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at
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lid
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m
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al
r
ai
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f
a
lls
[1
-
4]
.
An
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n
f
all
ev
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t
w
il
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ca
u
s
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it
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a
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ted
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[5
-
7]
.
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w
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co
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[8
,
9]
.
C
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[
1
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14]
.
R
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v
ar
iab
les
s
u
ch
as
lan
d
s
u
r
f
ac
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
(
L
ST
)
an
d
th
e
n
o
r
m
alize
d
d
if
f
er
en
ce
v
e
g
etatio
n
in
d
ex
(
ND
VI
)
[
1
5
-
17]
.
L
ST
c
alcu
latio
n
is
d
ef
i
n
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
er
m
al
e
m
i
s
s
io
n
,
w
h
ile
NDVI
i
s
esti
m
ated
b
ased
o
n
p
o
r
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
et
ic
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
,
n
a
m
el
y
r
ed
an
d
n
ea
r
-
i
n
f
r
ar
ed
(
NI
R
)
s
u
r
f
ac
e
r
ef
lecta
n
ce
.
T
h
ese
m
et
h
o
d
s
ar
e
s
o
m
eti
m
es
k
n
o
w
n
as
o
p
tical
an
d
t
h
er
m
a
l
in
f
r
ar
ed
o
f
r
e
m
o
te
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
.
P
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies
w
er
e
co
n
d
u
cted
b
ased
o
n
p
ass
iv
e
o
r
ac
tiv
e
m
icr
o
w
a
v
e
d
ata
to
esti
m
ate
t
h
e
s
o
il
w
ater
s
u
b
s
ta
n
ce
in
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
s
o
il
la
y
er
w
it
h
in
0
to
1
0
cm
[
1
8
,
19]
.
Oth
er
u
s
ag
e
o
f
t
h
ese
o
p
tical
a
n
d
/o
r
th
er
m
al
d
ata
i
s
to
in
d
ir
e
ctl
y
id
en
tify
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o
il
m
o
i
s
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r
e
co
n
d
itio
n
b
y
r
ef
er
r
in
g
th
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
o
f
b
io
p
h
y
s
ical
f
ac
to
r
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s
u
c
h
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r
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g
y
b
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n
d
v
e
g
etat
io
n
co
v
er
,
w
h
ic
h
w
er
e
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
t
h
e
av
a
ilab
ilit
y
o
f
s
o
il
w
ater
.
R
e
s
u
l
ts
f
r
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m
v
ar
i
o
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies
s
h
o
w
a
p
o
ten
tial
i
n
m
o
n
ito
r
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g
b
o
th
r
o
o
t
zo
n
e
an
d
s
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r
f
ac
e
o
f
s
o
il
m
o
i
s
t
u
r
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b
y
u
s
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n
g
t
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m
a
l
an
d
/o
r
o
p
tical
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e
r
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ed
f
r
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m
v
eg
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n
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O
v
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th
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ea
r
s
,
v
ar
io
u
s
v
e
g
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n
i
n
d
ices
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
est
i
m
at
e
s
o
il
m
o
is
t
u
r
e
an
d
t
h
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
o
f
v
eg
eta
tio
n
t
o
th
e
s
p
atial
an
d
te
m
p
o
r
al
v
ar
ia
tio
n
s
[
2
0
-
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
aim
o
f
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
is
to
esti
m
ate
th
e
s
o
il
m
o
is
t
u
r
e
in
d
ex
f
r
o
m
L
a
n
d
s
at
8
i
m
a
g
e
s
b
ased
o
n
d
r
y
,
m
o
i
s
t,
an
d
w
et
s
ea
s
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
SMI
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
ea
s
o
n
is
co
n
d
u
cted
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
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est
SMI
m
ap
p
in
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
in
p
r
ed
icti
n
g
a
n
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
o
f
la
n
d
s
l
id
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
s
i
n
U
l
u
Kela
n
g
,
Selan
g
o
r
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
Study
a
re
a
a
nd
da
t
a
s
et
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
w
as
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
at
Ulu
Kela
n
g
,
Selan
g
o
r
w
h
ic
h
is
lo
ca
ted
at
th
e
latitu
d
e
o
f
3
°1
2
’
3
0
’
’
N
an
d
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g
itu
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f
1
0
1
°
4
5
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w
it
h
a
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Ku
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m
p
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ter
as
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h
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w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ulu
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g
is
a
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a
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n
a
s
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f
M
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h
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er
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e
o
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n
u
al
r
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l
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n
Ul
u
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an
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o
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t
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m
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ased
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t
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s
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s
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n
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k
n
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w
n
as
th
e
s
o
u
t
h
w
e
s
t
m
o
n
s
o
o
n
(
S
W
M)
,
b
eg
in
n
in
g
f
r
o
m
Ma
y
to
Au
g
u
s
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
n
o
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th
ea
s
t
m
o
n
s
o
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n
(
NE
M)
wh
ich
is
f
r
o
m
No
v
e
m
b
er
to
Feb
r
u
ar
y
.
I
n
Ul
u
Kela
n
g
,
t
h
e
s
o
i
l
m
o
is
t
u
r
e
is
m
o
s
tl
y
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
b
y
r
ain
f
all
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
[
2
3
-
26]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
L
o
ca
tio
n
o
f
Ul
u
Kel
an
g
,
Sela
n
g
or
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
S
o
il mo
is
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r
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in
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ex
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tio
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2103
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ased
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ased
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h
e
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ap
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ce
d
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r
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2
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2
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h
e
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ted
i
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s
ar
e
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ted
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T
ab
le
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le
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2
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u
r
e
2
s
h
o
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s
th
e
m
et
h
o
d
o
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g
y
o
f
th
e
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al
y
s
is
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a
s
ed
o
n
L
a
n
d
s
at
8
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m
ag
e
s
wh
ich
w
er
e
s
elec
ted
f
r
o
m
cli
m
ato
lo
g
y
o
f
r
ain
f
all
a
n
al
y
s
is
f
o
r
d
r
y
(
lo
w
m
o
is
tu
r
e)
,
m
o
i
s
t
(
m
ed
i
u
m
m
o
i
s
t
u
r
e)
an
d
w
et
(
h
ig
h
m
o
is
t
u
r
e)
s
ea
s
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
L
an
d
s
at
8
im
a
g
es
w
er
e
s
elec
ted
in
F
e
b
r
u
ar
y
,
A
p
r
il
an
d
J
u
n
e
o
f
th
e
y
ea
r
2
0
1
7
.
SMI
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ND
VI
an
d
L
ST
c
alcu
latio
n
u
s
in
g
(
1
)
[
2
7
,
2
8
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
l
o
w
c
h
ar
t o
f
SMI
an
al
y
s
is
=
(
−
)
/
(
−
)
(
1
)
W
h
er
e,
f
o
r
a
g
iv
e
n
NDVI
,
L
S
T
m
ax
a
n
d
L
ST
m
in
ar
e
t
h
e
m
a
x
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m
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m
a
n
d
m
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m
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m
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d
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n
d
s
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r
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s
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r
f
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er
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f
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e
l
f
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r
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e
n
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er
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f
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m
r
e
m
o
te
s
en
s
i
n
g
.
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h
e
ca
lcu
lat
io
n
o
f
L
ST
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
(
2
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
1
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
2
1
0
8
-
2108
2104
LS
T
=
/ [
1
+(
α
*
/
2
)
∗
ln
(
)
]
(
2
)
W
h
er
e
in
o
C
(
3
)
is
a
Satelli
te
b
r
ig
h
t
n
es
s
T
em
p
er
atu
r
e,
is
th
e
w
a
v
ele
n
g
t
h
o
f
e
m
it
ted
r
ad
ian
ce
,
2
=
1
.
4388
an
d
as in
(
4
)
=
(
2
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(
ln
(
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+
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−
273
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15
(
3
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0
.
004
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w
h
er
e
1
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s
en
s
o
r
d
ep
en
d
en
t
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lib
r
atio
n
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n
s
ta
n
t
1
(
7
7
4
.
8
8
5
3
)
an
d
2
is
s
en
s
o
r
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
ca
lib
r
atio
n
co
n
s
ta
n
t
2
(
1
3
2
1
.
0
7
8
9
)
,
L
is
T
o
p
o
f
A
t
m
o
s
p
h
er
e
(
T
OA
)
s
p
ec
tr
al
r
ad
ian
ce
,
(
5
)
an
d
C
V
i
s
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
v
al
u
e
f
o
r
L
a
n
d
s
at
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m
a
g
es (
0
.
9
8
6
)
.
=
(
(
−
)
/
(
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)
)
2
(
5
)
NDVI
is
d
e
f
i
n
e
as
th
e
r
atio
o
f
r
ef
lecti
v
it
y
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
et
w
e
en
NI
R
an
d
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ed
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m
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s
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3.
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ased
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a
to
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f
all
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s
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e
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s
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ter
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s
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alize
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ce
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(
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an
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d
s
u
r
f
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e
te
m
p
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e
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ar
e
b
ased
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n
ess
en
tial
d
ata
f
o
r
o
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tain
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ca
lc
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.
T
h
e
ND
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v
al
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es
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f
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w
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Fig
u
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Feb
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r
e
s
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g
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r
e
s
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s
h
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w
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A
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f
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e
s
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ated
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ig
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al
u
es
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h
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e
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n
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ile
t
h
e
L
ST
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atio
n
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n
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n
e
s
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o
w
ed
lo
w
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ST
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al
u
es i
n
m
o
s
t a
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s
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Fig
u
r
e
s
6
(
a)
,
6
(
b
)
an
d
6
(
c)
s
h
o
w
th
e
SMI
Ma
p
f
o
r
Feb
r
u
ar
y
,
A
p
r
il,
an
d
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
7
r
esp
ec
t
iv
el
y
.
T
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
SMI
f
o
r
all
s
elec
te
d
m
o
n
t
h
s
i
s
b
et
w
ee
n
0
.
0
0
0
0
0
1
to
0
.
0
0
0
0
0
6
an
d
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
SMI
is
b
et
w
ee
n
0
.
9
9
9
9
9
7
to
1
.
0
0
0
0
0
.
T
h
is
is
in
li
n
e
w
it
h
SMI
in
d
icato
r
w
h
ic
h
i
n
th
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
0
to
1
.
T
h
e
SMI
m
ap
is
class
i
f
ied
in
to
th
r
ee
clas
s
es,
S
MI
less
th
a
n
0
.
3
(
<
0
.
3
,
d
r
y
ar
ea
)
,
SMI
b
etw
ee
n
0
.
3
an
d
0
.
5
(
0
.
3
-
0
.
5
,
m
o
is
t
ar
ea
)
an
d
SMI
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
0
.
5
(
>
0
.
5
,
w
et
ar
ea
)
.
T
h
e
b
r
o
w
n
s
p
o
t
ar
ea
s
k
n
o
w
n
as
d
r
y
ar
ea
s
,
w
h
ic
h
in
d
icate
t
h
e
SMI
v
alu
e
clo
s
e
to
ze
r
o
w
as
h
i
g
h
l
y
a
f
f
ec
ted
b
y
w
ater
d
ef
icit.
W
h
ile
t
h
e
y
ello
w
s
p
o
t
ar
ea
s
ar
e
id
en
ti
f
ied
as
m
o
is
t
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
e
SMI
v
alu
e
n
ea
r
to
1
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
g
r
ee
n
s
p
o
t a
r
ea
s
w
h
ic
h
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
th
e
w
et
ar
ea
o
r
f
o
r
est co
v
er
an
d
h
av
e
t
h
e
h
ig
h
e
s
t
m
o
i
s
tu
r
e
as c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
r
est o
f
lan
d
co
v
er
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
to
tal
ar
ea
o
f
SMI
clas
s
es
in
Feb
r
u
ar
y
,
Ap
r
il
an
d
J
u
n
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
y
ea
r
o
f
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Fro
m
th
e
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al
y
s
is
,
t
h
er
e
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lar
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e
d
r
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ich
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s
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o
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i
m
at
el
y
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1
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(
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5
3
4
9
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m
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in
Feb
r
u
ar
y
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
m
o
is
t
(
2
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%)
an
d
w
et
ar
ea
(
3
1
%).
W
h
ile
in
A
p
r
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1
7
%
(
2
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m
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s
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y
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N:
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0
8
8
-
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I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
1
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3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
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0
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-
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h
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n
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n
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lass
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m
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ased
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l
y
s
is
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n
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u
cted
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th
e
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ted
m
o
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t
h
s
,
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il
w
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
to
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e
m
o
s
t
w
e
t/ra
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y
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o
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th
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
Feb
r
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ar
y
a
n
d
J
u
n
e.
T
h
i
s
is
d
u
e
to
8
3
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o
f
t
h
e
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ea
i
n
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p
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il
w
a
s
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v
er
ed
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y
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t a
n
d
w
et
ar
e
as,
w
h
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le
in
Feb
r
u
ar
y
i
t
w
as o
n
l
y
at
5
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n
d
J
u
n
e
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B
ased
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e
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es,
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ic
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ed
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M
s
ea
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Ma
r
c
h
-
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p
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d
Sep
te
m
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er
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Octo
b
er
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d
also
th
e
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eg
in
n
i
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g
o
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NE
M
in
No
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e
m
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er
a
n
d
Dece
m
b
er
.
W
h
ile
J
u
n
e
i
s
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ep
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ted
a
s
t
h
e
m
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i
s
t
s
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
SW
M.
T
h
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
Feb
r
u
ar
y
is
id
en
ti
f
ied
a
s
th
e
d
r
y
s
ea
s
o
n
w
h
ic
h
in
d
icate
s
th
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en
d
o
f
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M
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ea
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o
n
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J
an
u
ar
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d
Feb
r
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ar
y
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w
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m
ap
w
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l
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e
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ted
to
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ep
r
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t
t
h
e
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p
ar
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m
eter
f
o
r
l
a
n
d
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lid
e
ev
en
t
s
.
T
h
e
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est
s
elec
ted
p
ar
a
m
eter
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
SMI
m
ap
in
A
p
r
il a
s
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
la
n
d
s
lid
e
ev
e
n
t
s
o
cc
u
r
in
h
i
g
h
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v
al
u
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
ain
y
s
ea
s
o
n
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
L
an
d
s
u
r
f
ac
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
(
L
ST
)
f
o
r
(
a)
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
1
7
,
(
b
)
A
p
r
il 2
0
1
7
an
d
(
c)
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
7
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
So
il
m
o
is
t
u
r
e
in
d
e
x
f
o
r
(
a)
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
1
7
(
d
r
y
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ea
s
o
n
)
,
(
b
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e
2
0
1
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(
m
o
is
t sea
s
o
n
)
,
an
d
(
c)
A
p
r
il 2
0
1
7
(
w
et
s
ea
s
o
n
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
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S
o
il mo
is
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ex
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2107
Fig
u
r
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7
.
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h
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d
is
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o
r
3
class
es o
f
SMI
in
Feb
r
u
ar
y
,
A
p
r
il a
n
d
J
u
n
e
f
o
r
th
e
y
e
ar
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at
Ulu
Kela
n
g
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Selan
g
o
r
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
So
il
m
o
i
s
t
u
r
e
w
as
t
h
e
k
e
y
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ar
a
m
eter
to
m
o
n
i
to
r
an
d
p
r
e
d
ict
th
e
r
ain
f
all
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la
n
d
s
lid
e
o
c
cu
r
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en
ce
s
,
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h
ill
y
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s
.
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h
e
m
a
in
o
b
j
ec
tiv
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to
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e
SMI
m
ap
esti
m
atio
n
,
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er
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f
r
o
m
L
an
d
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at
8
i
m
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g
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y
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n
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o
n
s
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s
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o
n
w
h
ic
h
is
i
n
f
l
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en
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d
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y
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h
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ain
f
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ib
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ased
o
n
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h
e
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al
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is
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es
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lt
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icate
d
t
h
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ain
f
all
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is
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tio
n
is
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ig
h
d
u
r
in
g
I
M
s
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f
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M
s
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T
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e
m
o
n
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d
i
tio
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.
T
h
e
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t
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esti
m
atio
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s
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o
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(
w
e
t
s
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o
n
)
w
a
s
s
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ted
as
t
h
e
S
MI
p
ar
am
eter
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
lan
d
s
lid
e
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
s
a
n
al
y
s
is
f
o
r
Ulu
Kela
n
g
,
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g
o
r
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
w
o
u
ld
lik
e
to
th
an
k
Fac
u
lt
y
o
f
E
lectr
i
ca
l
E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
Un
i
v
er
s
it
i
T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i
M
A
R
A
(
UiT
M)
f
o
r
th
eir
v
al
u
ab
le
s
u
p
p
o
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t.
T
h
is
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esear
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i
s
p
ar
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u
n
d
ed
b
y
th
e
Ma
la
y
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ia
n
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o
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n
m
en
t
th
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g
h
UiT
M
u
n
d
er
6
0
0
/
-
I
R
MI
/FR
G
S
5
/3
(
4
0
7
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0
1
9
)
.
W
e
ar
e
g
r
atef
u
l
to
J
ab
atan
P
en
g
air
an
d
an
Salira
n
Ma
la
y
s
ia
an
d
USGS
f
o
r
p
r
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v
id
in
g
t
h
e
R
ain
g
a
u
g
e
d
ata
an
d
L
a
n
d
s
at
8
I
m
ag
e
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
M
.
Ira
w
a
n
,
R.
H.
V
irg
ian
to
,
A
.
S
a
f
ril
,
M
u
n
a
w
a
r,
S
.
T
.
G
u
sto
n
o
,
a
n
d
N.
D.
P
u
t
ra
n
to
,
“
Ra
in
f
a
ll
th
r
e
sh
o
ld
a
n
d
s
o
il
m
o
istu
re
in
d
e
x
e
s
f
o
r
th
e
i
n
it
iat
io
n
o
f
lan
d
sl
id
e
i
n
Ba
n
jarm
a
n
g
u
su
b
-
d
istri
c
t
,
c
e
n
tral
Ja
v
a
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
”
IO
P
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
S
e
rie
s: E
a
rt
h
a
n
d
En
v
iro
n
me
n
ta
l
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
2
4
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
]
S
.
J.
M
a
tl
a
n
,
S
.
A
b
d
u
ll
a
h
,
R.
A
li
a
s,
a
n
d
M
.
M
u
k
h
l
isin
,
“
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
w
o
rk
in
g
ra
in
fa
ll
a
n
d
s
o
il
w
a
ter
in
d
e
x
o
n
slo
p
e
sta
b
il
it
y
in
Ra
n
a
u
,
S
a
b
a
h
,
”
I
n
t.
J
.
Civ.
En
g
.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
.
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
3
3
1
–
1
3
4
1
,
2
0
1
8
.
[3
]
E.
M
o
n
sie
u
rs,
O.
De
w
it
te,
a
n
d
A
.
De
m
o
u
li
n
,
“
A
su
sc
e
p
ti
b
il
it
y
-
b
a
se
d
ra
in
f
a
ll
th
re
sh
o
ld
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
f
o
r
lan
d
slid
e
o
c
c
u
rre
n
c
e
,
”
Na
t.
H
a
za
rd
s
Ea
rt
h
S
y
st.
S
c
i.
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
7
7
5
–
7
8
9
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
5
1
9
4
/
n
h
e
ss
-
19
-
7
7
5
-
2
0
1
9
.
[4
]
H.
S
tatio
n
,
“
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
M
o
ist
u
re
L
e
v
e
l
Us
in
g
P
re
c
ip
it
a
ti
o
n
In
d
i
c
e
s
a
s
a
L
a
n
d
slid
e
T
rig
g
e
rin
g
F
a
c
to
r
-
A
S
tu
d
y
o
f
Co
o
n
o
o
r
Hill
S
tatio
n
,
”
v
o
l.
7
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
5
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/cli
7
0
9
0
1
1
1
.
[5
]
S
.
S
e
g
o
n
i
,
A
.
Ro
si,
D.
L
a
g
o
m
a
rsi
n
o
,
R
.
F
a
n
t
i,
a
n
d
N.
Ca
sa
g
li
,
“
Brief
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
:
Us
in
g
a
v
e
ra
g
e
d
so
il
m
o
istu
r
e
e
sti
m
a
tes
to
im
p
ro
v
e
th
e
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
s
o
f
a
re
g
io
n
a
l
-
sc
a
le
lan
d
s
li
d
e
e
a
rly
w
a
rn
in
g
s
y
ste
m
,
”
Na
t.
Ha
za
rd
s
Ea
rt
h
S
y
st.
S
c
i.
,
v
o
l.
1
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
8
0
7
–
8
1
2
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
5
1
9
4
/
n
h
e
ss
-
18
-
8
0
7
-
2
0
1
8
.
[6
]
R.
L
.
Ra
y
a
n
d
J.
M
.
Ja
c
o
b
s,
“
Re
latio
n
sh
i
p
s
a
m
o
n
g
re
m
o
tel
y
s
e
n
se
d
so
il
m
o
istu
re
,
p
re
c
ip
i
tatio
n
a
n
d
la
n
d
sli
d
e
e
v
e
n
ts,”
Na
t.
Ha
za
r
d
s,
v
o
l.
4
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
1
1
–
2
2
2
,
2
0
0
7
.
[7
]
L
.
Zh
u
o
,
Q.
Da
i,
D.
Ha
n
,
N.
C
h
e
n
,
B.
Zh
a
o
,
a
n
d
M
.
Be
rti
,
“
E
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
Re
m
o
tel
y
S
e
n
se
d
S
o
il
M
o
istu
re
f
o
r
L
a
n
d
slid
e
Ha
z
a
rd
As
se
s
s
m
e
n
t,
”
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.
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.
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c
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,
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0
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1
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[9
]
L
.
Zh
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a
n
d
D.
Ha
n
,
“
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sity
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it
i
o
n
s,”
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d
v
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e
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0
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B.
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,
“
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a
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,
2
0
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,
[1
1
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H.
V
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rik
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e
n
a
n
d
J.
V
.
Re
v
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a
r,
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latio
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twe
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d
ian
M
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so
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re
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o
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p
.
1
1
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0
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8
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Y.
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n
g
,
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o
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u
n
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n
d
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.
Ch
e
n
,
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m
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3
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.
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a
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,
“
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tri
e
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in
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u
rf
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tem
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te
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s.
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.
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1
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p
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[1
4
]
M
.
L
a
z
z
a
ri,
M
.
P
icc
a
rre
ta,
a
n
d
S
.
M
a
n
f
re
d
a
,
“
T
h
e
ro
le
o
f
a
n
tec
e
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e
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t
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il
m
o
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re
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o
n
d
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i
o
n
s
o
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ra
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n
f
a
ll
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tri
g
g
e
r
e
d
sh
a
ll
o
w
lan
d
sli
d
e
s,”
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t.
Ha
z
a
rd
s
Ea
rth
S
y
st.
S
c
i.
Di
sc
u
ss
.
,
n
o
.
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c
e
m
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e
r
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
1
,
2
0
1
8
,
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o
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1
0
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9
4
/
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h
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.
[1
5
]
E.
T
a
k
ti
k
o
u
,
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.
Bo
u
ra
z
a
n
is,
G
.
P
a
p
a
io
a
n
n
o
u
,
a
n
d
P
.
Ke
rk
id
e
s,
“
P
r
e
d
ictio
n
o
f
S
o
il
M
o
istu
re
f
ro
m
R
e
m
o
te
S
e
n
sin
g
Da
ta,”
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c
e
d
ia
E
n
g
.
,
v
o
l.
1
6
2
,
p
p
.
3
0
9
-
3
1
6
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
6
]
E.
S
.
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
,
A
.
A
li
,
M
.
El
-
S
h
irb
e
n
y
,
K.
A
b
u
tale
b
,
a
n
d
S
.
M
.
S
h
a
d
d
a
d
,
“
M
a
p
p
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n
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il
m
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re
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th
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ir
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h
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ro
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p
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rn
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si
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g
re
m
o
tel
y
se
n
se
d
d
a
ta
in
a
rid
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e
g
io
n
,
”
Eg
y
p
t
.
J
.
Rem
o
te
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n
s.
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p
.
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p
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0
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0
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9
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0
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.
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0
3
.
[1
7
]
A
.
N.
M
a
to
ri,
A
.
Ba
sith
,
a
n
d
I.
S
.
H.
Ha
ra
h
a
p
,
“
S
tu
d
y
o
f
re
g
io
n
a
l
m
o
n
so
o
n
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l
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fe
c
ts o
n
lan
d
slid
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a
z
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rd
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ti
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n
Ca
m
e
ro
n
Hig
h
lan
d
s,
M
a
lay
sia
,
”
Ara
b
.
J
.
Ge
o
sc
i.
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
0
6
9
–
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0
8
4
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
8
]
L
.
Wan
g
a
n
d
J.
J.
Qu
,
“
S
a
telli
te r
e
m
o
te se
n
sin
g
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s f
o
r
su
rf
a
c
e
so
il
m
o
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re
m
o
n
it
o
ri
n
g
:
A rev
ie
w
,
”
Fro
n
t.
Ea
rth
S
c
i.
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h
in
a
,
v
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l.
3
,
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o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
3
7
–
2
4
7
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
9
]
A
.
A
p
ril
ian
i,
R.
Ku
su
m
a
n
in
g
ru
m
,
S
.
N.
En
d
a
h
,
a
n
d
Y.
P
ra
se
t
y
o
,
“
S
u
it
a
b
il
it
y
a
n
a
l
y
sis o
f
rice
v
a
rieties
u
sin
g
lea
rn
in
g
v
e
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to
r
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u
a
n
ti
z
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ti
o
n
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n
d
re
m
o
te
s
e
n
sin
g
ima
g
e
s,”
T
EL
KOM
NIKA
T
e
lec
o
mm
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n
ic
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ti
o
n
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m
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u
t
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g
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n
d
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l.
1
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o
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0
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0
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2
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8
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o
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ik
a
.
v
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.
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2
2
3
4
.
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0
]
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e
n
f
u
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n
g
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a
n
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h
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n
g
a
n
d
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u
Z
h
a
n
g
,
"
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o
il
m
o
istu
re
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sti
m
a
ti
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in
th
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tran
siti
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ro
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ield
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e
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re
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e
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ts
a
n
d
LA
ND
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AT
8
OL
I
/T
IRS
-
d
e
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e
d
in
d
ice
s,"
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b
ia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ge
o
sc
ien
c
e
s,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
n
o
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4
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
1
]
T
o
g
i
T
a
m
p
u
b
o
lo
n
,
Rit
a
Ju
li
a
n
i,
J
u
n
iar
Hu
tah
e
a
n
a
n
d
Je
d
d
a
h
Ya
n
ti
,
"
Re
tri
e
v
in
g
S
u
rfa
c
e
S
o
il
M
o
istu
re
f
ro
m
Op
ti
c
a
l
S
a
telli
te Im
a
g
e
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r
M
e
d
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n
a
n
d
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u
rr
o
u
n
d
i
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,
"
IOP
Co
n
f.
S
e
rie
s: Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
h
y
sic
s: Co
n
f.
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e
rie
s
1
4
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5
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
2
]
M
o
c
h
a
m
a
d
F
.
G
.
,
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tu
t
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.
,
A
g
u
n
g
B
.
H
.
a
n
d
A
k
ih
ik
o
K
.
,
"
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
n
g
so
il
sa
li
n
i
ty
,
so
il
m
o
istu
re
,
so
il
p
H
f
ro
m
sa
telli
te
ima
g
e
r
y
a
n
d
it
s
a
n
a
ly
si
s,"
In
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
Pro
c
e
ss
in
g
i
n
A
g
ric
u
lt
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re
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l.
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p
p
.
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0
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0
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o
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0
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0
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6
/
j.
in
p
a
.
2
0
1
9
.
0
8
.
0
0
3
.
[2
3
]
M
.
M
u
k
h
li
si
n
,
S
.
J.
M
a
tl
a
n
,
M
.
J.
A
h
lan
,
a
n
d
M
.
R.
T
a
h
a
,
“
A
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
ra
in
f
a
ll
e
ffe
c
t
to
slo
p
e
s
tab
il
it
y
in
Ul
u
Kla
n
g
,
M
a
lay
sia
,
”
J
.
T
e
k
n
o
l.
,
v
o
l
.
7
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
5
–
2
1
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
4
]
S
.
Je
o
n
g
,
A
.
Ka
ss
i
m
,
M
.
Ho
n
g
,
a
n
d
N
.
S
a
a
d
a
tk
h
a
h
,
“
S
u
sc
e
p
ti
b
il
it
y
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
ts
o
f
lan
d
slid
e
s
in
Hu
lu
Ke
lan
g
a
re
a
u
sin
g
a
g
e
o
g
ra
p
h
ic
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
-
b
a
se
d
p
re
d
ictio
n
m
o
d
e
l,
”
S
u
sta
i
n
.
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
8
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/s
u
1
0
0
8
2
9
4
1
.
[2
5
]
M
.
L
.
L
e
e
,
K.
Y.
Ng
,
Y.
F
.
Hu
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
W
.
C.
L
i,
“
R
a
in
f
a
ll
-
in
d
u
c
e
d
lan
d
sli
d
e
s in
Hu
l
u
Ke
lan
g
a
re
a
,
M
a
la
y
sia
,
”
Na
t.
Ha
za
rd
s,
v
o
l
.
7
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
5
3
–
3
7
5
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
6
]
N.
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