I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
p
ute
r
E
ng
in
ee
ring
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
7
,
p
p
.
29
9
3
~
3
0
0
1
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
ec
e
.
v7
i
6
.
p
p
2
9
9
3
-
3001
2993
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
jo
u
r
n
a
l.c
o
m/o
n
lin
e/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/I
JE
C
E
STM
O
bserv
a
tio
n of t
h
e Si
(11
1
)
-
(
7
×7
)
Recon
struc
t
ed Sur
face
M
o
dified
by
Ex
ce
ss
P
ho
spho
rus Do
ping
H
irula
k
D.
Siriw
a
rdena
1
,
T
o
ru
Ya
m
a
s
hita
2
,
M
a
s
a
ru
Sh
im
o
m
ura
3
1,
3
G
ra
d
u
a
te
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
S
h
izu
o
k
a
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Ja
p
a
n
2,
3
G
ra
d
u
a
te
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
In
teg
ra
ted
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
S
h
izu
o
k
a
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Ja
p
a
n
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Au
g
2
3
,
2
0
1
7
R
ev
i
s
ed
No
v
1
2
,
2
0
1
7
A
cc
ep
ted
No
v
2
6
,
2
0
1
7
T
h
e
e
le
c
tro
n
ic
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
se
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
r
su
rf
a
c
e
s
c
h
a
n
g
e
r
e
a
d
il
y
u
p
o
n
c
h
a
n
g
in
g
th
e
c
a
rrier
d
e
n
siti
e
s
b
y
c
o
n
tro
ll
i
n
g
th
e
d
o
p
a
n
t
c
o
n
c
e
n
tratio
n
.
A
d
d
it
io
n
a
ll
y
,
e
x
c
e
ss
d
o
p
a
n
t
a
to
m
s
c
a
n
e
x
e
rt
e
lec
tri
c
f
ield
w
h
ich
wo
u
l
d
a
ff
e
c
t
th
e
m
o
lec
u
lar
a
d
so
rp
ti
o
n
p
ro
c
e
ss
a
n
d
c
o
u
ld
b
e
u
se
d
t
o
m
a
n
ip
u
late
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
c
o
n
f
in
e
d
m
o
lec
u
les
.
A
m
e
c
h
a
n
is
m
c
a
n
b
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
e
d
to
c
o
n
tr
o
l
th
e
m
o
lec
u
lar
d
y
n
a
m
ic
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
n
m
o
d
if
ied
s
e
m
i
c
o
n
d
u
c
to
r
su
rf
a
c
e
b
y
d
o
p
a
n
ts
t
h
u
s
c
h
a
n
g
in
g
th
e
e
ff
e
c
t
o
f
th
e
e
lec
tri
c
f
i
e
ld
o
n
th
e
a
c
ti
v
e
m
o
le
c
u
les
.
In
th
is
stu
d
y
,
th
e
S
i(1
1
1
)
su
rf
a
c
e
w
a
s
d
o
p
e
d
w
it
h
p
h
o
sp
h
o
r
u
s
e
x
c
e
ss
iv
e
l
y
u
sin
g
th
e
rm
a
l
d
iff
u
sio
n
p
r
o
c
e
ss
.
T
h
e
su
rf
a
c
e
w
a
s
th
e
n
re
c
o
n
stru
c
ted
t
o
th
e
7
×
7
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
a
ti
o
n
v
ia h
e
a
ti
n
g
u
n
d
e
r
UH
V
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
s an
d
th
e
n
stu
d
ied
t
h
ro
u
g
h
S
T
M
a
n
d
S
T
S
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s.
T
h
e
p
ro
tru
si
o
n
s
d
u
e
t
o
su
rf
a
c
e
a
n
d
su
b
su
rf
a
c
e
P
a
to
m
s
a
p
p
e
a
r
b
rig
h
ter
d
u
e
to
th
e
lo
n
e
e
lec
tro
n
p
a
ir
.
T
h
e
7
×
7
re
c
o
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
w
o
u
l
d
b
e
d
e
sta
b
il
ize
d
a
f
ter
a
c
rit
ica
l
P
su
b
s
ti
tu
ti
o
n
o
f
Si
-
a
d
a
to
m
c
o
n
c
e
n
tratio
n
d
u
e
to
h
ig
h
su
rf
a
c
e
stra
in
re
su
lt
i
n
P
-
term
in
a
t
e
d
(
6
√3
×
6
√3
)
R
3
0
º
re
c
o
n
stru
c
t
io
n
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
:
E
x
ce
s
s
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
o
u
s
d
o
p
in
g
Si(1
1
1
)
-
(
7
×7
)
ST
M
ST
S
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
7
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ma
s
ar
u
S
h
i
m
o
m
u
r
a
,
Gr
ad
u
ate
Sch
o
o
l o
f
Scie
n
ce
a
n
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Sh
iz
u
o
k
a
U
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
,
3
-
5
-
1
J
o
h
o
k
u
,
Na
k
ak
u
,
Ha
m
a
m
ats
u
4
3
2
-
8
0
1
1
,
J
ap
an
.
E
-
m
a
il:
s
h
i
m
o
m
u
r
a.
m
a
s
ar
u
@
s
h
izu
o
k
a.
ac
.
j
p
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Do
p
an
t a
to
m
s
ar
e
o
f
e
x
tr
e
m
e
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
i
n
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
p
h
y
s
ics a
n
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
i
n
ce
t
h
e
d
o
p
an
t
ato
m
s
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
tl
y
af
f
ec
ted
elec
tr
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ty
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
is
t
h
e
ch
ar
g
e
ca
r
r
ier
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
ater
ial.
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
a
n
d
h
o
le
s
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
a
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
u
n
d
er
th
er
m
a
l
eq
u
ilib
r
iu
m
is
eq
u
al
to
ea
ch
o
th
er
.
I
n
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
d
o
p
an
t
ato
m
s
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
c
o
n
d
u
cti
v
it
y
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
in
cr
e
m
e
n
t
in
ca
r
r
ier
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
.
Ver
y
h
i
g
h
l
y
d
o
p
ed
o
r
d
eg
en
er
ate
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
m
ater
ials
h
av
e
co
n
d
u
ct
iv
i
t
y
p
r
o
p
er
ty
lev
el
s
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
to
m
e
tals
a
n
d
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e
s
h
o
w
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t p
r
o
p
er
ties
w
h
en
co
m
p
ar
e
d
w
it
h
t
y
p
ical
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
[
2
]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
t
w
o
b
a
s
ic
m
et
h
o
d
s
w
h
ic
h
a
n
i
m
p
u
r
it
y
d
o
p
a
n
t
ato
m
m
a
y
p
en
etr
ate
in
to
a
lattice.
T
h
e
d
o
p
an
t
ato
m
ca
n
s
u
b
s
tit
u
te
a
n
ato
m
o
f
t
h
e
h
o
s
t
cr
y
s
tal
w
h
ic
h
is
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
t
itu
t
io
n
al
i
m
p
u
r
it
y
.
Ot
h
er
w
i
s
e,
t
h
e
d
o
p
an
t
ca
n
r
e
m
ai
n
in
a
p
o
s
itio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
lat
tice
s
ite,
w
h
ich
i
s
k
n
o
w
n
as
t
h
e
in
ter
s
titi
al
i
m
p
u
r
it
y
.
T
h
e
b
est
an
d
w
ell
-
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
i
m
p
u
r
itie
s
ar
e
th
e
ato
m
s
f
r
o
m
g
r
o
u
p
I
I
I
an
d
V
o
f
th
e
p
er
io
d
ic
tab
le
f
o
r
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
I
V
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
.
T
h
ese
ato
m
s
ca
n
e
n
ter
th
e
h
o
s
t
lattice
a
n
d
ca
n
s
u
b
s
t
itu
te
b
y
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
co
v
ale
n
t
b
o
n
d
s
[
3
]
.
W
h
en
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
u
s
(
P
)
ato
m
en
ter
s
th
e
Si
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
,
it
o
cc
u
p
ied
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
latt
ice
s
ite
s
i
n
t
h
e
Si cr
y
s
tal.
T
o
f
o
r
m
f
o
u
r
s
tab
le
b
in
d
i
n
g
s
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
Si
h
o
s
t a
to
m
s
,
P
h
as
to
lo
s
e
o
n
e
elec
tr
o
n
,
w
h
ich
i
s
an
ele
m
en
t
h
a
v
i
n
g
f
i
v
e
o
u
ter
s
h
ell
e
lectr
o
n
s
,
s
o
f
o
u
r
elec
tr
o
n
s
ca
n
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
in
to
t
h
e
co
v
ale
n
t
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e.
T
h
e
i
m
p
u
r
it
y
P
ato
m
b
ec
o
m
e
s
a
p
o
s
itiv
el
y
ch
ar
g
ed
io
n
a
f
ter
lo
s
in
g
t
h
e
elec
tio
n
in
th
e
latt
ices
a
n
d
t
h
u
s
s
tar
t
s
to
ex
er
t
a
p
er
tu
r
b
in
g
f
o
r
ce
o
n
it
s
n
ea
r
b
y
h
o
s
t
ato
m
s
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
p
er
tu
r
b
i
n
g
p
o
ten
tial
ac
ts
s
i
m
ilar
to
a
C
o
u
lo
m
b
p
o
te
n
tial a
s
a
p
r
o
to
n
is
p
lace
d
at
th
e
i
m
p
u
r
it
y
s
ite.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
2
9
9
3
–
3
0
0
1
2994
Sev
er
al
s
t
u
d
ies
o
n
m
o
lec
u
le
s
co
n
f
i
n
ed
in
s
el
f
-
as
s
e
m
b
led
m
o
lecu
lar
co
r
r
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
t
h
e
ST
M
im
a
g
e
o
f
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
(
a
)
,
h
a
v
e
alr
ea
d
y
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
I
t
h
as
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
t
h
e
tr
i
m
et
h
y
lp
h
o
s
p
h
i
n
e
(
T
M
P
)
m
o
lec
u
les
ad
s
o
r
b
ed
o
n
a
co
r
n
er
-
ad
ato
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
Si(1
1
1
)
-
(
7
×
7
)
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
s
u
r
f
ac
e
m
o
v
e
d
y
n
a
m
icall
y
i
n
s
id
e
s
elf
-
a
s
s
e
m
b
led
p
y
r
r
o
le
m
o
lec
u
lar
f
en
ce
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
m
u
tu
a
l
r
ep
u
ls
i
v
e
f
o
r
ce
ex
er
ted
b
y
th
e
T
M
P
ad
s
o
r
b
ates
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
s
t
u
d
ies
o
n
t
h
e
m
o
lecu
lar
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
th
is
d
y
n
a
m
ic
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
al
s
o
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
t
u
n
n
el
in
g
elec
tr
o
n
in
j
ec
tio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
esp
ec
iall
y
s
a
m
p
le
b
ias
v
o
lt
ag
e
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
a
n
tib
o
n
d
i
n
g
o
r
b
itals
o
f
t
h
e
Si
-
P
b
o
n
d
[
7
]
.
W
e
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
t
h
at
a
n
elec
tr
ic
f
i
eld
ca
n
b
e
f
o
r
m
ed
i
f
th
er
e
is
a
n
ex
ce
s
s
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
p
o
s
itiv
e
io
n
s
d
u
e
to
h
ig
h
P
d
o
in
g
a
n
d
t
h
is
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
ca
n
af
f
ec
t
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
ad
s
o
r
b
ed
m
o
lecu
les
o
n
th
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
I
f
th
e
p
y
r
r
o
le
a
n
d
T
MP
m
o
lec
u
lar
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
ca
n
b
e
p
lace
d
in
b
et
w
ee
n
a
n
a
n
o
g
ap
an
d
i
f
t
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
m
o
v
e
m
en
t
o
f
T
MP
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
,
a
m
o
le
cu
lar
le
v
el
s
w
itc
h
lik
e
d
ev
ice
ca
n
b
e
f
ab
r
icate
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
(
a)
S
T
M
im
a
g
e
o
f
co
n
f
in
ed
T
MP
ad
s
o
r
b
ates in
s
el
f
-
as
s
e
m
b
led
p
y
r
r
o
le
m
o
lec
u
lar
co
r
r
als o
n
Si(1
1
1
)
-
(
7
×
7
)
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
(
b
)
Sch
e
m
atic
i
llu
s
tr
at
io
n
o
f
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
ed
s
in
g
le
m
o
l
ec
u
lar
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ice.
T
o
p
v
ie
w
o
f
t
h
e
d
ev
ic
e,
(
c)
T
M
P
ad
s
o
r
b
ates c
o
n
f
i
n
e
d
in
p
y
r
r
o
le
m
o
lec
u
lar
f
e
n
ce
s
f
ab
r
icate
d
in
th
e
n
an
o
-
g
ap
a
n
d
(
d
)
T
M
P
ad
s
o
r
b
ates c
o
n
f
in
ed
i
n
ex
te
n
d
ed
p
y
r
r
o
le
m
o
lec
u
lar
f
e
n
ce
s
f
ab
r
icate
d
o
n
h
ea
v
il
y
P
-
d
o
p
ed
a
r
ea
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
n
a
n
o
-
g
ap
Fo
r
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
a
n
an
o
-
g
ap
el
ec
tr
o
d
e
w
i
th
a
s
p
ac
in
g
ab
o
u
t
5
0
n
m
h
a
s
to
b
e
f
ab
r
icate
d
o
n
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
l
y
P
-
d
o
p
ed
Si
(
1
1
1
)
-
(
7
×
7
)
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
s
u
r
f
ac
e
as
ill
u
s
tr
ate
d
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
.
T
h
en
th
e
co
n
f
i
n
ed
T
MP
m
o
lec
u
lar
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
is
f
ab
r
icate
d
v
ia
s
elf
-
a
s
s
e
m
b
l
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Sin
ce
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
T
MP
ad
s
o
r
b
ates
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
a
m
p
le
b
ias
co
n
d
itio
n
s
i
s
k
n
o
w
n
,
i
t
is
p
o
s
s
i
b
le
to
p
r
ec
is
el
y
m
an
ip
u
late
t
h
e
m
o
v
e
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
T
MP
ad
s
o
r
b
ates
w
i
th
r
e
s
p
ec
t
to
t
h
e
ap
p
lied
v
o
ltag
e.
I
t
is
ex
p
e
cted
th
at
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ica
ll
y
ac
ti
v
e
T
MP
ad
s
o
r
b
ates
m
o
v
e
to
w
ar
d
s
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
ca
t
h
o
d
e
o
f
th
e
n
an
o
g
ap
s
in
ce
T
MP
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ch
ar
g
e
ar
o
u
n
d
it,
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
(
c)
.
T
h
e
m
o
lecu
lar
ar
r
an
g
e
m
e
n
t
ca
n
a
ct
as
a
s
to
r
ag
e
d
ev
ice
o
r
a
m
o
lecu
lar
s
w
i
tch
,
as
m
en
tio
n
ed
ea
r
lier
i
f
th
e
m
o
v
e
m
en
t
i
s
r
ev
er
s
ib
le.
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
(
d
)
d
ep
icts
th
e
s
ch
e
m
atic
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
lec
u
lar
-
lev
el
d
e
v
ice
w
i
th
an
ex
te
n
d
e
d
m
o
lecu
lar
f
e
n
ce
.
I
t
i
s
e
x
p
e
cted
th
at
th
e
P
-
d
o
p
in
g
w
o
u
ld
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
e
lectr
o
n
tr
an
s
f
er
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
n
a
n
o
g
ap
an
d
th
er
e
f
o
r
e,
it
is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
t
o
s
tu
d
y
th
e
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
d
o
p
in
g
as
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
i
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
.
T
h
e
ele
m
en
tal
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
u
r
f
ac
es,
s
u
ch
a
s
Si,
ar
e
ter
m
i
n
ated
b
y
a
b
u
l
k
lat
tice
p
la
n
e,
an
d
a
n
y
d
an
g
li
n
g
b
o
n
d
u
s
u
all
y
s
h
o
u
ld
h
o
ld
o
n
e
elec
tr
o
n
[
8
]
.
I
f
P
s
u
b
s
tit
u
tes
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ad
ato
m
s
ite
s
,
d
an
g
li
n
g
b
o
n
d
s
w
o
u
ld
co
n
tain
lo
n
e
elec
tr
o
n
p
air
w
h
ich
w
o
u
ld
af
f
ec
t
h
ea
v
il
y
o
n
ch
ar
g
e
tr
an
s
f
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
h
ic
h
o
cc
u
r
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
m
o
lecu
lar
ad
s
o
r
p
tio
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
P
d
o
p
in
g
w
a
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
th
e
th
er
m
al
d
i
f
f
u
s
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
an
d
t
h
e
ST
M
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
S
TM
Ob
s
erva
tio
n
o
f th
e
S
i(
1
1
1
)
-
(
7
×7
)
R
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
S
u
r
fa
ce
Mo
d
ified
b
y
…
.
(
Hir
u
la
k
D.
S
ir
iw
a
r
d
en
a
)
2995
in
v
e
s
ti
g
atio
n
o
f
th
e
h
i
g
h
l
y
P
-
d
o
p
ed
Si(1
1
1
)
-
(7
×
7
)
s
u
r
f
ac
e
w
as
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
.
A
l
s
o
,
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
w
as
f
u
r
th
er
an
al
y
ze
d
b
y
ST
S
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
ts
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
af
ter
th
e
d
o
p
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
Dif
f
u
s
io
n
d
o
p
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
w
a
s
ad
ap
ted
in
o
r
d
er
to
p
r
ep
ar
e
Si(1
1
1
)
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
s
w
i
th
h
ig
h
P
d
o
p
an
t
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
.
I
t
is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
d
ef
in
e
t
h
e
t
h
r
ee
p
r
o
m
in
e
n
t
f
ac
to
r
s
t
h
at
d
eter
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
d
o
p
an
t
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
:
i.e
.
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e,
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
t
i
m
e
a
n
d
th
e
o
x
id
e
m
a
s
k
t
h
ic
k
n
e
s
s
[
9
]
.
I
n
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
n
-
ty
p
e
(
P
-
d
o
p
ed
)
Si(1
1
1
)
s
a
m
p
le
s
w
it
h
t
h
e
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
o
f
7
×7
mm
2
w
er
e
f
ir
s
t
c
lean
ed
b
y
w
et
e
tch
i
n
g
u
s
i
n
g
HF:d
eio
n
ized
w
ater
=
1
:2
0
s
o
lu
tio
n
an
d
p
ir
an
h
a
s
o
l
u
tio
n
(
H
2
SO
4
:H
2
O
2
=
4
:1
)
.
A
th
in
o
x
id
e
la
y
er
w
a
s
d
ep
o
s
ited
o
n
th
e
Si
s
u
r
f
ac
es
a
f
ter
th
e
HF
w
et
etc
h
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
s
in
g
d
r
y
o
x
id
atio
n
f
u
r
n
ac
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
a
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
at
6
5
0
℃
f
o
r
1
0
m
i
n
u
te
s
u
n
d
er
a
co
n
s
ta
n
t
O
2
g
as
f
lo
w
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
t
h
e
Si
w
a
f
er
g
et
s
o
x
id
ized
w
h
e
n
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
o
x
y
g
en
a
n
d
f
o
r
m
a
SiO
2
la
y
er
.
T
h
en
th
e
P
s
o
u
r
ce
,
OC
D
P
-
5
9
2
3
0
w
as
s
p
in
co
ated
o
n
th
e
s
a
m
p
les
at
3000
R
P
M
f
o
r
1
5
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
Sa
m
p
le
s
w
er
e
th
e
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
to
th
e
o
p
e
n
-
f
u
r
n
ac
e
-
t
u
b
e
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
d
p
r
e
-
b
ac
k
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
as
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
n
d
er
co
n
s
tan
t
N
2
g
as
f
lo
w
f
o
r
3
0
m
i
n
u
t
es
at
6
00
℃
.
A
f
ter
th
at,
t
h
e
‘
d
r
iv
e
i
n
’
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
c
ar
r
ied
o
u
t
u
n
d
er
co
n
s
ta
n
t
N
2
g
as
f
lo
w
f
o
r
1
0
m
i
n
u
tes
at
a
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
o
f
9
5
0
℃
.
A
f
ter
t
h
e
d
o
p
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
p
r
o
tectiv
e
o
x
id
e
la
y
e
r
an
d
r
em
ai
n
i
n
g
O
C
D
la
y
er
w
as
etch
ed
o
u
t
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
w
et
etch
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
n
t
h
e
s
h
ee
t
r
esis
ta
n
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
s
w
er
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
f
o
u
r
-
p
r
o
b
e
(
K7
5
0
R
S
K
y
o
w
ar
ik
e
n
)
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
tec
h
n
iq
u
e.
Seco
n
d
ar
y
io
n
m
as
s
s
p
ec
tr
o
m
etr
ic
(
SI
MS,
AXI
S
-
U
L
T
R
A
DL
D)
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
ts
w
er
e
f
u
r
th
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
o
n
th
e
P
-
d
o
p
ed
Si
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
s
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
co
n
f
ir
m
t
h
e
d
o
p
in
g
h
as
tak
en
p
lace
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
l
y
P
-
d
o
p
ed
Si
(
1
1
1
)
s
u
b
s
tr
ates
w
er
e
th
en
cu
t
in
to
1
m
m
×7
m
m
p
iece
s
an
d
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
to
th
e
m
a
in
c
h
a
m
b
er
o
f
th
e
S
T
M
(
J
E
OL
J
ST
M
4
5
0
0
X
T
)
af
t
er
th
e
clea
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
(
7
×
7
)
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
w
a
s
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
h
ea
tin
g
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
u
p
to
~
1
1
0
0
℃
,
m
ain
tai
n
in
g
th
e
UHV
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
it
i
s
s
u
itab
le
to
li
m
it
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
f
las
h
i
n
g
c
y
cles
s
i
n
ce
t
h
e
'
d
r
iv
e
i
n
'
o
f
s
u
r
f
ac
e
P
ca
n
o
cc
u
r
an
d
s
u
r
f
ac
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
w
ill
n
o
t b
e
m
o
d
if
ied
s
i
g
n
if
ican
tl
y
i
f
P
d
o
p
an
t g
o
d
ee
p
in
to
th
e
Si lattic
e.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
Du
r
in
g
th
e
f
o
u
r
-
p
r
o
b
e
-
p
o
in
t
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t,
th
e
f
o
u
r
p
r
o
b
es
ar
e
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
in
to
co
n
tain
w
it
h
th
e
s
a
m
p
le
s
u
r
f
ac
e
an
d
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
(
V
)
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
in
n
er
t
w
o
p
r
o
b
es
w
h
e
n
a
cu
r
r
en
t
(
I
)
is
p
as
s
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
o
u
ter
t
w
o
p
r
o
b
es
an
d
s
h
ee
t
r
esis
ta
n
ce
(
R
s
)
ca
n
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
d
ir
ec
tl
y
b
y
u
s
in
g
Ω
/
□
(
o
h
m
s
p
er
s
q
u
ar
e)
m
o
d
e.
A
d
d
itio
n
all
y
,
t
h
e
R
s
v
al
u
e
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
late
d
b
y
u
s
in
g
eq
u
atio
n
if
v
al
u
e
V
/I
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
o
u
r
-
p
r
o
b
e
-
p
o
in
t
s
y
s
te
m
w
h
er
e,
CF
i
s
th
e
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
f
ac
to
r
w
h
ich
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
e
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
e
CF
i
s
eq
u
a
l
to
4
.
5
3
w
h
en
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
w
id
t
h
is
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
lar
g
er
t
h
an
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
e
s
p
ac
in
g
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
P
-
d
o
p
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
s
w
er
e
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
b
y
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
R
s
v
al
u
es
an
d
tab
u
lated
in
T
ab
le
1
.
A
n
a
v
er
ag
e
R
s
v
alu
e
o
f
2
3
.
9
2
3
Ω
/□
w
a
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
o
r
th
e
u
n
d
o
p
ed
s
a
m
p
le
an
d
th
e
av
er
ag
e
R
s
v
a
lu
e
g
et
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
1
5
.
7
6
0
Ω
/□
af
ter
th
e
P
-
d
o
p
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
as
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
.
T
a
b
le
1
.
T
h
e
f
o
u
r
-
p
r
o
b
e
p
o
in
t
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
P
d
o
p
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
Fo
r
SIM
S
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
ts
,
A
r
+
clu
s
ter
io
n
b
ea
m
w
as
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
etch
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
io
n
in
te
n
s
it
y
o
f
S
i,
P
,
an
d
O
w
as
d
etec
ted
w
h
i
le
th
e
etc
h
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
f
o
r
b
o
th
d
o
p
ed
an
d
u
n
d
o
p
ed
s
a
m
p
les a
g
ai
n
s
t t
i
m
e.
F
ig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
r
a
w
SIM
S d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
f
o
r
d
o
p
ed
an
d
u
n
d
o
p
ed
Si(1
1
1
)
s
am
p
les.
T
h
e
r
a
w
d
ata
w
a
s
f
u
r
t
h
er
a
n
a
l
y
ze
d
b
y
p
lo
tti
n
g
P
/Si
ato
m
r
atio
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
o
p
ed
an
d
u
n
d
o
p
ed
s
a
m
p
les
an
d
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
(
c)
.
F
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
lo
t,
it c
an
b
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
th
e
s
a
m
p
le
is
d
o
p
ed
w
i
th
P
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tl
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
f
illed
s
tate
co
n
s
ta
n
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
i
m
a
g
es
o
f
P
-
d
o
p
ed
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
s
u
r
f
ac
e
s
.
R
a
n
d
o
m
l
y
s
p
r
ea
d
b
r
ig
h
t
p
r
o
tr
u
s
io
n
s
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a
)
w
h
ic
h
s
h
o
w
s
a
lar
g
e
ar
ea
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
A
ls
o
,
it
is
n
o
t
ed
th
at
s
u
r
f
ac
e
d
e
f
ec
ts
i
n
(
7
×
7
)
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
e
h
i
g
h
er
th
a
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
e
f
ec
ts
n
o
r
m
all
y
o
b
s
er
v
ed
o
n
a
clea
n
(
7
×
7
)
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
b
r
ig
h
t
p
r
o
tr
u
s
io
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
p
r
o
v
id
es
co
n
v
i
n
ci
n
g
e
v
id
en
ce
th
at
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
Si
co
r
n
er
an
d
ce
n
ter
-
ad
ato
m
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
ep
lace
d
b
y
t
h
e
P
d
o
p
an
ts
.
Hig
h
co
n
tr
ast
i
n
t
h
e
f
il
led
s
tate
i
m
ag
e
B
e
f
o
r
e
d
o
p
i
n
g
A
f
t
e
r
d
o
p
i
n
g
R
s
(
Ω
/
□
)
V/
I
(
Ω
)
R
s
(
Ω
/
□
)
=
4
.
5
3
R
s
(
Ω
/
□
)
V/
I
(
Ω
)
R
s
(
Ω
/
□
)
=
4
.
5
3
S
a
mp
l
e
2
3
.
1
7
0
5
.
1
1
8
1
5
.
8
3
0
3
.
4
8
4
0
2
3
.
8
3
9
5
.
2
5
3
1
5
.
4
7
0
3
.
4
0
5
2
2
4
.
6
8
9
5
.
4
7
1
1
5
.
4
5
0
3
.
4
2
0
4
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
2
3
.
8
9
9
5
.
2
8
1
2
3
.
9
2
3
1
5
.
7
7
4
3
.
4
7
9
1
1
5
.
7
6
0
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
2
9
9
3
–
3
0
0
1
2996
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
th
e
P
ad
ato
m
s
b
o
n
d
ed
w
i
th
th
r
ee
Si
ato
m
s
.
I
n
t
h
is
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
f
illed
lo
n
e
elec
tr
o
n
p
air
d
an
g
li
n
g
-
b
o
n
d
s
tate
o
f
P
ad
ato
m
s
p
r
o
tr
u
d
in
g
o
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
an
d
at
n
eg
ati
v
e
s
a
m
p
le
b
ias
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
s
tu
n
n
el
o
u
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
is
d
an
g
li
n
g
b
o
n
d
g
iv
i
n
g
b
r
ig
h
ter
p
r
o
tr
u
s
io
n
s
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
tr
u
s
io
n
s
d
u
e
to
P
d
o
p
an
ts
w
h
ich
h
av
e
o
cc
u
p
ied
th
e
r
est
-
a
to
m
p
o
s
itio
n
s
ap
p
ea
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
l
y
.
I
t
is
b
eliev
ed
th
at
th
e
b
r
ig
h
t
tr
ip
lets
ap
p
ea
r
in
S
T
M
im
ag
e
s
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
(
c
)
ar
e
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
P
d
o
p
an
ts
at
r
est
-
ato
m
p
o
s
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
d
ar
r
o
w
s
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
c
)
ill
u
s
tr
at
es
t
h
e
tr
ip
let
p
r
o
tr
u
s
io
n
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
P
d
o
p
an
t
ato
m
s
at
r
es
t
-
ato
m
s
ites
a
n
d
t
h
e
b
lu
e
ar
r
o
w
s
s
h
o
w
s
t
y
p
ical
P
d
o
p
an
t
s
u
b
s
t
it
u
tio
n
s
at
co
r
n
er
/ce
n
ter
-
ad
ato
m
p
o
s
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
P
d
o
p
an
t
ato
m
s
at
r
est
-
a
to
m
p
o
s
itio
n
s
al
s
o
co
n
s
i
s
t
o
f
th
e
l
o
n
e
elec
tr
o
n
p
air
w
h
ich
i
s
ex
tr
u
d
i
n
g
o
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
an
d
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
t
h
r
ee
n
ea
r
b
y
ad
ato
m
s
g
et
m
o
d
i
f
ied
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
t
h
i
s
lo
n
e
elec
tr
o
n
p
air
.
A
ls
o
,
th
e
t
y
p
ica
l
ad
ato
m
to
r
est
-
ato
m
ch
ar
g
e
tr
an
s
f
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
n
also
b
e
af
f
ec
t
ed
b
y
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
t
h
is
lo
n
e
p
air
,
an
d
th
er
e
f
o
r
e,
ad
ato
m
s
w
o
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
ab
le
to
ch
ar
g
e
tr
an
s
f
er
to
th
e
r
est
-
a
to
m
p
o
s
itio
n
s
f
u
ll
y
g
i
v
i
n
g
b
r
ig
h
ter
p
r
o
tr
u
s
io
n
s
i
n
f
il
led
s
tate
ST
M
i
m
ag
e
s
.
I
t
w
as
a
ls
o
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
b
r
ig
h
ter
p
r
o
tr
u
s
io
n
s
ap
p
ea
r
i
n
t
h
e
f
ill
ed
-
s
tate
i
m
a
g
e
f
o
r
s
u
r
f
ac
e
P
-
d
o
p
an
t a
to
m
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
r
o
tr
u
s
io
n
s
d
is
ap
p
ea
r
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
e
m
p
t
y
-
s
tate
i
m
a
g
e
s
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
at
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
a
m
p
le
b
ias.
T
h
is
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
b
y
ar
r
o
w
s
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
s
a
m
e
co
lo
r
ar
r
o
w
s
i
n
d
icate
th
e
p
r
o
tr
u
s
io
n
at
th
e
s
a
m
e
p
o
s
it
io
n
o
f
f
illed
an
d
e
m
p
t
y
-
s
tate
i
m
ag
e
s
,
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
(
a
)
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
.
I
t
f
u
r
th
er
co
n
f
ir
m
s
t
h
at
th
e
s
e
p
r
o
tr
u
s
io
n
s
h
a
v
e
v
o
lta
g
e
-
d
ep
en
d
ed
b
eh
av
io
r
an
d
th
er
ef
o
r
e
th
e
co
n
tr
ast in
p
r
o
tr
u
s
io
n
s
ar
i
s
e
h
a
v
e
an
elec
tr
o
n
ic
o
r
ig
in
r
at
h
er
t
h
an
o
f
a
to
p
o
lo
g
ical
o
n
e
[
1
2
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
tr
u
s
io
n
d
u
e
to
th
e
b
u
r
ied
P
-
d
o
p
an
ts
b
eh
a
v
e
d
if
f
er
en
tl
y
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
c
)
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
d
)
.
T
h
e
b
lu
e
ar
r
o
w
s
in
d
icate
t
h
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
p
r
o
tr
u
s
io
n
s
o
cc
u
r
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
u
r
f
ac
e
P
d
o
p
an
ts
.
P
r
o
tr
u
s
i
o
n
s
ar
e
n
o
t
v
is
ib
le
i
n
t
h
e
f
ille
d
-
s
tate
ST
M
i
m
ag
e
s
,
b
u
t
b
r
ig
h
t
p
r
o
tr
u
s
io
n
s
w
er
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
w
h
e
n
e
m
p
t
y
-
s
tate
ST
M
im
a
g
e
is
o
b
tain
ed
o
v
er
th
e
s
a
m
e
s
ca
n
n
i
n
g
ar
ea
.
T
h
e
lo
ca
l
C
o
u
lo
m
b
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
b
u
r
ied
P
d
o
p
an
t
io
n
s
i
n
d
u
ce
s
a
d
o
w
n
w
ar
d
b
an
d
b
en
d
i
n
g
.
T
h
u
s
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
etic
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
s
tates
b
ec
o
m
e
lo
w
er
,
an
d
t
h
i
s
w
i
ll
al
s
o
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
v
ale
n
ce
a
n
d
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
b
an
d
p
o
s
itio
n
s
[
1
]
.
As
d
escr
ib
ed
ea
r
lier
,
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
s
t
u
n
n
el
i
n
to
e
m
p
t
y
s
tate
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
at
p
o
s
it
iv
e
s
a
m
p
le
b
ias
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
Hig
h
er
e
n
er
g
y
s
tates
m
o
v
ed
d
o
w
n
w
ar
d
s
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
lo
w
er
in
g
e
f
f
ec
t
o
n
t
h
e
lo
ca
l
p
o
ten
tial
b
y
t
h
e
P
io
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
d
en
s
it
y
o
f
s
tate
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
av
ailab
le
f
o
r
in
co
m
i
n
g
t
u
n
n
el
in
g
elec
tr
o
n
s
at
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
a
m
p
le
b
ia
s
in
cr
ea
s
e
at
t
h
e
P
ato
m
g
i
v
in
g
b
r
ig
h
ter
p
r
o
tr
u
s
io
n
s
at
e
m
p
t
y
-
s
tate
ST
M
i
m
ag
e
s
[
1
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
r
aw
SIM
S d
ata
f
o
r
o
b
tain
ed
f
o
r
(
a)
u
n
d
o
p
ed
,
(
b
)
d
o
p
ed
Si(1
1
1
)
s
u
b
s
tr
ates a
n
d
(
c)
p
l
o
tted
P
/Si
r
atio
f
o
r
d
o
p
e
d
an
d
u
n
d
o
p
ed
s
a
m
p
les
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
S
TM
Ob
s
erva
tio
n
o
f th
e
S
i(
1
1
1
)
-
(
7
×7
)
R
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
S
u
r
fa
ce
Mo
d
ified
b
y
…
.
(
Hir
u
la
k
D.
S
ir
iw
a
r
d
en
a
)
2997
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
S
T
M
im
a
g
es o
b
tain
ed
af
te
r
t
h
e
P
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
d
o
p
in
g
at
9
5
0
℃
f
o
r
1
0
m
i
n
u
tes,
(
a)
ST
M
im
ag
e
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
lar
g
e
ar
ea
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
T
h
e
b
r
ig
h
t p
r
o
tr
u
s
io
n
s
ar
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
P
d
o
p
an
ts
,
(
b
)
Su
r
f
ac
e
ce
n
ter
-
ad
ato
m
an
d
co
r
n
er
-
ad
ato
m
p
o
s
itio
n
s
r
ep
lace
d
b
y
P
d
o
p
an
ts
,
(
c)
T
h
e
b
r
ig
h
t tr
ip
let
p
r
o
tr
u
s
io
n
s
d
u
e
t
o
P
d
o
p
an
ts
at
r
est
-
ato
m
p
o
s
itio
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
(
a)
Fil
led
-
s
tate
a
n
d
(
b
)
em
p
t
y
-
s
tate
ST
M
i
m
a
g
es o
f
s
u
r
f
ac
e
P
-
d
o
p
an
t
s
o
b
tain
ed
o
v
er
th
e
s
a
m
e
s
ca
n
n
i
n
g
ar
ea
,
(
c)
Fil
led
-
s
tate
an
d
(
d
)
em
p
t
y
-
s
tate
ST
M
i
m
a
g
es s
h
o
w
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
o
s
itio
n
s
o
f
b
u
r
ied
P
-
d
o
p
an
ts
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
o
v
er
th
e
s
a
m
e
s
ca
n
n
i
n
g
ar
ea
T
h
e
Si(1
1
1
)
-
(
7
×
7
)
s
u
r
f
ac
e
is
a
g
ain
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
in
to
a
n
o
th
e
r
s
tab
le
an
d
p
r
ev
alen
t
P
b
ased
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
at
s
o
m
e
lo
ca
tio
n
s
o
n
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate.
So
-
ca
lled
Si(1
1
1
)
-
(
6
√
3
×
6
√
3
)
R
30
⁰
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
cc
u
r
s
at
elev
ated
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
2
9
9
3
–
3
0
0
1
2998
te
m
p
er
atu
r
es
i
n
p
o
s
itio
n
s
w
h
e
r
e
P
d
o
p
an
ts
h
av
e
h
ig
h
er
s
u
r
f
a
ce
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
,
a
n
d
a
lar
g
e
ar
ea
ST
M
im
ag
e
o
f
th
e
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
i
s
il
lu
s
tr
ate
d
in
F
ig
u
r
e
5
(
a
)
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
n
i
n
ter
esti
n
g
p
atter
n
o
f
h
e
x
a
g
o
n
al
tiles
o
f
s
li
g
h
tl
y
ir
r
eg
u
lar
s
h
ap
es.
T
h
ese
h
ex
a
g
o
n
al
t
iles
h
av
e
co
m
p
letel
y
tess
e
llated
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
.
I
t
w
a
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
t
h
ese
h
ex
a
g
o
n
al
tiles
h
a
v
e
a
n
av
er
a
g
e
d
iam
eter
o
f
1
0
-
20
Å
a
n
d
th
e
y
h
a
v
e
ex
ten
d
ed
o
v
er
th
e
ter
r
ac
es
to
th
e
ed
g
es
o
f
th
e
s
te
p
s
h
e
n
ce
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
ir
r
eg
u
lar
s
te
p
ed
g
e
li
n
es.
T
h
e
m
a
g
n
i
f
ied
S
T
M
im
a
g
es
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
an
d
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
(
c
)
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
t
h
at
a
w
ell
-
o
r
d
er
ed
(
1
×
1
)
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
o
f
ato
m
s
o
f
th
e
h
e
x
a
g
o
n
al
d
o
m
ai
n
s
,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
s
ep
ar
ated
b
y
s
tr
aig
h
t
d
o
m
ai
n
w
all
s
w
i
th
lo
w
er
co
n
tr
ast.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
t
h
e
(
6
√
3
×
6
√
3
)
d
o
m
ai
n
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
i
s
f
o
r
m
ed
as
t
h
e
r
es
u
lt
o
f
t
h
e
e
x
tr
e
m
e
te
n
s
ile
s
u
r
f
ac
e
s
tr
es
s
i
n
d
u
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
P
-
Si
b
o
n
d
in
g
to
p
o
lo
g
y
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
(
7
×
7
)
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
g
et
d
esta
b
ilized
d
u
e
to
th
e
h
ig
h
s
u
r
f
ac
e
s
tr
ess
an
d
ato
m
s
r
ea
r
r
an
g
ed
to
f
o
r
m
m
o
r
e
s
ta
b
le
(
6
√
3
×
6
√
3
)
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
w
it
h
P
d
o
p
an
t
at
th
e
s
u
r
f
a
ce
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
co
m
p
lete
tes
s
ellat
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
w
it
h
a
n
ir
r
e
g
u
lar
h
e
x
a
g
o
n
al
d
o
m
ai
n
i
s
r
e
m
ar
k
ab
le,
an
d
t
h
is
s
u
r
f
ac
e
also
p
r
o
v
id
es
P
ter
m
i
n
ated
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
w
i
th
d
an
g
li
n
g
b
o
n
d
s
w
it
h
lo
n
e
p
air
s
.
I
t
i
s
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
m
o
lecu
le
s
w
i
th
h
i
g
h
elec
tr
o
n
af
f
in
i
t
y
to
in
ter
ac
t
w
it
h
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
P
d
o
p
an
ts
d
u
e
to
t
h
i
s
lo
n
e
p
air
s
ar
r
an
g
ed
i
n
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
p
er
p
en
d
icu
lar
d
ir
e
ctio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
S
T
M
im
a
g
es o
b
tain
ed
o
v
er
Si(1
1
1
)
-
(
6
√
3
×
6
√
3
)
R
3
0
⁰
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
(
a)
L
ar
g
e
ar
ea
im
a
g
e,
(
b
)
Fil
led
-
s
tate
an
d
(
d
)
e
m
p
t
y
-
s
tate
i
m
ag
e
o
b
tain
ed
o
v
er
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
s
ca
n
n
i
n
g
ar
ea
.
Ma
g
n
i
f
ie
d
ST
M
im
ag
e
s
o
f
(
d
)
Fil
led
-
s
tate
an
d
(
e)
e
m
p
t
y
-
o
b
tain
ed
o
v
er
th
e
s
a
m
e
s
ca
n
n
i
n
g
ar
ea
T
h
e
ST
S
an
al
y
s
is
w
as
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
f
o
r
all
t
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
s
u
r
f
ac
es
to
id
en
ti
f
y
th
e
ir
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
.
I
n
t
y
p
ical
d
I
/d
V
s
p
ec
tr
a
as
a
f
u
n
c
tio
n
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
Si(1
1
1
)
-
(
7
×
7
)
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
(
a
)
,
r
est
-
ato
m
s
ar
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
th
e
p
ea
k
ap
p
ea
r
s
at
-
0
.
8
V.
T
h
e
p
ea
k
s
ap
p
ea
r
s
at
-
0
.
3
5
V
is
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
ad
ato
m
s
a
n
d
th
e
p
ea
k
e
m
er
g
e
s
at
+1
.
4
5
V
is
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
tac
k
in
g
f
a
u
lt
i
n
(
7
×
7
)
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
[
1
5
]
.
Af
ter
P
d
o
p
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
n
e
w
er
p
ea
k
s
w
er
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
at
-
1
.
0
V
an
d
-
0
.
5
V
w
h
ich
m
a
y
b
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
u
b
s
tit
u
tio
n
o
f
P
d
o
p
an
t
ato
m
s
f
o
r
Si
ato
m
s
.
An
o
t
h
e
r
d
o
m
i
n
a
n
t
p
ea
k
ap
p
ea
r
s
at
+0
.
8
V
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
th
e
d
o
n
o
r
s
tates
lo
ca
t
ed
at
t
h
e
co
n
d
u
ct
io
n
b
an
d
m
in
i
m
u
m
[
1
]
.
W
e
b
eliev
e
th
at
t
h
e
p
ea
k
ap
p
ea
r
s
at
-
1
.
0
V
is
d
u
e
to
to
t
h
e
b
u
r
ied
p
o
s
itiv
el
y
ch
ar
g
ed
P
at
o
m
s
n
ea
r
r
est
-
at
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
s
w
h
ich
ca
n
a
f
f
ec
t
th
e
f
illed
s
tates
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
S
TM
Ob
s
erva
tio
n
o
f th
e
S
i(
1
1
1
)
-
(
7
×7
)
R
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
S
u
r
fa
ce
Mo
d
ified
b
y
…
.
(
Hir
u
la
k
D.
S
ir
iw
a
r
d
en
a
)
2999
th
e
r
es
t
-
a
to
m
s
t
h
u
s
in
d
u
cin
g
t
h
e
p
ea
k
.
Ge
n
er
all
y
,
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
(
7
×
7
)
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
h
o
w
s
s
e
m
i
-
m
e
tallic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
lo
ca
lized
ad
ato
m
elec
tr
o
n
s
.
B
u
t,
w
h
en
a
P
d
o
p
an
t
ato
m
is
g
et
s
u
b
s
t
itu
ted
in
a
r
est
-
ato
m
p
o
s
it
io
n
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
lo
ca
lizatio
n
d
o
es
n
o
t
o
cc
u
r
m
ak
in
g
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cti
n
g
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
e
b
u
lk
h
a
s
m
etal
lic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
d
u
e
to
th
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
t
h
e
ex
tr
a
ca
r
r
ier
elec
tr
o
n
s
.
T
h
is
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
ca
n
b
e
clea
r
l
y
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
t
h
e
I
-
V
cu
r
v
es s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
Si(1
1
1
)
-
(
6
√
3
×
6
√
3
)
s
u
r
f
ac
e
w
a
s
f
u
r
t
h
er
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
ST
S
an
al
y
s
is
.
T
h
e
ST
S
s
p
ec
tr
a,
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
a
)
,
co
n
f
ir
m
s
t
h
e
id
en
tit
y
o
f
P
d
o
p
an
ts
o
f
th
e
(
1
×1
)
f
ea
tu
r
es
g
i
v
in
g
a
s
u
r
f
ac
e
-
s
tate
b
a
n
d
g
ap
o
f
1
.
7
eV
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
is
b
an
d
g
ap
v
al
u
e
is
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
to
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
-
s
tate
b
an
d
g
ap
o
f
1
.
5
eV
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
Si(1
1
1
)
-
(
1
×
1)
-
A
s
s
u
r
f
ac
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
a
t
a
P
-
ter
m
i
n
ated
(
1
×
1
)
s
u
r
f
ac
e
h
as
f
o
r
m
ed
d
u
e
t
h
e
ex
ce
s
s
P
ato
m
s
w
h
ic
h
h
a
v
e
co
n
v
er
g
ed
in
to
a
s
m
all
ar
ea
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
S
T
S a
n
al
y
s
is
o
f
P
-
d
o
p
ed
an
d
n
o
r
m
al
Si
(
1
1
1
)
–
(
7
×
7
)
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
,
(
a)
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t d
er
iv
ati
v
e
o
f
tu
n
n
e
lin
g
c
u
r
r
en
t a
g
a
in
s
t sa
m
p
le
b
ias an
d
(
b
)
I
-
V
cu
r
v
e
s
f
o
r
th
e
t
w
o
s
a
m
p
les
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
S
T
S sp
ec
tr
a
o
f
Si(1
1
1
)
-
(
6
√
3
×
6
√
3
)
R
3
0
⁰
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
(
a)
First d
er
iv
ati
v
e
o
f
tu
n
n
eli
n
g
c
u
r
r
en
t
ag
ain
s
t sa
m
p
le
b
ias a
n
d
(
b
)
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
I
-
V
cu
r
v
e
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
Si(1
1
1
)
s
u
r
f
ac
e
w
a
s
f
u
r
th
er
m
o
d
i
f
ied
b
y
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
ex
ce
s
s
P
d
o
p
an
ts
to
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate.
T
h
e
th
er
m
a
l
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
as
u
s
ed
as
t
h
e
P
d
o
p
in
g
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
f
o
u
r
-
p
r
o
b
e
-
p
o
in
t
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
s
an
d
SIM
S
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
co
n
f
ir
m
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
P
d
o
p
in
g
af
ter
th
e
t
h
er
m
a
l
d
i
f
f
u
s
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
Si(1
1
1
)
s
u
b
s
tr
ates
w
er
e
clea
n
ed
b
y
w
et
HF
etc
h
in
g
a
n
d
th
e
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
i
n
to
t
h
e
S
T
M
ch
a
m
b
er
s
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
s
e
v
er
al
c
y
c
les
o
f
t
h
e
f
las
h
h
ea
ti
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
R
a
n
d
o
m
b
r
ig
h
t
p
r
o
tr
u
s
io
n
s
w
er
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
f
illed
-
s
tate
ST
M
im
ag
e
s
,
an
d
i
t
w
as
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
t
h
at
th
e
s
e
b
r
ig
h
t
s
p
o
ts
ar
e
d
u
e
to
s
u
r
f
ac
e
P
d
o
p
an
t
ato
m
s
s
u
b
s
ti
tu
ted
to
ad
ato
m
p
o
s
it
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
P
d
o
p
an
ts
h
a
v
e
lo
n
e
p
air
d
an
g
li
n
g
b
o
n
d
s
p
r
o
tr
u
d
in
g
o
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
s
u
r
f
ac
e
w
h
ic
h
r
es
p
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
g
iv
i
n
g
b
r
ig
h
t
p
r
o
tr
u
s
io
n
s
at
f
illed
-
s
ta
te
ST
M
im
ag
e
s
.
T
h
ese
b
r
ig
h
t
p
r
o
tr
u
s
io
n
s
w
er
e
n
o
t
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
in
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
e
m
p
t
y
-
s
tate
ST
M
i
m
a
g
es
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
t
h
at
t
h
ese
p
r
o
tr
u
s
io
n
s
h
av
e
a
to
p
o
lo
g
ical
o
r
ig
i
n
.
I
t
w
a
s
also
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
P
d
o
p
an
t
ato
m
s
p
lace
d
at
r
est
-
a
to
m
p
o
s
i
tio
n
s
g
iv
e
b
r
ig
h
t
tr
ip
let
li
k
e
s
p
o
ts
.
W
h
e
n
a
P
d
o
p
an
t
o
cc
u
p
ies
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
2
9
9
3
–
3
0
0
1
3000
r
est
-
ato
m
p
o
s
itio
n
,
it
d
i
s
r
u
p
ts
th
e
ad
ato
m
to
r
est
-
ato
m
c
h
a
r
g
e
tr
an
s
f
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
ad
ato
m
s
n
ea
r
b
y
w
o
u
ld
h
a
v
e
h
i
g
h
er
elec
tr
o
n
d
en
s
it
y
t
h
an
o
t
h
er
ad
ato
m
s
g
iv
in
g
b
r
ig
h
ter
tr
ip
let
lik
e
p
r
o
tr
u
s
io
n
s
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
s
u
b
s
u
r
f
ac
e
P
d
o
p
an
ts
ac
t
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
l
y
t
h
a
n
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
P
d
o
p
an
ts
.
B
r
ig
h
t
p
r
o
tr
u
s
i
o
n
s
w
er
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
th
e
e
m
p
t
y
-
s
tate
S
T
M
im
a
g
es
b
u
t
n
o
t
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
f
illed
-
s
tat
e
ST
M
im
a
g
es.
At
s
u
b
s
u
r
f
ac
e
lev
el,
t
h
e
p
o
s
iti
v
e
C
o
u
lo
m
b
p
o
ten
tial
e
x
er
ted
b
y
P
d
o
p
an
t
io
n
w
o
u
ld
i
n
d
u
ce
a
d
o
w
n
w
ar
d
b
an
d
b
en
d
in
g
th
u
s
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
t
h
e
d
en
s
it
y
o
f
e
m
p
t
y
s
ta
tes
f
o
r
elec
tr
o
n
s
to
tu
n
n
el
i
n
to
g
i
v
i
n
g
b
r
ig
h
t
p
r
o
tr
u
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
ST
S
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
l
s
s
ev
er
al
p
e
ak
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
d
o
p
an
t
P
ato
m
s
.
A
l
s
o
,
s
e
m
i
-
m
etallic
(
7
×
7
)
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cti
n
g
u
p
o
n
P
d
o
in
g
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
t
h
e
b
u
l
k
s
h
o
w
s
m
etall
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
d
u
e
to
h
ig
h
P
d
o
p
in
g
.
P
-
ter
m
i
n
ated
Si(1
1
1
)
-
(
6
√
3
×
6
√
3
)
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
w
h
ic
h
h
as
h
e
x
a
g
o
n
al
tile
s
o
f
s
li
g
h
tl
y
ir
r
eg
u
lar
s
h
ap
es
w
a
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
at
v
ar
i
o
u
s
p
o
s
itio
n
s
w
h
er
e
h
i
g
h
er
P
d
o
p
an
t
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
ar
e
av
ai
lab
le.
T
h
e
(
7
×
7
)
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
g
e
t
d
estab
ilize
d
d
u
e
to
th
e
h
i
g
h
s
u
r
f
ac
e
s
tr
ess
a
n
d
ato
m
s
r
ea
r
r
an
g
ed
to
f
o
r
m
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le
(
6
√
3
×
6
√
3
)
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
w
it
h
P
d
o
p
an
t
at
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
T
h
is
s
u
r
f
ac
e
is
i
n
ter
esti
n
g
s
i
n
ce
t
h
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
lo
n
e
p
air
d
an
g
lin
g
b
o
n
d
s
t
o
attac
h
v
ar
io
u
s
m
o
lecu
les.
T
h
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
s
u
r
f
ac
e
P
d
o
p
an
t
ato
m
s
w
a
s
also
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
b
a
n
d
g
ap
o
f
1
.
7
e
V
in
th
e
ST
S sp
ec
tr
a.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
P
ar
t o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
w
a
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
J
SP
S KA
KE
NHI
,
Gr
an
t N
u
m
b
er
1
7
K0
5
0
5
5
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
T
.
T
ra
p
p
m
a
n
n
,
C.
S
ü
rg
e
rs,
a
n
d
H.
v
.
L
ö
h
n
e
y
se
n
,
"
Ob
se
rv
a
ti
o
n
o
f
P
d
o
n
o
rs
o
n
th
e
S
i(1
1
1
)
su
rf
a
c
e
b
y
sc
a
n
n
in
g
tu
n
n
e
li
n
g
m
icro
sc
o
p
y
,
"
Eu
ro
p
h
y
sic
s L
e
tt
e
rs
(
EP
L
),
v
o
l.
3
8
,
p
p
.
1
7
7
-
1
8
2
,
1
9
9
7
.
[2
]
F
.
F
.
Y.
W
a
n
g
,
"
In
tro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
t
o
S
o
li
d
S
t
a
te E
lec
tro
n
ics
",
El
se
v
ier S
c
ien
c
e
,
2
0
1
2
.
[3
]
A
.
M
a
n
y
a
n
d
G
ro
v
e
r,
"
S
e
mic
o
n
d
u
c
to
r su
rfa
c
e
s
",
El
se
v
ier,
1
9
6
5
.
[4
]
Y.
P
.
Zh
a
n
g
a
n
d
G
.
Q.
Xu
,
"
S
e
lf
-
A
s
se
m
b
led
M
o
lec
u
lar
Co
rra
ls
F
o
rm
e
d
o
n
S
i(1
1
1
)
-
(
7
x
7
)
S
u
rf
a
c
e
v
ia
Co
v
a
len
t
Bo
n
d
,
"
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
h
y
sic
a
l
C
h
e
mistry
C,
v
o
l.
1
1
4
,
p
p
.
1
6
6
2
5
-
1
6
6
2
9
,
2
0
1
0
.
[5
]
M
.
S
h
im
o
m
u
ra
,
A
.
I
wa
n
a
b
e
,
a
n
d
T
.
Ki
y
o
se
,
"
D
y
n
a
m
ic
Ob
se
r
v
a
ti
o
n
o
f
Co
n
f
in
e
d
M
o
lec
u
les
in
S
e
lf
-
A
ss
e
m
b
led
M
o
lec
u
lar Co
rra
ls,
"
T
h
e
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
h
y
sic
a
l
Ch
e
mistry
C,
v
o
l
.
1
1
8
,
p
p
.
2
7
4
6
5
-
2
7
4
6
9
,
2
0
1
4
.
[6
]
M
.
S
h
im
o
m
u
ra
,
N.
S
a
n
a
d
a
,
Y.
F
u
k
u
d
a
,
a
n
d
P
.
J.
M
∅
ll
e
r,
"
Hig
h
ly
si
te
-
se
lec
ti
v
e
a
d
so
rp
ti
o
n
o
f
tri
m
e
th
y
lp
h
o
sp
h
i
n
e
o
n
a
S
i(1
1
1
)
-
(7
×
7
)
su
rf
a
c
e
stu
d
ied
b
y
a
sc
a
n
n
in
g
tu
n
n
e
li
n
g
m
icr
o
sc
o
p
e
(S
T
M
),
"
S
u
rf
a
c
e
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
3
4
1
,
p
p
.
L
1
0
6
1
-
L
1
0
6
4
,
1
9
9
5
.
[7
]
H.
D.
S
iri
w
a
rd
e
n
a
a
n
d
M
.
S
h
im
o
m
u
ra
,
"
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
T
u
n
n
e
li
n
g
El
e
c
tro
n
In
jec
ti
o
n
o
n
t
h
e
Dy
n
a
m
ic M
o
ti
o
n
o
f
Co
n
f
in
e
d
M
o
lec
u
les
in
S
e
lf
-
As
se
m
b
led
M
o
lec
u
lar
Co
rra
ls,
"
T
h
e
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ph
y
sic
a
l
C
h
e
mistry
C,
v
o
l
.
1
2
1
,
p
p
.
4
9
8
0
-
4
9
8
8
,
2
0
1
7
.
[8
]
W
.
M
ö
n
c
h
,
"
S
e
mic
o
n
d
u
c
to
r
S
u
rfa
c
e
s a
n
d
I
n
ter
fa
c
e
s
",
S
p
ri
n
g
e
r
Be
rli
n
He
id
e
lb
e
rg
,
2
0
1
3
.
[9
]
L
.
W
.
T
u
rn
e
r,
"
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r'
s R
e
fer
e
n
c
e
Bo
o
k"
,
El
se
v
ier S
c
ien
c
e
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
0
]
D.
K.
S
c
h
r
o
d
e
r,
"
S
e
mic
o
n
d
u
c
to
r
M
a
ter
ia
l
a
n
d
De
v
ice
Ch
a
ra
c
ter
iza
ti
o
n
",
W
il
e
y
,
2
0
0
6
.
[1
1
]
L
.
V
it
a
li
,
M
.
G
.
Ra
m
s
e
y
,
a
n
d
F
.
P
.
Ne
tze
r,
"
S
u
b
stit
u
ti
o
n
a
l
g
e
o
m
e
t
ry
a
n
d
stra
in
e
ff
e
c
ts
in
o
v
e
rla
y
e
r
s
o
f
p
h
o
sp
h
o
ru
s
o
n
S
i(1
1
1
),
"
P
h
y
sic
a
l
Rev
iew B
,
v
o
l.
5
7
,
p
p
.
1
5
3
7
6
-
1
5
3
8
4
,
1
9
9
8
.
[1
2
]
T
.
T
r
a
p
p
m
a
n
n
,
C.
S
u
rg
e
rs,
a
n
d
H.
v
o
n
L
o
h
n
e
y
se
n
,
"
In
v
e
sti
g
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
(1
1
1
)
su
rf
a
c
e
o
f
P
-
d
o
p
e
d
S
i
b
y
sc
a
n
n
in
g
tu
n
n
e
li
n
g
m
icro
sc
o
p
y
,
"
Ap
p
li
e
d
P
h
y
sic
s a
-
M
a
ter
ia
ls
S
c
ien
c
e
&
Pro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
v
o
l.
6
8
,
p
p
.
1
6
7
-
1
7
2
,
1
9
9
9
.
[1
3
]
S
.
Ku
r
o
k
a
wa
,
T
.
T
a
k
e
i,
a
n
d
A
.
S
a
k
a
i,
"
A
S
e
a
rc
h
f
o
r
S
u
b
su
rf
a
c
e
Do
p
a
n
ts
o
n
Hy
d
ro
g
e
n
-
T
e
r
m
i
n
a
ted
S
i(
1
1
1
)
S
u
rf
a
c
e
s,
"
J
a
p
a
n
e
se
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
p
p
li
e
d
Ph
y
sic
s,
v
o
l
.
4
2
,
p
p
.
4
6
5
5
-
4
6
5
8
,
2
0
0
3
.
[1
4
]
E.
Ka
x
iras
,
"
A
to
m
ic
-
stru
c
tu
re
o
f
su
rf
a
c
tan
t
m
o
n
o
lay
e
rs
a
n
d
it
s
r
o
le
in
e
p
it
a
x
ial
-
g
ro
w
th
,
"
M
a
ter
ia
ls
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
B
-
S
o
li
d
S
t
a
te M
a
ter
i
a
ls
fo
r
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
3
0
,
p
p
.
1
7
5
-
1
8
6
,
1
9
9
5
.
[1
5
]
T
.
Be
rg
h
a
u
s,
A
.
Bro
d
d
e
,
H.
Ne
d
d
e
rm
e
y
e
r,
a
n
d
S
.
T
o
sc
h
,
"
O
n
t
h
e
in
ter
p
re
tatio
n
o
f
c
u
rre
n
t
im
a
g
e
s
in
sc
a
n
n
in
g
tu
n
n
e
li
n
g
sp
e
c
tro
sc
o
p
y
o
f
S
I(1
1
1
)
-
7
×
7
,
"
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
V
a
c
u
u
m
S
c
ien
c
e
&
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
-
V
a
c
u
u
m S
u
rf
a
c
e
s
a
n
d
Fi
lms
,
v
o
l.
6
,
p
p
.
4
8
3
-
4
8
7
,
M
a
r
-
A
p
r
1
9
8
8
.
[1
6
]
R.
I.
G
.
Uh
rb
e
rg
,
R.
D.
Brin
g
a
n
s,
M
.
A
.
Ol
m
ste
a
d
,
R.
Z.
Ba
c
h
ra
c
h
,
a
n
d
J.
E.
N
o
rth
r
u
p
,
"
El
e
c
tro
n
ic str
u
c
tu
re
,
a
to
m
ic
stru
c
tu
re
,
a
n
d
th
e
p
a
ss
iv
a
ted
n
a
tu
re
o
f
th
e
a
rse
n
ic
-
term
in
a
ted
S
i(
1
1
1
)
su
rf
a
c
e
,
"
Ph
y
sic
a
l
Rev
iew
B,
v
o
l.
3
5
,
p
p
.
3
9
4
5
-
3
9
5
1
,
0
3
/1
5
/
1
9
8
7
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
S
TM
Ob
s
erva
tio
n
o
f th
e
S
i(
1
1
1
)
-
(
7
×7
)
R
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
S
u
r
fa
ce
Mo
d
ified
b
y
…
.
(
Hir
u
la
k
D.
S
ir
iw
a
r
d
en
a
)
3001
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
H
iru
l
a
k
D.
S
iriw
a
r
d
e
n
a
o
b
tain
e
d
h
is
b
a
c
h
e
lo
r'
s
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
,
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
P
e
ra
d
e
n
iy
a
w
it
h
h
o
n
o
rs
in
2
0
1
1
.
A
f
ter
c
o
m
p
l
e
ti
n
g
h
is
m
a
ste
r’s
d
e
g
re
e
in
n
a
n
o
sc
ien
c
e
a
n
d
n
a
n
o
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
2
0
1
3
a
t
t
h
e
p
o
stg
ra
d
u
a
te
i
n
sti
tu
te
o
f
sc
ien
c
e
,
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
P
e
ra
d
e
n
iy
a
,
h
e
jo
in
e
d
s
u
rf
a
c
e
a
n
d
m
a
t
e
rials
sc
ien
c
e
re
s
e
a
rc
h
g
ro
u
p
o
f
P
r
o
f
.
M
a
sa
ru
S
h
im
o
m
u
ra
,
S
h
izu
o
k
a
Un
iv
e
rsity
in
2
0
1
4
a
s
a
d
o
c
t
o
ra
l
re
se
a
rc
h
stu
d
e
n
t.
His
r
e
se
a
rc
h
in
ter
e
sts
a
re
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
stu
d
y
in
g
th
e
su
rf
a
c
e
c
h
e
m
i
str
y
o
f
m
o
lec
u
les
a
n
d
d
if
fe
re
n
t
su
b
stra
t
e
s
f
o
r
th
e
f
a
b
rica
ti
o
n
o
f
sin
g
le
m
o
lec
u
lar
t
y
p
e
e
lec
tro
n
ic
d
e
v
ice
s
u
sin
g
sc
a
n
n
in
g
tu
n
n
e
li
n
g
m
icro
sc
o
p
e
.
A
d
d
it
io
n
a
ll
y
,
h
e
is
a
lso
c
o
ll
a
b
o
ra
ti
v
e
ly
d
e
v
e
lo
p
in
g
g
ra
p
h
e
n
e
o
x
id
e
/T
iO
2
c
o
m
p
o
site
f
o
r
p
o
ten
ti
a
l
g
a
s
se
n
so
r
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
T
iO
2
n
a
n
o
tu
b
e
s
b
a
se
d
d
y
e
-
s
e
n
siti
z
e
d
so
lar
c
e
ll
s
w
it
h
h
ig
h
o
p
e
n
c
ircu
it
v
o
lt
a
g
e
s.
He
is
a
g
ra
d
u
a
te
stu
d
e
n
t
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
J
a
p
a
n
e
se
su
rfa
c
e
sc
ien
c
e
so
c
iet
y
a
n
d
Ja
p
a
n
e
se
so
c
iet
y
o
f
a
p
p
li
e
d
p
h
y
sic
s.
To
r
u
Y
a
m
a
s
h
ita
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is
b
a
c
h
e
lo
r'
s
d
e
g
re
e
in
2
0
1
6
a
t
F
u
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
S
h
izu
o
k
a
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
.
H
e
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
c
o
m
p
letin
g
h
is
m
a
ste
r
'
s
d
e
g
re
e
a
t
th
e
G
ra
d
u
a
te
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
I
n
teg
ra
t
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
S
h
izu
o
k
a
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
stu
d
y
in
g
a
to
m
ic
-
lev
e
l
a
n
d
m
o
lec
u
lar
-
lev
e
l
e
ff
e
c
ts
a
i
m
e
d
a
t
d
e
v
e
lo
p
in
g
f
u
tu
re
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
s
o
f
e
lec
tro
n
ics
in
se
m
ico
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
n
a
n
o
-
d
e
v
ice
s an
d
n
a
n
o
-
stru
c
t
u
re
s.
M
a
sa
r
u
S
h
i
m
o
m
u
r
a
is
a
p
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
in
t
h
e
D
e
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
E
lec
t
ro
n
ics
a
n
d
M
a
teria
ls
S
c
ien
c
e
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
S
h
izu
o
k
a
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
.
H
e
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is
b
a
c
h
e
lo
r'
s
d
e
g
re
e
in
1
9
9
2
f
ro
m
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
S
h
izu
o
k
a
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
a
n
d
o
b
tain
e
d
h
is
m
a
ste
r'
s
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
Gra
d
u
a
te
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
S
h
izu
o
k
a
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
in
1
9
9
4
.
T
h
e
n
,
h
e
c
o
m
p
lete
d
th
e
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Div
isio
n
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
S
c
ien
c
e
,
S
h
izu
o
k
a
Un
iv
e
rsity
in
1
9
9
7
.
Af
ter
P
h
.
D.
,
h
e
sta
rted
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
jo
b
a
s
a
re
se
a
rc
h
a
ss
o
c
iate
a
t
Re
se
a
rc
h
In
stit
u
t
e
o
f
S
c
ien
ti
f
ic
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts
,
T
o
h
o
k
u
Un
iv
e
rsity
.
In
2
0
0
2
,
h
e
re
tu
rn
e
d
t
o
S
h
izu
o
k
a
Un
iv
e
rsity
a
s
a
re
s
e
a
rc
h
a
ss
o
c
iate
.
T
h
e
n
,
p
ro
m
o
ted
a
n
a
ss
o
c
iate
p
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
in
2
0
0
8
,
a
n
d
a
p
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
in
2
0
1
5
.
He
is
a
n
e
x
p
e
rt
in
su
rfa
c
e
c
h
e
m
istr
y
a
n
d
so
p
h
isti
c
a
ted
su
rf
a
c
e
a
n
a
l
y
ti
c
a
l
s
y
ste
m
s
su
c
h
a
s
XP
S
a
n
d
S
T
M
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
g
ro
u
p
st
u
d
ies
th
e
str
u
c
tu
re
o
f
su
rf
a
c
e
s
a
n
d
in
terf
a
c
e
s
o
f
m
a
teria
ls
fo
r
f
u
tu
re
e
lec
tro
n
ic
d
e
v
ice
s
in
a
to
m
ic
o
r
m
o
lec
u
lar
sc
a
le.
Co
n
tro
ll
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
su
r
f
a
c
e
stru
c
tu
re
o
f
n
a
n
o
p
a
rti
c
les
f
o
r
d
y
e
-
se
n
siti
z
e
d
so
lar ce
ll
s o
r
g
a
s se
n
so
rs i
s an
o
t
h
e
r
r
e
se
a
rc
h
to
p
ic
h
is
g
r
o
u
p
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
stu
d
y
in
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.