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ical
tr
i
als
[
7
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
ar
y
ac
tio
n
s
w
er
e
h
i
g
h
l
y
ad
v
i
s
ed
to
th
e
p
u
b
lic
to
p
r
ev
en
t
t
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
r
is
k
o
f
ac
q
u
ir
in
g
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
.
P
eo
p
le
w
er
e
w
ar
n
ed
w
it
h
b
asi
c
p
r
ev
en
ti
v
e
h
y
g
ie
n
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
s
u
ch
a
s
a
v
o
id
in
g
clo
s
e
co
n
ta
ct
w
ith
s
ic
k
p
eo
p
le,
co
v
er
in
g
n
o
s
e
an
d
m
o
u
th
w
h
en
co
u
g
h
in
g
o
r
s
n
ee
zi
n
g
,
a
n
d
w
as
h
i
n
g
h
a
n
d
s
w
it
h
s
o
ap
an
d
w
ater
o
r
u
s
in
g
alco
h
o
l
-
b
ased
h
a
n
d
r
u
b
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
n
o
v
el
co
r
o
n
av
ir
u
s
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
led
to
th
e
W
o
r
ld
Hea
lth
Or
g
an
iza
tio
n
(
W
HO)
d
ec
lar
in
g
C
OVI
D
-
19
as
th
e
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
E
m
er
g
e
n
c
y
o
f
I
n
ter
n
a
tio
n
al
C
o
n
ce
r
n
o
n
J
an
u
ar
y
3
0
th
,
2
0
2
0
[
9
]
.
I
n
th
at
ti
m
e
u
n
til
t
h
e
en
d
o
f
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
2
0
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
r
e
m
ain
ed
as
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
C
OV
I
D
-
19
u
n
a
f
f
ec
ted
co
u
n
tr
ies
wh
ile
s
o
m
e
n
ea
r
b
y
co
u
n
tr
ies,
i
n
clu
d
i
n
g
Ma
la
y
s
ia
an
d
S
in
g
ap
o
r
e,
h
a
v
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
at
least
o
n
e
ca
s
e.
As
a
co
u
n
tr
y
w
it
h
th
e
f
o
u
r
th
-
lar
g
est
p
o
p
u
latio
n
i
n
th
e
w
o
r
ld
,
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
an
e
m
er
g
in
g
in
f
ec
tio
u
s
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
s
ee
m
ed
co
n
ce
r
n
i
n
g
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
less
i
s
k
n
o
w
n
ab
o
u
t
h
o
w
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ian
s
p
er
ce
iv
ed
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
w
h
en
th
er
e
w
er
e
n
o
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
ca
s
e
s
an
d
w
h
a
t
t
h
is
m
ea
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
i
r
b
eh
av
io
r
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
a
t
ti
m
e.
A
t
ti
m
es
w
h
e
n
t
h
er
e
ar
e
n
o
p
o
s
s
ib
le
av
ailab
le
tr
ea
t
m
e
n
ts
o
r
v
ac
ci
n
atio
n
in
a
n
e
w
ep
id
e
m
ic
o
f
in
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
e,
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
ar
y
ac
tio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
p
lay
a
b
i
g
r
o
le
to
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t.
K
n
o
w
led
g
e
is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
th
e
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
a
p
an
d
e
m
ic,
as
it
h
as
b
ee
n
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
co
u
ld
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
p
eo
p
le’
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
in
p
r
ev
e
n
ti
n
g
t
h
e
d
is
ea
s
e
[
1
0
,
1
1
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
p
r
o
m
o
ti
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
ec
au
t
io
n
ar
y
ac
tio
n
s
is
lar
g
el
y
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
t
h
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
r
d
eter
m
in
a
n
ts
o
f
s
u
ch
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
P
er
ce
iv
ed
r
is
k
is
a
n
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
asp
ec
t
in
h
ea
lt
h
a
n
d
r
is
k
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
ai
m
in
g
to
s
ee
h
o
w
p
eo
p
le
ca
r
e
an
d
d
ea
l
w
it
h
t
h
e
r
i
s
k
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
v
ar
io
u
s
th
eo
r
ies
u
s
ed
to
ass
e
s
s
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
r
is
k
,
h
o
w
ev
er
d
u
r
i
n
g
a
n
e
w
ep
id
em
ic
o
f
in
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
e,
u
s
i
n
g
a
n
o
t
s
p
ec
i
f
ied
m
o
d
el
is
u
n
a
v
o
id
ab
le.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
e
m
ic
h
a
s
n
o
t
y
et
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
w
e
u
s
ed
th
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
v
u
ln
e
r
ab
ilit
y
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
o
f
Hea
lth
B
elie
f
Mo
d
el
to
e
x
p
lo
r
e
th
e
li
k
eli
h
o
o
d
p
eo
p
le
p
er
ce
iv
ed
t
h
e
m
s
el
v
es
ac
q
u
ir
in
g
t
h
e
d
is
ea
s
e.
P
er
ce
iv
ed
r
is
k
also
m
a
y
i
n
f
l
u
en
ce
p
eo
p
le’
s
w
i
llin
g
n
es
s
to
co
m
p
l
y
w
it
h
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
ar
y
ac
tio
n
s
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t th
e
d
i
s
ea
s
e.
[
1
2
]
P
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies
co
n
d
u
cted
in
th
e
u
n
a
f
f
ec
ted
ar
ea
s
d
u
r
in
g
S
AR
S
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
s
h
o
w
ed
t
h
at
t
h
e
p
u
b
lic
in
th
e
u
n
a
f
f
ec
ted
ar
ea
w
er
e
m
o
r
e
lik
el
y
to
b
e
a
w
ar
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
is
e
ase,
less
w
o
r
r
ied
b
u
t
h
as
ta
k
e
n
th
e
p
r
ec
au
t
io
n
ar
y
ac
tio
n
s
to
p
r
ev
en
t
t
h
e
d
is
ea
s
e
[
1
3
]
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ie
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cted
i
n
as
s
es
s
in
g
p
u
b
li
c
r
is
k
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
i
n
C
h
i
n
a
,
th
at
i
t
h
as
b
ee
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
p
er
ce
iv
ed
r
is
k
is
a
g
r
ea
t
w
a
y
to
en
co
u
r
ag
e
p
eo
p
le
to
tak
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
ev
en
ti
v
e
ac
tio
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
s
it
u
atio
n
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
ai
m
ed
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
k
n
o
w
l
ed
g
e
o
f
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
s
to
w
ar
d
s
C
OVI
D
-
19;
p
er
ce
iv
ed
r
is
k
s
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
i
th
o
th
er
e
m
er
g
in
g
i
n
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
es,
an
d
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
ar
y
ac
tio
n
s
ta
k
en
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
tu
d
y
w
a
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
i
n
g
a
n
o
n
l
in
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
f
r
o
m
Feb
r
u
ar
y
1
9
th
,
2
0
2
0
to
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
9
th
2
0
2
0
.
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
w
er
e
t
h
e
g
e
n
er
al
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ian
s
a
g
ed
1
7
y
ea
r
s
a
n
d
ab
o
v
e
r
esid
in
g
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia.
T
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
s
ize
w
as
ca
lcu
la
ted
o
n
li
n
e
(
Qu
a
ltric
s
.
co
m
)
,
u
s
in
g
9
5
%
co
n
f
id
en
ce
lev
e
l
an
d
5
%
o
f
m
ar
g
i
n
er
r
o
r
,
th
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
r
eq
u
ir
ed
s
a
m
p
le
s
ize
w
as
3
8
5
.
Af
ter
e
x
clu
d
in
g
t
h
e
i
n
co
m
p
lete
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e,
t
h
e
to
tal
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
p
lete
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
an
al
y
ze
d
i
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
w
as
3
8
2
.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
w
as
ap
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
th
e
E
t
h
ics
C
o
m
m
ittee
o
f
A
i
s
y
i
y
a
h
Un
i
v
er
s
it
y
(
No
.
1
3
0
5
/KE
P
-
UNI
S
A
/
I
V/2
0
2
0
)
.
I
n
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t,
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
r
es
p
o
n
d
en
t
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
w
a
s
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
ea
c
h
p
ar
ticip
an
t
af
ter
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
e
w
a
s
d
ev
e
lo
p
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
S
AR
S;
h
o
w
e
v
er
s
o
m
e
ad
j
u
s
t
m
e
n
ts
w
er
e
m
ad
e
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
o
r
ig
in
al
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
h
a
s
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
E
n
g
li
s
h
an
d
tr
an
s
lated
an
d
v
alid
ated
in
to
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
to
a
s
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
t
u
n
d
e
r
s
to
o
d
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
co
r
r
ec
tl
y
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
s
tar
ted
w
it
h
t
h
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ct
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
v
o
lv
ed
r
esear
c
h
er
s
a
n
d
g
iv
e
n
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
to
p
ic
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
w
as
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
f
iv
e
s
ec
tio
n
s
:
s
o
cio
-
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
,
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
ar
y
ac
tio
n
s
,
p
er
ce
iv
ed
r
is
k
,
an
d
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
.
P
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
w
a
s
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
3
5
an
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
s
a
m
p
les
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
q
u
es
tio
n
n
air
e.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
w
as
r
ev
ie
w
ed
an
d
r
ev
is
ed
b
y
all
a
u
th
o
r
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t.
J
.
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci.
Vo
l.
1
0
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
21
:
8
–
15
10
3.
I
NS
T
RUM
E
NT
S
T
h
e
s
o
cio
-
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
co
llec
ted
in
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
cl
u
d
ed
ag
e,
g
en
d
er
,
r
eg
io
n
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
a
n
d
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
.
T
h
e
r
eg
io
n
w
a
s
d
i
v
i
d
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
ti
m
e
zo
n
e
clas
s
i
f
icatio
n
;
th
er
ef
o
r
e
it
in
c
lu
d
es
w
e
s
ter
n
r
eg
io
n
(
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
i
n
S
u
m
atr
a
,
J
av
a,
an
d
s
o
m
e
p
r
o
v
i
n
ce
s
i
n
Kali
m
an
ta
n
)
an
d
m
id
d
le
r
eg
io
n
(
B
ali,
E
ast
T
im
o
r
,
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
i
n
Su
la
w
esi,
a
n
d
s
o
m
e
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
i
n
Kali
m
a
n
tan
)
.
Aw
ar
e
n
es
s
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
ab
o
u
t
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
w
a
s
a
s
s
es
s
ed
b
y
a
q
u
est
io
n
“
Ha
v
e
y
o
u
e
v
er
h
ea
r
d
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
?
A
n
d
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
w
er
e
also
as
k
ed
w
h
et
h
er
th
e
y
h
a
v
e
li
v
ed
o
r
v
i
s
ited
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
af
f
ec
ted
co
u
n
tr
ies
i
n
t
h
e
last
s
i
x
m
o
n
t
h
s
.
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
w
a
s
as
s
es
s
ed
w
it
h
s
ix
ite
m
s
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
a
n
d
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
ts
o
f
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
co
n
s
i
s
ted
o
f
th
e
to
tal
co
r
r
ec
t
s
co
r
e
o
f
m
aj
o
r
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
(
f
ev
er
,
co
u
g
h
,
an
d
s
h
o
r
tn
e
s
s
o
f
b
r
ea
th
)
a
n
d
th
e
m
o
d
e
o
f
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
o
f
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
(
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
d
r
o
p
lets
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
w
h
en
a
n
in
f
ec
ted
p
er
s
o
n
co
u
g
h
s
o
r
s
n
ee
ze
s
,
clo
s
e
co
n
tact
w
it
h
t
h
e
in
f
ec
ted
p
er
s
o
n
,
an
d
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
u
te
n
s
il
s
w
i
th
t
h
e
i
n
f
ec
ted
p
er
s
o
n
)
.
T
h
is
w
as
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
a
v
ailab
le
p
u
b
lica
tio
n
ab
o
u
t
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
W
HO
a
n
d
C
DC
at
t
h
at
ti
m
e
[
3
,
1
5
]
.
P
ar
ticip
an
ts
w
h
o
an
s
w
er
ed
"Ye
s
"
w
er
e
g
iv
e
n
1
p
o
in
t
w
h
i
le
"
No
/I
d
o
n
'
t
k
n
o
w"
w
a
s
g
iv
e
n
0
p
o
in
ts
.
T
h
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
to
tal
a
n
s
w
er
i
s
0
-
6
.
A
c
u
t
-
o
f
f
v
al
u
e
o
f
f
i
v
e
w
a
s
s
e
t b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
m
ea
n
o
f
t
h
e
to
tal
s
co
r
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
o
s
e
w
it
h
a
n
o
v
er
all
s
co
r
e
o
f
less
t
h
an
f
iv
e
w
er
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
a
lo
w
lev
e
l
o
f
k
n
o
w
led
g
e.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
t
h
o
s
e
w
it
h
a
to
tal
s
co
r
e
o
f
m
o
r
e
an
d
eq
u
al
to
f
iv
e
w
er
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
at
a
h
ig
h
lev
e
l o
f
k
n
o
w
led
g
e.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
is
m
ea
s
u
r
e
is
0
,
7
6
0
(
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a)
.
P
r
ec
au
tio
n
ar
y
ac
t
io
n
s
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
as
s
ess
ed
w
it
h
1
2
ite
m
s
s
u
ch
as
av
o
id
i
n
g
co
n
tact
w
it
h
s
ic
k
p
eo
p
le,
av
o
id
in
g
co
n
tact
w
i
t
h
o
th
er
p
eo
p
le
w
h
en
s
ick
,
wea
r
in
g
a
m
a
s
k
,
co
v
er
i
n
g
m
o
u
th
a
n
d
n
o
s
e
w
h
e
n
s
n
ee
zi
n
g
/co
u
g
h
in
g
.
T
h
ese
ite
m
s
w
er
e
as
s
es
s
ed
b
y
th
r
ee
ch
o
ices,
"
Yes,"
"
No
,
"
an
d
"No
t
s
u
r
e.
"
E
v
er
y
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
ar
y
ac
tio
n
to
o
k
o
r
an
s
w
er
ed
"
Yes"
g
iv
en
1
p
o
in
t,
an
d
th
e
an
s
w
er
"
No
/I
d
o
n
'
t
k
n
o
w
"
w
as
g
iv
e
n
0
p
o
in
ts
.
T
h
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
th
e
to
tal
an
s
w
er
is
0
-
1
2
.
A
c
u
t
-
o
f
f
v
al
u
e
o
f
n
i
n
e
w
as
s
et
b
ased
o
n
th
e
m
ea
n
o
f
th
e
to
tal
s
co
r
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
o
s
e
w
it
h
a
n
o
v
er
all
s
co
r
e
o
f
les
s
th
a
n
n
i
n
e
w
er
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
a
lo
w
-
l
ev
el
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
ar
y
ac
tio
n
s
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
o
s
e
w
it
h
a
to
tal
s
co
r
e
o
f
m
o
r
e
an
d
eq
u
al
to
n
i
n
e
w
e
r
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
at
a
h
ig
h
le
v
el
o
f
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
ar
y
ac
t
i
o
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
r
e
liab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
is
m
ea
s
u
r
e
w
as 0
.
7
1
7
(
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a)
.
T
h
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
r
is
k
o
f
C
OV
I
D
-
1
9
w
a
s
as
s
es
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
s
tr
en
g
t
h
o
f
t
h
e
l
ik
el
ih
o
o
d
(
p
er
ce
iv
ed
v
u
l
n
er
ab
ilit
y
)
o
f
s
u
f
f
er
in
g
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
ith
o
t
h
er
d
is
ea
s
es,
a
n
d
ac
cid
en
ts
s
u
c
h
as
S
A
R
S,
ME
R
S,
etc.
,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
ese
q
u
esti
o
n
s
u
s
ed
a
f
iv
e
-
p
o
in
t
L
i
k
er
t
s
ca
le,
w
h
er
e
(
1
)
is
v
er
y
u
n
l
ik
el
y
,
to
o
(
5
)
v
er
y
l
ik
el
y
.
T
h
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
r
is
k
a
m
o
n
g
p
ar
ti
cip
an
ts
w
a
s
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
t
w
o
c
ateg
o
r
ies
b
ased
o
n
th
e
an
s
w
er
;
v
er
y
u
n
li
k
el
y
/
u
n
li
k
el
y
/n
e
u
tr
al
a
n
d
lik
el
y
/
v
er
y
li
k
el
y
.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
is
m
ea
s
u
r
e
w
as
0
.
8
0
6
(
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a)
.
T
h
e
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
w
er
e
ass
e
s
s
ed
b
y
ask
i
n
g
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
w
it
h
s
o
m
e
ite
m
s
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
,
s
u
ch
a
s
telev
is
io
n
,
o
f
f
icial
w
eb
s
i
tes
,
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia,
etc.
T
h
is
q
u
esti
o
n
w
as a
s
s
es
s
ed
b
y
t
h
r
ee
ch
o
ic
es,
"
Yes,"
"
No
,
"
"
No
t su
r
e"
.
T
h
e
d
ata
w
er
e
an
a
l
y
ze
d
u
s
i
n
g
SP
SS
v
er
s
io
n
2
2
.
0
(
I
B
M
C
o
r
p
.
,
A
r
m
o
n
k
,
NY,
US
A
)
.
A
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
al
y
s
is
co
n
d
u
cted
to
t
h
e
s
o
ci
o
-
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
k
n
o
w
led
g
e,
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
ar
y
ac
tio
n
s
,
t
h
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
r
is
k
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
,
an
d
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Af
ter
co
n
d
u
cti
n
g
t
h
e
Ko
l
m
o
g
o
r
o
v
-
S
m
ir
n
o
v
to
ass
es
s
th
e
n
o
r
m
alit
y
o
f
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
n
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
v
ar
i
ab
les
s
h
o
w
ed
a
n
o
r
m
a
l
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
Sp
ea
r
m
an
’
s
co
r
r
elatio
n
te
s
t
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
id
en
ti
f
y
th
e
a
s
s
o
ciatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
r
is
k
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
w
ith
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
a
n
d
p
r
ec
a
u
tio
n
ar
y
ac
tio
n
s
.
Valu
e
o
f
p
w
as
less
t
h
a
n
0
.
0
5
;
it
w
as
co
n
s
i
d
er
ed
as
a
s
tatis
tica
l
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
ce
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
m
aj
o
r
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
w
er
e
f
e
m
ale
(
7
0
%),
p
eo
p
le
ag
ed
1
7
-
2
5
(
6
5
.
7
%),
li
v
in
g
i
n
t
h
e
w
e
s
ter
n
r
eg
io
n
(
6
8
.
6
%),
h
o
ld
in
g
b
ac
h
elo
r
d
eg
r
ee
s
(
7
0
.
4
%)
,
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
3
9
.
5
)
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
p
ar
ti
cip
an
t
i
n
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
co
m
p
r
i
s
ed
y
o
u
n
g
p
eo
p
le.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
a
w
ar
en
e
s
s
,
9
2
.
9
%
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
h
av
e
h
ea
r
d
ab
o
u
t
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
On
l
y
9
.
7
%
h
ad
li
v
ed
o
r
v
is
ited
t
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
af
f
ec
ted
co
u
n
tr
ie
s
i
n
th
e
last
f
e
w
m
o
n
t
h
s
as s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
1
.
4
.
1
.
CO
VID
-
1
9
re
la
t
ed
k
n
o
w
ledg
e
T
h
e
m
aj
o
r
ity
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
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4
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7
.
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e
atten
tio
n
w
h
ile
co
u
g
h
in
g
as
th
e
m
o
s
tl
y
ta
k
en
b
e
h
av
io
r
to
p
r
e
v
en
t
an
i
n
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
e
[
1
3
]
.
A
s
tu
d
y
i
n
Ho
n
g
Ko
n
g
s
h
o
w
ed
t
h
at
m
aj
o
r
ity
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
w
o
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ld
p
er
f
o
r
m
p
r
ev
e
n
ti
v
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
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ch
as
w
ea
r
i
n
g
f
ac
e
m
as
k
s
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n
p
u
b
lic
(
7
3
.
8
%)
a
n
d
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
h
an
d
w
as
h
i
n
g
(
8
6
.
7
%)
i
f
h
u
m
a
n
-
to
-
h
u
m
an
tr
an
s
m
is
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io
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o
f
A
v
ia
n
I
n
f
l
u
e
n
za
w
o
u
ld
o
cc
u
r
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
,
w
h
er
e
h
u
m
a
n
-
to
-
h
u
m
an
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
w
er
e
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
b
u
t
y
et
to
ca
u
s
e
a
lo
ca
l
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tb
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k
,
it
w
a
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
8
8
%
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
p
er
f
o
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m
ed
t
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ac
tio
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f
w
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g
f
ac
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m
as
k
s
to
p
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ev
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t t
h
e
d
is
ea
s
e.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
th
e
p
r
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au
tio
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ar
y
ac
tio
n
s
less
li
k
el
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to
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w
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an
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in
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t
b
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p
u
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tr
a
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p
o
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tatio
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.
T
h
is
f
i
n
d
in
g
m
a
y
b
e
p
ar
tly
d
u
e
to
n
o
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
ca
s
es
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
ti
m
e
o
f
t
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y
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s
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p
er
f
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m
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t
h
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p
r
ec
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tio
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ar
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ac
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as
n
o
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ec
es
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ar
y
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as
p
eo
p
le
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s
til
l
allo
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r
r
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t
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eir
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al
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w
o
r
k
i
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g
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g
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in
g
to
s
ch
o
o
l,
etc.
)
.
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h
er
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w
er
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n
o
s
tr
ict
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e
g
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la
tio
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et
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y
th
e
g
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v
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m
en
t
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li
m
it
in
g
th
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m
o
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ilit
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o
f
th
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le,
an
d
s
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c
h
p
u
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lic
s
er
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n
n
o
u
n
ce
m
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n
t
w
a
s
n
o
t
av
ai
la
b
le.
A
d
d
itio
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all
y
,
th
e
tr
av
e
l
r
estrictio
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f
r
o
m
Hu
b
ei
p
r
o
v
in
ce
to
I
n
d
o
n
esia
w
as
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
at
th
e
en
d
o
f
J
an
u
ar
y
.
T
h
is
h
a
s
b
ee
n
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
e
x
p
lai
n
ed
in
th
e
h
ea
l
th
b
elie
f
m
o
d
el
(
HB
M)
,
th
at
s
u
ch
e
x
te
r
n
al
tr
ig
g
er
co
u
ld
p
r
o
m
p
t
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iv
id
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al
to
en
g
ag
e
i
n
a
p
r
ev
e
n
t
iv
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
[
1
5
]
.
E
ar
lier
s
tu
d
y
i
n
Si
n
g
ap
o
r
e
r
ev
ea
led
t
h
at
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
g
o
v
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n
m
en
t
i
s
ca
p
ab
le
i
n
g
ai
n
in
g
p
u
b
lic
tr
u
s
t
in
h
alti
n
g
S
A
R
S
o
u
tb
r
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k
b
y
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
in
g
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e,
t
h
e
p
u
b
lic
co
m
p
lian
ce
is
h
i
g
h
[
1
9
]
.
Desp
ite
t
h
e
lac
k
in
g
o
f
tr
av
el
r
estrictio
n
,
a
v
o
id
in
g
t
r
av
elin
g
to
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
i
m
p
ac
t
ed
ar
ea
s
w
a
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
t
ak
en
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
ar
y
ac
tio
n
s
to
p
r
ev
en
t
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
p
ar
tici
p
a
n
ts
w
h
en
t
h
er
e
w
er
e
n
o
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
ca
s
es.
4
.
8
.
P
er
ce
i
v
ed
r
is
k
t
o
w
a
rds
CO
VID
-
19
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
o
th
er
d
is
ea
s
e
s
o
r
ac
cid
en
t
s
,
o
n
l
y
a
f
e
w
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
it
lik
el
y
o
r
v
er
y
lik
e
l
y
th
at
th
e
y
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
in
f
ec
ted
b
y
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
Fe
m
ale
r
ep
o
r
te
d
to
h
av
e
h
ig
h
er
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
r
is
k
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
r
is
k
o
f
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
co
ld
w
a
s
r
ep
o
r
t
ed
h
ig
h
er
t
h
an
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
T
h
is
f
i
n
d
in
g
is
i
n
lin
e
w
it
h
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
y
t
h
at
f
o
u
n
d
r
is
k
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
co
m
m
o
n
co
ld
a
m
o
n
g
a
p
o
p
u
latio
n
w
a
s
th
e
h
ig
h
es
t
w
h
e
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
o
th
er
d
is
ea
s
e
s
o
r
ac
cid
en
ts
[
1
6
]
.
Ov
er
all,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
s
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
a
v
e
lo
w
p
er
ce
iv
ed
r
is
k
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
an
d
it
w
as
s
o
m
e
wh
at
co
n
ce
r
n
i
n
g
in
t
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
itu
a
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
.
E
ar
l
ier
s
tu
d
y
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
t
h
er
e
w
a
s
a
p
o
s
s
ib
il
it
y
o
f
u
n
d
er
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ca
s
es
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
a
s
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
l
p
r
ed
icted
at
least
th
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e
s
h
o
u
ld
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
f
i
v
e
ca
s
es o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
in
I
n
d
o
n
es
ia
in
th
e
ea
r
l
y
Feb
r
u
ar
y
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
u
g
g
est
s
th
at
t
h
e
lo
w
er
r
is
k
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
d
b
y
a
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
t
h
at
n
o
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
ca
s
es
w
er
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
a
n
d
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
a
s
s
u
m
p
tio
n
th
a
t
th
e
n
o
v
el
co
r
o
n
av
ir
u
s
h
ad
a
lo
w
s
u
r
v
i
v
al
i
n
tr
o
p
ical
r
eg
io
n
s
,
as
s
i
m
ilar
l
y
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
y
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
t
h
e
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
p
ar
ad
ig
m
,
wh
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p
s
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f
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to
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s
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lu
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n
ce
d
in
d
iv
id
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r
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k
p
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ce
p
tio
n
[
2
2
]
.
A
d
d
itio
n
all
y
,
s
in
ce
n
o
s
i
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n
if
ican
t
r
esp
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g
th
e
p
ar
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ts
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n
th
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s
tu
d
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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Ma
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20
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15
14
On
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n
o
tab
le
f
in
d
i
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g
s
o
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r
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eh
a
v
io
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r
’
s
[
2
3
,
24]
.
I
n
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
,
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
w
h
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h
ad
a
h
ig
h
er
p
er
ce
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r
is
k
o
f
C
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D
-
1
9
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
h
i
g
h
er
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
ar
y
ac
tio
n
s
as
t
h
e
p
r
ev
en
ti
v
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e.
T
h
is
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
i
s
s
o
m
e
w
h
a
t
s
i
m
ilar
to
th
e
p
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ev
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u
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t
u
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y
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h
at
f
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d
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cr
ea
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ed
,
p
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r
is
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o
r
r
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k
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p
tio
n
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f
t
h
e
d
i
s
ea
s
e
also
in
cr
ea
s
ed
[
1
3
,
25]
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
t
h
is
f
i
n
d
in
g
also
s
u
p
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ted
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tio
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Hea
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B
elie
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Mo
d
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at
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s
e
v
er
it
y
an
d
v
u
l
n
er
ab
ilit
y
ar
e
h
i
g
h
[
2
6
]
.
An
ea
r
lier
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
p
eo
p
le
w
it
h
h
i
g
h
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k
p
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ce
p
tio
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o
f
S
AR
S
w
er
e
m
o
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e
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k
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to
p
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f
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m
p
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ec
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t
h
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m
s
el
v
es
f
r
o
m
ac
q
u
ir
in
g
S
AR
S
[
2
7
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
n
o
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
as
s
o
ciatio
n
b
et
w
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n
s
o
cio
-
d
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g
r
ap
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p
s
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n
d
th
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
v
u
l
n
er
ab
ilit
y
o
f
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
w
a
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
.
T
h
i
s
f
i
n
d
in
g
is
s
o
m
e
w
h
at
i
n
lin
e
with
a
r
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
y
o
f
r
is
k
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
in
Ho
n
g
Ko
n
g
,
w
h
ich
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
ex
ce
p
t
f
o
r
ag
e,
n
o
s
o
cio
-
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
w
e
r
e
ass
o
ciate
d
w
ith
t
h
e
co
n
ce
r
n
o
f
ac
q
u
ir
in
g
th
e
d
is
ea
s
e
[
2
8
]
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
a
r
y
ac
tio
n
s
f
u
r
th
er
r
ep
o
r
ted
h
av
in
g
an
ass
o
ciat
io
n
w
i
th
k
n
o
w
led
g
e,
s
u
g
g
e
s
ti
n
g
t
h
at
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
w
h
o
h
ad
a
h
i
g
h
er
lev
el
o
f
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
to
o
k
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
au
ti
o
n
ar
y
ac
tio
n
s
.
T
h
is
f
i
n
d
in
g
is
s
i
m
ilar
to
t
h
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
t
u
d
y
o
n
S
AR
S
th
at
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
s
w
it
h
b
etter
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
also
h
ad
a
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
p
r
ec
a
u
tio
n
ar
y
ac
tio
n
s
[
2
9
]
.
A
s
i
m
ilar
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
al
s
o
r
ev
ea
led
t
h
at
i
n
f
ec
t
io
u
s
d
is
ea
s
e
-
r
elate
d
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
ca
n
in
f
l
u
en
ce
p
eo
p
le
to
en
g
ag
e
in
p
r
ev
en
t
iv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
[
3
0
]
.
P
eo
p
le
ag
ed
3
6
-
4
5
y
ea
r
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
to
tak
e
h
i
g
h
er
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
ar
y
ac
ti
o
n
s
to
p
r
ev
en
t
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
as
s
o
ci
atio
n
w
a
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
b
et
w
ee
n
o
th
er
s
o
cio
-
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
ar
y
ac
tio
n
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
f
ac
to
r
s
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
t
h
e
en
g
a
g
e
m
en
t to
tak
e
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
ar
y
ac
t
io
n
s
ar
e
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
t
o
b
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
in
f
u
t
u
r
e
s
t
u
d
ies.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
o
f
r
is
k
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ar
e
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
i
n
ca
s
e
o
f
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
,
ev
e
n
w
h
e
n
th
er
e
w
er
e
s
till
n
o
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
ca
s
es.
T
h
is
is
s
u
e
co
u
ld
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
b
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
t
h
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
u
b
lic;
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
th
eir
f
a
m
iliar
it
y
b
y
d
is
s
e
m
i
n
a
tin
g
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
ab
o
u
t
th
e
d
is
ea
s
e
in
h
o
p
e
it
co
u
ld
lead
t
o
t
h
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
o
f
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
i
n
tak
in
g
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
ar
y
ac
tio
n
s
to
p
r
ev
en
t
th
e
d
is
ea
s
e.
Me
a
n
w
h
ile,
t
h
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
s
h
o
u
ld
f
o
cu
s
m
o
r
e
o
n
th
e
ea
r
l
y
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
t
h
at
m
i
g
h
t in
f
lu
e
n
ce
h
ig
h
er
p
er
ce
iv
ed
r
is
k
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
p
u
b
lic.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
h
as
s
ev
e
r
al
li
m
i
tatio
n
s
.
Du
e
to
th
e
s
m
all
s
a
m
p
le
g
at
h
er
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
t
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
i
n
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
n
ee
d
to
b
e
in
ter
p
r
eted
w
it
h
ca
u
t
io
n
s
.
Me
an
w
h
i
le,
n
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
li
v
e
i
n
t
h
e
ea
s
ter
n
ar
ea
a
n
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
w
o
m
en
in
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
is
lar
g
e
r
th
an
m
e
n
.
F
u
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
w
as
g
at
h
er
ed
u
s
i
n
g
o
n
li
n
e
q
u
est
io
n
n
air
e,
all
o
w
i
n
g
o
n
l
y
p
eo
p
le
w
ith
g
o
o
d
ac
ce
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
in
ter
n
et
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
.
5.
CO
NCLUS
I
O
N
W
h
en
t
h
er
e
w
a
s
n
o
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
ca
s
e
in
I
n
d
o
n
es
ia,
th
e
p
ar
tic
ip
an
ts
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
w
er
e
a
w
ar
e
an
d
h
ad
s
u
f
f
ic
ie
n
t
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
ab
o
u
t
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
e
c
o
n
ce
r
n
i
n
g
t
h
i
n
g
w
a
s
th
e
lo
w
p
er
ce
iv
ed
r
is
k
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
a
m
o
n
g
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia
n
s
th
a
t
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
d
th
eir
p
r
ec
au
t
io
n
ar
y
ac
tio
n
s
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
in
t
h
is
p
r
ese
n
t s
tu
d
y
co
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
as
v
al
u
ab
le
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
a
m
o
n
g
h
ea
lth
co
m
m
u
n
icato
r
s
a
n
d
p
o
lic
y
m
a
k
er
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
r
is
k
co
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
is
ef
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
d
eliv
er
ed
t
o
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
in
ca
s
e
o
f
a
lo
ca
l
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
,
also
to
s
tr
e
n
g
t
h
e
n
t
h
e
ea
r
l
y
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
p
r
e
v
en
t
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
an
d
o
t
h
er
e
m
er
g
i
n
g
i
n
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
es i
n
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Zh
u
,
N.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
A
No
v
e
l
Co
ro
n
a
v
iru
s
f
ro
m
P
a
ti
e
n
ts
w
it
h
P
n
e
u
m
o
n
ia
in
C
h
in
a
,
2
0
1
9
,
"
Ne
w
En
g
la
n
d
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
e
d
icin
e
,
v
o
l.
3
8
2
, n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
7
2
7
-
7
3
3
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
5
6
/
NEJMo
a
2
0
0
1
0
1
7
.
[2
]
W
u
,
Z.
a
n
d
M
c
G
o
o
g
a
n
J.
M
.
,
"
Ch
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
a
n
d
Im
p
o
rtan
t
L
e
ss
o
n
s
F
ro
m
th
e
C
o
ro
n
a
v
iru
s
Dise
a
se
2
0
1
9
(
COV
ID
-
1
9
)
Ou
tb
re
a
k
in
Ch
in
a
:
S
u
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
a
R
e
p
o
rt
o
f
7
2
3
1
4
Ca
se
s
F
ro
m
th
e
Ch
in
e
se
Ce
n
ter
f
o
r
Dise
a
se
Co
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
P
re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
,
"
J
AM
A,
v
o
l.
323
,
n
o
.
13
,
p
p
.
1
2
3
9
-
1
2
4
2
,
2020
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
1
/
ja
m
a
.
2
0
2
0
.
2
6
4
8
.
[3
]
W
HO
,
Co
ro
n
a
v
iru
s (COV
ID
-
19)
,
2
0
2
0
[
O
n
li
n
e
].
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s://
c
o
v
id
1
9
.
w
h
o
.
in
t/
[4
]
L
i,
Q.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Earl
y
T
ra
n
s
m
issio
n
D
y
n
a
m
ics
in
W
u
h
a
n
,
Ch
in
a
,
o
f
No
v
e
l
C
o
ro
n
a
v
iru
s
-
In
f
e
c
ted
P
n
e
u
m
o
n
ia,”
N
En
g
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
M
e
d
icin
e
,
v
o
l.
3
8
2
,
n
o
.
1
3
,
p
p
.
1
1
9
9
-
1
2
0
7
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
5
6
/
NEJMo
a
2
0
0
1
3
1
6
.
[5
]
W
HO
,
M
o
d
e
s
o
f
tran
s
m
issio
n
o
f
v
iru
s
c
a
u
sin
g
COV
ID
-
1
9
:
im
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
I
P
C
p
re
c
a
u
ti
o
n
re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
a
ti
o
n
s
,
2
0
2
0
.
[
On
li
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s://
ww
w
.
w
h
o
.
in
t/
n
e
w
s
-
ro
o
m
/co
m
m
e
n
tarie
s/d
e
tail/
m
o
d
e
s
-
of
-
tran
s
m
issio
n
-
of
-
v
iru
s
-
c
a
u
sin
g
-
c
o
v
id
-
19
-
im
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
-
f
o
r
-
ip
c
-
p
re
c
a
u
ti
o
n
-
re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
a
ti
o
n
s
[6
]
W
a
n
g
,
L
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Co
ro
n
a
v
iru
s
d
i
se
a
se
2
0
1
9
in
e
ld
e
rly
p
a
ti
e
n
ts:
C
h
a
ra
c
teristi
c
s
a
n
d
p
ro
g
n
o
stic
f
a
c
to
rs
b
a
se
d
o
n
4
-
w
e
e
k
f
o
ll
o
w
-
u
p
,
"
J
o
u
rn
a
l
I
n
fec
t
io
n
,
v
o
l.
8
0
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
6
3
9
-
6
4
5
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
ji
n
f
.
2
0
2
0
.
0
3
.
0
1
9
.
[7
]
T
h
a
n
h
L
e
,
T
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
T
h
e
COV
I
D
-
19
v
a
c
c
in
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
lan
d
sc
a
p
e
,
"
Na
t
u
re
Rev
iews
Dr
u
g
Dis
c
o
v
e
ry
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
3
0
5
-
3
0
6
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
3
8
/
d
4
1
5
7
3
-
0
2
0
-
0
0
0
7
3
-
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t.
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.
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u
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci.
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N:
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-
8806
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n
o
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e,
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ec
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tio
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erceive
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is
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o
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n
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15
[8
]
G
u
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5
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D
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,
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