Internati
o
nal
Journal of Ele
c
trical
and Computer
Engineering
(IJE
CE)
Vol
.
5
,
No
. 3,
J
une
2
0
1
5
,
pp
. 49
1~
50
2
I
S
SN
: 208
8-8
7
0
8
4
91
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJECE
Software for Simplifying Embedde
d System Design Based on
Event
-
Driven M
e
thod
Maman Abdu
rohm
an
*,
Ari
f
S
a
s
o
n
g
k
o
**
*School of Com
puting, Tel
kom University
,
Indo
nesia
** School of
E
l
ectri
cal
and
Infor
m
atics Eng
i
neeri
ng, Bandung
Ins
titut
e
of
T
echnol
og
y
,
Indonesi
a
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received
Ma
r 1, 2015
Rev
i
sed
Ap
r
19
, 20
15
Accepte
d
May 3, 2015
Complexity
of
embedded s
y
s
t
em appl
i
c
a
tion
incr
eases a
l
on
g with th
e
escalation of market demand
. Embedde
d s
y
stem design process
must be
enhanced to f
a
ce design complex
i
ty
pr
oblem. One of ch
allenges in designing
em
bedded s
y
st
e
m
is speed, acc
urac
y,
and fl
exi
b
ilit
y.
Th
e desig
n
process is
usually
condu
cted recursively
to
fulfill
requir
e
ment of user and o
p
timization
.
To s
o
lve th
is
problem
, it n
eeds
a
s
y
s
t
em
des
i
gn th
at is
fl
exibl
e
for
adapt
a
tio
n
.
One of solutions is b
y
optim
iz
in
g all or
some of the design steps. This paper
proposes a design framework
with an
automatic framework co
de generator
with of
event driven appro
ach
. This software
is a
part of
a d
e
sign
flow which
is
flexible
and fas
t
. Tron gam
e
and s
i
m
p
le calc
u
lator ar
e pres
en
ted as
a cas
e
study
.
Te
st re
sult shows tha
t
this
fra
m
e
work gen
e
rator
can
in
crea
s
e
s
p
eed o
f
de
si
gn’s fl
e
x
i
b
i
lity
.
Keyword:
Em
bedded
Sy
s
t
em
Ev
en
t Driv
en
Soft
ware
State Chart
Copyright ©
201
5 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
M
a
m
a
n A
b
d
u
r
ohm
an
Scho
o
l
of
Co
m
p
u
ting
Telk
o
m
Un
i
v
ersity
Jln
.
Telek
o
m
un
ik
asi
no
.
1
Ban
dun
g 402
57
, In
don
esia
Em
a
il: ab
d
u
roh
m
an
@telk
o
m
u
n
i
v
e
rsity
.ac.i
d
, m
_
abd
u
ro
hman
@yaho
o
.co
m
1.
INTRODUCTION
The inc
r
ease
of em
bedded
syste
m
’s
complexity affects
the design
pr
ocess. It
i
s
be
com
i
ng
m
o
re
com
p
l
e
x an
d t
i
m
e
-cons
um
i
ng.
Devel
opi
ng
em
bedde
d sy
st
em
i
s
not
o
n
l
y
desi
gni
ng
s
o
ft
ware a
n
d
h
a
rd
ware
part
s
b
u
t
al
so
d
e
si
gni
ng
an
d i
n
t
e
grat
i
n
g
bot
h t
h
em
at
t
h
e sam
e
t
i
m
e
[1]
.
The em
bedde
d
sy
st
em
desi
gn
proce
ss en
gag
e
s
m
a
ny
exper
t
s who
have
di
ffe
rent
p
o
i
n
t
o
f
vi
ews t
o
the syste
m
. Not all the expert
s are capable
i
n
vari
et
y
of fi
e
l
ds;
t
h
eref
ore
,
we nee
d
a st
andar
d
f
o
rm
for t
h
em
. It
need
s a f
r
am
ewo
r
k
t
h
at
i
s
agree
d
by
a t
e
am
whi
c
h
w
hol
e i
n
t
e
ract
i
o
n am
ong al
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
i
n
cl
udi
ng
t
h
e
har
d
ware a
n
d s
o
ft
ware
pa
rts.
In de
si
g
n
i
n
g em
bedded sy
st
em
, one of
pr
o
b
l
em
s t
h
at
m
u
st be han
d
l
e
d i
s
t
h
e opt
i
m
i
zati
on bet
w
e
e
n
soft
ware
or
ha
rd
ware i
m
pl
em
ent
a
t
i
on an
d
con
f
o
r
m
a
nce t
o
t
h
e use
r
re
qui
rem
e
nt
. So
m
e
t
i
m
e
s, t
h
i
s
pr
ocess
n
eeds rep
e
titio
n
in
d
e
fin
i
n
g
fra
m
ewo
r
k
design
.
Detail i
m
p
l
e
m
en
tatio
n
step
is co
nd
u
c
ted
after its d
e
sig
n
really
fu
lfills th
e
o
p
ti
mizatio
n
either fro
m
th
e sid
e
o
f
sp
eed
,
b
udg
et,
o
r
fun
c
tio
n. Reg
a
rd
ing
t
h
e easi
n
ess of
m
o
d
i
ficatio
n
of arch
itecture for alg
o
rith
m
i
m
p
l
e
m
en
ta
tio
n
,
it n
eed
s a flex
ib
ility o
f
framewo
rk
. Gen
e
ratin
g
fram
e
wo
rk
auto
m
a
ticall
y
is
o
n
e
o
f
g
ood
altern
ativ
es to
co
m
e
to
th
is flex
ib
ility. Th
ere are
m
a
n
y
i
m
p
l
e
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
software fo
r
au
t
o
m
a
t
i
o
n
an
d ad
ap
tiv
e
syste
m
[2
-5
]. Th
e
flex
ib
ility is n
e
ed
ed to
h
a
nd
le th
e
fact
s t
h
at
pr
o
d
u
ct
age i
s
ve
ry
sho
r
t
.
S
o
m
e
t
i
mes, ne
w ve
rsi
o
n o
f
o
n
e p
r
od
u
c
t
m
u
st
be l
a
un
ched se
ve
ral
m
ont
hs
later after th
e
p
r
ev
iou
s
p
r
odu
ct is laun
ch
ed
.
It n
e
ed
s
shor
t ti
m
e
to
ch
an
g
e
pr
ev
i
o
us desig
n
i
n
to
t
h
e
n
e
w
e
st
m
odel
,
and cer
t
a
i
n
l
y
, i
t
wi
ll
need a fl
e
x
i
b
l
e
fram
e
wor
k
.
M
a
ny
eff
o
rt
s/
r
e
search
s ha
ve been
do
ne f
o
r
desi
g
n
im
pro
v
i
n
g i
n
t
h
e
fi
el
d
har
d
w
a
re a
n
d
so
ft
wa
re a
n
d
eve
n
t
dr
i
v
en c
o
nt
ext
[6
-9]
.
Thi
s
pa
per
p
r
op
oses a
wel
l
-
de
fi
ne
d ne
w
desi
g
n
m
e
t
hod t
h
at
i
s
st
art
e
d f
r
om
t
h
e fi
rst
m
odel
.
C
h
aract
eri
s
t
i
c
s
of t
h
i
s
m
odel
are:
easy
t
o
un
de
rst
a
n
d
, p
r
eci
si
ont
o
use i
n
ge
nerat
i
n
g code
, an
d fl
exi
b
l
e
t
o
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
IJEC
E V
o
l
.
5, No
. 3,
J
u
ne 2
0
1
5
:
49
1 – 5
0
2
49
2
m
odi
fy
. The q
u
i
t
e
sim
i
l
a
r
met
h
o
d
t
h
at
ha
s
been
pr
o
p
o
s
e
d
i
s
[
10]
. T
h
i
s
m
e
t
hod
gene
r
a
t
e
s fram
e
wor
k
co
de
fr
om
UM
L di
a
g
ram
.
The
di
f
f
e
rence
o
f
t
h
e
m
e
t
hod
fr
om
thi
s
pa
pe
r i
s
[1
0]
i
n
t
e
rm
s of
i
m
pl
em
ent
a
t
i
on t
h
at
i
s
sp
ecified
on
a p
l
atform
o
r
OS, wh
ile in
th
is
p
a
p
e
r, th
e m
e
tho
d
o
f
ge
ne
rating
fram
e
wor
k
code
fo
r so
ftw
a
re an
d
har
d
ware
d
o
es
not
de
pen
d
s
o
n
a s
p
eci
fi
c pl
at
f
o
rm
.
2.
R
E
SEARC
H M
ETHOD
The m
e
thod
of devel
opi
ng e
m
bedded
syste
m
using tra
d
itional
way has
m
u
ch weaknes
s
suc
h
as 1)
We
n
eed so
meo
n
e
who
u
nderstand
s
b
i
g imag
e fro
m
th
e syste
m
th
at will b
e
b
u
ilt;
2
)
W
e
n
e
ed
a lo
t
of
coo
r
di
nat
i
o
n a
m
ong pl
a
nne
rs
t
o
gua
ra
nt
ee t
h
e si
m
i
l
a
ri
ty
of
pe
rcept
i
o
n a
n
d
pr
ocess
am
ong
su
b
sy
st
em
s.
Desi
g
n
i
n
g p
r
o
cess and c
o
or
di
nat
i
o
n are c
o
n
d
u
ct
ed m
a
nual
l
y
. The we
akne
ss i
n
bi
g scal
e i
s
t
h
e
in
ab
ility to
su
p
port reu
s
ab
le co
n
c
ep
t. Th
is p
a
p
e
r co
m
e
s u
p
with
a n
e
w d
e
sign
ing
pro
c
ess with
ev
en
t-dri
v
en
m
e
thod approa
ch. It is taken because na
tura
lly, the system works reactively to
an event. Its design is started
b
y
d
e
fin
i
n
g
the syste
m
as sev
e
ral i
n
teracting
su
bsyste
m
i
n
form
o
f
Fin
i
te State Mach
in
e
with
ev
en
t
-
d
r
i
v
en
base
d com
m
uni
cat
i
on. B
a
se
d
on t
h
e
desi
g
n
t
h
at
i
s
de
fi
ne
d
cor
r
ect
l
y
, t
h
e
next
st
e
p
i
s
ge
nerat
i
n
g
fram
e
wo
rk
au
to
m
a
tical
ly fo
r wh
o
l
e app
licatio
n
.
Figu
re
1
s
h
ows
the fra
mework design
concept.
Fi
gu
re
1.
Fram
ewo
r
k D
e
si
g
n
C
once
p
t
The first m
odel describes that syste
m
is
a
n
asse
m
b
lage of Finite State Machine and
events
. Two
u
s
es of th
e
first
m
o
d
e
l are: 1
)
as th
e first inpu
t for
ge
ne
rat
i
ng
fram
e
wor
k
code
, an
d 2
)
as
a
m
odel
t
h
at
i
s
easy
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
S
o
ftwa
r
e fo
r S
i
mp
lifyin
g Embed
d
e
d
S
y
stem
Design
Ba
sed
o
n
Even
t-Driven
Met
h
o
d
(Mam
an
Abdu
rohm
an
)
49
3
t
o
be u
nde
rst
o
od by
e
ngi
nee
r
s/
de
vel
o
pers
. Out
put
t
h
at
i
s
pr
o
duce
d
fr
om
fram
e
wor
k
ge
nerat
o
r i
s
:
1)
FSM
code f
o
r
al
l
bl
ock
s
, 2)
c
o
m
m
uni
cat
i
o
n
am
ong FSM
, 3) Pr
ot
ot
y
p
e fu
nct
i
on (s
oft
w
are
)
, 4) har
d
ware
i
n
t
e
rface
m
odul
e
t
h
at
i
s
use
d
by
FSM
,
and
5
)
In
st
ant
i
a
t
i
on of
f
unct
i
on
.
Out
put
fr
om
fr
am
ewor
k
gen
e
rat
o
r
i
s
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
co
de
fo
r
so
ft
ware
an
d
har
d
ware t
h
at
m
u
st
st
il
l
be
com
p
l
e
t
e
d by
pr
og
ram
m
er
by
i
n
sert
i
n
g f
unct
i
o
n i
n
t
o
e
ach bl
ock sy
s
t
em
. A pr
og
ra
m
m
e
r can foc
u
s
o
n
im
pl
em
ent
i
ng fu
nct
i
o
n as ef
fi
ci
en
tly as p
o
ssi
b
l
e. In
th
e last step
, th
e in
teg
r
atio
n
on
th
e
wh
o
l
e
p
a
rt of so
ftware
and
ha
r
d
wa
re
was c
o
nd
uct
e
d
.
Ap
pr
oac
h
of e
v
ent
dri
v
en i
s
use
d
beca
use t
h
e em
bedde
d
sy
st
em
nat
u
ral
l
y
wor
k
s i
n
t
h
i
s
way
.
It
i
s
reactive to a si
gnal a
n
d e
n
vironm
ent [11]. T
h
e si
gnal t
h
at
i
s
received by t
h
is em
bedde
d
syste
m
is as an eve
n
t
th
at in
fl
u
e
n
c
es a system
to
do
so
m
e
th
in
g
,
as Figu
re
2
.
The streng
t
h
o
f
th
is
d
e
sign
is t
h
at eith
er so
ft
ware or
hardware
uses
event
drive
n
a
p
proach so that
we ca
n d
o
des
i
gni
n
g
p
r
oces
s wi
t
h
s
o
ft
ware
and
ha
r
d
wa
re.
Fi
gu
re
2.
Fl
o
w
o
f
Em
bedde
d
Sy
st
em
Desi
gn
There
are
sev
e
ral
ass
u
m
p
t
i
ons t
h
at
are
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
i
s
m
e
t
hod:
1.
Base assu
m
p
tio
n in
t
h
is m
e
th
od
is that all
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
stu
f
fs
n
eed
m
u
ch
less com
p
u
tin
g
power
com
p
ared t
o
t
h
e a
ppl
i
cat
i
o
n
of
be
ha
vi
or
p
a
rt
. T
h
ese m
a
nagem
e
nt
st
uf
fs ar
e a
n
y
t
hi
n
g
t
h
at
rel
a
t
e
s
t
o
sy
nch
r
o
n
i
zat
i
o
n, c
o
m
m
uni
cat
i
on am
on
g t
a
s
k
s, a
n
d
co
nt
ext
swi
t
c
hes.
2.
Com
m
unicatio
n am
ong
FS
M is im
plem
ented as
send
ing and
receivi
ng signal. T
h
is
com
m
unication
signal
has a
rol
e
as e
v
ent
for a
sub system
.
3.
Im
pl
em
ent
i
ng sy
st
em
uses pl
at
form
cov
e
ri
n
g
pr
ocess
o
r
,
O
S
, c
o
m
p
iler, libra
ries a
n
d
FP
GA
. It
m
eans that
p
r
o
cesso
r and
RTOS t
h
at are
n
o
t
bu
ilt sp
ecifically fo
r t
h
is im
p
l
e
m
en
tatio
n
.
The Str
u
cture
of Ge
nerated
Code
In t
h
e eve
n
t
-
d
r
i
v
e
n
m
e
t
hod
vi
ews
,
em
bedd
ed sy
st
em
design c
o
nsi
s
t
s
o
f
t
h
ree
part
s s
u
ch as e
v
ent
gene
rat
o
r,
di
sp
at
cher an
d ha
n
d
l
e
r m
odul
e.
Aut
o
m
a
ti
cal
l
y
gene
rat
e
d c
o
d
e
i
n
t
h
i
s
pape
r
i
s
consi
s
t
s
co
t
h
ree
p
a
rts n
a
m
e
ly
ev
en
t g
e
n
e
rator, d
i
sp
atch
er an
d
ev
en
t h
a
nd
ler.
Th
e
b
e
hav
i
or th
at
will co
mm
u
n
i
cate
with
envi
ro
nm
ent
i
s
d
one
m
a
nual
l
y
, as Fi
g
u
r
e 3
.
In
fo
rm
at
i
on fr
om
envi
r
onm
ent
o
r
ot
he
r sy
st
em
s are p
r
oc
es
sed
by
ev
en
t con
v
e
rter. Th
e
ou
tpu
t
of ev
en
t con
v
e
rt
er
will d
i
sp
atch
to su
itab
l
e even
t h
a
nd
ler
for
n
e
x
t
acti
o
n.
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I
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o
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.
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. 3,
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u
ne 2
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:
49
1 – 5
0
2
49
4
Fi
gu
re
3.
Ge
ne
rat
e
d C
ode
St
r
u
ct
u
r
e
The Star
ting
Model
St
art
i
ng m
odel
as Fi
gu
re 4 i
s
a descri
pt
i
on
whi
c
h t
h
e t
o
ol
t
a
kes as i
n
p
u
t
.
Thi
s
d
e
si
g
n
m
odel
m
u
st
h
a
v
e
t
h
ree criterias: 1
.
Easy to
b
e
u
n
d
e
rstoo
d
b
eca
u
s
e it will b
e
d
i
scu
s
sed
b
y
m
a
n
y
t
e
a
m
m
e
m
b
ers with
di
ffe
re
nce ba
c
k
g
r
ou
n
d
;
2.
Pr
eci
se si
nce t
h
i
s
m
odel
has t
o
be
use
d
as
t
h
e i
n
put
of
fr
am
ewor
k a
u
t
o
m
a
t
i
c
gene
rat
o
r;
a
n
d
3.
The
m
odel
sho
u
l
d
s
u
p
p
o
rt
m
odul
ari
t
y
.
At each m
o
dule, a
dditional
inform
ation
is nee
d
ed to
descri
be t
h
e
m
odule and i
n
ter-m
odule
co
mm
u
n
i
catio
n
.
Th
e feat
u
r
ess o
f
t
h
e in
itial m
o
d
e
ls are
as fo
llows: 1. The u
s
e
o
f
FSM m
o
d
e
ls wh
ich
can
be
u
n
d
e
r
s
too
d
eit
h
er
b
y
sof
t
w
a
re en
g
i
n
eers or
h
a
rdw
a
r
e
en
g
i
n
eer
s;
2
.
I
t
is ab
str
act en
ough
and
it do
esn’
t n
e
ed
detail process
containe
d in each m
odule
;
3.
FSM
provides
inform
ati
on a
bout control,
datafl
ow,
and
com
m
uni
cat
i
on
bet
w
ee
n a
n
d
wi
t
h
i
n
m
odul
es;
4.
F
unct
i
o
nal
an
d
FSM
di
ag
ram
s
are easi
l
y
vi
sual
i
zed
usi
n
g
diagram
s
or pictures; and 5. Key
poi
nts in the m
odel are how the c
o
mm
u
n
ication a
nd interface are
des
c
ribe
d
(as e
v
ent
)
.
A t
a
s
k
i
n
pr
oce
s
s
o
r 1
wi
t
h
p
ri
o
r
i
t
y
y
S
e
n
d
i
ng da
ta
usi
n
g
V
v
a
ri
abl
e
E
v
e
n
t usi
n
g
i
n
t
e
rr
upt
s
p
ec
i
f
i
c
nu
m
ber n
S
e
n
d
i
ng d
a
ta
usi
n
g
reg
i
s
t
er T
A H
W
a
cce
l
e
r
a
to
r
m
odu
l
e
c
o
nn
e
c
t
e
d
to b
u
s
Z
A t
a
s
k
i
n
proc
e
s
s
o
r 1
wi
t
h
p
ri
o
r
i
t
y
x
Fig
u
re
4
.
Th
e
Startin
g Mod
e
l of th
e System
Platform
Pl
at
form
i
s
an
art
i
f
act
t
h
at
i
s
use
d
f
o
r
de
vel
o
pi
n
g
em
bedde
d sy
st
em
s. Har
d
wa
re
part
of t
h
e
pl
at
fo
rm
can
b
e
a pr
o
c
esso
r, D
M
A
con
t
ro
ller
,
per
i
pher
a
ls and
bu
s
syste
m
. Part of the s
o
ft
ware
in syste
m
can be a
n
ope
rat
i
n
g sy
st
e
m
, li
brary
or
st
anda
r
d
t
a
sk
. Fi
gu
re
5 s
h
ows
t
h
e
pl
at
fo
rm
used.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
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8-8
7
0
8
S
o
ftwa
r
e fo
r S
i
mp
lifyin
g Embed
d
e
d
S
y
stem
Design
Ba
sed
o
n
Even
t-Driven
Met
h
o
d
(Mam
an
Abdu
rohm
an
)
49
5
Figu
re 5.
The
Platform
and
t
h
e Fram
ework
of the
Syste
m
FPG
A
boa
rd
can be
use
d
a
s
a pr
ot
ot
y
p
i
n
g pl
at
f
o
rm
for
devel
opm
ent
of em
bed
d
ed
appl
i
cat
i
o
n
s
sy
st
em
. The c
o
m
m
uni
cat
i
on of
ha
rd
wa
re a
n
d
so
ft
wa
re i
n
t
h
e em
bedde
d
sy
st
em
i
s
sho
w
n i
n
Fi
gu
re
6. T
h
e
process
o
r used m
a
ybe a physi
cal pro
cess
o
r or s
o
ft
process
o
rs in FPGA.
Fi
gu
re
6.
The
c
o
m
m
uni
cat
i
on
of
ha
rd
wa
re a
n
d s
o
ft
ware
i
n
t
h
e em
bedde
d
s
y
st
em
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
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-87
08
IJEC
E V
o
l
.
5, No
. 3,
J
u
ne 2
0
1
5
:
49
1 – 5
0
2
49
6
3.
FRA
M
EW
O
R
K GENE
RA
TOR
S
Y
STE
M
3.
1. Em
bedde
d S
y
stem
Platform
Em
bedded
sy
s
t
em
consi
s
t
s
o
f
t
w
o
pa
rt
s:
h
a
rd
ware
an
d
s
o
ft
ware.
Ge
ne
rally
, ha
rd
war
e
co
nsists
of
process
o
r, coproces
sor, a
nd
supporte
d
co
m
p
on
en
ts th
at are lo
cated
o
n
d
a
ta p
a
th
lik
e p
l
u
s
, m
i
n
e
s, ti
m
e
s,
di
vi
de
s, re
gi
st
e
r
s et
c.
Whi
l
e
,
gene
ral
l
y
, so
ft
ware c
o
nsi
s
t
s
of
op
erat
i
n
g sy
st
em
, funct
i
o
n
and c
u
st
om
t
e
m
p
l
a
t
e
th
at supp
ort app
licatio
n
.
The p
r
o
b
l
e
m
that
m
u
st
be answere
d
i
n
de
ve
l
opi
n
g
em
bedd
ed sy
st
em
i
s
t
h
e com
posi
t
i
on of o
p
t
i
m
u
m
har
d
ware o
r
s
o
ft
ware f
o
r
o
n
e
nee
d
fr
om
the per
f
o
r
m
a
nce
an
d b
u
d
g
et
pers
pect
i
v
e.
T
h
i
s
pape
r foc
u
ses o
n
d
e
sign
ing
and
fu
lfillin
g
n
eed
s of
u
s
er and
app
licatio
n
p
e
rform
an
ce. In th
e
h
a
rdware
step
, p
a
rtitio
n
s
t
h
at
n
eed
fast
com
put
at
i
on l
i
k
e ari
t
h
m
e
t
i
c
co
m
pone
nt
s
are im
pl
em
ente
d as a part
o
f
har
d
ware.
Whi
l
e, fu
nct
i
ons t
h
at
are
related
to
u
s
er
in
terface lik
e
bu
tto
n for tri
g
ger are im
p
l
e
m
e
n
ted as so
ft
ware.
Targ
et
o
f
im
p
l
e
m
en
tatio
n
cod
e
for so
ft
ware is C file wh
ile hardware im
p
l
e
m
en
tatio
n
is in VHDL
file. Syste
m
i
m
p
l
e
m
en
tatio
n
i
s
u
s
ed u
s
ing
Fi
el
d P
r
o
g
ram
m
abl
e
Gri
d
Ar
ray
(F
PG
A)
, a
n
d
m
i
cropr
oce
ssor
used in t
h
i
s
system
is ARM and MicroC
OS/
II
ope
rat
i
o
n sy
st
e
m
.
3.
2.
E
v
en
t Driven Me
th
od
Naturally, ev
en
t-d
r
iv
en
concep
t (Figu
r
e
7
)
is u
s
ed
in i
m
p
l
e
m
en
tin
g
em
b
e
d
d
e
d
syste
m
. Th
is
ap
pro
ach
is mo
re efficien
t that an
o
t
h
e
r on
e
th
at is p
r
o
active. Th
e system
is in
id
le situ
atio
n
as waiting
ev
en
t
from
outside,
whe
n
t
h
e e
v
ent happe
n
s s
o
t
h
e system
will
react s
u
itable
with the
ki
nds
of eve
n
t a
nd i
t
s last
sy
st
em
’sst
at
us. Thi
s
eve
n
t
t
r
i
gge
rs t
h
e sy
st
e
m
t
o
change
fr
om
one st
at
us t
o
an
ot
her
.
Ev
ent
fr
om
out
si
de i
s
han
d
led
by
so
ftware
an
d
ha
r
d
wa
re.
I
n
the
soft
ware
is
even
t g
e
n
e
rato
r th
at g
e
n
e
rates
ev
en
ts th
at mu
st be
h
a
nd
led
b
y
its syste
m
. All ev
en
ts in
th
e syst
e
m
are h
a
nd
l
e
d
i
n
l
i
n
e of
gl
o
b
a
l
t
o
be arr
a
n
g
e
d by
di
s
p
at
ch
er, an
d
they will be spread to a
p
propriate
event ha
ndler. In the
hardwa
re, e
v
en
ts
are receive
d from
their envi
ronm
ent
and
ha
n
d
l
e
d
b
y
di
st
ri
b
u
t
o
r. T
h
en
, eac
h e
v
en
t
i
s
ha
ndl
e
d
by
ap
pr
o
p
ri
at
e ev
ent
ha
n
d
l
e
r.
O
u
t
p
ut
f
r
om
one
ev
e
n
t
activ
ates ano
t
her ev
en
t t
h
at will b
e
tran
sferred
b
y
d
i
stri
b
u
t
or.
Fi
gu
re
7.
Eve
n
t
-
dri
v
en
co
nce
p
t
i
n
Em
bedde
d
Har
d
w
a
re a
n
d S
o
ft
ware
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
S
o
ftwa
r
e fo
r S
i
mp
lifyin
g Embed
d
e
d
S
y
stem
Design
Ba
sed
o
n
Even
t-Driven
Met
h
o
d
(Mam
an
Abdu
rohm
an
)
49
7
3.
3. Framew
o
r
k
Gener
a
tor
Sys
t
em
W
o
r
k
f
l
ow
Startin
g
fro
m
d
e
sig
n
th
at is d
e
fin
e
d
correctly b
y
d
e
sign
ers, till th
is step
, th
e syste
m
h
a
s b
een
d
e
fined
rep
eated
ly b
y
con
s
id
ering
sev
e
ral
fun
c
tion
a
l n
e
ed
s and li
m
ita
tio
n
s
.
Design
t
h
at is d
e
fin
e
d
co
rrectly is
t
r
ans
f
o
r
m
e
d aut
o
m
a
t
i
call
y
and
becom
i
ng
several
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
of
em
bedde
d
so
ft
wa
r
e
an
d
ha
rd
wa
re, a
s
Fi
gu
re 8.
Fi
gu
re
8.
Fram
ewo
r
k
gene
rat
o
r
sy
st
em
proc
ess
Fram
ework is
entity for s
o
ftware
function or hardware
c
o
m
ponents.
All fram
e
works a
r
e em
pty, and
m
u
st be completed by programm
er with detail code
that is
appropriate to each function.
Detail
im
pl
em
ent
a
t
i
o
n of
s
o
ft
w
a
re
m
odul
es
u
s
e p
r
o
g
ram
C
an
d Har
d
w
a
re
’s us
es
V
H
D
L
l
a
ng
uage
. It
needs
t
o
be
n
o
ticed th
at t
h
e streng
th
o
f
t
h
is tran
sform
a
tio
n
co
n
cept i
s
ge
nerati
ng
h
a
rd
ware
an
d
s
o
ft
ware
fram
e
wo
rk
au
to
m
a
tical
ly.
After d
e
tail i
m
p
l
e
m
en
tatio
n
u
s
ing
C
l
a
ng
ua
ge fo
r e
m
bedded so
ft
ware u
s
i
n
g V
HDL
fo
r
em
bedde
d
har
d
wa
re, t
h
e
n
e
xt
st
ep i
s
t
e
st
i
ng i
n
FP
GA
boa
r
d
. S
y
st
em
im
pl
ement
a
t
i
on
uses
NI
OS
microprocess
o
r a
n
d MicroC
OS
II operating system
.
3.
4. Har
d
w
a
re
/
S
of
tw
are Fra
mew
ork C
o
de
Gener
a
t
o
r
D
u
r
i
ng
the imp
l
em
en
tatio
n
of
fr
am
ew
o
r
k
co
d
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
to
r, th
er
e
w
e
r
e
t
w
o step
s condu
cted
. Th
ey
were
be
havi
or
det
e
rm
i
n
at
i
o
n
by
de
fi
ni
ng
F
S
M
o
b
ject
s
f
o
r em
bedde
d
ha
rd
ware/
s
oft
w
ar
e an
d c
ode
st
r
u
ct
u
r
e
writing
in C (fo
r em
b
e
d
d
e
d
so
ft
ware) an
d in VHDL
(for em
b
e
d
d
e
d
h
a
rdware), as Fi
g
u
re 9
.
Ob
ject
be
havi
or
o
f
em
bed
d
e
d
har
d
ware
a
n
d
s
o
ft
wa
re
f
unct
i
o
ns
del
i
n
eat
ed i
n
eve
n
t
ha
ndl
e
r
was
defi
ned
usi
n
g
Fi
ni
t
e
St
at
e Machi
n
e (
FSM
)
.
Each o
b
j
ect
w
a
s defi
ned i
n
F
S
M
,
b
o
t
h
ha
r
d
ware a
nd s
o
ft
ware
. I
n
d
e
fi
n
i
ng
FSM
, th
ere
was a
set o
f
states an
d
tran
sitio
ns.
Tran
sitio
n
is an
even
t th
at beco
m
e
s a trigg
e
r t
o
m
o
v
e
fro
m
o
n
e
state to
ano
t
h
e
r.
State is filled
with
fu
n
c
tion
cal
ls to
b
e
carried
ou
t.
FSM can
b
e
translated in
to
pr
o
g
ram
code
s (C fo
r s
o
ft
ware a
nd
V
H
D
L f
o
r
ha
rd
w
a
re)
usi
n
g ne
s
t
ed swi
t
c
h st
a
t
em
ent
concep
t
.
The
t
r
ans
f
o
r
m
a
ti
on
from
FSM
i
n
t
o
pr
o
g
ram
codes use
d
n
e
sted
switch
p
r
i
n
cip
l
es. Th
ere is a
m
a
in
switc
h
to
d
e
term
in
e stat
e p
o
s
itio
n. Th
e tran
sfo
r
m
a
tio
n
/
actio
n
p
e
rformed
b
y
th
e sy
ste
m
is d
e
ter
m
in
ed
b
y
th
e o
c
cu
rring
event
.
B
o
t
h
e
m
bedded s
o
ft
ware a
nd
har
d
ware
were i
m
pl
em
ent
e
d usi
ng si
m
i
l
a
r
m
e
tho
d
. T
h
e ne
xt
st
ep was
fillin
g
o
u
t
fu
n
c
tio
n
d
e
tails
in
each
state.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJEC
E
49
8
Soft
w
s
w
}
Har
d
p
ro
ce
begi
n
case
c
end c
a
end p
r
p
ro
ce
begi
n
i
f
e
e
n
end p
r
E
Vo
l.
5
,
N
o
.
Figu
r
w
are
Imp
e
l
e
m
w
itch
(state)
{
case
S1
:
case
S2
:
s
case
S3
:
s
w
s
w
d
w
a
re Im
ple
m
ss
(cu
rre
n
t
_st
a
c
u
rre
nt
_st
a
t
e
i
whe
n
S1
=
i
f
e
e
whe
n
S2
=
i
f
whe
n
S3
=
I
f
a
se;
r
ocess;
ss
(iRST_
N, i
C
f
(iRST_
N =
‘
0
lseif
(iCLK
’
e
v
ndi
f
;
r
ocess;
3
,
Jun
e
201
5
(a)
r
e 9.
FSM fro
m
m
enta
tio
n
{
switch
(
c
ond
i
case
s
case
e
s
witch
(
c
ond
i
t
case
s
case
e
w
itch
(con
d
iti
o
case
e
case
s
w
itch
(e
ve
nt
)
case
e
m
entati
on
a
te, T1, T
2
,
T
3
i
s
=
>
--Act1
f
(
T
1
=
’1
’)
th
e
n
e
lseif
(
T
2
=
’1
’)
e
ndi
f
;
=
>
-
-
A
c
t2
f
(
T
3
=
’1
’)
th
e
n
=
> --A
ct3
f
(
T
4
=
’1
’)
th
e
n
C
LK
)
0
’)
th
en
c
u
rre
n
v
enta
nd
iCL
K
:
49
1 – 5
0
2
m
an object
o
n
i
tio
n){
case
e
n
s
teady :
fucnt
i
switch
(e
v
}
e
x
it :
fun
c
tio
n
t
i
on)
{
case
e
n
s
teady :
funct
i
e
x
it: fun
c
tio
n
6
o
n)
{
e
n
t
ry: functio
n
s
teady: functi
o
{
case
T4:
e
x
it: fun
c
tio
n
8
3
, T
4
)
n
next
_st
a
t
e
next
_st
a
t
e
n
next
_st
a
t
e
n
next
_st
a
t
e
n
t_state<= S1
K
=’
1’
)
th
en
c
n
(a
) Em
bed
d
n
try : fucn
tio
n
i
on
1 ();
v
en
t) {
case
T
case
T
n
3 ()
; }
n
try : fun
c
tio
n
i
on
5
();
switc
h
6
()
;
n
1
();
o
n
7
();
TRA
N
8
()
; }
e
<=S2;
e
<=S3;
e
<=S3
e
<=S1;
;
c
ur
rent
_st
a
t
e
<
S1
,
sta
t
d
ed S
o
ftware
a
n
1 ();
T
1 : TRAN
_
T
T
2 :
TR
AN
_
T
n
4
();
h
(e
ve
nt
) {
c
}
N
_T
O(
S2
)
= ne
xt
_st
a
t
e
;
,
S2
an
d S3
a
r
t
es
T1, T2
,
are the
syste
m
(b
)
a
n
d
(b
)
Em
be
d
T
O(
S2
)
T
O(
S3)
c
ase T3:
TRA
N
}
S
s
r
e
T3
and T4
eve
n
ts as
a
trig
er.
ISS
N
:
2
d
de
d Har
d
w
a
r
N
_TO(
S2
)
}
S1,
S
2
a
n
d S
3
s
tates
entry,
stea
d
exit are c
o
n
d
in each stat
e
T1, T2, T
3
a
are the
eve
n
syste
m
trig
e
2
088
-87
08
r
e
}
3
are
d
y an
d
d
itio
n
s
e
a
nd T4
n
ts as
a
e
r.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
S
o
ftwa
r
e fo
r S
i
mp
lifyin
g Embed
d
e
d
S
y
stem
Design
Ba
sed
o
n
Even
t-Driven
Met
h
o
d
(Mam
an
Abdu
rohm
an
)
49
9
4.
CA
SE
ST
UD
Y
O
N
T
R
O
N
GA
ME AN
D SIMPLE C
A
L
CUL
ATOR
4.
1. T
r
on
G
a
me
As a pr
o
o
f t
h
at
t
h
e generat
o
r ha
s bee
n
ru
nni
ng
wel
l
,
Tr
on
gam
e
appl
i
cat
i
on fram
e
wo
rk h
a
s bee
n
gene
rat
e
d a
s
s
h
o
w
n i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
10
. B
y
ad
di
n
g
s
p
eci
fi
c f
u
nc
t
i
ons t
o
t
h
e
fra
m
e
wor
k
,
Tr
on
gam
e
can ru
n
wel
l
o
n
Ni
os
Pl
at
fo
rm
. The
r
e a
r
e s
o
m
e
st
eps i
n
de
vel
o
pi
n
g
T
r
on
gam
e
. The
fi
rs
t
st
ep i
s
defi
ni
ng
o
b
j
ect
s
req
u
i
r
e
d
i
n
Trongam
e. There are
four
obj
ect
s
defi
n
e
d
a
s
f
o
l
l
o
w
s
:
A
r
e
n
a,
Tr
on
1
,
T
r
on
2
an
d
Lase
r.
Are
n
a
f
unct
i
ons
as
b
ackgroun
d, Tron
1
and
Tron
2
as acto
r
s
who
p
e
rfo
r
m
p
o
s
ition
sh
ift
an
d
Laser as ob
stacle th
at ap
p
ears at
certain position and tim
e
. The second
step is defini
ng Fi
nite State
M
achine for each object: Are
n
a ha
s two
states whic
h are “Start” and “
P
la
y
”
. Tr
on
1 a
n
d
Tr
o
n2
ha
ve
“m
ove_
H
or”
a
n
d
“m
ove_
V
er
” st
at
es. M
ean
whi
l
e
,
Laser
has “
O
FF” a
n
d
“O
N
”
st
at
es. T
h
e
t
h
i
r
d
st
ep i
s
m
a
ki
ng
di
ag
ra
m
object
s i
n
soft
ware
ge
ne
rat
o
r
.
Ni
os
pr
ocess
o
r
and
uc
os
ope
rat
i
on sy
st
em
were use
d
as a
p
pl
i
cat
i
on pl
at
f
o
r
m
. The fou
r
t
h
st
ep i
s
m
a
ki
ng
st
at
e
chart
diagram
for eac
h
object
. T
h
e
fift
h
step is g
e
n
e
rato
r fra
m
e
wo
rk
t
h
at
au
to
m
a
tical
ly
g
e
n
e
rated files .c and
.h. T
h
ere are files for each ob
ject in which there are 4 f
ile objects he
re
: laser.c, tr
on1.c, tron2.c, are
n
a.c
.
There a
r
e f
o
ur
fi
l
e
s ha
nd
l
i
ng com
m
uni
cat
i
on am
ong
ob
ject
s:
g
l
obal
.
h,
gl
o
b
a
l
.c, en
vi
r
onm
ent
.
h
,
envi
ro
nm
ent
.
c.
Fi
gu
re
1
0
.
Pr
o
cess o
f
o
b
ject
di
ag
ram
devel
opm
ent
o
f
t
r
on
gam
e
4.
2. Si
mpl
e
C
a
l
c
ul
a
t
or
In sim
p
le calc
u
lato
r, arith
m
e
tic fun
c
tio
ns are d
e
fi
ne
d
as
h
a
rd
ware
w
h
i
l
e
but
t
o
n f
unct
i
o
ns rel
a
t
e
d t
o
users a
r
e i
m
plem
ent
e
d as pa
rt
of s
o
ft
ware
.
B
e
fore m
a
ki
ng
di
ag
ram
of em
bedde
d sy
st
em
used a s
e
t
of
gene
rator, at fi
rst, we
determ
ine objects in t
h
e em
be
dde
d s
y
ste
m
. Then,
we dete
rm
ine
whet
her t
h
e object i
s
i
m
p
o
r
ted in
to em
b
e
d
d
e
d software or
h
a
rd
ware.
Afte
r t
h
at, th
e obj
ect will b
e
im
p
o
r
ted
in
t
o
emb
e
dd
ed
so
ft
ware if its
o
r
d
e
rs n
e
ed
h
i
g
h
flex
i
b
ility,
an
d
t
h
e obj
ect
will b
e
im
p
o
r
ted
in
to
em
b
e
d
d
e
d
h
a
rdware if its
o
r
d
e
rs need a h
i
gh
p
e
rfo
r
m
a
n
ce.
So, in th
is calcu
lator, ex
trapo
l
atio
n p
r
o
cesses
will b
e
im
p
o
r
ted
in
t
o
e
m
b
e
d
d
e
d
h
a
rd
ware
wh
ereas p
r
o
cess
o
f
g
r
aph
i
c screen an
d
d
a
ta m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
will b
e
im
p
o
r
ted in
to
em
bedde
d s
o
f
t
ware. T
h
e o
b
j
ect
s were
di
vi
de
d i
n
t
o
t
w
o pa
rt
s:
t
h
e em
bedded s
o
ft
ware a
nd em
bed
d
e
d
h
a
rdware.
Th
e fun
c
tion
s
th
at
requ
ire
qu
ick p
r
o
cess
were
defi
ned a
s
ha
rd
ware
suc
h
a
s
ad
der,
su
bst
r
act
or
,
m
u
lt
i
p
l
i
e
r and
m
a
i
n
com
pone
nt
s,
whi
l
e
t
h
e r
e
st
act
s as s
o
ft
ware
.
Each
o
f
th
ese ob
j
ects
will h
a
ve state
m
ach
in
e d
e
scri
b
e
d
i
n
form
o
f
state ch
art d
i
ag
ram
,
as Fig
u
re
1
1
.
The
followings
are t
h
e
proces
s of c
r
ea
ting state chart
from
three
objects.
1.
State
chart object-oneButton (em
b
edde
d
s
o
ftware)
On
eB
u
tton
ob
ject will p
e
rfo
r
m a b
i
g
n
u
m
b
e
r of 1
i
f m
o
u
s
e
p
o
i
n
t
er is on
the b
u
tton
o
f
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r 1, and
it will
i
m
p
o
r
t th
e num
b
e
r 1
to an activ
e op
erand
i
f
th
e m
o
u
s
e is
p
r
essed. Th
is
ob
j
ect
h
a
s th
e
follo
wing
states:
a)
Un
di
spl
a
ye
d st
at
e
Th
is state will
p
e
rform
a n
o
r
mal b
u
tto
n
of
n
u
m
b
e
r 1
when
an
o
b
j
ect leav
es th
is state with
ou
t do
ing
an
y
process
.
The e
v
ents that caus
e
th
e ob
ject
t
u
rns
out
fr
om
thi
s
st
at
e are OVERONE (when the pointer
is
o
n
th
e
bu
tto
n of
th
e nu
m
b
er
1)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
IJEC
E V
o
l
.
5, No
. 3,
J
u
ne 2
0
1
5
:
49
1 – 5
0
2
50
0
Fi
gu
re 1
1
. O
b
j
ect
di
ag
ram
of Em
bedded
Ha
r
d
wa
re/
S
oft
w
a
r
e
b)
Displ
a
yed stat
e
This state
will pe
rform
a bi
g button
of
num
ber 1
whe
n
an
object lea
v
es this state
without
doing a
n
y
process
.
The e
v
ents that caus
e
th
e ob
ject
t
u
rn
out
f
r
om
t
h
i
s
st
at
e are ONE (
b
y
pres
si
ng t
h
e
but
t
on
of
num
ber 1)
, OU
TON
E
(w
he
n
t
h
e poi
nt
er g
o
es
o
ff fr
om
area of
t
h
e b
u
t
t
o
n
o
f
num
ber 1)
.
c)
Inserti
n
g St
ate
Th
is state will co
ndu
ct th
e pro
cess
o
f
insertin
g
nu
m
b
er 1
into
an
activ
e
o
p
erand
wh
en
an
o
b
j
ect en
ters t
o
the state eve
n
though t
h
e object tu
rns ou
t fro
m
th
e state with
ou
t
d
o
i
ng
any proce
ss. T
h
e e
v
ents t
h
at
cau
se th
e
ob
j
e
ct tu
rn
s ou
t fro
m
th
is state
are ONE
(by
pressi
ng th
e bu
tto
n
of
nu
m
b
er
1)
, O
U
TONE
(
w
h
e
n
th
e
p
o
i
nter
go
es of
f fr
om
ar
ea o
f
th
e
bu
tto
n
o
f
nu
m
b
er
1
)
,
O
V
E
R
ONE (w
hen th
e poin
t
er
is
on
t
h
e
b
u
tton
of
th
e nu
m
b
er
1)
.
2.
Object state c
h
art-Ope
r
and C
ont
roller (em
b
edde
d so
ftwa
re
)
Thi
s
o
b
ject
wi
l
l
cont
rol
an
d d
e
t
e
rm
i
n
e opera
nds t
h
at
m
u
st
be act
i
v
e. The
ope
ra
nds
of t
h
i
s
cal
cul
a
t
o
r
project are
o
p
e
r
an
d 1 I
n
t
,
ope
ran
d
1 Fr
ac, o
p
er
an
d 2 Int
,
o
p
er
an
d 2
F
r
ac
. Conside
r
thes
e states:
a)
O
p
er
an
d 1 in
t.
Wh
en
an
ob
j
e
ct en
ters i
n
to
t
h
e state, it will activ
ate
o
p
eran
d1
in
t
and
d
e
activ
ate it wh
en go
ing
o
f
f fro
m
this state. The
events t
h
at cause
th
e
ob
j
ect
tu
rn
s ou
t fro
m
th
is
state are COMMA (pre
ssing
button
of
co
mma)
,
AD
D (
p
r
e
ssing
bu
tto
n
+)
, M
U
L
(p
r
e
ssi
ng
bu
tton
*)
,
SU
B
(
p
r
e
ssin
g
bu
tto
n -), CLR (p
r
e
ssi
ng
but
t
o
n C
)
.
b)
O
p
eran
d 1 frac.
Whe
n
a
n
obje
ct enters i
n
to t
h
e state, it wil
l
activate
oper
a
n
d
1
f
r
ac
.
And d
eactiv
ate it
wh
en
go
ing
off
from
this state. The e
v
e
n
ts that cause the object tu
rn
s ou
t fro
m
th
is state are ADD (pressin
g
bu
tton
+),
M
U
L (
p
res
s
i
n
g b
u
t
t
o
n *
)
, S
U
B
(
p
ressi
ng
but
t
o
n
-), C
L
R
(p
ressi
n
g
but
t
on C
)
F
U
LLB
AC
K
(I
f dat
a
i
n
ope
ra
n
d
1
f
r
ac
.
is
u
s
ed up)
.
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