Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al
of El
e
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
5
,
Octo
ber
201
9
, pp.
4250
~
42
57
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
9
i
5
.
pp4250
-
42
57
4250
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
Intera
ctive on
smart clas
s
room sys
tem usin
g beacon
technol
ogy
Hu
Jia
D
ong
1
,
Raed
Abdul
la
2
, Sa
th
ish
Ku
mar
Selv
ap
er
uma
l
3
, Sh
an
k
ar Dur
aikann
an
4
,
Ravi L
ak
shm
anan
5
,
M
aythe
m K.
Abb
as
6
1
-
5
School
of
Eng
ine
er
ing, Asia
P
ac
if
ic
Univ
ersity of
T
ec
hno
log
y
a
nd
Innova
t
ion
(
AP
U),
Technol
og
y
P
ar
k
Malay
si
a, Ma
l
a
y
si
a
6
F
ac
ulty
of
Sci
e
nce
and
Inform
a
ti
on
Te
chno
log
y
,
Univer
si
ti T
ekn
ologi
PETRON
AS
,
Malay
sia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
a
n
4
, 201
9
Re
vised
A
pr
2
,
201
9
Accepte
d
Apr
25
, 201
9
The
emerge
nc
e
of
m
an
y
interne
t
industries
ushe
rs
in
IOT
era,
a
nd
about
to
bring
us
to
the
point
of
univ
er
sal
conn
ec
t
iv
ity
.
In
th
e
f
ie
ld
of
educat
ion
,
the
IOT
t
ec
hnolo
g
y
has
a
broa
d
a
ppli
c
abl
e
prospe
ct
for
a
m
ore
in
t
era
c
ti
ve
an
d
int
ellige
n
t
w
a
y
b
y
improving
the
qu
al
i
t
y
of
teac
h
ing
and
m
ana
gement
.
The
proposed
cl
a
ss
aff
ai
r
m
ana
ge
m
ent
s
y
stem
is
m
ea
n
to
enr
ic
h
t
he
intera
ct
io
n
bet
wee
n
l
ec
tur
er
s
and
stud
ent
s
w
hic
h
in
an
eff
i
ci
e
nt
and
sm
art
wa
y
.
Bas
ed
o
n
the
exi
sting
m
odel
,
a
l
a
y
er
ed
arc
h
it
e
ct
ure
is
proposed
to
bui
ld
the
be
ac
on
b
ase
d
ca
m
pus
m
ana
ge
m
ent
s
y
s
te
m
.
B
ac
kend
d
evi
c
e
and
pro
toc
ols
c
om
pose
the
ph
y
sic
al
l
a
y
er
to
col
l
ec
t
the
r
aw
dat
a
from
ph
y
s
ic
a
l
objects.
Dat
a
l
i
nk
lay
er
and
cont
rol
l
a
y
er
ar
e
r
esponsible
fo
r
form
ing
r
equi
r
ed
p
ac
kag
e
and
sending
to
cor
responding
l
a
y
er.
B
eacon
t
e
chnol
og
y
used
f
or
proposed
design
appl
i
es
Blue
toot
h
low
e
ner
g
y
4
.
0
stand
ard
whi
ch
a
ll
ow
ing
d
evi
c
es
exchange
da
ta
through
Blu
et
oo
t
h
a
t
an
ext
r
emel
y
low
power
consum
pti
on
-
using
a
single
coi
n
ce
l
l
b
at
t
er
y
ca
n
la
st
for
seve
r
al
y
e
ars.
Sav
ed
u
p
to
97
p
ercentage
ener
g
y
compare
d
with
sim
il
ar
s
y
s
tem
.
The
ent
ir
e
proposed
plat
form
al
lows
par
ticipa
n
ts
to br
ing personall
y
o
wned devices
to
ac
c
ess
c
ampus
m
ana
gement
s
y
stem.
Throug
h
loc
a
ti
on
infor
m
at
ion,
t
eachi
n
g
ac
t
ivi
t
ie
s
and
per
sonalize
d
informati
on
no
tification
ca
n
be
aut
om
atic
al
l
y
ac
complished
,
which
wi
l
l
inspire
th
e
innov
at
ion
and
dev
el
o
pm
ent
of
class
room
te
ac
hing
m
o
de.
Be
ac
on
te
chno
log
y
has
a
gr
eat
po
te
nt
ial
t
hat
ca
n
be
compl
et
e
l
y
tr
anspla
n
ted
int
o
oth
er
sce
nar
io
such
as
the
h
y
p
ermarke
t
and
l
ibra
r
y
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Atte
nd
a
nce m
anag
em
ent
Be
acon
I
o
T
Mob
il
e a
pp
li
ca
ti
on
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights
reserv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ra
ed Abd
ulla,
School
of E
ng
i
neer
i
ng,
Asia Pacific
U
niv
e
rsity
o
f
Te
chnolo
gy a
nd Inno
vation (
APU),
Tech
no
l
og
y
Pa
rk Mal
ay
sia
, Bu
kit Jal
il
, Kual
a Lu
m
pu
r
57
000, Ma
la
ysi
a.
Em
a
il
: dr
.r
ae
d@ap
u.
e
du.m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
In
the
past
de
cades,
the
boom
ing
i
nfor
m
ation
te
ch
nolo
gy
(s
uch
as
the
I
nter
net
of
t
hi
ng
s
,
cl
oud
com
pu
ti
ng
a
nd
big data a
naly
ti
cs
)
has
started
to
c
hange t
he worl
d. I
nter
net
o
f
T
hings (I
o
T
)
co
nnect
s all
goods
with
inter
net
t
hro
ugh
in
f
or
m
at
ion
se
ns
in
g
dev
ic
es
[
1].
I
n
tra
diti
on
al
c
la
ss
m
anag
e
m
ent
syst
em
,
all
the
inf
or
m
at
ion
sta
ys
only
in
side
t
he
database
a
nd
al
l
the
data
st
ream
stop
s
only
at
the
we
bs
it
e.
St
ud
e
nts
ca
n
only
interact
with
t
he
use
r
inter
face
not
t
he
cl
assr
oom
it
sel
f.
I
n
pr
opos
e
d
desi
gn,
beac
on
is
th
e
new
way
to
c
onnect
ph
ysi
cal
thin
gs
to
the
I
nternet
,
as
a
res
ult,
cl
assroom
can
be
sm
art
and
c
on
te
xt
-
awa
re,
pro
vid
in
g
highly
per
s
onal
iz
ed
e
xp
e
riences
a
nd
gather
i
ng
rich
data
about
w
hat’s
happe
ning
in
the
re
al
world
.
Be
aco
n
in
the
cl
assroom
fo
r
m
s
a
senso
r
ne
twork
t
hat
ide
ntifie
s
each
s
pe
ci
fic
cl
assroo
m
.
B
y
this
way,
li
nk
s
a
re
est
ablishe
d
betwee
n
cl
ass
r
oo
m
s
an
d
stu
de
nts
.
In
ot
her
words, class
r
oom
can
sp
ea
k
t
o
e
ver
y st
ud
e
nt
who is p
assin
g by.
W
it
h
the
decli
ne
i
n
cost
of
hi
-
te
ch
ha
rdware
an
d
inte
gr
at
e
d
ci
rcu
i
t
com
e
a
re
vo
l
ution
i
n
e
ducat
io
n.
Ma
ny
colle
ges
anno
un
ce
d
th
ei
r
te
achin
g
ushere
d
in
a
ne
w
phase
by
th
e
dep
l
oym
ent
of
“sm
art
cl
assroom
”,
wh
e
re
t
he
i
dea
was
fir
stl
y
pro
po
s
ed
al
ong
with
IBM
i
ntr
oduc
ed
it
s
Sm
arter
Planet
visio
n.
To
m
eet
the
de
sign
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
In
te
r
activ
e on
smart cl
as
sr
oo
m
syste
m usin
g be
acon
te
c
hnol
og
y
(
Hu Jia
D
ong
)
4251
crit
eria:
In
str
um
ented,
I
nterc
onnected
an
d
I
ntell
igent
[
2
]
,
sm
art
c
la
ssroo
m
design
has
dr
a
w
a
wide
at
te
ntion
and h
a
s
been a
pp
ea
rin
g
i
n
I
O
T prospect
m
ore fr
e
quently
.
Starti
ng
from
four
researc
h
aspects
of
desig
ning
a
s
m
art
cl
assro
om
fr
am
ewo
rk,
pro
pose
d
by
J.
Z
ha
ng
[
3
]
.
Said
the
i
nvest
igati
on
on
“
sm
art
cl
assro
o
m
”
cou
ld
be
s
ort
by
the
or
y,
de
sign,
ap
plica
ti
on
a
nd
sta
nd
a
rd
f
our
a
sp
ect
s
as
sho
w
n
as
T
a
ble
1,
th
e
re
view
was
cl
assifi
ed
by
us
i
ng
th
os
e
a
sp
ect
s
as
th
e
pr
im
e
factor
.
Ap
a
rt
from
that,
the
m
os
t
sig
nificant
key
w
ord
ha
d
been
e
xtracted
from
t
it
le
s,
abstracts
an
d
c
onte
xts
of
eac
h
researc
h, as the
seco
ndary
factor.
Table
1
.
Four a
sp
ect
s
of d
esi
gnin
g
sm
art cl
assroom
.
P
r
im
e
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
D
e
s
c
r
i
p
t
i
o
n
Theo
ry
To
b
u
ild
a theo
reti
cal fra
m
ewo
rk f
o
r
s
m
art
class
roo
m
,
o
u
tlin
e
th
e des
ig
n
a
n
d
app
licatio
n
o
f
s
m
a
rt
cl
ass
roo
m
,
g
u
id
e
on
h
o
w
to
d
ef
in
e
th
e
co
n
cept
o
f
s
m
ar
t
class
roo
m
an
d
an
al
y
ze
th
e
re
latio
n
sh
ip
b
etween
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
an
d
u
sab
ility
.
Desig
n
To
in
v
estig
ate
th
e
d
esig
n
p
rincip
les,
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
id
eas
o
f
s
m
art
cla
ss
roo
m
,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le
th
e
f
ra
m
ewo
rk
o
f
s
m
art
classro
o
m
in
ph
y
sical, sp
atial
la
y
o
u
t,
an
d
techn
ical
sy
ste
m
so
lu
tio
n
s
[
4
]
.
Ap
p
licatio
n
To
resea
rch
th
e
te
achi
n
g
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
s
m
ar
t
class
roo
m
,
an
d
learn
h
o
w
to
a
cq
u
ire
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
p
erce
p
tio
n
an
d
sk
ills
th
rou
g
h
th
ese
m
et
h
o
d
s.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le
,
th
e
sch
o
o
lin
g
m
e
th
o
d
s,
in
terac
tio
n
m
e
th
o
d
s
an
d
so
m
e
case
stu
d
y
b
ased
o
n
th
at.
Stan
d
ard
To
review
th
e
co
n
stru
ctio
n
criter
ia,
a
ss
ess
m
en
t
stan
d
ards
an
d
an
d
h
o
w
to
m
o
tiv
at
e
stu
d
en
ts
to
tak
e
in
itiativ
es.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
l
e
satis
f
acti
o
n
with
s
m
ar
t
clas
sro
o
m
s
[
5
]
,
f
eedb
ack
f
ro
m
tea
ch
ers
a
n
d
stu
d
en
ts,
q
u
an
ti
tativ
e
an
d
q
u
alitativ
e
an
aly
sis
.
Be
acon
te
c
hnol
og
y
wa
s
first
desig
ne
d
since
2013,
wh
e
n
AP
PL
E
intr
od
uced
iB
eac
on
i
nto
pr
act
ic
al
us
a
ge
at
the
A
pple
Wo
rl
dw
i
de
Dev
el
op
e
rs
C
onfer
e
nce
(
WW
DC
)
[
6]
.
It
r
apidly
becam
e
a
new
t
rendy
I
OT
s
hift
in
ho
w
we
co
nnect
physi
cal
obj
ect
s
t
oget
her.
To
el
a
borate
on
it
,
fir
st
of
al
l,
a
Be
aco
n
is
nothin
g
no
m
or
e
t
han
a
sm
all
Bl
ueto
oth
ra
dio
tra
nsm
itter.
I
o
T
is
i
s
poise
d
to
be
the
i
nter
net
of
beacon
with
giv
in
g
th
ou
sa
nds
of
app
li
cable
scen
arios. F
or
em
os
t a
m
on
g t
hese
is the e
ducat
iona
l fiel
d.
Be
acon
protoc
ol
or
BLE
4.0
protoc
ol
is
c
om
po
sed
by
47
byte
s
of
a
dv
e
rt
isi
ng
data
as
s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
1
,
9
byte
s
of
order
in
f
or
m
ation
inclu
de
d
i
n
t
he
fiel
d
of
Protoc
ol
Dat
a
U
nit
(
PDU
),
w
hich
e
nab
le
s
tw
o
transm
issi
on
m
od
e:
ad
ver
ti
sin
g m
od
e
a
nd
c
onnecti
on
m
od
e.
T
o
be m
or
e
s
pecific,
one
is
t
hat
Be
aco
n
onl
y
chat
to
you
w
hich
i
s
the
co
n
necti
on
m
od
an
d
ot
he
r
is
Be
aco
n
spread
t
he
co
nten
ts
to
al
l
the
pe
op
le
a
rou
nd
w
hich
is
the
ad
ver
ti
sin
g
m
od
e.
C
onnec
ti
on
m
od
e
em
i
ts
data
segm
ent
to
request
f
or
a
pr
i
vate
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
bet
wee
n
dev
ic
e
an
d
Be
acon.
A
dv
e
rtisi
ng
m
od
e
s
hares
data
stream
pe
rio
dical
l
y
to
w
ho
is
m
on
i
toring,
the
c
onte
nts
in
adv
e
rtisi
ng
pa
ckets
ar
e
public
wit
h
no
a
ny
Crypto
gr
a
ph.
For
a
dvert
isi
ng
c
omm
u
nicat
ion
channel,
ad
dr
e
ss
pa
rt
is
al
wa
ys
0x8E
89BE
D6
[
7].
For
oth
er
data
cha
nn
el
s,
the
ad
dr
e
s
s
pa
rt
is
deter
m
ined
by
diff
e
re
nt con
ne
ct
ion
s.
Fig
ure
1
.
Bl
uetoo
t
h
P
D
U
The
tra
diti
onal
cam
pu
ses
ha
ve
si
gn
ific
a
nt
def
ect
s
i
n
inte
racti
vity
,
acce
ssibil
it
y,
visu
a
li
zat
ion
a
nd
i
ntell
igen
ce
.
F
or
insta
nce,
th
e
le
ct
ur
e
rs
in
cl
assroom
s
can
only
ta
ke
at
te
nd
a
nce
by
c
al
li
ng
the
ro
ll
,
so
m
e
m
ul
tim
edia
cl
a
ssroom
s
ha
ve
m
ade
fe
w
c
ha
nges
by
unloa
din
g
nam
e
li
sts
on
li
ne,
but
sti
ll
ro
ll
cal
l
is
i
ne
vi
ta
ble.
These
outdate
d
m
et
ho
ds
a
re
ei
ther
ti
m
e
-
con
su
m
ing
or
i
na
ccur
at
e.
Alth
ough
s
om
e
ideas
of
“
sm
art
c
a
m
pu
s
”
hav
e
bee
n
i
ntr
oduce
d,
the
in
te
racti
v
it
y
bet
ween
le
ct
urers
an
d
stu
de
nts
is
ig
nored.
Thi
s
prob
le
m
can
no
t
be
so
lve
d by
j
us
t
si
m
ply add
in
g som
e sens
ors.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
201
9
:
4250
-
4257
4252
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
2
.
1.
Desi
gn co
nsidera
tion
The
sm
art
cl
assroom
platform
sh
ou
ld
be
a
ble
to
per
cei
ve
the
relat
io
nsh
ip
bet
ween
pe
op
le
,
thin
gs,
places,
a
nd
obje
ct
s
in
t
he
cam
pu
s
[
8]
.
When
te
achers
an
d
stud
e
nts
get
al
ong
with
pe
op
le
,
things
a
nd
thi
ng
s
i
n
the
sit
uation,
it
will
help
im
pr
ov
e
t
he
qual
it
y
of
te
ac
hing,
w
ork
a
nd
li
fe
of
te
achers
a
nd
stud
e
nts.
O
n
this
basis,
desig
n
c
onside
rati
on is pr
opose
d
as
foll
ow,
Pr
act
ic
abili
ty
:
The
propose
d
platfo
rm
need
s
to
pro
vid
e
be
tt
er
and
neces
sary
ser
vices
al
ong
with
the
desire
d
i
nfor
m
at
ion
.
Wh
il
e
pro
vid
i
ng
basic
ser
vices,
it
is
nece
ssary
to
avo
i
d
bri
ngin
g
to
o
m
uch
j
un
k
inf
or
m
at
ion
to t
eachers
a
nd st
ud
e
nts.
Extensi
bili
ty
:
The
pro
po
se
d
desig
n
platfo
r
m
need
s
to
c
onsider
t
he
f
uture
de
velo
pm
ent,
and
the
platfo
r
m
m
us
t
hav
e
strong
e
xp
a
ns
ibil
it
y,
f
or
bot
h
hardw
a
re
a
nd
software
co
ns
i
der
a
ti
on
.
A
fter
the
fu
ll
reali
zat
io
n
of
existi
ng
f
unct
ion
al
it
y,
the
platfo
rm
al
so
needs
t
o
pro
vid
e
a
c
onve
nient
inte
rf
ace
f
or
the
s
ubseq
ue
nt
add
it
io
n
of
m
or
e
perso
naliz
ed
ser
vices.
I
n
or
der
t
o
e
ns
ure
th
at
the
platf
or
m
can
al
ways
a
da
pt
to
the
fu
t
ure
dev
el
op
m
ent of teac
he
rs.
Po
rta
bili
ty
:
The
ser
vice
provi
ded
by
t
he
propose
d
platf
orm
sh
al
l
be
ve
ry
co
nvenie
nt.
Teache
rs
a
nd
stud
e
nts ca
n
ea
sil
y get ser
vices an
d
easi
ly
int
egr
at
e i
nto
t
he fut
ur
e cla
ss
r
oom
en
vironm
ent
.
Op
e
nness
:
T
he
platfo
rm
sh
ould
be
able
t
o
eas
il
y
con
nect
with
oth
er
platf
orm
serv
ic
es
to
adap
t
t
o
the
ra
pi
d
dev
el
op
m
ent
of
te
ch
nolo
gy
a
nd
I
nter
net
te
c
hnology
.
The
pl
at
fo
rm
sh
ould
pro
vid
e
s
om
e
i
nterf
ace
s
f
or
th
e
third
-
pa
rty
p
la
t
form
o
utside t
he
cam
pu
s to provi
de
m
or
e c
onve
nient
ser
vic
es for
teac
hers
and stu
de
nts.
Stand
a
r
dizat
ion
:
T
he
pro
pose
d
platfo
rm
nee
ds
t
o
unify
data
pac
ks
in
the
syst
e
m
.
The
subsyst
em
s
un
de
r
the
platf
or
m
c
an
only
accom
plish
their
rela
te
d
ta
sk
s,
by
the
sta
ndar
dize
d
proc
essin
g
a
nd
st
or
a
ge
of
t
he
platfo
rm
.
2
.
2
.
S
YS
TE
M
IM
PLE
MEN
TATION
Ba
sed
on
Fi
gure
2,
few
si
gn
i
f
ic
ant
m
eth
od
ologies
a
r
e
pro
pose
d,
a
cadem
ic
integrati
on,
us
er
identific
at
ion,
po
sit
io
n
traci
ng,
interact
ive
s
ensin
g
an
d
al
l
data
flo
w
i
nto
com
pu
ti
ng
cl
oud,
t
o
reali
ze
t
he
w
ho
l
e
plane
d sy
ste
m
.
Cov
e
red
by
f
undam
ental
po
si
ti
on
in
g ser
vice
, big
data
com
pu
ti
ng
a
n
d cl
oud se
r
vice,
em
bedde
d
su
bsy
ste
m
,
the
syst
e
m
can
be
t
est
ed
in
t
he
pra
ct
ic
al
scenario
for
hardw
a
re
a
nd
softwa
re
de
plo
ym
ent
com
bin
in
g
with se
rv
ic
e i
m
ple
m
entat
ion
.
Fig
ure
2
.
Desi
gn f
l
ow ch
a
rt
3.
SY
STE
M
I
M
PLE
MENT
A
TION
3.1.
F
u
nctio
n
ality desi
gn
Af
te
r
syst
em
i
niti
at
ing
,
t
he l
ogin
m
od
ule
is
desig
ne
d
to
veri
fy
w
hethe
r t
he
us
e
r'
s
us
e
r
na
m
e
pass
word
is
correct
.
Fig
ure
3
(a)
sho
ws
the
fl
ow
in
ord
er
to
pre
ven
t
stud
e
nts
from
usi
ng
t
heir
own
m
ob
il
e
phon
e
to
l
og
into
oth
e
r
acco
un
ts
inst
ea
d
of
ow
n
at
te
nda
nc
e
in
be
ha
viour
.
Ot
her
tw
o
m
ain
act
ivit
ie
s
a
re
at
te
nd
a
nce
m
od
ule
and
pe
rs
on
al
c
entre m
odule
wh
ic
h functi
on
al
it
y ca
n
be
s
how
n
as
Fi
gure
3 (b) a
nd (
c
).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
In
te
r
activ
e on
smart cl
as
sr
oo
m
syste
m usin
g be
acon
te
c
hnol
og
y
(
Hu Jia
D
ong
)
4253
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig
ure
3
.
Mo
dule
d
e
sig
n
,
(a)
Lo
g
in
flo
w
c
ha
rt
(
b) A
tt
en
da
nce m
od
ule
(c
)
Per
s
onal
cent
r
e m
od
ule
3.
2
.
F
r
amewo
rk
co
nst
r
ucti
on
A
data
stream
fr
am
ewo
r
k
is
pro
po
se
d
in
thi
s
ph
ase
w
her
e
Figure
4
s
how
s
the
flo
w
of
e
ach
pac
ka
ge
betwee
n
se
veral
act
ivit
ie
s
design
e
d
in
phas
e
on
e
.
I
n
the
phase,
it
kee
ps
pairin
g
with
th
e
existi
ng
recei
ver
a
nd
corres
ponds
th
e
com
m
un
ic
at
i
on
bet
ween
be
acon
net
wor
k
and
us
e
r
-
en
d
e
qu
i
pm
ent
wh
ic
h
al
lo
ws
the
physi
cal
transm
issi
on
of
data,
not
onl
y
co
nn
e
ct
ing
but
al
s
o
m
at
ching
a
nd
pac
king.
All
the
data
f
ound
are
r
esi
ded
in
da
ta
li
nk
lay
er
and
w
ai
te
d f
or
furthe
r process
ing
.
Fig
ure
4
.
Fr
am
e d
ia
gram
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
201
9
:
4250
-
4257
4254
3.
3
.
Ser
vice r
ealiz
at
ion
The
bu
nch
of s
erv
ic
e
contai
ns 6
c
onseq
ue
nce
s a
nd fo
r
eac
h
has
it
ow
n disp
at
ch
a
nd
retu
rn.
In
si
de
t
he
diag
ram
,
there
are
f
our
phase
though
t
he
m
e
ssage
t
o
be
se
nt
to
the
receive
r.
W
he
n
the
m
essage
i
n,
it
will
cal
l
chat
se
rv
ic
e
an
d
pass
to
th
rea
d
se
r
vice
to
f
or
m
in
pack
a
ge.
T
he
c
orres
pondin
g
retu
rn
s
giv
e
s
om
e
feedb
ack
s
a
nd
ver
ific
at
io
ns
.
A
fter
t
hat
,
it
s
ta
rts
to
scan
t
he
beacon
nearby
and
try
to
est
a
blish
co
nnect
io
ns
.
T
hus
nee
d
detect
beacon is
di
sc
overa
ble a
nd
ke
ep
the
stat
us
.
F
igure
5
sho
ws
t
he
e
ntire co
ns
e
qu
e
nce
diag
ra
m
o
f
the b
eac
on c
hat
serv
ic
e.
Fig
ure
5
.
Ser
vi
ce co
ns
e
qu
e
nc
e d
ia
gram
3.
4
.
O
vera
ll
d
iag
r
am
The
e
ntire
pro
j
ect
is
di
vi
ded
into
th
ree
hardw
a
re,
pr
oto
c
ol
an
d
s
of
t
war
e
as
s
how
n
i
n
Figure
6.
I
n
hard
war
e,
a
co
ncep
t
ual
f
ram
e
work
co
ns
ist
s
of
fo
ur
la
ye
r,
ph
ysi
cal
la
ye
r,
data
li
nk
la
ye
r,
c
on
t
ro
l
la
ye
r
a
nd
app
li
cat
io
n
la
ye
r.
For
a
bette
r
unde
rstan
di
ng,
these
la
ye
rs
a
re
assi
gn
e
d
f
or
dif
fer
e
nt
se
rv
i
ce
but
c
ooper
a
te
i
n
dig
it
al
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
.
T
he
w
ho
le
ha
rdw
are
ci
rc
uitry
cou
l
d
be
neat
by
a
pp
ly
in
g
la
ye
r
desi
gn
an
d
it
al
so
co
ntri
bu
t
e
to
de
vel
op
routine.
T
he
pro
posed
syst
em
con
sist
s
of
a
la
ye
red
a
rc
hitec
ture
w
here
eac
h
la
ye
r
de
picts
so
m
e
functi
on
al
it
y
w
hich
can
be
ca
r
ried
ou
t
by
relat
ed
protoc
ol.
It
al
s
o
di
vid
es
netw
ork
c
ommun
ic
at
io
n
int
o
4
la
ye
rs
w
hich
are
as
P
hysic
al
Lay
er
,
A
ppli
cat
ion
Lay
er
,
Con
t
ro
l
Lay
er
a
nd
Dat
a
Link Lay
er.
Fig
ure
6.
O
veral
l diagr
am
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
In
te
r
activ
e on
smart cl
as
sr
oo
m
syste
m usin
g be
acon
te
c
hnol
og
y
(
Hu Jia
D
ong
)
4255
4.
SYSTEM
E
VALU
ATI
O
N: FIND
IN
GS & TES
T
ING
4.1.
Dis
tance
sensitive
t
es
t
The
e
xperim
ent
is
desi
gned
f
or
e
valuati
ng
t
he
accu
racy
of
di
sta
nce
ob
ta
ine
d
by
beac
on.
B
eacon
has
a
bu
il
t
-
in
data
unit
cal
le
d
Re
ceiv
ed
Sig
nal
Stre
ng
t
h
I
ndic
at
or
(RSSI)
a
nd
are
transm
it
te
d
by
beac
on
de
vice
to
th
e
Bl
uetoo
t
h
devi
ce,
i.e.
sm
art
phone,
to
ac
knowle
dge
t
he
distance
betw
een
be
aco
n
and
recei
ved
dev
ic
e
.
The
pro
po
s
ed
syst
e
m
con
cei
ves
al
l
the
cl
as
sroom
s
are
in
s
a
m
e
floor
a
nd
the
ef
fects
by
ot
her
cl
ass
room
s
fro
m
adj
ace
nt
fl
oor
is
neg
li
gib
le
.
By
assumi
ng
a
beacon
ef
f
ect
ive
range
into
2
-
dim
ensi
on
m
ap,
w
hich
ra
dial
coor
din
at
e a
nd angu
la
r
c
oord
i
nate RSS
I
te
st
cou
l
d be
done se
par
at
el
y.
The
accu
racy
is
se
ns
it
ive
wi
th
var
yi
ng
of
t
he
distance
,
w
hich
the
lo
nge
r
is
the
distan
ce
b
et
wee
n,
the
lo
wer
is
t
he
accu
racy.
B
ut
t
he
overall
acc
uracy
rem
ai
ns
at
72.
3%
w
hich
is
acce
pta
ble
f
or
the
real
case
usa
ge.
And
the
de
gr
e
e
of
fluctu
at
io
n
is
relat
ed
t
o
the
distance
.
B
y
com
par
ing
3
li
nes
in
the
c
ha
rt,
the
li
ne
is
alm
os
t
sta
ble
at
3
m
e
t
ers
but
it
fluctuates
upon
a
nd
dow
n
at
13
m
et
ers.
I
n
co
rr
es
pondin
g
of
acc
ur
acy
dec
rease
s
from
74.5% t
o 5
2.6
%.
(a)
(b)
Figure
7
.
Se
ns
it
ive test
(a)
ra
di
al
te
st (b
)
an
gula
r
te
st
4.2.
S
ys
te
m c
ompatibil
it
y
t
est
Sys
tem
com
pat
ibil
it
y
te
st
ref
er
s
to
th
e
c
om
pat
ibil
it
y
te
st
bet
ween
the
desi
gned
pr
ogram
a
nd
ha
r
dw
a
re
and
s
of
t
war
e.
The
te
st
is
di
vi
ded
int
o
ver
si
on
c
om
patibil
ity
te
st
an
d
scree
n
res
olu
ti
on
c
om
pat
ibil
it
y
te
st
.
T
o
t
est
wh
et
her
the
s
oft
war
e
ca
n
r
un
fr
ie
ndly
in
s
pe
ci
fic
ha
rdwa
re
platfo
rm
s,
dif
f
eren
t
ap
plica
ti
on
s
of
t
war
e
,
di
ff
e
ren
t
op
e
rati
ng
syst
e
m
platfo
rm
s,
di
ff
e
ren
t
net
works
a
nd
othe
r
e
nviro
nm
ents.
Ta
ble
2
shows
t
he
i
nform
at
ion
colle
ct
ed
by
de
vice
com
patibil
it
y
te
st
and
ap
p
com
patib
il
ity
te
st.
Both
these
tw
o
te
s
ts
are
aut
om
atical
l
y
gen
e
rated
by
t
he
e
valuati
ng
so
ft
war
e
f
or
t
est
pur
pose.
T
he
prefe
rr
e
d
a
ndr
oid
syst
em
is
6
t
o
8
an
d
each
perform
ance
is
ta
bula
te
d
as
be
low.
Du
e
to
the
ha
rdwa
re
li
m
i
t
at
ion
,
beac
on
l
ow
e
nergy
sta
ndar
d
ca
n
be
part
ia
lly
app
li
ed
on
lo
wer
an
droi
d
ve
rsion
a
nd
m
ob
il
e
m
od
el
.
F
r
om
the
te
st
m
od
el
of
th
ree
a
ndr
oid
de
vices
62.
6%
andr
oid
us
e
rs
c
an
e
njo
y a
good
sta
bili
ty
and
a m
od
erate ac
c
ur
acy
from
b
eacon ser
vice.
Table
2.
C
om
pati
bili
ty
tes
t
an
d
roid
versio
n
screen size
Blu
eto
o
th
r
eceivin
g
po
wer(
d
B)
g
en
erating
po
wer(d
B)
stab
ility
accurac
y
6
4
.5 in
ch
(
3
6
0
d
p
)
-
32
-
37
good
53%
7
5
inch
(
4
8
0
dp
)
-
53
-
44
stro
n
g
67%
8
5
.7 in
ch
(
4
8
0
dp
)
-
59
-
51
p
erfect
72%
4.3.
S
ys
te
m p
erfo
rm
an
ce
Table
3
ta
bula
te
s
al
l
the
feat
ures
a
nd
it
s
ex
pe
rim
ental
value
w
hich
is
t
o
s
ay
that
so
m
e
diff
e
ren
ces
ar
e
acce
ptable
a
nd
each
er
r
or
ca
n
be
t
race
t
o
t
he
s
pecific
at
trib
ute.
T
he
th
eor
et
ic
al
feat
ures
a
re
s
uperi
or
tha
n
exp
e
rim
ental
value,
by
vi
rtue
of
their
i
nterf
e
ren
ce
-
f
ree
te
st
env
ir
on
m
ent
an
d
al
so
th
e
te
st
m
et
ho
dolo
gy.
Op
e
rati
ng
f
requen
cy
a
nd
ope
rati
on
volt
age
are
set
to
Bl
ue
too
th
Lo
w
E
ne
rg
y
sta
nda
rd
w
hich
a
re
in
vo
l
ve
d
in
sta
ndby
c
urre
nt
an
d
outp
ut
powe
r.
Re
cei
vi
ng
s
ensiti
vity
a
nd
tra
ns
m
issi
on
distance
e
rro
r
a
re
sensiti
ve
to
the
env
i
ronm
ental
interfe
ren
ce
.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
t
he
e
xperim
ental
resu
lt
s
are
sti
ll
excell
ent
w
hic
h
can
be
a
pply
to
the
edu
cat
io
nal sce
nar
i
o give
n
as
pro
po
se
d.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
201
9
:
4250
-
4257
4256
Table
3.
O
ver
a
ll
p
erfo
rm
ance
Featu
re
Theo
re
tical
Valu
e
Exp
eri
m
en
tal
Valu
e
Re
m
arks
Fir
m
w
are
iBeaco
n
/Edd
y
sto
n
e
-
Versio
n
2.0
.1
Bat
t
ery
m
o
d
el
CR
2
4
7
7
-
Co
in
battery
,
3
.0V
d
c,
1
pc
Op
eration
f
requ
en
cy
2400
-
2
4
8
3
.5MHz
2
.45
GHz
Prog
ra
m
m
a
b
le
Frequ
en
cy
e
rr
o
r
+/
-
2
0
KHz
10%
Mod
u
latio
n
Q
-
QPS
K
-
Stan
d
b
y
cu
rr
en
t
1
0
0
uA
8
9
uA
Dep
en
d
s o
n
du
st c
y
cle/b
road
castin
g
f
requ
en
cy
Bro
ad
castin
g
f
requency
9
0
0
m
s
8
7
4
m
s
Du
ty
c
y
cle
Ou
tp
u
t po
wer
0
dB
m
-
2
d
B
m
Def
au
lt settin
g
,
p
rog
ra
m
m
ab
le
Receiv
in
g
sen
sitiv
i
ty
-
9
3
d
B
m
-
5
9
d
B
m
Hig
h
gain
m
o
d
e
Tr
an
s
m
ess
io
n
dis
t
an
ce
2
6
M
eters
1
5
m
eters
BER,0
.1%
,
Op
en
Sp
ace
An
ten
n
a
5
0
oh
m
5
0
oh
m
On
Bo
ard/ PCB
A
n
ten
n
a
Size
3
1
.08
m
m
*
3
1
.08
m
m
*
9
m
m
-
case size: 39
m
m
*
3
9
m
m
*
1
5
m
m
Op
eration
vo
ltag
e
2
.0
-
3
.6V
3
V
Cell p
h
o
n
e stan
d
ardized
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Currentl
y
beac
on
te
ch
no
l
og
y
sti
ll
at
the
be
ginnin
g
ph
a
se
of
c
omm
ercial
us
a
ge,
but
it
has
a
great
po
te
ntial
in
the
ed
ucati
on
fiel
d.
N
ot
only
be
acon
ha
s
a
pr
e
f
err
e
d
s
pecifica
ti
on
for
e
du
cat
ion
s
cena
rio,
but
al
s
o
ca
m
pu
s
netw
orks
a
re
em
ph
asi
zed
in
rece
nt
y
ear.
Be
nef
it
in
g
a
lot,
a
beac
on
can
li
nk
the
rea
l
obj
ec
ts
t
o
the
visu
al
ca
m
pu
s
netw
or
k
a
nd
al
s
o
retu
rn
the
instr
uctions
back
to
the
ob
j
ect
s.
It
m
a
kes
beac
on
m
uch
m
or
e
flexi
bl
e
an
d
appr
opriat
e
than
the
old
Bl
ue
too
th
syst
em
.
Those
cha
rac
te
risti
cs
even
m
ake
beacon
netw
orks
s
urp
ass
the
ca
m
pu
s
Wi
-
Fi
env
i
ronm
ent.
W
i
t
h
t
he
hum
a
nity
ste
pp
i
ng
i
n
I
o
T
e
ra,
in
door
na
vig
at
i
on
a
nd
virtu
al
reali
ty
are
the
key
w
ords
of
t
he
tren
dy
te
chnolo
gy.
Be
a
con
te
c
hnology
is
su
ch
a
desir
ed
te
ch
no
l
og
y
t
hat
kee
p
traci
ng
use
r
locat
ion
an
d
t
ran
sm
it
disp
at
ch
a
nd
fee
dba
ck.
For
i
ndoo
r
local
iz
at
io
n,
beac
on
ca
n
be
th
e
f
unda
m
ental
com
po
ne
nt
in
s
ide o
f
W
i
-
Fi router
t
o
s
pot use
rs
i
n
real
ti
m
e.
And
f
or
au
gm
e
nted
reali
ty
,
be
acon
ca
n
be
use
d
t
o
relat
e the actua
l t
hin
gs i
nt
o vir
tual digit
al
sig
nal the
n
a
naly
sis t
o give s
ugge
sti
on
s.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Rae
d
Abdul
la,
A
den
Abdil
la
hi
,
"
Ma
y
th
em
K.
Ab
bas.
E
lectr
oni
c
Tol
l
Coll
ec
t
ion
S
y
stem
Based
o
n
Radi
o
Freque
n
c
y
Ide
nti
f
ic
a
ti
on
S
y
stem
,"
In
te
r
nati
onal
Journ
al
of
El
e
ct
ri
cal
and
Co
mputer
Eng
ineering
(
IJE
CE)
,
vol.
8(3)
,
pp
.
20
88
-
8708
,
2018
.
[2]
Kara
kostas
A
,
Dem
et
ria
dis
S.
,
"
Enha
n
ci
ng
c
oll
abor
at
iv
e
lea
rning
through
d
y
nami
c
form
s
of
support:
t
h
e
impact
of
an
a
dapt
iv
e
dom
ai
n
-
spec
ific
support
strateg
y
,"
Jour
nal
of
Compute
r
Assisted
Lear
ning
,
vo
l.
27(3)
,
pp.
243
-
258
,
20
10
[3]
Yuanc
hun
Shi
,
W
ei
kai
X
ie
,
Gu
ang
y
ou
Xu,
Run
ti
ng
Shi
,
En
y
i
C
hen,
Y
anhua
Ma
o
,
"
Th
e
sm
art
class
room
:
m
erg
ing
te
chno
logi
es
fo
r s
ea
m
le
ss
te
l
e
-
ed
uca
t
ion
,"
I
EE
E
Pe
rvasiv
e
Comp
uti
ng
,
vol.
2(2)
,
pp.
47
-
55
,
2003
.
[4]
Fang
L
,
Antsak
l
is
P,
Mont
estru
que
L
,
McMick
el
l
M,
Le
m
m
on
M,
Sun
Y
e
t
al.
"
Design
of
a
W
ire
le
ss
As
siste
d
Pedestri
an
De
ad
Re
ckoni
ng
S
y
s
te
m
—
The
Nav
Mote
Expe
ri
ence
,"
IEEE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Instrum
ent
ati
on
and
Me
asur
eme
nt
,
v
ol.
54(6)
,
pp
.
23
42
-
2358
,
2005
.
[5]
Ors
ini
G,
Bad
e
D
,
La
m
ersdo
rf
W
.
,
"
Cloud
Aw
are
:
Empow
eri
ng
con
te
xt
-
a
ware
self
-
ad
aptati
on
for
m
obi
le
appl
i
ca
t
ions
,"
Tr
ansacti
ons on E
merging
Teleco
mm
unic
ati
ons Tec
hnolog
ie
s
,
vol.
29(4)
,
pp.
e321
0
,
2017
.
[6]
AlShahra
ni
A,
Mann
S,
Jo
y
M
,
"
Im
m
edi
at
e
Fe
e
dbac
k:
A
New
Mec
hani
sm
for
Rea
l
Ti
m
e
Fe
ed
bac
k
on
Cla
ss
ro
o
m
Te
a
chi
ng
Pr
ac
t
ice
,"
In
te
rnationa
l
Journal
on
Int
e
gra
ti
ng
Techno
l
ogy
in
Edu
cat
io
n
,
vol
.
6(2)
,
pp
.
17
-
32
,
2017
.
[7]
Yue
Suo,
Mi
y
ata
N,
Morik
awa
H,
Ishida
T
,
Y
uanc
hun
Shi
,
"
Open
Sm
art
C
las
sroom
:
Ext
ensi
ble
and
Scalabl
e
Le
arn
ing
S
y
ste
m
in
Sm
art
Spa
ce
Us
ing
W
eb
Servic
e
T
ec
hno
l
og
y
,"
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Kn
owle
dge
an
d
Data
Engi
ne
ering
,
v
ol
.
21(6)
,
pp
.
814
-
828
,
2009
.
[8]
Scott
K,
B
enl
a
m
ri
R.
,
"
Conte
x
t
-
Aw
are
Serv
ice
s
for
Sm
art
Lea
rning
Spac
es
,"
I
EE
E
Tr
ansacti
o
ns
on
Learning
Technol
ogi
es
,
v
ol.
3(3)
,
pp
.
214
-
227
,
2010
.
BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
Hu
Jiadon
g
has
completed
his
h
igh
school
in
20
16
and
joi
n
ed
As
ia
Pa
ci
f
ic
Univer
sit
y
fa
cul
t
y
of
engi
ne
eri
ng.
In
y
e
ar
o
f
2016
sta
rte
d
h
is
Ba
che
lo
r
degr
ee
of
T
ele
comm
unic
at
ion
Engi
ne
eri
ng
at
As
ia
Paci
f
ic Uni
ver
sit
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
In
te
r
activ
e on
smart cl
as
sr
oo
m
syste
m usin
g be
acon
te
c
hnol
og
y
(
Hu Jia
D
ong
)
4257
Raed
Mohamme
d
Tah
er
Ab
du
ll
a
re
ce
iv
ed
the
B
ac
he
lor’s
degr
ee
in
E
le
c
trica
l
eng
i
nee
ring
from
AL
-
Mus
ta
nsiria
Univer
sit
y
,
Bag
hdad,
Ir
aq
in
1
997,
th
e
Maste
r
degr
e
e
in
E
le
c
t
ronic
S
y
s
te
m
s
Design
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
from
Univer
siti
Sains
Ma
lays
ia
,
Ma
lay
sia
in
2008
and
h
e
re
c
ei
ved
his
PhD
in
W
ireless
and
Mobile
S
y
st
ems
from
Univ
ersit
i
Sains
Mal
a
y
s
ia,
Mal
a
y
s
ia
in
20
12.
H
e
s
erv
ed
Univer
siti
Sains
Malay
s
ia,
Ma
lays
ia
from
2008
un
ti
l
2011
as
Pos
tg
rad
uate
Teac
hin
g
As
sistant
and
in
the
y
e
ar
2012
he
works
at
Sch
ool
of
Eng
ineeri
ng,
As
ia
Pa
ci
fi
c
Univer
sit
y
of
T
e
chnol
og
y
and
innova
ti
on
(AP
U),
Mal
a
y
s
ia,
as
a
Senior
l
ecture
r
unti
l
now.
H
e
h
a
s
cont
ribu
te
d
in
r
ese
arc
h
and
in
the
ar
ea
s
of
Rad
io
Freque
nc
y
Id
ent
ifica
ti
on
(RFI
D)
and
W
ire
le
ss
Sensor
Network
(W
SN
)
and
Inte
rne
t
of
thi
ng
s (IOT).
Sath
ish
Kuma
r
Selvaper
uma
l
completed
hi
s
Ph.D
progra
m
at
Sri
Chan
dra
sekha
ren
dr
a
Sara
sw
at
hi
Visw
a
Maha
v
id
y
ala
ya
Univer
si
t
y
,
Ch
enna
i
,
Indi
a
in
th
e
y
e
ar
2014
.
He
complet
ed
his
B.
E
d
egr
ee
in
E
le
c
troni
cs
and
C
om
m
unic
at
ion
E
ngine
er
ing
in
th
e
y
e
ar
2001
and
M.E
Appli
ed
El
e
ct
ron
i
cs
in
the
y
e
ar
2006,
at
Arulm
igu
Mee
nakshi
Am
m
an
Coll
eg
e
o
f
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
Kanc
hipura
m
,
C
henna
i
,
Indi
a.
He
has
17
y
e
ars
of
t
ea
ch
ing
exp
erien
ce
and
h
e
is
cur
r
ent
l
y
work
ing
as
As
socia
te
Pro
fessor
and
Program
le
ader
for
T
el
e
comm
unic
at
i
on
Engi
ne
eri
ng
i
n
As
ia
Pa
ci
fi
c
Univer
sit
y
(AP
U)
of
Te
chno
lo
g
y
and
Innova
tion,
Ma
lay
sia
.
His
rese
arc
h
in
te
r
ests
ar
e
Im
ag
e
Segm
ent
at
ion
in
Angiogra
m
images,
Brain
and
Li
v
er
images,
Im
age
Enh
ance
m
ent
,
Opt
ical
Com
m
unic
at
ion, IOT, a
nt
enna des
ign,
Artif
ic
i
al I
nte
lligen
ce a
nd
Roboti
cs.
Sh
an
kar
Du
rai
kan
na
n
rec
ei
v
e
d
his
B.
E
d
egr
e
e
in
Elec
troni
cs
a
nd
Com
m
unic
at
i
on
Engi
ne
eri
n
g
from
Univer
sit
y
of
Madra
s,
Indi
a
in
1996.
He
r
ecei
ved
h
is
M.T
e
c
h
degr
ee
in
L
ase
r
and
Elec
tro
Optic
a
l
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
from
Anna
Univer
sit
y
,
India
i
n
2000.
He
r
ecei
ved
his
PhD
in
Com
m
unic
at
ion
and
Networks
E
ngine
er
ing
from
Univer
sit
y
Pu
tr
a
Mal
a
y
s
ia,
Ma
l
a
y
si
a.
He
h
as
c
om
pre
hensive
nine
t
ee
n
y
e
ars
of
teac
hing
and
rese
ar
ch
exp
erienc
e
and
h
el
d
dive
rse
ac
ad
emic
positi
ons
in
ren
owned
inst
it
u
ti
on
l
ike
VI
T
Uni
ver
sit
y
,
India,
G
ar
y
oun
is
Univer
s
ity
,
Li
b
y
a
,
and
K
IST,
Rwanda
.
Curre
ntly
he
wo
rks
as
Rese
arc
h
Coordina
tor
and
Senior
L
ec
tur
er
i
n
School
of
Enginee
ring
,
As
i
a
Paci
fi
c
Univer
si
t
y
,
Mal
a
y
s
ia
and
His
rese
arc
h
is
foc
used
to
m
obi
le
comm
unic
a
ti
o
n,
rad
io
over
fibe
rs,
op
tical networks
a
nd
m
il
l
i
m
et
er
wav
e
wir
e
le
ss
net
works
.
Ravi
Lak
sh
ma
nan
has
complet
ed
his
B.
E
degr
e
e
in
El
e
ct
ri
cal
&
El
e
ct
roni
cs
Eng
ine
er
ing
in
the
y
e
ar
1992
at
Co
i
m
bat
ore
Instit
ut
e
of
Te
ch
nolog
y,
Co
imbatore,
In
dia
and
M.E
ng
P
ower
S
y
s
te
m
s
in
th
e
y
e
ar
2012,
at
Unive
rsit
y
T
ena
ga
Nasiona
l,
Kaja
ng,
Mal
a
y
s
i
a.
He
h
as
27
y
e
a
rs
of
t
eachi
ng
and
administr
at
i
ve
exp
eri
en
ce
a
nd
he
is
cur
ren
tly
working
as
a
Senior
L
ec
tur
er
for
Engi
n
ee
ring
Depa
rtment
in
As
ia
Paci
f
ic
Univ
e
rsit
y
(AP
U)
of
Te
ch
nolog
y
and
I
nnovat
ion
,
T
ec
h
nolog
y
Park
of
Malay
s
ia,
Kua
la
Lumpur,
Ma
lays
ia
.
He
has
b
ee
n
a
t
ec
hni
cal
cons
ult
ant
for
two
Malay
si
an
base
d
companie
s
fo
r
th
e
p
ast
23
y
e
ars.
His
rese
ar
ch
inte
rests
ar
e
ren
ewa
ble
ene
rg
y
,
en
er
g
y
m
ana
gemen
t
s
y
stems
,
L
ight
in
g
design,
Pow
er s
y
stems
and
Im
a
ge
proc
essing
an
d
Inte
rn
et of Thi
ngs.
May
the
m
Kam
al
Ab
bas
Al
-
Ad
il
i
w
as
born
in
B
aghda
d,
Ira
q
,
in
1984.
He
got
his
BS
c
in
Con
trol
and
Com
pute
r
S
y
st
ems
Enginee
ring
from
U
nive
rsit
y
of
Technol
og
y
in
B
a
ghdad,
I
raq
in
2005.
In
2014,
h
e
w
as
gr
ant
ed
h
i
s
PhD
in
Elec
trica
l
and
E
lectr
on
ic
Engi
ne
eri
ng
f
rom
Univer
siti
Te
knologi
Pet
ro
nas.
Sinc
e
200
8
till
2014,
he
serve
d
as
a
r
ese
arc
h
er
wi
th
th
e
Inform
ation
Te
chno
log
y
D
ep
art
m
ent
and
the
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
and
Elec
tron
ic
s
Engi
n
e
eri
ng
dep
art
m
ent
in
Univ
ersit
i
t
te
knologi
Pe
tron
as.
He
is
th
e
author
of
seve
r
al
jo
urna
l
articles
an
d
conf
ere
n
ce
pa
per
s
those
were
publi
shed
in
sev
era
l
count
r
ie
s.
Hi
s
rese
arc
h
intere
s
ts
inc
lud
e
Int
ern
et
of
Thi
ngs
(Io
T
),
veh
ic
ul
ar
ad
hoc
n
et
works
(VA
NET)
,
form
a
l
spec
ifica
t
ion
la
n
guage
s,
decision
m
aki
ng
al
gor
ithm
s,
protoc
ol
design,
int
e
ll
ig
e
nt
s
y
st
ems
and
r
oboti
cs.
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