Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
u
bli
c Hea
lt
h S
c
ie
nce (IJPH
S)
Vo
l.
7
, No
.
4,
Decem
ber
201
8,
pp. 2
60
~
267
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8806,
DOI: 10
.11
591/ij
phs.
v7
i
4.
14261
260
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
https:
//
ww
w.i
aesco
re
.c
om
/j
our
nals/
ind
ex.
php/IJP
H
S
Risk
Fac
tors
of
Drug
Abuse
amon
g
Ad
oles
ce
n
ce
Li
ena
S
of
i
ana
, S
uci
Musvit
a A
yu
,
Marsi
ana Wib
owo
, Er
ni Gus
tina, S
atri
awa
n
Jaoha
ndh
y Muh
to
ri
Facul
t
y
of
Publi
c
Hea
lt
h
,
Univ
er
sita
s Ahm
ad
Da
hla
n
,
Indone
si
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
ul
11
, 2
01
8
Re
vised
N
ov
8
, 201
8
Accepte
d
Nov
15
, 201
8
Yogyaka
rta
Ci
ty
,
w
hich
is
k
now
n
as
the
c
enter
of
e
du
c
a
ti
on
is
a
po
te
ntial
place
for
dru
g
a
bus
er
to
distri
bu
te
il
le
gal
substance
to
the
youth.
It
is
e
vi
den
t
i
n
the
gre
at
nu
m
ber
of
dru
g
us
er
s
in
Y
og
ya
kar
ta
Ci
ty
,
in
wh
ic
h
50
%
of
them
are
ad
olescent
s
and
un
i
ver
sit
y
stud
ents.
The
resea
rc
h
aim
ed
to
know
t
he
relat
ion
sh
i
ps
pr
e
disposi
ng,
enab
li
ng,
and
rein
forci
ng
facto
rs
a
nd
the
dru
g
ab
use
a
m
on
g
a
do
le
scents
in
Yogyaka
rta
Ci
ty
.
The
re
searc
h
em
plo
y
ed
cr
os
s
sect
io
nal
de
sign.
T
he
sam
ples
wer
e
ta
ken
us
in
g
m
ulti
sta
ge
rand
om
cl
us
te
r
sa
m
pling.
Th
e
data
we
re
ta
ke
n
th
rou
gh
ques
ti
on
n
ai
re
giv
e
n
to
481
yo
uth,
at
the
age
of
15
-
19
ye
ars
in
18
seni
or
hi
gh
sc
hool
a
nd
the
eq
uals
i
n
Y
og
ya
kar
ta
Ci
ty
.
The
data
wer
e
t
hen
an
al
yz
ed
us
i
ng
Chi
Squar
e
te
st.
Atti
tud
e
,
sel
f
-
c
onfide
nc
e,
fam
ily
ro
le
,
and
pee
r’
s
r
ole
are
relat
ed
to
dru
g
ab
us
e
.
K
no
wled
ge,
in
form
ation
sou
r
ces,
an
d
te
ache
r’
s
r
ole
are
no
t
relat
ed
to
dru
g
a
bu
se
.
Ke
yw
or
d:
Adolesce
nt
Drug a
bu
se
Ri
sk
f
act
or
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Lie
na
S
of
ia
na
,
Faculty
of Pu
bl
ic
H
eal
th,
Un
i
ver
sit
as
A
hm
ad
Da
hlan
,
Indo
nesia.
Em
a
il
:
l
ie
na.
sofia
na@
i
km
.u
ad.
ac.i
d
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Drug
ab
us
e
m
eans
the
us
e
of
on
e
or
m
or
e
ty
pes
of
dr
ug
s
per
i
od
ic
al
ly
or
regularly
with
ou
t
m
edical
ind
ic
at
io
n.
It
m
ay
le
ad
to
physi
cal
and
ps
y
cho
l
og
ic
al
heal
th
pr
ob
le
m
as
well
as
disturb
ing
so
ci
al
func
ti
on
[1
]
.
Adolesce
nce
i
s
the
per
i
od
of
ra
pid
physi
cal
,
ps
yc
holo
gica
l,
an
d
i
ntell
ect
ual
growt
h
an
d
de
velo
pm
ent.
Adolesce
nts
ha
ve
s
pecial
ch
aracte
risti
cs,
in
that
they
a
re
c
ur
i
ou
s
,
lo
ve
a
dvent
ur
es
an
d
c
halle
ng
e
s,
as
well
a
s
hav
i
ng the te
ndency t
o
ta
ke
r
isk, or t
akin
g
a
ct
ion
without
t
hinkin
g
[2
]
.
In
w
or
ld
dru
g
repor
t
2014,
i
t
is
known
t
hat
the
est
i
m
at
ion
of
dru
g
us
ers
in
2012
was
be
tween
16
2
m
illi
on
an
d
32
4
m
illi
on
,
or
3.
5%
-
7%
.
T
he
c
om
par
ison
of
t
he
pr
e
valence
in
2012
(
3.5%
-
7%)
an
d
t
hat
of
20
10
(3.5
%
-
5.7%)
s
how
a
relat
ivel
y
sta
ble
pr
eval
ence
of
dru
g
a
bu
s
e.
T
he
m
os
t
com
m
on
t
yp
es
to
us
e
we
re
ganja,
op
i
oid
,
co
cai
ne
, or
am
ph
et
am
i
ne
a
nd sti
m
ula
nt ty
pes
[3
]
.
It
is
est
i
m
at
ed
that
on
e
out
of
twenty
adu
lt
s,
or
a
qu
a
rter
m
il
li
on
people,
r
ang
e
d
f
ro
m
15
to
64
ye
ars
old
,
hav
e
e
ver
us
e
d
at
le
ast
on
e
ty
pe
of
dru
gs
in
2014.
T
he
est
i
m
a
ti
on
of
207.400
dru
g
-
relat
ed
death
was
in
li
ne
with
43.
5 death
pe
r
m
illio
n,
with the
age
grou
p of
15
-
64 yea
rs old
[4].
The
pr
e
valenc
e
of
dru
g
ab
use
was
in
t
he
r
ang
e
of
2.2
0%
,
or
ar
ound
4.
098.0
29
pe
op
l
e
of
t
he
total
popula
ti
on
of
I
ndonesi
a
(ag
e
d
10
-
59
ye
ars
ol
d)
.
A
cco
rd
i
ng
to
Nati
on
al
N
arco
ti
cs
Boa
rd,
no
re
ge
ncy/
ci
t
y
in
Ind
on
esi
a
is
f
ree
f
ro
m
drug
pro
blem
[5
]
.
The
sur
vey
cond
ucted
by
the
Re
searc
h
Ce
ntre
of
D
at
a
and
Inform
at
ion
of
Nati
on
al
Na
rc
otics
Boar
d
sta
te
d
that
the
pr
e
valence
of
dru
g
ab
us
e
in
the
ci
ty
(1
.9
%
)
is
highe
r
than
t
hat of t
he
r
e
gen
cy
(1.4%
)
[
2].
As
m
any
as
50%
us
er
s
ar
e
stud
ents
,
at
school
and
un
i
ver
sit
y
le
vel.
In
2014,
dru
g
us
er
s
in
Yogyaka
rta
Ci
ty
was
in
the
f
ifth
place
in
na
ti
on
al
le
vel
an
d
in
2015
it
w
ent
dow
n
to
t
he
ei
gh
th
.
I
n
th
e
sam
e
ye
ar,
the
us
ers
in
Y
og
ya
kar
t
a
Ci
ty
reached
62.08
2
in
num
ber
,
wh
il
e
in
20
15
t
he
num
ber
decr
ease
d
in
t
o
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPHS
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8806
Risk
Fa
ct
or
s
of
D
r
ug A
bu
s
e
amo
ng A
dole
scence
(L
ie
na
Sofi
ana
)
261
60.18
2
us
ers
.
The
worst
cas
e
was
i
n
the
l
evel
of
se
nior
high
(S
MA
),
wh
ic
h
was
61.
9%
of
t
he
tota
l
case
(18
9.294 sus
pe
ct
s)
[
6].
Ba
sed
on
the
da
ta
of
Drug
A
dd
ic
ti
on
Treat
m
ent
Ce
ntre,
the
highest
nu
m
ber
of
drug
use
rs
are
in
the
le
vel
of
se
nior
high
sch
ool.
W
it
hin
2008
-
2012,
t
he
pro
po
rtion
of
t
he
nu
m
ber
of
dru
g
s
us
pe
ct
s
were
in
seni
or
high
sch
ool
[7
]
.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
t
he
researc
h
is
ai
m
ed
to
know
t
he
co
rr
el
at
io
n
betwee
n
predis
po
s
i
ng,
ena
blin
g,
an
d
reinfo
rcin
g
fa
c
tors
a
nd
dru
g u
sers by a
do
le
sc
ents in
Yo
gyak
arta Ci
ty
.
2.
RESEA
R
CH
METHO
D
The
resea
rch
was
obser
vatio
nal
ty
pe
with
qu
a
ntit
at
ive
ap
proac
h
us
in
g
c
ro
ss
sect
io
nal
desig
n.
T
he
popula
ti
on
is
a
ll
stud
e
nts
in
80
S
eni
or
Hi
gh
School,
a
nd
th
e
eq
uals,
in
Y
og
ya
kar
ta
Ci
ty
,
as
m
any
as
36
,
360
stud
e
nts.
T
he
s
a
m
ples
wer
e
ta
ken
us
i
ng
m
ulti
sta
ge
ra
ndom
cl
us
te
r
sam
pling
an
d
wer
e
ad
de
d
as
m
uch
as
10%
base
d
on
t
he
cal
culat
ion
of
the
sam
ples
to
av
oid
a
m
issi
ng
data.
The
s
a
m
ples
wer
e
a
lso
ta
ke
n
base
d
on
par
ti
cula
r
crit
eria.
I
nclusi
on
crit
eria:
al
l
stud
ents
of
15
to
19
ye
ar
s
ol
d
from
the
schools
sel
ect
ed
to
be
the
locat
i
on
of
t
he
resea
rch
ba
sed
on
sam
pling
te
ch
niques
an
d
st
udents
w
ho
ar
e
wi
ll
ing
t
o
beco
m
e
the
respo
nd
e
nts.
E
xclusi
on
c
rite
ria:
n
um
ber
of stud
e
nts less tha
n
the m
ini
m
u
m
n
um
ber
r
e
quir
ed
f
ro
m
each
schoo
l
and
sub
-
distri
ct
with
le
ss
t
han
thr
ee
vill
ages.
The
sa
m
ple
s
wer
e
481
in
num
ber
.
The
resea
rc
h
us
ed
qu
e
sti
onnaire
a
s the i
ns
tr
um
ents. Th
e
d
at
a
we
re a
naly
zed
us
i
ng Chi
Square
te
st.
3.
RESU
LT
S
The
respo
nd
e
nt
char
act
erist
ic
s
ar
e
il
lustrate
d
in
t
he
Ta
ble
1.
T
he
biggest
nu
m
ber
of
t
he
respo
nd
e
nts
are
16
ye
ars
ol
d,
reac
hin
g
231
pe
op
le
(
48
%),
a
nd
t
he
s
m
al
le
st
nu
m
ber
is
19
ye
a
rs
ol
d,
reac
hing
6
people
(1.2
%
)
of
t
he
sam
ples.
Ba
sed
on
ge
nder,
there
a
re
245
m
a
le
respond
ents.
E
ve
n
s
o,
the
re
su
lt
s
ar
e
not
sign
ific
a
nt
c
om
par
ed
to
t
he
nu
m
ber
of
fem
al
e
respo
nd
e
nt
s.
T
he
highest
per
ce
n
ta
ge
of
t
he
le
vel
of
e
ducat
ion
is
Seni
or
High
Scho
ol,
as
m
any
as
216
re
sp
on
de
nts
(
44.
9%),
a
nd
the
lowest
is
el
em
entary
sc
hool
le
vel,
reachi
ng 26
res
pondents
(5.
4%
)
s
how
n
i
n
T
able 2.
Table
1.
Res
po
nd
e
nt C
har
act
e
risti
cs
B
ased
on
Ag
e
No
Year
Frequ
en
cy
Percentag
e
(%)
Mean
Min
Max
1
15
85
17.
7
16.
28
15
19
2
16
231
48.
0
3
17
118
24.
5
4
18
41
8.
5
5
19
6
1.
2
Total
481
100.
0
So
u
rce:
Pri
m
ar
y
D
ata,
2
0
1
7
Table
2.
Distri
bu
ti
on
of Res
ponde
nt Cha
ract
erist
ic
s
B
ased
on G
e
nder
and
Pa
ren
ts
’
E
du
cat
io
n Level
No
Ch
arac
teristics
Frequ
en
cy
Percentag
e
(%)
1.
Gen
d
er
Male
236
49.
1
Fe
m
ale
245
50.
9
2.
Parents
’
Edu
catio
n
L
ev
el
Un
k
n
o
wn
62
12.
9
Ele
m
en
ta
ry
26
5.
4
Ju
n
io
r
Hig
h
36
7.
5
Sen
io
r
Hig
h
216
44.
9
Hig
h
er
Edu
catio
n
141
29.
3
Total
481
100.
0
So
u
rce:
Pri
m
ar
y
D
ata,
2
0
1
7
U
ni
var
ia
te
res
ults
of
the
rese
arch
is
show
n
in
Table
3
.
T
he
stud
e
nts
in
the
seni
or
hi
gh
schools
an
d
the
eq
uals
in
Yogyaka
rta
Ci
ty
,
as
m
any
as
361
res
ponde
nts
(
75.1
%
),
ha
ve
hi
gh
e
r
le
ve
l
of
kn
ow
le
dge.
T
he
un
i
var
ia
te
a
naly
sis
on
at
ti
tu
de
is
cat
egorize
d
int
o
tw
o:
ne
gative
a
nd
pos
it
ive.
Tw
o
hundre
d
an
d
fift
y
four
respo
nd
e
nts,
or
52.
8%,
ha
ve
po
sit
ive
at
ti
tud
e.
H
oweve
r
the
res
ults
are
no
t
sig
nificant
ly
diff
ere
nt
be
tween
neg
at
ive
a
nd
po
sit
ive
at
ti
t
ud
e.
It
is
known
that
375
r
esp
onde
nts
(78%)
are
c
onfiden
t.
F
ro
m
the
three
cat
egories
of
inf
or
m
at
ion
sources
,
the
gr
ea
te
st
nu
m
ber
is
the
one
with
the
lowest
in
f
or
m
at
ion
sour
ces,
as
m
any as 24
0
re
sp
on
de
nts (4
9.9%).
Fam
il
y
ro
le
is
cat
egorized
i
nto
t
wo
:
par
ti
c
ipati
ng
a
nd
l
ess
pa
rtic
ipati
ng.
It
is
known
t
hat
32
3
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8806
IJPHS
V
ol.
7
,
No.
4
,
Decem
ber
2018:
260
–
267
262
respo
nd
e
nts
(
67
.
2%
)
sta
te
s
that
fa
m
i
ly
is
inv
olv
e
d
in
sh
a
ping
ad
olescent’
s
be
ha
vior,
pa
rtic
ularly
in
pr
e
ve
nting
the
m
fr
om
us
ing
dru
gs
.
Sim
il
arl
y,
te
acher
’s
r
ol
e
is
cat
eg
or
iz
ed
int
o
t
wo
:
pa
rtic
ipati
ng
an
d
le
ss
par
ti
ci
patin
g.
Four
hundre
ds
and
te
n
res
pondents
(85.2%
)
sta
te
d
that
te
achers
c
ontrib
ute
to
sh
a
pe
the
at
ti
tud
e
of
the
stu
de
nts.
As
for
pee
r’
s
ro
le
,
it
is
kn
own
that
pee
rs
influ
e
nce
the
youth
in
us
in
g
dr
ugs
.
From
al
l
the
respo
nd
e
nts,
267
pe
op
le
(
55.
5%
)
sta
te
s
tha
t
their
peer
s
di
d
not
influ
e
nc
e
them
in
us
in
g
dru
gs
.
Thirt
y
-
one
(6.4
%
)
re
spo
ndents
ha
ve
eve
r
us
e
d
dru
gs
without
m
edical
ind
ic
at
ion
a
nd
450
res
pondents
ha
ve
ne
ve
r
us
e
d
dru
gs
. T
he
re a
r
e 24 m
al
e u
ser
s and
7 fem
al
e
us
ers
, while
t
he
av
e
rag
e
ag
e
is 1
7
ye
ar
s
old
.
Table
3.
Distri
bu
ti
on
of
Un
i
va
riat
e Result
s
No
Variables
Frequ
en
cy
Percentag
e
(%)
1.
Kn
o
wled
g
e
Low
120
24.
9
Hig
h
361
75.
1
2.
Attitu
d
e
Neg
ativ
e
227
47.
2
Po
sitiv
e
254
52.
8
3.
Self
-
Co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
Less co
n
f
id
en
t
106
22.
0
Co
n
f
i
d
en
t
375
78.
0
4.
Inf
o
r
m
atio
n
Sou
rc
es
Low
240
49.
9
Hig
h
241
50.
1
5.
Fa
m
il
y
Ro
le
Less p
articipatin
g
158
32.
8
Participatin
g
323
67.
2
6.
Teac
h
er
’s r
o
le
Less p
articipatin
g
71
14.
8
Participatin
g
410
85.
2
7.
Peer’
s
r
o
le
Participatin
g
214
44.
5
Less Part
icip
atin
g
267
55.
5
8.
Drug
Abu
se
User
31
6.
4
No
n
-
u
ser
450
93.
6
T
o
tal
481
1
0
0
.0
So
u
rce:
Pri
m
ar
y
D
ata,
2
0
1
7
Bi
var
ia
te
anal
ysi
s
resu
lt
s
a
re
presente
d
in
Table
4.
C
hi
S
qu
a
re
a
naly
sis
resu
lt
ed
that
f
our
of
sev
en
var
ia
bles
are
sta
ti
sti
ca
ll
y
and
bio
lo
gical
ly
s
ign
ific
a
nt.
The
y
are
at
titud
e,
sel
f
-
co
nf
i
dence,
fam
i
ly
ro
l
e,
a
nd
peer’s
ro
le
.
Ba
sed o
n bivar
ia
t
e analy
sis, it
is
known
that
fou
r variables
h
a
ve
p
-
val
ue
<
0.0
5.
Table
4
. Reca
pi
tulat
ion
of
Bi
va
riat
e
A
naly
sis
Re
su
lt
s (
C
hi S
qu
a
re)
Variable
Ratio
P
reva
len
ce
(
RP)
Co
n
fid
en
t I
n
terva
l
95%
P
va
lu
e
Kn
o
wled
g
e
1.
433
0
.69
4
-
2.
9
5
5
0.
499
Attitu
d
e
3.
836
1
.68
5
-
8.
7
3
4
0.
001
Self
Co
n
f
i
d
en
ce
2.
234
1
.12
1
-
4.
4
5
4
0.
036
Inf
o
r
m
atio
n
Sou
rc
es
2.
482
1
.25
6
-
4.
9
0
6
0.
306
Fa
m
il
y
Ro
le
2.
482
1
.25
6
-
4.
9
0
6
0.
013
Teac
h
er
’s Ro
le
1.
386
0
.59
0
-
3.
2
5
8
*0.
435
Peer’
s
Ro
le
3.
587
1
.63
8
-
7.
8
5
7
0
.1
00
No
tes: *
p
-
v
alu
e is bas
ed
on
Fish
er’
s
ex
act test
So
u
rces: Pr
i
m
ar
y
Data,
2
0
1
7
4.
DISCU
SSI
ON
Most
res
ponde
nts
a
re
16
ye
a
rs
old
.
T
hey
a
re
in
the
hi
ghest
age
gro
up
cat
egory,
wh
ic
h
is
231
i
n
nu
m
ber
(
48%)
,
wh
il
e
the
le
ast
is
19
ye
a
rs
old
,
wh
e
re
the
re
wer
e
only
6
re
sp
on
de
nts
(
1.2
%).
T
he
a
ver
a
ge
ag
e
of
t
he
researc
h
s
ubj
ect
is
16.
28
ye
ars
old.
It
is
know
n
that
31
respo
ndents
(
6.4%)
hav
e
once
us
e
d
drugs
without
m
edical
ind
ic
at
ion
a
nd
450
res
pondents
(93.6%
)
hav
e
ne
ver
us
e
d
dr
ug
s
.
T
he
a
ver
a
ge
a
ge
is
17
ye
ars
old
.
Pr
e
vious
r
esearch
s
howe
d
that
olde
r
a
dole
scents
hav
e
higher
te
nde
nc
y
to
us
e
dru
gs,
of
w
hich
the
y
m
ay
double
the
risks
[8
]
.
I
n
early
ado
le
sce
nce
(
14
-
16
ye
ars
old
)
and
m
idd
le
(17
-
18
ye
ars
),
ad
ol
escents
are
usual
ly
in
the
process
of
qu
est
io
ning
their
identit
y.
At
the
end
of
t
he
pe
rio
d
of
a
do
le
sce
nce,
w
hich
is
ab
ov
e
18
ye
ars
old
,
they
t
hink
they
are
m
at
ur
e
a
nd
able
t
o
sta
nd
on
t
heir
own.
H
oweve
r
,
they
do
no
t
ha
ve
th
e
ca
pab
il
it
y
of
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPHS
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8806
Risk
Fa
ct
or
s
of
D
r
ug A
bu
s
e
amo
ng A
dole
scence
(L
ie
na
Sofi
ana
)
263
ta
kin
g
the
res
pons
i
bili
ty
of
t
he
ir
act
ions.
T
he
co
nd
it
io
n
al
l
ow
s
them
to
ta
ke
non
-
antic
ip
at
ive
be
ha
vio
r
s
upon
the use
of
dru
gs [
9].
The
quest
io
nnai
res
fou
nd
24
m
al
e
us
ers
an
d
7
fem
al
e
us
ers.
Ba
sed
on
t
he
patte
r
n
of
dru
g
ab
us
e
in
2006,
2009,
a
nd
20
11,
it
is
kn
own
that
t
he
hi
gh
e
st
num
ber
of
a
buse
was
by
m
al
e
us
ers
a
nd
t
hat
the
higher
t
he
age,
t
he
higher
the
nu
m
ber
of
dru
g
a
buse
[
6].
Th
e
res
ults
ar
e
in
li
ne
with
a
resea
rch
c
on
duct
e
d
i
n
Slem
a
n,
i
n
that
m
a
le
ado
le
scent
are
20
t
i
m
es
m
or
e
li
kely
to
m
isuse
dru
gs
,
c
om
par
ed
to
fem
al
e
[
10
]
.
A
no
t
her
r
esearc
h
al
so
f
ound
t
ha
t
m
al
e
are
li
kely
to
m
isuse
dru
gs
[
11]
.
I
n
so
ci
al
co
ns
tr
uc
ti
on
,
fem
al
e
are
de
m
and
ed
to
be
ob
e
dient,
pass
ive,
patie
nt,
a
nd
loya
l.
Me
anwhil
e,
m
a
le
are
do
m
inant,
agg
re
ssive,
and
init
ia
ti
ve
in
a
relat
ion
s
hip
[10].
The hig
hest p
e
rcen
ta
ge
of
parents’ e
ducat
iona
l l
evel is Seni
or
High, w
hich
is as m
any as 4
4.9
% (2
16
respo
nd
e
nts),
wh
il
e
t
he
lo
we
st
is
el
em
entary,
5.4%
or
26
respo
nd
e
nt
s.
T
he
higher
the
le
vel
of
ed
ucati
on,
th
e
higher
is
t
he
pr
ide
[
12
]
.
Dif
fere
nt
f
ro
m
a
rese
arch
c
onduct
ed
in
Pe
kanba
ru
o
n
t
he
c
orrelat
ion
b
et
w
een
le
ve
l
of
edu
cat
io
n
an
d
dru
g
a
bu
s
e,
it
i
s
kn
own
t
hat
t
he
OR
value=
1.5
1.
It
m
eans
t
hat
people
with
l
ow
ed
ucati
on
l
e
vel
hav
e
1.5
1
cha
nc
es
of
m
isusin
g
dru
gs
.
Ba
sed
on
t
he
value,
i
t
can
be
c
oncl
uded
that
e
ducat
ion
le
vel
is
t
he
risk
factor
of
dr
ug
abuse,
al
thou
gh
the
correla
ti
on
is
low.
Stat
ist
ic
te
st
us
ing
Chi
Square
of
al
ph
a
(
5%
)
sho
w
s
the
value
of
0.2
25.
Hen
ce,
p
val
ue
is
hig
he
r
tha
n
the
al
pha.
Th
is
way,
Ha
is
ref
us
e
d.
T
he
n,
it
con
cl
udes
tha
t
there
is n
o
sig
nifica
nt
d
iffe
re
nce
between t
hose
with lo
w
le
vel of
edu
cat
io
n an
d
t
ho
s
e w
it
h
the
hi
gh
e
r
le
vel
[
13]
.
4.1.
The
correl
at
i
on b
etwee
n
know
le
dg
e
and d
ru
g ab
use b
y ad
olescent
in
Y
og
yaka
r
t
a
ci
ty
It
is
kn
own
t
ha
t
knowle
dge
is
not
relat
ed
to
dr
ug
ab
us
e
in
Yogyaka
rt
a
Ci
ty
.
Althou
gh
it
is
not
sign
ific
a
nt
sta
ti
sti
cal
l
y,
the
RP
(Rat
io
n
P
r
evalence
)
re
ac
hed
1.4
33.
In
oth
e
r
w
ords
,
a
do
le
sce
nts
with
lo
w
knowle
dge
have 1.4
33 ch
a
nce
s to
m
isu
se drug.
In
a
de
qu
at
e
le
a
rn
i
ng
m
at
erial
s
about
dru
gs
in
sch
ools
crea
te
a
sit
uation
wh
e
re
ad
olesc
ents/st
ud
e
nts
do
no
t
un
der
st
and
a
bout
the
ty
pes,
da
ng
e
rs,
and
ef
fects
of
dru
gs
.
H
oweve
r,
it
is
po
ssible
that
tho
se
in
hi
gh
e
r
edu
cat
io
n
le
vel
to
m
isuse drug
s.
I
ndi
viduals’
knowle
dge
on
par
ti
cula
r
ideas
h
as
d
if
fer
e
nt i
ntensity
[14].
The
res
ults
are
in
li
ne
with
previ
ou
s
resea
rc
h,
sta
ti
ng
that
knowle
d
ge
is
no
t
relat
e
d
to
dru
g
ab
us
e
(p
-
val
ue=0.0
73)
beca
us
e
of
the
existe
nce
of
oth
e
r
fact
or
s
,
su
c
h
as
e
nv
i
ronm
ent,
fam
ily,
peer
s,
a
nd
t
he
so
ci
et
y
[15].
T
he
res
ults
are
inv
e
rsely
pro
portion
al
with
a
r
esearch
c
ondu
ct
ed
in
Jepar
a
.
It
found
that
th
ere
is
po
sit
ive
co
rr
el
at
ion
betwee
n
stud
e
nts’
know
le
dg
e
a
bout
dr
ug
s
an
d
preve
nt
ion
of
dru
g
a
buse
(p
-
val
ue
0.000
1;
r=0.3
78).
T
he
la
tt
er
shows
t
hat
the
hi
gh
e
r
the
e
ducat
ion,
the
hi
gh
e
r
t
he
possibil
it
y
to
pr
e
ve
nt
the
m
fr
om
m
isusing
dru
gs
[16].
Hu
m
an
dev
el
op
their
knowle
dg
e
because
they
us
e
the
la
ngua
ge
to
co
m
m
un
ic
at
e
the
inform
ation
they
obta
ined
17
.
I
nd
i
viduals
who
unde
rstan
d
a
bout
d
r
ug
a
bu
s
e
m
ay
have
the
c
ur
i
os
it
y
to
try
t
o
c
on
s
um
e
it
because
of
the
env
i
ronm
ent
or
beca
us
e
they
i
m
i
ta
te
certai
n
fig
ur
es
.
This
w
ay
,
these
ind
iv
idu
al
s
m
ay
devel
op
at
ti
tud
e an
d be
hav
i
or,
wh
ic
h are a
gainst t
he kno
wled
ge
[18].
4.2.
The
correl
at
i
on
between
attitud
e
and dr
ug abuse b
y ad
ol
escent in
Y
og
yaka
r
t
a
ci
t
y
Chi
Sq
ua
re
te
s
t
sh
ows
that
there
is
cor
relat
ion
betwee
n
at
ti
tud
e
an
d
dru
g
abu
se.
Atti
tude
is
the
risk
factor
of
dru
g
abuse.
It
is
kn
own
f
r
om
the
scor
e
of
Ra
ti
o
Pr
e
valence
(R
P)
,
wh
ic
h
is
m
or
e
th
an
on
e:
3.836
.
The
prevale
nc
e
of
us
i
ng
dr
ug
is
3.
83
6
tim
e
s
hig
he
r
in
ad
ol
escent
hav
i
ng
neg
at
ive
at
ti
tu
de
com
par
ed
t
o
tho
se
with
posit
ive
a
tt
it
ud
e.
Be
ha
vio
r
m
anifests
in
knowle
dge
an
d
at
ti
tud
e.
Atti
t
ud
e
is
the
res
ults
of
a
n
ind
i
vidual’
s
way
of
thi
nk
i
ng
on
par
ti
cul
a
r
ob
j
ect
.
It
is
not
al
ways
in
the
form
of
act
ion
/a
ct
ivit
y.
Inste
ad,
it
is
a
pr
e
disposit
io
n
of
a
n
act
ion
or
a
beh
a
vi
or
[
14
]
.
It
is
in
li
ne
with
pr
e
vious
resea
rc
h,
sta
ti
ng
that
at
ti
t
ud
e
i
s
correla
te
d
with
beh
a
vior
in
te
rm
s
dr
ug
ab
use
(p
value
0.0
3)
[
19
]
.
The
m
anifestat
io
n
of
at
titud
e
in
an
act
ion
needs
supporti
ng
fa
ct
or
or
a
conditi
on,
su
c
h
as
facil
it
ie
s
or
s
upports
f
rom
fa
m
i
ly
,
scho
ol
en
vir
onm
e
nt,
an
d
peer
s
[17].
Atti
tud
e
ca
n
al
so
de
pend
on
ge
nd
e
r;
in
that
m
al
e
ado
le
sce
nts
te
nd
t
o
be
m
or
e
reb
el
li
ou
s
com
par
e
d
to
fem
al
e.
It
is
su
pport
ed
by
a
re
search
c
onduct
ed
in
G
oron
ta
l
o,
sho
wing
tha
t
there
is
diff
er
ent
at
ti
tud
e
between
fem
al
e
and
m
a
le
respo
nd
e
nts.
H
ow
e
ver,
it
is
not
only
beca
us
e
of
ge
nder,
bu
t
al
s
o
because
of
their
di
fferen
t
way
of
t
hinkin
g
[20].
The
ore
ti
cal
ly
,
a
tt
i
tud
e
is
fo
rm
ed
within
a
n
ind
i
vidual
base
d
on
their
belie
f
,
poi
nt
of
view,
th
ought,
per
s
onal
ex
pe
rience,
em
otio
nal
nee
ds
,
inf
orm
ation
f
ro
m
oth
e
rs,
a
nd
pe
r
cepti
on
on
part
ic
ular
obj
ect
s t
hat the
y see
or
k
no
w.
4.3.
The
correl
at
i
on
between
self
-
co
nf
idence
an
d d
r
ug a
buse
by adolesce
nts i
n Y
ogyak
ar
ta city
Chi
Sq
ua
re
te
st
sh
ow
a
co
rr
e
la
ti
on
betwee
n
sel
f
-
co
nf
i
den
c
e
and
dru
g
ab
us
e.
Self
-
co
nfi
den
ce
is
th
e
risk
facto
r
of drug
a
buse.
T
he
RP v
al
ue
was
2
.
234,
m
eaning
t
hat
ad
olesce
nts w
ho f
eel
le
ss
co
nfi
de
nt
ar
e
m
or
e
li
kely
to
m
isuse
the
dr
ug
s
.
T
he
cha
nce
is 2.2
34
tim
es
hig
he
r
tha
n
th
os
e who
feel
c
onfide
nt.
Self
-
c
onfid
ence
is
cl
os
el
y
relat
ed
to
m
otivati
on
.
Indivi
du
al
s
’
re
la
ti
vely
sta
ble
assessm
ent
on
them
sel
ves
avo
id
t
he
te
m
ptatio
n
of
any
m
isc
o
nd
uc
ts.
The
or
et
ic
al
ly
,
sel
f
-
asse
ssm
ent
is
posit
ive.
It
rais
es
their
m
otivati
on
to
res
pect
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IS
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:
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IJPHS
V
ol.
7
,
No.
4
,
Decem
ber
2018:
260
–
267
264
them
sel
ves
[2
1]
.
Pr
e
vious
resea
rch
sho
ws
t
hat
sel
f
-
est
eem
correla
te
s
with
dru
gs
a
buse
(
p
value
(
0.0
00),
w
her
e
the
higher
the
sel
f
-
est
ee
m
,
the
lower
the
po
s
sibi
li
ty
o
f
dru
g
ab
us
e
[22].
A
no
t
her
re
searc
h
shows
t
her
e
is
ne
gative
correla
ti
on
between
sel
f
-
est
e
e
m
and
so
ci
al
anx
ie
ty
of
dru
g
us
e
rs
in
Ba
la
i
Kasih
Saya
ng
Pa
rm
adi
Si
wi,
East
Jakar
ta
.
T
he
ne
gative
resu
lt
s
of
coe
ff
ic
ie
nt
correla
ti
on
m
eans
that
t
he
hi
gh
e
r
the
sel
f
-
es
te
e
m
,
the
lo
wer
t
he
so
ci
al
anxiet
y.
Conver
sel
y, th
e low
e
r
t
he
sel
f
-
co
nf
i
den
ce
, t
he
h
ig
h
e
r
the
soci
al
an
xiety
(r
-
.429)
[23].
In
f
act
,
ex
per
i
m
ental
us
e
m
a
y
le
ad
to
severe
dam
age.
Im
m
at
ur
e
em
otio
n
of
ad
olescen
ts
carry
them
away
and
le
a
d
the
m
to
think
on
ly
ab
ou
t
en
j
oym
ent
and
a
lway
s
try
so
m
et
hin
g
new
[24].
A
no
t
her
re
search
pro
ves
that
ad
olescents
ha
ve
gr
eat
cur
i
os
it
y
and
are
eage
r
to
try
new
th
ing
s
,
there
by
m
aking
them
pro
ne
to
neg
at
ive
or
de
viant
beh
a
vi
or
,
one
of them
is
drug a
buse.
4.4.
The
correl
at
i
on betwee
n
inf
orm
at
io
n s
ou
r
ces a
n
d dr
ug
ab
use
b
y ad
olescents
in
Y
og
yaka
r
t
a
ci
t
y
Chi
Squa
re
te
st
shows
that
inf
or
m
at
ion
sources
do
not
c
orrelat
e
with
dru
g
ab
us
e
.
A
lt
ho
ug
h
it
is
sta
ti
sti
cally
insign
ific
a
nt,
the
RP
val
ue
reac
he
d
2.482.
It
m
eans
t
hat
ad
ole
scents
with
li
t
tl
e
inf
or
m
at
ion
about
dru
gs
are
2.4
82
ti
m
es
l
ikely
to
m
isuse
dru
gs
.
E
nv
i
ronm
ent
gr
eat
ly
influ
e
nces
in
div
id
uals’
be
ha
vior.
Adolesce
nts
tr
y
to
us
e
dru
gs
for
ex
pe
rim
ent
al
reason
a
nd
because
they
do
not
hav
e
a
de
qu
at
e
knowle
dge
on
the
substance.
The
co
nd
it
io
n
i
s
worse
since
the
surr
ou
nd
i
ngs
ignore
the
fact
and
,
ind
eed
,
they
do
not
com
plain
abou
t
the
ado
le
sce
nt
s
us
in
g
dru
gs
.
It
is
thu
s
pote
ntial
sit
uation
to
bri
ng
ad
oles
cents
to
dr
ug
a
bu
s
e.
Pr
e
vious
resea
rch
s
hows
a
correla
ti
on
bet
ween
a
fforda
bili
ty
and
dru
g
a
bu
s
e.
I
n
oth
e
r
words,
the
eas
ie
r
the
respo
nd
e
nts
re
ach
the
dru
gs,
the
m
or
e
the
chan
ce
t
hey
m
isuse
them
.
Af
ford
a
bili
ty
is
n
ot
al
ways
relat
ed
t
o
distance,
but a
r
eas an
d
al
s
o
ea
siness i
n gett
ing
s
om
et
hin
g
[
25]
.
Anothe
r
r
esear
ch
al
so
f
ound
that
the
sta
ti
sti
cs
te
st
sh
ow
si
gnific
ant
c
orrela
ti
on
betwee
n
the
acce
ss
t
o
reprod
uction
he
al
th
inf
orm
ation
an
d
dru
g
abuse
by
ado
l
escents
(O
R
1.2
8).
Pr
op
or
ti
onal
ly
,
the
researc
h
ind
ic
at
es
a
pos
it
ive
patte
rn
w
her
e
a
dole
scen
ts
who
ha
ve
t
he
acce
ss
to
re
pro
duct
ion
healt
h
in
form
at
ion
hav
e
1.28
c
ha
nces
to
m
isuse
dru
gs
[26].
A
nother
researc
h
s
hows
that
in
f
or
m
at
ion
sour
ces,
ei
ther
pr
i
nted
or
el
ect
ro
nic a
re
no
t c
orrelat
ed
with
risky
behavio
r
(
dru
g
a
buse)
[
27]
.
Easy
acce
ss
t
o
obta
in
dru
gs
increases
the
nu
m
ber
of
dru
g
a
buse
from
ye
ar
to
ye
a
r.
So
ci
al
m
edia
beco
m
es
one
of
their
to
ols
to
do
the
tra
ns
act
ion
.
I
nd
e
ed
,
th
ey
do
not
ne
ed
to
m
eet
each
oth
e
r
to
purc
ha
se
th
e
dru
gs
.
Th
ey
us
e
sp
eci
fic
co
de
to
arr
a
nge
the
m
eeting
s.
The
gove
rn
m
ents
ha
ve
ta
ke
n
seve
ral
effo
rts
to
dem
olish d
r
ug
synd
ic
at
es.
I
n
f
act
, I
nd
onesi
an
N
at
io
nal N
a
rc
otic B
oard
with the
coo
per
at
i
on w
it
h ot
her
pa
rtie
s
hav
e
in
form
ed
the
s
ociet
y
th
rou
gh
sev
eral
act
ivit
ie
s,
su
c
h
as
in
sem
inatio
n
to
m
any
schools
a
nd
a
nti
-
dru
g
adv
e
rtisi
ng
[
2].
These
re
su
lt
s
su
pp
or
t
the
pr
e
sent
resea
rch,
in
tha
t
inf
orm
ation
do
es
not
in
flue
nce
in
div
id
uals
to use
drugs.
4.5.
The
correl
at
i
on betwee
n
fa
mi
ly ro
le
and
drug a
bus
e
by adole
scen
ts
i
n Y
ogyak
arta
ci
ty
Chi Square test
sh
ow that fam
il
y ro
le
co
rr
el
a
te
s w
it
h
drug
a
bu
s
e. I
t i
s the ri
sk
f
act
or o
f drug
a
buse as
well
.
It
is
kn
own
from
the
va
lue
of
Ra
ti
o
P
rev
al
e
nce
(RP
)
,
w
hich
is
2.4
82.
Adolesce
nts
whose
fam
ily
do
not
con
ce
r
n
m
uch
about
their
be
hav
i
or
hav
e
2.482
cha
nces
t
o
m
isuse
dru
gs.
This
num
ber
ind
ic
at
es
sig
nificant
influ
e
nce
of
fa
m
ily
ro
le
on
a
do
le
sce
nts’
be
hav
i
or.
Howe
ve
r,
t
he
nu
m
ber
of
drug
use
rs
whose
fam
ily
con
ce
r
n
m
uch
about
their
conditi
on
i
s
no
t
sig
nifica
ntly
diff
ere
nt
f
ro
m
that
wh
ose
fam
il
y
are
less
par
ti
ci
patin
g.
It
is
po
s
sible
wh
e
n
par
e
nts
do
not
pay
at
te
ntion
to
their
child
re
n,
fr
eei
ng
t
he
m
fr
om
anx
ie
ty
.
T
he
t
heory
su
ggest
s
that fam
ily i
s the
protect
ive
or r
is
k fact
or
of
dru
g
a
bu
se
[28
]
.
Pare
nts’
busyn
ess
trig
gers
the
increas
e
of
dr
ug
ab
us
e
by
a
dole
scents
in
Y
og
ya
kar
ta
Ci
ty
.
It
is
in
li
ne
with
a
researc
h
c
onduct
ed
i
n
Me
ntal
Healt
h
H
ospit
al
of
Prof
.
H
b.
Sa’
a
nin
,
in
dicat
ing
that
fam
i
ly
ro
le
i
s
correla
te
d
with
dru
g
ab
us
e
(p
value
0.0
09
;
OR
4.2
).
T
he
r
esearch
f
ound
that
m
or
e
than
a
half
(70%
)
of
t
he
respo
nd
e
nts sta
te
d
that
dru
g u
sers
c
om
e fr
om
f
a
m
il
y wh
o con
ce
r
ned less
about
pr
e
ve
nting d
r
ug abuse
[
29
]
.
In
ge
ne
ra
l,
ad
olescents
’
de
viant
beh
a
viors
are
cause
d
by
par
e
nts’
carele
ssn
ess
,
incom
plete
fa
m
i
ly
m
e
m
ber
s,
ba
d
exam
ples
pr
es
ented
by
par
e
nt
s,
an
d
bad
en
vi
ronm
ent.
Be
sides,
othe
r
fact
or
s
,
s
uch
as
ec
onom
y
and p
a
re
nts’
e
ducat
ion,
pro
vide
the a
do
le
sce
nt
s inad
e
quat
e ins
em
inati
on
and in
f
or
m
at
ion
about
dru
gs
[25].
4.6.
The
correl
at
i
on
between
t
e
ac
hers’
r
ole
an
d d
ru
g ab
use
by
adolesc
en
ts
in Y
ogyak
ar
t
a
ci
t
y
The
resea
rch
fi
nd
s
no
co
rr
el
at
ion
betw
een
te
acher
’s
ro
le
an
d
dru
g
a
buse.
The
RP
(Rat
io
Pr
e
valence
)
scor
e
wa
s1.3
86,
m
eaning
tha
t
1.386
c
ha
nce
s
in
dicat
e
that
te
acher
does
no
t
correla
te
with
ad
olescents
w
ho
ar
e
li
kely
to
m
isuse
dru
gs
.
Teac
he
rs
w
ho
in
vo
l
ve
them
sel
ves
i
n
sh
a
pi
ng
a
dole
scents’
be
havi
or
ca
nnot
gua
ran
te
e
that
they
will
no
t
us
e
dru
gs.
The
res
ults
wer
e
i
nv
e
rse
ly
pr
op
or
ti
ona
l,
wh
e
re
m
or
e
than
half
(80.6%
)
ado
le
sce
nts
use
drug
s
e
ve
n
if
their
te
ache
r
s
hav
e
ta
ken
good
care
of
t
hem
.
It
is
l
ikely
that
stud
ent
s
on
ly
ob
s
er
ve
their
te
achers
’
at
te
ndance
duri
ng
sc
hool
hours.
M
eanwhil
e,
w
he
n
they
are
outsi
de
the
sch
oo
l,
peers
hav
e
gr
eat
er
in
flue
nce
on thei
r beha
vior.
Pr
e
vious
res
ea
rch
i
nd
ic
at
es
t
hat
there
are
di
ff
e
ren
t
si
gn
s
of
dru
g
ab
us
e
f
ound
by
hom
ero
om
te
achers
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPHS
IS
S
N: 22
52
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8806
Risk
Fa
ct
or
s
of
D
r
ug A
bu
s
e
amo
ng A
dole
scence
(L
ie
na
Sofi
ana
)
265
and
c
ouns
el
in
g
and
guida
nce
te
achers
f
ro
m
six
stud
e
nts
be
fore
an
d
after
their
treatm
ent.
P
value
was
0.000
and the R
ATE
R
con
sist
e
ncy
of
t
he
te
ache
rs show c
orrelat
ion
coe
ff
ic
ie
nt
of
0.9
95
[30].
The
or
et
ic
al
ly
, teachers
hav
e
cent
ral
r
oles:
pla
nn
e
rs,
careta
ke
r,
or
le
arn
in
g
e
valu
at
or
.
It
m
eans
that
te
acher
’s
capab
il
it
y
in
c
reati
ng
qu
al
it
y
le
arn
in
g
great
ly
influe
nces
the
s
ucc
ess
o
f
e
ducat
ion
i
n
ge
ner
al
.
Learn
i
ng
qu
a
li
ty
reli
es
m
uch
on
te
achers
’
ca
pa
bili
ty
, p
arti
cula
rly
in pr
ov
i
ding e
ff
ect
ive
and
eff
ic
ie
nt
learni
ng acti
viti
e
s [3
1].
4.7.
The
correl
at
i
on
between
pee
rs’
r
ole an
d
d
rug ab
use b
y ad
olescent
s in
Y
ogyak
arta c
ity
Peers
’
ro
le
is
c
orrelat
ed
with
dru
g
abuse,
it
beco
m
es
the
risk
facto
r
as
we
ll
.
The
resu
lt
s
is
seen
fro
m
the
Ra
ti
o
Pr
ev
al
ence
value
,
wh
ic
h
was
3.5
87.
It
m
eans
that
peer
s
ha
ve
3.5
87
gr
eat
er
in
flue
nce
on
dru
g
ab
use
by
ado
le
sce
nts
.
Labil
e
ways
of
thi
nk
i
ng
al
lows
a
dole
scen
ts
t
o
fo
ll
ow
th
e
trend
s
in
th
e
so
ci
et
y,
par
ti
cularly
their
peer
s
.
Peers
hav
e
gre
at
er
influ
e
nce
,
for
ad
olesce
nt
s
sp
en
ding
m
or
e
of
t
heir
ti
m
e
with
their
peer
s
.
Most
people
offe
r
dr
ug
s
t
o
their
fr
i
ends:
colle
ag
ue
s,
fr
ie
nds
insi
de
an
d
ou
tsi
de
their
neig
hbor
hood.
T
he
hi
gher
th
e
at
ti
tud
e
an
d
s
uppo
rts
of
t
heir
pee
rs
to
use
dru
gs
,
t
he
easi
er
in
div
i
du
al
s
to
m
isuse
dru
gs
.
Mi
nim
u
m
sch
oo
l
act
ivit
ie
s
and
f
aci
li
ti
es
a
t
scho
ol
inc
rease
st
ud
e
nts’
bore
do
m
du
ri
ng
sc
ho
ol
hours
a
nd
e
ncou
rag
e
t
hem
to
sk
i
p
cl
asses. T
he
c
onditi
on tr
i
gg
e
rs
d
e
viant
behavi
or
s;
one
of the
m
is drug ab
use
.
The
res
ult
is
in
accor
dan
c
e
wi
th
a
researc
h
c
onduct
ed
in
N
or
t
h
Sem
aran
g
su
b
-
dist
rict
,
sh
owin
g
that
peer
s
a
re
co
rrel
at
ed
with
dr
ug
a
buse
(
p
va
lue=0.
000)
[
25]
.
Sim
il
arly
,
a
researc
h
co
nducte
d
in
P
rof
.
H
b.
Sa’a
nin
Me
nta
l
Ho
s
pital
[9
]
fou
nd
that
the
r
e
is
a
cor
relat
ion
betwee
n
pe
ers
an
d
dr
ug
a
bu
s
e
(p
value
0.000
,
OR=
9).
Anothe
r
resea
rch
al
so
s
hows
po
sit
i
ve
an
d
highly
sign
ific
a
nt
co
r
relat
ion
betwe
en
pee
rs
i
ntera
ct
ion
within t
he
sc
ho
ol and t
he risk
of dru
g
a
buse
by adolesc
e
nts
(p v
al
ue=
0.0
05
)
[
32
]
.
Peers
great
ly
influ
e
nce
the
occurre
nce
of
dr
ug
ab
us
e
.
Indivi
du
al
s
fe
el
anx
io
us
w
he
n
they
are
rej
ect
e
d
by
the
so
ci
et
y.
Ther
e
fore,
they
try
t
o
get
the
appr
oval
of
their
gr
oups.
Co
nf
li
ct
between
pa
re
nts
and
ado
le
sce
nts
a
r
e
relat
ed
to
loya
lt
y,
wh
et
he
r
th
ese
ad
olescent
s
are
l
oyal
to
their
par
e
nts
or
loya
l
to
their
peer
s
.
Adolesce
nts
ar
e
su
sce
ptible
t
o
the
value
s
of
their
peer
s
,
s
uc
h
as
a
ppeara
nc
e,
be
ha
vio
r
,
a
nd
at
ti
tud
e.
N
ot
al
l
ado
le
sce
nts
ha
s
a
str
ong
eg
o
and
ha
s
the
wi
ll
i
ng
ness
to
se
par
at
e
t
hem
selv
es
from
the
va
lues/rules/
nor
m
s
of
the p
ee
r gro
up
[32].
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Ba
sed
on
t
he
fin
dings
a
nd
discuss
i
on,
it
can
be
co
nclu
ded
t
hat
f
our
ou
t
of
seve
n
i
nd
e
pe
nd
e
nt
var
ia
bles
sig
nificantl
y
correla
te
d
with
drug
abuse
by
ad
ole
scents
in
Yogy
akar
ta
Ci
ty
.
Th
ey
are
at
ti
tud
e,
sel
f
-
confide
nce,
fa
m
ily
ro
le
,
an
d
peer
s
’
r
ole.
Kno
wled
ge,
in
form
ation
sou
r
ces,
an
d
te
ach
ers’
r
ole
are
t
he
risk
factors
of
dru
g abuse
by ado
le
scents in
Yo
gyakar
ta
Ci
ty
.
Howev
e
r
,
they are
not sig
nifica
nt stat
ist
ic
al
l
y.
6.
SU
G
GEST
IO
NS
Kno
wled
ge,
at
ti
tud
e,
sel
f
-
co
nfi
de
nce,
in
for
m
at
ion
so
urces
,
fam
i
ly
ro
le
,
te
acher
’s
r
ole,
and
peers
are
the
ris
k
fact
ors
of
dru
g
a
bus
e
in
Y
ogya
ka
r
ta
Ci
ty
.
Yo
gya
kar
ta
Ci
ty
Ed
uc
at
ion
Boa
r
d
needs
to
i
nclu
de
the
m
at
erial
s
of
dru
gs
i
n
t
he
c
urricul
um
o
r
sc
hool
s
ubj
ect
s
as
well
as
prom
oting
P
4G
N
(
Pe
ncega
han
dan
Pem
beranta
san
Pen
yal
ahgunaan
dan
Pere
daran
Gela
p
Na
rko
ba
-
Pre
ve
ntion
a
nd
Era
dica
ti
on
of
D
r
ug
A
bu
s
e
and
Ille
gal
Dis
tribu
ti
on)
.
I
n
a
dd
it
io
n
it
can
pro
vid
e
the
a
dvocacy
t
o
ed
uc
at
ion
al
insti
tu
ti
on
s
f
or
ad
ole
scent
counseli
ng
pro
gr
am
s.
Ever
y sc
hool s
hould
ha
ve
P
I
K
(
Inf
or
m
a
ti
on
an
d co
unsel
in
g
ce
nter
f
or
c
re
at
ive you
t
h)
,
li
fe s
kill
s,
a
nd
counseli
ng
ser
vices.
Be
sides
,
schools
nee
d
to
orga
nize
co
un
s
el
ing
a
nd
guida
nce
pro
gra
m
fo
r
dru
g
-
rel
at
ed
pro
blem
s,
le
d
by
exp
e
rt,
su
c
h
as
do
ct
ors,
in
order
to
in
crea
se
the
stud
e
nts
’
awar
e
ness
of
the
dange
rs
of
dru
gs
.
They
ca
n
al
s
o
est
a
blish
a
co
unsel
ing
pro
gr
am
for
pa
ren
ts,
pa
rtic
ul
arly
about
how
to
buil
d
eff
ect
ive
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
to
their
adole
scent c
hildr
e
n.
Buil
ding
good
ch
aracte
rs
of
childre
n
can
sta
rt
by
m
ain
ta
inin
g
str
ong
pe
rsonali
ti
es,
m
ann
er
s
,
op
ti
m
is
m
, cap
abili
ty
to
com
mu
nicat
e a
nd int
eract wit
h chil
dr
e
n,
a
nd s
pe
ndin
g
m
or
e ti
m
e
s w
it
h
c
hild
ren w
hile
discuss
i
ng
the
ir
ever
y
day
act
ivit
ie
s.
In
add
it
io
n,
par
e
nts
can
i
m
pr
ove
the
childre
n’s
char
act
er
s
thr
ou
gh
sever
al
as
pects
,
su
c
h
as
s
ocia
l
aspects
(ca
ring
f
or
oth
e
r
be
ing
s
,
res
pecti
ng
t
he
el
de
rs,
dev
el
op
i
ng
dis
ci
pline
at
ti
tud
e an
d ha
bit, and m
ai
ntaining g
ood f
riend
s
hi
p)
.
Adolesce
nts
at
risk
of
a
busing
dr
ug
s
a
r
e
tho
se
with
low
s
el
f
-
est
eem
,
neg
at
ive
a
tt
it
ud
e,
low
interact
ion
wit
h
the
s
urrou
ndin
gs
,
le
ss
harm
on
iou
s
fam
ily,
an
d
ne
gativ
e
so
ci
al
e
nv
i
r
on
m
ent.
W
it
h
these
conditi
ons,
a
dole
scents
nee
d
to
c
onsu
lt
t
he
ir
te
ache
rs
or
Inform
at
ion
an
d
C
ouns
el
in
g
Ce
nter
for
C
re
at
ive
Adolesce
nts a
t sch
oo
ls. T
hose
w
ho are
not at
r
isk sho
uld
take care of
the
m
se
lves b
y jo
i
ning positi
ve
act
ivit
ie
s
inside a
nd
ou
ts
ide sc
hools to
pr
e
ve
nt them
sel
ves
f
r
om
the dang
e
rs o
f drug
abuse.
The
ne
xt
resea
rch
is
ex
pecte
d
to
e
xpan
d
t
he
risk
facto
rs
of
dru
g
a
bu
se
.
It
m
ay
be
in
te
r
m
s
of
so
ci
al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8806
IJPHS
V
ol.
7
,
No.
4
,
Decem
ber
2018:
260
–
267
266
aspects,
ec
onom
ic
sta
tus,
an
d
so
ci
al
sta
tus.
I
n
a
dd
it
io
n,
t
he
researc
h
ca
n
be
co
nducted
to
dif
fer
e
nt
age
gro
up
s
of
ot
her
ci
ti
es
or
re
ge
ncies
in
the
Sp
eci
al
Re
gion
of
Y
ogya
kar
ta
Ci
ty
as
w
el
l
us
in
g
dif
fere
nt
m
et
ho
ds
,
s
uch
a
s
qu
al
it
a
ti
ve
to
obtai
n
in
-
dep
t
h
i
nfor
m
at
ion
on dr
ug a
bu
se
.
REFERE
NS
I
[1]
Azm
i
y
a
ti
,
S,
R.
,
Cah
y
a
ti
,
W
,
H.
,
Handa
y
ani,
O,W,K.
“
Overvi
ew
of
Drug
U
se
in
Stree
t
Chil
dr
en
in
the
Cit
y
o
f
Sem
ara
ng
,
”
Jurnal
Kesm
as
(
Jou
r
nal
of
Public
He
alt
h)
vol
.
9
no.
2
137
-
14,
2014.
[2]
Nati
ona
l
Narc
ot
i
cs
Agenc
y
D
at
a
and
Inform
at
ion
Cent
er
.
Narcotic
s
Abuse
Prev
al
e
nce
Surve
y
in
H
ousehold
Gr
oup
s
in
20
Provi
n
ce
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n
2015
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rt
a:
Nati
ona
l
Narc
ot
i
cs
Agenc
y
Data
and
Inform
at
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ent
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Repub
li
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sia
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Unite
d
Na
ti
on
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Drugs
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Dr
ug
Re
port
2014
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erp
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ps://
ww
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dc.
org/do
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orld_Drug_Repor
t_
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rch
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ak
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d
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ug
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ps://
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y
ak
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ot
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ot
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o
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ase
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at
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ak
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d
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e
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c
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e
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art
a
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nto
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har
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y
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la
t
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e
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lt
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at
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ptive
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d
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s
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a
f"
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ard
i
Pu
tr
a
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l
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u
nit
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hat
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af
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ei
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icipat
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e
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ai
nst
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rs
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th
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ent Re
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iv
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ad
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the
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a
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ng
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l
es
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rne
t
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,
”
Journal
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d
ia
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e
ty
14
th
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t
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