
r
i
ng
c
o
nf
i
de
n
c
e
l
e
v
e
l
a
t
95%
=
1.
96,
m
a
r
g
i
n
o
f
e
r
r
o
r
=
0.
04
a
n
d
p=
0.
51
f
r
o
m
pr
e
vi
o
us
s
t
ud
y
do
n
e
i
n
G
ha
n
a
[
19
]
,
whi
c
h
r
e
s
u
l
t
e
d
i
n
a
s
a
m
p
l
e
o
f
600.
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h
e
s
a
m
p
l
e
s
i
z
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
a
s
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o
c
i
a
t
e
d
f
a
c
t
or
s
wa
s
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d
by
do
ubl
e
po
pul
a
t
i
o
n
pr
o
por
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
o
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E
p
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I
nf
o
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
7
a
s
s
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mi
ng
c
o
nf
i
de
n
c
e
l
e
ve
l
=
95%
,
po
we
r
=
80
%
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
a
t
i
o
o
f
u
n
e
x
po
s
e
d
to
e
x
po
s
e
d=
1.
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o
n
g
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h
e
f
a
c
to
r
s
,
m
a
t
e
r
n
a
l
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d
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a
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s
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e
f
r
o
m
a
s
t
ud
y
do
n
e
i
n
n
o
r
t
h
e
r
n
E
t
hi
o
p
i
a
[
14
]
pr
o
vi
de
d
t
h
e
hi
g
he
s
t
s
a
m
p
l
e
s
i
z
e
(
i
.
e
.
616)
.
F
i
na
ll
y
,
s
a
m
p
l
e
s
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e
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s
f
i
xe
d
a
t
647
by
a
dd
i
n
g
5
%
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n
616
f
o
r
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o
n
-
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s
po
n
s
e
.
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h
e
s
im
p
l
e
r
a
n
do
m
s
a
m
p
li
ng
t
e
c
hni
que
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t
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r
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t
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r
a
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f
1674
i
n
f
a
n
t
/chil
dr
e
n
.
T
he
s
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m
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r
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m
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d
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t
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i
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n
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s
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S
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v
e
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s
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n
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o
t
h
e
r
s
o
f
i
nf
a
n
t
s
a
nd
y
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c
hil
dr
e
n
a
ge
d
6
-
23
m
o
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t
h
s
w
h
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ve
d
f
o
r
a
m
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nim
u
m
o
f
6
m
o
n
t
hs
i
n
t
h
e
to
wn
we
r
e
i
n
c
l
ude
d
i
n
t
h
e
s
t
ud
y
,
wh
e
r
e
a
s
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
w
h
o
we
r
e
s
e
r
i
o
us
l
y
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c
k,
h
a
d
a
m
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t
a
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e
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h
pr
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m
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s
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da
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n
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T
h
e
s
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y
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t
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t
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a
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r
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d
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
l
o
c
a
l
l
a
n
gua
g
e
s
(
Am
ha
r
i
c
a
n
d
Af
a
n
Or
o
m
o
)
.
T
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20
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[
13
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d
f
r
o
m
e
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h
m
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t
h
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i
nf
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n
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o
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hi
l
dr
e
n
.
T
h
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n
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a
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t
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y
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m
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m
e
s
o
r
pe
r
s
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n
a
l
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d
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t
i
f
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e
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r
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n
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t
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n
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l
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d
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n
t
h
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t
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o
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r
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r
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ur
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pa
r
t
i
c
i
pa
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t
s
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c
o
nf
i
de
n
t
i
a
li
t
y
.
3.
R
E
S
UL
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
YSI
S
3.
1.
S
oc
io
-
d
e
m
ogr
ap
h
ic
an
d
e
c
on
om
ic
c
h
ar
a
c
t
e
r
is
t
ic
s
A
t
ot
a
l
o
f
635
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
o
f
i
nf
a
n
t
s
a
n
d
y
o
u
n
g
c
hil
d
r
e
n
a
ge
d
6
-
23
m
o
n
t
hs
we
r
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i
nc
l
ude
d
i
n
t
hi
s
s
t
ud
y
yi
e
l
d
i
ng
t
o
a
r
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n
s
e
r
a
t
e
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f
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h
e
m
e
d
i
a
n
a
ge
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
wa
s
28
y
e
a
r
s
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
e
r
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qua
r
t
i
l
e
r
a
n
ge
o
f
8
y
e
a
r
s
.
Ab
o
u
t
584
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92
.
1%
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a
n
d
422
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66.
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o
f
t
h
e
m
o
t
h
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r
s
we
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m
a
r
r
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d
a
n
d
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de
d
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o
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a
t
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o
n
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e
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pe
c
t
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ve
ly
.
T
h
e
m
a
j
o
r
i
t
y
o
f
,
487
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7
6.
7%
)
,
t
h
e
m
ot
h
e
r
s
we
r
e
wo
r
ki
n
g
dur
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ng
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n
e
y
e
a
r
pr
i
o
r
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t
h
e
s
t
udy
a
n
d
452
(
71.
2%
)
we
r
e
M
us
l
im
i
n
r
e
li
g
i
o
n
.
Out
o
f
584
m
a
r
r
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e
d
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
,
443
(
75.
9%
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n
d
175
(
30%
)
o
f
t
h
e
i
r
h
us
ba
n
ds
h
a
d
f
o
r
m
a
l
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duc
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t
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o
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a
n
d
we
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m
e
r
c
h
a
n
t
s
,
r
e
s
pe
c
t
i
v
e
ly
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R
e
ga
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
i
nf
a
n
t
/chi
l
d
c
h
a
r
a
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e
r
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s
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i
c
s
,
329
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8%
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f
t
h
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m
we
r
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m
a
l
e
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a
n
d
t
h
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ir
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e
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n
(
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ge
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s
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8
+
5.
4
y
e
a
r
s
.
Ab
o
ut
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(
31
.
3%
)
o
f
t
h
e
m
we
r
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f
i
r
s
t
b
o
r
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a
n
d
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bi
r
t
h
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e
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v
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l
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it
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e
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d
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s
i
b
li
ng
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s
>
24
m
o
n
t
h
s
i
n
274
(
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8%
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o
f
t
h
e
c
hil
dr
e
n
.
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e
ga
r
d
i
n
g
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e
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l
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t
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t
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s
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h
e
c
hil
dr
e
n
,
172
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27.
1%
)
o
u
t
o
f
634
we
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s
i
c
k
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ng
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h
e
l
a
s
t
t
wo
we
e
ks
pr
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o
r
to
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h
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s
t
ud
y
,
o
f
w
h
o
m
f
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v
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w
i
t
h
c
hil
l
s
,
53
(
30.
8%
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,
a
n
d
d
i
a
r
r
he
a
,
52
(
30
.
2%
)
,
we
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e
t
h
e
m
a
j
o
r
c
o
m
p
l
a
i
n
t
s
.
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h
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v
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r
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ge
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+
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a
mi
ly
s
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z
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o
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h
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8
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n
d
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h
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a
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m
be
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o
f
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n
de
r
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ve
c
hil
dr
e
n
wa
s
2
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hi
c
h
r
a
n
ge
f
r
o
m
1
t
o
6.
De
c
i
s
i
o
n
o
n
c
hil
d
f
e
e
d
i
ng
wa
s
m
a
de
by
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
i
n
590
(
92.
9%
)
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f
t
h
e
635
r
e
s
po
n
de
n
t
s
.
T
h
e
m
a
j
o
r
i
t
y
o
f
,
469
(
74%
)
,
t
h
e
h
o
us
e
h
o
l
d
s
o
b
t
a
i
n
t
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i
r
f
o
o
d
f
r
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m
pur
c
h
a
s
i
ng
a
n
d
3
86
(
60.
8%
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o
f
t
h
e
m
we
r
e
f
o
o
d
s
e
c
ur
e
d
(
T
a
bl
e
1)
.
3.
2.
Heal
t
h
c
ar
e
s
e
r
vice
u
s
e
c
h
a
r
ac
t
e
r
is
t
ic
s
Out
o
f
633
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
,
559
(
88.
3%
)
h
a
d
a
n
t
e
n
a
t
a
l
c
a
r
e
f
o
l
l
o
w
up
whe
n
t
h
e
y
we
r
e
pr
e
gn
a
n
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
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nde
x
c
hil
d.
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o
n
g
t
h
e
m
o
t
h
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r
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w
h
o
h
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d
a
n
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n
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t
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l
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r
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f
o
l
l
o
w
up,
168
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26.
5
%
)
o
f
t
h
e
m
h
a
d
1
-
3
vi
s
i
t
s
a
n
d
391
(
61%
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h
a
d
f
o
ur
or
m
o
r
e
vi
s
i
t
s
.
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e
s
i
de
s
o
f
t
his
,
575
(
90.
6%
)
o
u
t
o
f
635
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
de
li
ve
r
e
d
t
h
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r
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hil
d
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il
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t
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s
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d
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r
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s
t
53
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3
%
)
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n
d
s
e
v
e
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
de
li
ve
r
e
d
a
t
h
o
m
e
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n
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o
t
h
e
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pl
a
c
e
s
,
r
e
s
pe
c
t
i
v
e
ly
.
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o
ut
548
(
86
.
6%
)
o
f
t
h
e
de
l
i
ve
r
i
e
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
i
n
de
x
c
hil
d
r
e
n
we
r
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a
tt
e
n
de
d
by
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e
a
l
t
h
pr
o
f
e
s
s
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n
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.
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e
ga
r
d
i
n
g
to
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o
s
t
n
a
t
a
l
c
a
r
e
,
307
(
48.
3%
)
,
185
(
29.
1%
)
,
57
(
9.
0%
)
a
n
d
86
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13.
5%
)
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f
t
h
e
m
o
t
h
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s
h
a
d
t
h
r
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e
o
r
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o
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e
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s
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t
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t
w
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s
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t
s
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n
e
vi
s
i
t
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n
d
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s
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t
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o
r
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l
d
,
r
e
s
pe
c
t
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v
e
ly
.
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o
n
c
e
r
ni
ng
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o
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hi
ld
gr
o
w
t
h
m
o
ni
t
o
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i
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g
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n
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c
i
na
t
i
o
n
,
562
(
88.
5
%
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a
n
d
540
(
85%
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f
t
h
e
c
hil
dr
e
n
h
a
d
go
n
e
gr
o
w
t
h
m
o
ni
t
o
r
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n
g
a
n
d
we
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v
a
c
c
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na
t
e
d,
r
e
s
pe
c
t
i
v
e
ly
.
3.
3.
M
at
e
r
n
al
k
n
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l
e
d
ge
of
d
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a
r
y
d
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it
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p
r
ac
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Out
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f
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o
t
h
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r
s
,
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f
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d
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o
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c
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h
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m
a
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n
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r
m
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t
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n
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ut
565
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f
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r
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s
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o
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582
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l
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M
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l
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gi
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n=
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M
us
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in
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206
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187
29.4
18
-
23
242
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r
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t
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h
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107
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F
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G
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Die
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a
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d
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a
g
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r
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a
s
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s
.
F
o
o
ds
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2252
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8806
Die
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51.3
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[
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16
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21
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[
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1.25, 3.05)
*
1.14 (
0.59, 2.22)
F
iv
e
a
nd a
b
ov
e
51
218
1.00
N
umbe
r
of
und
e
r
-
f
i
ve
c
hi
ld
r
e
n
O
ne
78
169
1.88 (
1.01, 3.51)
*
2.06 (
0.73,
5.80)
T
w
o
66
219
1.23 (
0.65, 2.30)
0.87 (
0.37, 2.05)
T
h
r
e
e
a
nd a
b
ove
15
61
1.00
H
o
us
e
h
o
ld
w
e
a
lt
h i
nd
e
x
R
ic
he
s
t
38
88
2.79 (
1.48, 5.28)
*
4.45 (
1.94, 10.22)
**
R
ic
h
29
98
1.92 (
0.99, 3.70)
1.97 (
0.87, 4.44)
M
id
dl
e
40
88
2.94 (
1.56, 5.54)
*
2.64
(
1.23, 5.67)
*
P
oor
36
91
2.56 (
1.35, 4.86)
*
2.52 (
1.19, 5.34)
*
P
oor
e
s
t
17
110
1.00
A
N
C
f
o
ll
o
w
s
up s
ta
tu
s
F
o
u
r
a
nd a
bove
v
is
it
s
119
272
2.80 (
1.39, 5.64)
*
1.14 (
0.33, 3.93)
O
ne
-
th
r
e
e
v
is
it
s
31
137
1.45 (
0.67, 3.13)
0.59 (
0.17, 2.07)
N
o
v
is
it
10
64
1.00
D
e
li
ve
r
y
a
tt
e
nda
nt
H
e
a
lt
h pr
of
e
s
s
io
na
l
157
395
4.26 (
1.92, 9.44)
**
3.32 (
0.83, 13.30)
N
o
n
-
h
e
a
lt
h pr
of
e
s
s
i
o
na
l
7
77
1.00
V
a
c
c
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a
ti
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n s
ta
tu
s
Y
e
s
149
391
3.05 (
1.54, 6.04)
**
2.02 (
0.75, 5.43)
No
10
80
1.00
M
a
te
r
na
l
kno
w
l
e
dg
e
o
n
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i
e
ta
r
y
di
ve
r
s
it
y
G
oo
d
74
142
1.86 (
1.28, 2.71)
**
1.35 (
0.85, 2.16)
P
oor
80
286
1.00
*p
-
v
a
lu
e
0.001
-
0.05,
**
p
-
v
a
lu
e
<
0.001,
C
I
=
C
o
n
f
id
e
n
c
e
I
nt
e
r
v
a
l,
C
O
R
=
C
r
ud
e
O
dds
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a
ti
o
,
A
O
R
=
A
dj
us
te
d
O
dds
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ti
o,
M
D
D
=
M
in
im
um Die
ta
r
y
D
i
ve
r
s
it
y
L
i
k
e
w
i
s
e
,
t
hi
s
s
t
udy
s
h
o
we
d
t
h
a
t
m
ot
h
e
r
s
wh
o
we
r
e
wor
ki
n
g
dur
i
n
g
o
n
e
y
e
a
r
pr
i
o
r
to
t
h
e
s
t
udy
we
r
e
3.
2
t
i
m
e
s
m
o
r
e
l
i
ke
ly
t
o
pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
d
i
e
t
a
r
y
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
i
r
c
hil
dr
e
n
c
o
m
pa
r
e
d
to
t
h
o
s
e
wh
o
we
r
e
n
o
t
wo
r
ki
n
g.
T
hi
s
wa
s
s
i
mi
l
a
r
w
i
t
h
s
t
ud
i
e
s
r
e
po
r
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
S
i
e
rra
-
L
e
o
n
(
2008)
a
n
d
t
h
r
e
e
e
a
s
t
Af
r
i
c
a
n
c
o
un
t
r
i
e
s
(
K
e
ny
a
,
Uga
n
da
a
n
d
T
a
n
z
a
ni
a
)
(
2008
-
2011)
[
30
]
,
[
31
]
.
T
hi
s
c
o
u
l
d
b
e
e
x
p
l
a
i
ne
d
a
s
wo
r
ki
n
g
m
o
t
he
r
s
h
a
v
e
t
h
e
i
r
o
wn
i
n
c
o
m
e
s
o
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
y
c
a
n
e
a
s
il
y
a
c
c
e
s
s
a
nd
a
f
f
o
r
d
v
a
r
i
e
t
y
o
f
f
o
o
ds
f
o
r
t
h
e
i
r
c
hil
dr
e
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
P
HS
I
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N:
2252
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8806
Die
tar
y
Div
e
r
s
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y
P
r
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ti
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e
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s
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to
r
s
A
mong
I
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f
ants
and
Y
oung
.
.
.
.
(
B
e
r
he
Ge
br
e
mic
ha
e
l)
249
A
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
hi
s
s
t
ud
y
,
c
hil
dr
e
n
w
h
o
s
e
a
ge
w
a
s
18
-
23
m
o
n
t
h
s
we
r
e
2.
5
t
i
m
e
s
m
o
r
e
l
i
k
e
l
y
t
o
a
c
hi
e
ve
mi
n
i
m
u
m
d
i
e
t
a
r
y
d
i
ve
r
s
i
t
y
c
o
m
pa
r
e
d
t
o
t
h
o
s
e
wh
o
s
e
a
ge
w
a
s
6
-
11
m
o
n
t
h
s
.
T
hi
s
wa
s
c
o
ns
i
s
t
e
n
t
w
i
t
h
s
t
udi
e
s
do
n
e
i
n
I
n
do
n
e
s
i
a
(
2007)
,
S
r
i
-
L
a
n
ka
(
200
7)
,
t
h
r
e
e
E
a
s
t
Af
r
i
c
a
n
c
o
un
t
r
i
e
s
(
2008
-
2011)
a
n
d
T
a
n
z
a
ni
a
(
2010)
[
30
]
,
[
33
]
,
[
35
]
,
[
36
]
.
T
h
i
s
c
o
u
l
d
b
e
due
t
o
t
h
e
l
a
t
e
i
n
t
r
o
duc
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
o
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
r
y
f
e
e
d
i
n
g,
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
m
a
y
pe
r
c
e
i
v
e
y
o
u
n
g
c
hil
d’
s
i
n
t
e
s
t
i
n
e
i
s
n
o
t
a
bl
e
to
d
i
ge
s
t
s
o
l
i
d
o
r
s
e
m
i
-
s
o
l
i
d
f
o
o
ds
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
y
m
a
y
a
s
s
u
m
e
i
n
t
r
o
duc
i
n
g
b
u
l
k
y
f
o
o
ds
wo
ul
d
l
e
a
d
c
hil
dr
e
n
t
o
de
v
e
l
o
p
i
nf
e
c
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
f
i
nd
i
ngs
o
f
t
h
e
pr
e
s
e
n
t
s
t
ud
y
r
e
v
e
a
l
e
d
t
h
a
t
m
a
l
e
c
hil
dr
e
n
we
r
e
2.
1
t
i
m
e
s
m
o
r
e
li
ke
ly
t
o
m
e
e
t
mi
n
im
u
m
d
i
e
t
a
r
y
d
i
ve
r
s
i
t
y
c
o
m
pa
r
e
d
t
o
f
e
m
a
l
e
c
hil
dr
e
n
.
B
e
s
i
de
o
f
t
hi
s
,
c
hil
dr
e
n
w
h
o
we
r
e
r
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
ly
h
e
a
l
t
hy
t
w
o
we
e
ks
pr
i
o
r
to
t
h
e
s
t
udy
we
r
e
a
b
o
ut
2
.
7
ti
m
e
s
m
o
r
e
l
i
k
e
l
y
t
o
a
c
hi
e
ve
m
i
n
im
u
m
d
i
e
t
a
r
y
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
c
o
m
pa
r
e
d
to
t
h
o
s
e
wh
o
we
r
e
s
i
c
k.
T
hi
s
wa
s
i
n
li
ne
w
i
t
h
a
s
t
ud
y
c
o
n
duc
t
e
d
i
n
L
i
be
r
i
a
[
31
]
.
T
hi
s
mi
g
ht
b
e
due
to
p
oo
r
c
o
n
s
u
m
pt
i
o
n
o
f
v
a
r
i
e
t
y
o
f
f
o
o
ds
i
n
s
i
c
k
c
hi
l
dr
e
n
r
e
s
u
l
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
a
ppe
t
i
t
e
.
T
h
e
s
t
udy
s
h
o
we
d
t
h
a
t
r
i
c
h
e
s
t
h
o
us
e
h
o
l
d
s
we
r
e
4.
5
t
i
m
e
s
m
o
r
e
li
ke
ly
t
o
m
e
e
t
t
h
e
m
i
n
im
u
m
d
i
e
t
a
r
y
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
i
r
c
hil
dr
e
n
a
s
c
o
m
pa
r
e
d
to
t
h
e
p
oo
r
e
s
t
h
o
us
e
h
o
l
ds
.
T
hi
s
wa
s
s
im
il
a
r
w
i
t
h
s
t
ud
i
e
s
do
n
e
i
n
I
n
d
i
a
(
2006)
,
t
h
r
e
e
e
a
s
t
Af
r
i
c
a
n
c
o
un
t
r
i
e
s
(
Ke
ny
a
,
T
a
n
z
a
ni
a
a
n
d
Uga
n
da
)
(
2008
-
2011)
,
N
i
ge
r
i
a
(
2013)
,
a
n
d
E
t
hi
o
p
i
a
(
2011)
[
14
]
,
[
18
]
,
[
30
]
,
[
31
]
,
[
34
]
.
T
h
i
s
mi
g
h
t
b
e
due
to
h
o
us
e
h
o
l
ds
w
i
t
h
hi
g
h
we
a
l
t
h
qu
i
n
t
i
l
e
s
c
o
u
l
d
e
a
s
il
y
a
c
c
e
s
s
t
h
e
f
o
o
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
i
r
c
hil
dr
e
n
t
h
e
r
e
by
s
a
t
i
s
f
yi
ng
t
h
e
d
i
e
t
a
r
y
d
i
ve
r
s
i
t
y
.
5.
CONC
L
USI
ON
On
e
o
ut
o
f
f
o
ur
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
f
e
d
d
i
ve
r
s
i
f
i
e
d
d
i
e
t
a
de
qua
t
e
l
y
t
o
t
h
e
i
r
c
hil
dr
e
n
,
whi
c
h
n
e
e
ds
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
.
M
a
t
e
r
n
a
l
l
e
ve
l
o
f
e
duc
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
wo
r
k
s
t
a
t
us
,
c
hi
l
d
a
ge
,
s
e
x
a
n
d
he
a
l
t
h
s
t
a
t
us
,
a
n
d
i
m
pr
o
v
e
d
h
o
us
e
h
o
l
d’
s
s
o
c
i
o
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
s
t
a
t
us
we
r
e
f
o
un
d
t
o
b
e
po
s
i
t
i
ve
ly
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
d
i
e
t
a
r
y
d
i
ve
r
s
i
t
y
pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
h
e
a
l
t
h
s
e
c
t
o
r
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
ud
y
s
i
t
e
s
h
o
u
l
d
d
i
s
s
e
m
i
na
t
e
m
e
s
s
a
ge
s
o
n
d
i
e
t
a
r
y
d
i
ve
r
s
i
t
y
t
o
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
t
h
r
o
ugh
h
e
a
l
t
h
e
x
t
e
ns
i
o
n
wo
r
ke
r
s
a
n
d
di
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
m
e
d
i
a
.
T
h
e
h
e
a
l
t
h
e
x
t
e
n
s
i
o
n
wo
r
ke
r
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
a
l
s
o
de
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
m
ot
h
e
r
s
o
n
h
o
w
to
pr
e
pa
r
e
a
de
qua
t
e
di
v
e
r
s
if
i
e
d
d
i
e
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
i
r
c
hil
dr
e
n
.
M
o
r
e
o
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
m
u
ni
c
ipa
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
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a
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s
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o
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d
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t
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gr
a
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w
i
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h
a
gr
i
c
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a
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s
e
c
to
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s
to
s
upp
o
r
t
h
o
us
e
h
o
l
ds
t
o
g
r
o
w
c
a
s
h
c
r
o
ps
to
im
pr
o
v
e
t
h
e
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e
c
o
n
o
m
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c
s
t
a
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us
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a
s
E
t
h
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p
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a
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s
e
c
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o
m
y
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s
de
pe
n
de
n
t
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n
a
gr
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c
u
l
t
ur
e.
AC
K
NOWL
E
DGE
M
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NT
S
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e
wo
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l
d
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ke
t
o
t
h
a
n
k
Ha
r
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U
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o
f
He
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M
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d
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[1
]
P.
Si
n
g
e
r,
et
a
l
.,
“
W
h
at
c
o
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l
d
i
n
fan
t
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fr
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s
?
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B
M
C
P
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v
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l
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
2
7
6
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
]
WHO
,
U
N
I
C
E
F,
“
St
re
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g
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h
e
n
i
n
g
a
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d
ch
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l
d
h
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l
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h
p
ro
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ra
mme
s
,
”
2008.
[3
]
U
N
I
C
E
F,
“
Mo
n
i
t
o
ri
n
g
t
h
e
S
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t
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at
i
o
n
o
f
Ch
i
l
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e
n
an
d
W
o
me
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,
”
2015.
[4
]
W
H
O
,
“
In
d
i
c
at
o
rs
f
o
r
as
s
e
s
s
i
n
g
i
n
fan
t
a
n
d
y
o
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ch
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l
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feed
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n
g
p
rac
t
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ce
s
:
Part
1
:
D
e
fi
n
i
t
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o
n
,”
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en
e
v
a
,
T
h
e
W
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rl
d
H
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l
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h
O
rg
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n
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zat
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n
,
2
0
0
8
.
[5
]
W
H
O
,
“
Ch
i
l
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:
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ci
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m
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,
W
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O
rg
a
n
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at
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n
,
2
0
1
4
.
[6
]
R.
E
.
Bl
a
ck
,
et
a
l
.,
“
Ma
t
e
rn
al
a
n
d
c
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l
d
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3
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1
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p
p
.
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4
3
-
6
0
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0
0
8
.
[7
]
A
.
Imd
ad
,
et
a
l
.,
“
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m
at
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]
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a
el
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p
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.
[9
]
C.
K
.
L
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,
et
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l
.,
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1
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0
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P.
I
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m
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al
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1
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Z
.
A
.
B
h
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l
.,
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2
]
P.
B.
Marri
o
t
t
,
et
a
l
.,
“
W
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3
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I
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“
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4
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M.
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,
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M
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5
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F.
Y
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n
as
,
et
a
l
.,
“
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d
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6
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.
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,
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u
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7
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D
.
G
e
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e
,
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l
.,
“
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6
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4
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[1
8
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E
.
Mek
b
i
b
,
et
a
l
.,
“
Mag
n
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t
u
d
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an
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fa
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t
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s
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ro
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6
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3
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o
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s
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u
d
y
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”
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u
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d
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t
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p
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6
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4
.
[1
9
]
A
.
I
.
I
s
s
ak
aa,
et
a
l
.,
“
D
e
t
e
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m
p
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ar
y
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eed
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n
g
p
ra
c
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ce
s
amo
n
g
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h
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r
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n
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g
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d
6
-
23
mo
n
t
h
s
i
n
G
h
an
a
,
”
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u
b
l
i
c
H
ea
l
t
h
Nu
t
r
i
t
i
o
n
,
v
ol
/
i
s
s
u
e
:
18
(
04
),
p
p
.
6
6
9
-
7
8
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
0
]
W
H
O
,
“
I
n
d
i
c
at
o
rs
f
o
r
as
s
e
s
s
i
n
g
i
n
fan
t
an
d
y
o
u
n
g
c
h
i
l
d
f
ee
d
i
n
g
p
ra
c
t
i
ce
s
:
Part
2
Me
as
u
r
emen
t
,
”
p
p
.
9
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
1
]
D
.
T
am
i
r
u
an
d
H
.
J
i
s
h
a,
“
D
i
e
t
ar
y
Pat
t
e
rn
s
an
d
A
n
t
h
r
o
p
o
me
t
ri
c
St
at
u
s
o
f
U
n
d
e
r
-
F
i
v
e
C
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
i
n
A
rb
a
Mi
n
c
h
Z
u
ri
a,
G
am
o
G
o
fa
Z
o
n
e:
C
o
mm
u
n
i
t
y
-
Bas
e
d
Cro
s
s
-
Sec
t
i
o
n
a
l
St
u
d
y
,
”
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
A
d
va
n
ce
s
i
n
D
a
i
r
y
R
es
ea
r
ch
,
v
ol
/
i
s
s
u
e
:
3
(
2
)
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
2
]
S.
G
y
a
m
p
o
h
,
et
a
l
.,
“
Ch
i
l
d
f
ee
d
i
n
g
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
an
d
p
rac
t
i
ce
s
a
m
o
n
g
w
o
me
n
p
art
i
ci
p
at
i
n
g
i
n
g
ro
w
t
h
mo
n
i
t
o
ri
n
g
a
n
d
p
ro
m
o
t
i
o
n
i
n
A
cc
ra
,
G
h
an
a
,
”
B
M
C
P
r
eg
n
a
n
cy
a
n
d
C
h
i
l
d
b
i
r
t
h
,
v
ol
/
i
s
s
u
e
:
14
(
180
)
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
3
]
J
.
K
i
m
i
y
w
e
a
n
d
P.
M.
Ch
eg
e
,
“
Co
m
p
l
emen
t
ar
y
feed
i
n
g
p
rac
t
i
ce
s
an
d
n
u
t
ri
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
t
at
u
s
o
f
c
h
i
l
d
r
en
6
-
2
3
m
o
n
t
h
s
i
n
K
i
t
u
i
Co
u
n
t
y
,
K
en
y
a,
”
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
B
i
o
s
ci
e
n
ces
,
v
o
l
.
8
5
,
p
p
.
7
8
8
1
-
9
0
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
4
]
A
.
R
e
i
n
b
o
t
t
,
et
a
l
.,
“
A
c
h
i
l
d
f
eed
i
n
g
i
n
d
e
x
i
s
s
u
p
e
ri
o
r
t
o
W
H
O
IY
CF
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
rs
i
n
e
x
p
l
ai
n
i
n
g
l
e
n
g
t
h
-
fo
r
-
a
g
e
Z
-
s
c
o
r
e
s
o
f
y
o
u
n
g
ch
i
l
d
r
en
i
n
r
u
ral
Ca
m
b
o
d
i
a,
”
P
a
ed
i
a
t
r
i
c
s
a
n
d
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Ch
i
l
d
H
ea
l
t
h
,
v
ol
/
i
s
s
u
e
:
35
(
2
)
,
p
p
.
1
2
4
-
3
4
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
5
]
J
.
Su
n
,
et
a
l
.,
“
T
h
e
n
u
t
ri
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
t
at
u
s
o
f
y
o
u
n
g
ch
i
l
d
re
n
an
d
f
ee
d
i
n
g
p
ra
c
t
i
c
e
s
t
w
o
y
e
ars
aft
e
r
t
h
e
W
en
c
h
u
an
E
art
h
q
u
ak
e
i
n
t
h
e
w
o
rs
t
-
affe
c
t
e
d
ar
e
as
i
n
Ch
i
n
a,
”
A
s
i
a
P
a
ci
f
i
c
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Cl
i
n
i
ca
l
Nu
t
r
i
t
i
o
n
,
v
ol
/
i
s
s
u
e
:
22
(
1
)
,
p
p
.
100
-
8
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
6
]
T
.
Mo
n
d
a
l
,
et
a
l
.,
“
A
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
o
f
I
n
fa
n
t
an
d
Y
o
u
n
g
C
h
i
l
d
F
ee
d
i
n
g
Pra
c
t
i
ce
a
m
o
n
g
T
ri
b
al
W
o
men
i
n
B
h
at
ar
Bl
o
ck
o
f
Bu
rd
w
an
D
i
s
t
ri
c
t
i
n
W
e
s
t
Ben
g
a
l
,
In
d
i
a
,”
In
t
er
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
M
ed
i
ca
l
S
ci
e
n
ce
a
n
d
P
u
b
l
i
c
H
ea
l
t
h
,
v
ol
/
i
s
s
u
e
:
3
(
3
)
,
p
p
.
3
2
4
-
6
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
7
]
K
.
S
o
n
a
l
i
,
et
a
l
.,
“
I
n
fa
n
t
an
d
y
o
u
n
g
ch
i
l
d
f
ee
d
i
n
g
p
ra
c
t
i
ce
s
a
m
o
n
g
m
arg
i
n
a
l
i
z
ed
p
o
p
u
l
at
i
o
n
s
o
f
O
d
i
s
h
a,
s
t
at
e
i
n
I
n
d
i
a
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
p
i
d
em
i
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
R
es
ea
r
ch
,
v
ol
/
i
s
s
u
e:
2
(
1
)
,
p
p
.
4
3
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
8
]
J
.
Sw
at
i
,
et
a
l
.,
“
A
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
o
f
In
fan
t
an
d
Y
o
u
n
g
Ch
i
l
d
F
ee
d
i
n
g
Prac
t
i
ce
s
amo
n
g
Mo
t
h
e
rs
i
n
Ru
ra
l
Mad
h
y
a
Prad
e
s
h
,
”
Na
t
i
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Co
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
M
ed
i
ci
n
e
,
v
ol
/
i
s
s
u
e
:
5
(
4
)
,
p
p
.
4
1
9
-
2
3
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
9
]
A
.
L
at
e
rra,
et
a
l
.,
“
I
n
fan
t
an
d
y
o
u
n
g
c
h
i
l
d
f
ee
d
i
n
g
i
n
f
o
u
r
d
e
p
art
me
n
t
s
i
n
H
a
i
t
i
:
mi
x
ed
-
me
t
h
o
d
s
t
u
d
y
o
n
p
rev
al
en
ce
o
f
reco
mme
n
d
e
d
p
ra
c
t
i
ce
s
an
d
r
e
l
at
e
d
at
t
i
t
u
d
e
s
,
b
el
i
e
fs
,
an
d
o
t
h
e
r
d
e
t
e
r
mi
n
a
n
t
s
,
”
P
a
n
A
m
er
i
ca
n
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
u
b
l
i
c
H
ea
l
t
h
,
v
ol
/
i
s
s
u
e
:
36
(
5
)
,
p
p
.
3
0
6
-
1
3
,
2
0
1
4
.
[3
0
]
C.
A
.
G
ew
a
a
n
d
T
.
F.
L
e
s
l
i
e
,
“
D
i
s
t
ri
b
u
t
i
o
n
an
d
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
an
t
s
o
f
y
o
u
n
g
ch
i
l
d
f
ee
d
i
n
g
p
rac
t
i
ce
s
i
n
t
h
e
E
as
t
A
fri
c
an
re
g
i
o
n
:
d
emo
g
rap
h
i
c
h
e
a
l
t
h
s
u
r
v
ey
d
at
a
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
fr
o
m
2
0
0
8
-
2
0
1
1
,
”
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
H
ea
l
t
h
,
P
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
Nu
t
r
i
t
i
o
n
,
v
ol
/
i
s
s
u
e:
34
(
6
)
,
2
0
1
5
.
[3
1
]
A
.
I.
I
s
s
ak
a,
et
a
l
.,
“
D
e
t
e
r
mi
n
a
n
t
s
o
f
s
u
b
o
p
t
i
m
al
c
o
m
p
l
eme
n
t
ar
y
f
ee
d
i
n
g
p
rac
t
i
ce
s
am
o
n
g
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
ag
ed
6
–
23
mo
n
t
h
s
i
n
fo
u
r
an
g
l
o
p
h
o
n
e
W
e
s
t
A
fri
c
a
n
co
u
n
t
ri
e
s
,
”
M
a
t
er
n
a
l
a
n
d
Ch
i
l
d
N
u
t
r
i
t
i
o
n
,
v
ol
/
i
s
s
u
e
:
11
(
1
)
,
p
p
.
1
4
-
3
0
,
2
0
1
5
.
[3
2
]
V
.
K
h
an
a
l
,
et
a
l
.,
“
D
e
t
e
r
mi
n
a
n
t
s
o
f
c
o
m
p
l
emen
t
ar
y
f
e
ed
i
n
g
p
rac
t
i
ce
s
a
m
o
n
g
N
e
p
al
e
s
e
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
ag
ed
6
-
2
3
m
o
n
t
h
s
:
fi
n
d
i
n
g
s
fro
m
d
em
o
g
rap
h
i
c
an
d
h
e
a
l
t
h
s
u
r
v
ey
2
0
1
1
,
”
B
M
C
P
ed
i
a
t
r
i
cs
,
v
ol
.
1
3
,
p
p
.
1
3
1
,
2
0
1
3
.
[3
3
]
C.
S.
N
g
,
et
a
l
.,
“
Co
m
p
l
eme
n
t
ar
y
f
ee
d
i
n
g
i
n
d
i
c
at
o
rs
a
n
d
d
e
t
e
r
mi
n
a
n
t
s
o
f
p
o
o
r
f
e
ed
i
n
g
p
rac
t
i
ce
s
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a:
a
s
e
co
n
d
ar
y
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
2
0
0
7
D
em
o
g
rap
h
i
c
an
d
H
e
al
t
h
S
u
rv
ey
d
at
a,
”
P
u
b
l
i
c
H
ea
l
t
h
N
u
t
r
i
t
i
o
n
,
v
ol
/
i
s
s
u
e
:
15
(
5
)
,
p
p
.
827
-
3
9
,
2
0
1
1
.
[3
4
]
A
.
Pat
el
,
et
a
l
.,
“
D
e
t
e
r
mi
n
a
n
t
s
o
f
i
n
ap
p
ro
p
ri
at
e
c
o
mp
l
eme
n
t
ar
y
f
eed
i
n
g
p
ra
c
t
i
ce
s
i
n
y
o
u
n
g
ch
i
l
d
r
en
i
n
In
d
i
a:
s
e
co
n
d
ar
y
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
N
at
i
o
n
a
l
Fa
mi
l
y
H
e
al
t
h
S
u
rv
ey
2
0
0
5
-
2
0
0
6
,
”
M
a
t
er
n
a
l
a
n
d
Ch
i
l
d
Nu
t
r
i
t
i
o
n
,
v
ol
/
i
s
s
u
e:
8
(
1
)
,
p
p
.
2
8
-
4
4
,
2
0
1
2
.
[3
5
]
U
.
S
e
n
arat
h
,
et
a
l
.,
“
D
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
an
t
s
o
f
i
n
ap
p
ro
p
ri
at
e
co
m
p
l
emen
t
ar
y
f
ee
d
i
n
g
p
rac
t
i
ce
s
i
n
y
o
u
n
g
ch
i
l
d
r
en
i
n
Sri
L
an
k
a
:
s
eco
n
d
ar
y
d
at
a
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
D
emo
g
rap
h
i
c
a
n
d
H
e
a
l
t
h
Su
r
v
ey
2
0
0
6
-
2
0
0
7
,
”
M
a
t
er
n
a
l
a
n
d
Ch
i
l
d
Nu
t
r
i
t
i
o
n
,
v
ol
/
i
s
s
u
e:
8
(
1
)
,
p
p
.
6
0
-
7
7
,
2
0
1
2
.
[3
6
]
R.
V
i
c
t
o
r,
et
a
l
.,
“
Fac
t
o
rs
as
s
o
c
i
at
e
d
w
i
t
h
i
n
ap
p
ro
p
ri
at
e
c
o
m
p
l
emen
t
ar
y
f
ee
d
i
n
g
p
rac
t
i
ce
s
am
o
n
g
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
a
g
e
d
6
-
2
3
mo
n
t
h
s
i
n
T
an
zan
i
a,
”
M
a
t
er
n
a
l
a
n
d
C
h
i
l
d
Nu
t
r
i
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