I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
p
ute
r
E
ng
in
ee
ring
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
2
0
,
p
p
.
5
1
0
8
~
5
1
2
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I
SS
N:
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8
8
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8708
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.
1
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v
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i
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p
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5108
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
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g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ec
e.
ia
esco
r
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co
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d
ex
.
p
h
p
/I
JE
C
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Po
w
er quality
i
mpro
v
e
m
en
t
ba
sed
o
n hyb
rid coo
rdi
na
ted
desig
n of ren
ew
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ble energy
so
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s for
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DSTAT
C
O
M
Ali N
a
s
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er
H
us
s
a
in
1
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Ah
m
ed
J
a
da
a
n Ali
2
,
F
ira
s
Sa
a
du
ldeen A
h
m
ed
3
1,
3
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
En
g
in
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e
rin
g
T
e
c
h
n
iq
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e
s
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El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
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rin
g
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e
c
h
n
ica
l
Co
ll
e
g
e
,
M
id
d
le T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Ira
q
2
De
p
a
rtme
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t
o
f
El
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tri
c
a
l
P
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w
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T
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c
h
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En
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g
,
T
e
c
h
n
ic
a
l
En
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e
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rin
g
Co
l
leg
e
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M
o
su
l,
No
rth
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rn
T
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c
h
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ica
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Un
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nfo
AB
ST
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r
ticle
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to
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y:
R
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Mar
6
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2
0
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a
n
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sis
o
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p
o
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u
a
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ti
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c
h
ro
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s
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m
p
e
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to
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th
e
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
(DS
TAT
COM)
w
h
e
n
d
iffere
n
t
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
e
n
e
rg
y
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rc
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re
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se
d
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p
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ly
th
e
DC
li
n
k
c
h
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n
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e
l
o
f
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COM.
T
h
e
s
e
ty
p
e
s
o
f
p
o
w
e
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su
p
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li
e
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h
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v
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a
d
if
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re
n
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ffe
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t
h
e
c
o
m
p
e
n
sa
ti
o
n
o
f
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COM
d
u
e
t
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
n
a
t
u
re
o
f
th
e
se
so
u
rc
e
s.
T
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
re
sp
o
n
se
o
f
th
e
DS
TAT
COM
h
a
s
in
v
e
sti
g
a
ted
th
a
t
p
ro
d
u
c
e
d
b
y
in
d
iv
id
u
a
l
a
n
d
h
y
b
rid
e
n
e
rg
y
so
u
rc
e
s
to
e
v
a
lu
a
te
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
se
so
u
rc
e
s
i
n
term
s
o
f
ti
m
e
re
sp
o
n
se
,
c
o
m
p
e
n
sa
ti
o
n
p
r
o
c
e
ss
a
n
d
re
d
u
c
e
th
e
h
a
rm
o
n
ics
o
f
c
u
rre
n
t
so
u
rc
e
.
T
h
re
e
c
a
se
s
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
c
o
n
sid
e
re
d
in
th
is
stu
d
y
.
F
irst
th
e
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
(
P
V
)
c
e
ll
s
a
lo
n
e
,
se
c
o
n
d
t
h
e
b
a
tt
e
ry
sto
ra
g
e
a
lo
n
e
,
a
n
d
t
h
ird
a
h
y
b
rid
c
o
o
rd
in
a
ted
d
e
sig
n
b
e
tw
e
e
n
(
P
V
c
e
ll
s
with
b
a
tt
e
ry
sto
ra
g
e
)
is
u
se
d
.
A
b
o
o
st
DC
-
DC
c
ircu
it
h
a
s
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
to
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
c
e
ll
w
it
h
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
p
o
in
t
tra
c
k
in
g
(M
P
P
T
)
w
h
il
e
DC
-
DC
b
u
c
k
-
b
o
o
st
c
ircu
it
is
u
se
d
w
it
h
a
b
a
tt
e
r
y
.
Hig
h
c
o
o
rd
in
a
ti
o
n
b
e
tw
e
e
n
P
V
a
n
d
b
a
tt
e
ry
c
ircu
it
s
in
th
e
h
y
b
rid
sy
ste
m
is
u
se
d
to
im
p
ro
v
e
th
e
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
.
A
s
y
n
c
h
ro
n
o
u
s
re
f
e
re
n
c
e
f
ra
m
e
(S
RF
)
w
it
h
a
u
n
i
t
v
e
c
to
r
h
a
s
u
se
d
to
c
o
n
tr
o
l
th
e
DST
AT
COM.
T
h
e
si
m
u
latio
n
re
su
lt
s
sh
o
w
th
a
t
th
e
h
y
b
rid
d
e
sig
n
h
a
s
a
su
p
e
rio
rit
y
re
sp
o
n
se
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
t
o
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
a
l
s
o
u
rc
e
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
DST
A
T
C
OM
MP
PT
PV
SR
F
VSC
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
2
0
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
A
li
Nass
er
H
u
s
s
ain
,
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
P
o
w
er
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
T
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
,
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
T
ec
h
n
i
ca
l Co
lleg
e,
Mid
d
le
T
ec
h
n
ical
U
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
,
B
ag
h
d
ad
,
I
r
aq
.
E
m
ail:
ali
n
as
s
er
1
9
7
4
@
y
ah
o
o
.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
R
en
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
n
o
w
ad
a
y
s
b
ec
o
m
e
th
e
b
est
ch
o
ice
f
o
r
s
o
lv
i
n
g
p
o
w
er
g
en
er
atio
n
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
a
n
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
r
es
ea
r
ch
er
s
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
eir
w
o
r
k
s
o
n
th
is
t
y
p
e
o
f
to
p
ic.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
ex
tr
ac
tin
g
e
m
p
lo
y
i
n
g
an
d
u
s
in
g
t
h
is
en
er
g
y
co
r
r
ec
tl
y
a
n
d
ac
cu
r
atel
y
lead
s
to
h
ig
h
-
q
u
al
it
y
r
es
u
lt
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
r
ea
ch
in
g
a
r
ap
id
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
e
p
o
w
er
co
m
p
e
n
s
atio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
en
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
t
h
at
r
ep
r
esen
ted
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
ac
tio
n
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
lo
s
s
es
[
1
,
2
]
.
T
h
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
o
w
er
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
s
o
lar
ce
lls
r
e
n
e
w
ab
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
is
a
f
f
ec
ted
b
y
f
l
u
ctu
a
tin
g
w
ea
t
h
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
ch
a
n
g
in
g
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
,
an
d
h
i
g
h
te
m
p
er
atu
r
es,
etc
[
3
]
.
T
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
b
en
ef
it
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
el
s
t
h
at
g
e
n
er
ated
th
e
p
o
w
er
,
a
n
MP
P
T
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
m
u
s
t b
e
u
s
ed
[
4
-
5
]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
m
et
h
o
d
s
to
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
t
h
e
M
P
PT
alg
o
r
ith
m
lik
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t
v
o
ltag
e
m
et
h
o
d
,
o
p
en
-
cir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e
m
et
h
o
d
,
p
er
tu
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
m
et
h
o
d
an
d
in
cr
e
m
e
n
tal
co
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
(
I
NC
)
m
e
th
o
d
h
a
s
b
ee
n
i
n
cl
u
d
e
in
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
d
esig
n
[
6
,
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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C
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I
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N:
2
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P
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ig
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(
A
li N
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s
s
a
in
)
5109
T
h
e
I
NC
m
et
h
o
d
is
ap
p
lied
o
n
th
e
DC
to
DC
b
o
o
s
t
cir
cu
it
t
o
g
et
th
e
b
est
p
u
ls
e
t
o
o
p
er
ate
th
e
s
w
itc
h
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n
s
u
lated
g
a
te
b
ip
o
lar
tr
an
s
is
to
r
(
I
GB
T
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u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
cir
cu
it
o
f
P
V
T
h
e
I
NC
m
eth
o
d
i
s
ap
p
lied
o
n
th
e
DC
to
DC
b
o
o
s
t
cir
cu
it
to
g
et
t
h
e
b
est
p
u
ls
e
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
o
p
er
ate
th
e
s
w
itc
h
e
s
o
f
i
s
o
lated
g
ate
b
ip
o
lar
tr
an
s
is
to
r
(
I
GB
T
)
th
at
u
s
ed
in
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
cir
cu
it
o
f
P
V
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
cir
cu
it
al
s
o
f
ee
d
s
th
e
DC
li
n
k
o
f
VS
C
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
p
lu
s
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
s
o
lar
p
an
el
s
h
as
s
to
r
ed
b
y
an
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
e
(
b
atter
y
)
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
g
e
n
er
atin
g
p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
s
o
la
r
p
an
els
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
w
e
ath
er
,
an
d
w
h
er
e
th
e
ab
s
e
n
ce
o
f
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
at
n
i
g
h
t
r
eq
u
ir
es
e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
o
f
th
is
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ed
in
t
h
e
b
atter
y
,
th
e
n
i
s
u
s
ed
to
s
u
p
p
l
y
t
h
e
DC
li
n
k
.
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
o
b
tain
a
h
i
g
h
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
o
f
ch
a
r
g
e
an
d
d
is
c
h
ar
g
e
a
b
u
c
k
-
b
o
o
s
t c
ir
cu
it
h
as b
ee
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
r
eg
u
late
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
.
Als
o
,
to
m
ain
tain
h
ig
h
co
o
r
d
in
ati
o
n
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
P
V
p
an
el
an
d
b
atter
y
o
p
er
atio
n
,
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
lo
g
ical
cir
c
u
it i
s
u
s
ed
to
g
et
a
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
[
1
0
-
1
5
]
.
Ma
n
y
t
y
p
es
o
f
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
p
o
w
e
r
q
u
alit
y
lik
e
S
tatic
Var
C
o
m
p
en
s
ato
r
(
SVC
)
,
w
h
er
e
t
h
i
s
t
y
p
e
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
tr
ad
itio
n
al
b
e
ca
u
s
e
o
f
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
a
la
r
g
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
an
d
in
d
u
cta
n
ce
in
t
h
e
co
m
p
e
n
s
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
ic
p
ar
ts
led
to
th
e
e
m
er
g
e
n
ce
o
f
m
o
r
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
o
f
SVC
in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
m
all
s
ize,
r
ap
id
c
o
m
p
en
s
atio
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e
an
d
co
n
tr
o
llab
ilit
y
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
s
tat
ic
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
(
ST
A
T
C
OM
)
,
Sta
tic
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
s
er
ies
co
m
p
en
s
a
to
r
(
SS
SC
)
.
T
h
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
(
SS
SC
)
an
d
(
ST
A
T
C
OM
)
h
av
e
r
esu
lt
ed
f
r
o
m
it
a
m
o
r
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
d
ev
ice
ca
lled
u
n
i
f
i
ed
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
co
n
tr
o
ller
(
UP
FC
)
th
is
d
ev
i
ce
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
b
est
a
m
o
n
g
all
F
A
C
T
S,
b
u
t
it
h
as
v
er
y
co
m
p
lex
co
n
tr
o
l
cir
cu
its
i
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
h
i
g
h
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
co
s
ts
[
1
7
]
.
I
n
p
r
esen
t
w
o
r
k
,
t
h
e
ST
A
T
C
OM
d
ev
i
ce
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
q
u
ali
t
y
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
cir
cu
it
o
f
ST
A
T
C
OM
n
o
t
co
m
p
licate
d
,
s
m
all
s
ize
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
co
m
p
e
n
s
atio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
1
8
,
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
r
a
m
e
w
it
h
a
u
n
it
v
ec
to
r
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
cir
cu
it
o
f
DST
AT
C
OM
[
2
0
,
2
1
]
.
L
o
w
p
o
w
er
q
u
alit
y
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
,
th
e
ess
en
tial
d
r
a
w
b
ac
k
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
t
h
r
ee
p
h
ase
th
r
ee
-
w
ir
es
d
u
e
to
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
lo
ad
s
,
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
n
eu
tr
al
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
lo
ad
,
etc
[
2
2
]
.
I
GB
T
s
w
itc
h
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
as
a
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
in
th
e
VSC
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
f
ast
r
esp
o
n
s
e
ti
m
e
o
f
th
e
o
u
t
-
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
in
v
er
ter
at
th
e
DC
-
li
n
k
f
o
r
DST
A
T
C
OM
,
w
h
ic
h
in
t
u
r
n
b
eg
e
t th
e
d
esire
d
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
[
2
3
-
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
is
P
V
-
b
atter
y
w
o
r
k
s
to
g
eth
er
as
a
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
to
s
u
p
p
l
y
th
e
DC
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
ST
A
T
C
OM
,
w
h
er
e
th
is
d
e
s
ig
n
h
a
s
ap
p
l
ied
f
o
r
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
ti
m
e.
Als
o
,
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
an
d
ev
alu
a
tio
n
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
o
f
ti
m
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
f
o
r
p
o
w
er
co
m
p
e
n
s
at
io
n
o
f
DST
A
T
C
O
M
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
u
p
p
l
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
A
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
s
u
g
g
es
ted
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
o
f
p
o
w
er
s
o
u
r
ce
s
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
w
h
ic
h
o
f
th
e
m
r
ea
c
h
t
h
e
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
f
ir
s
t.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
a
n
e
w
co
n
tr
o
l
cir
cu
it
ca
lled
SR
F
w
it
h
a
u
n
it
v
ec
to
r
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
ig
n
ite
t
h
e
DST
A
T
C
O
M
s
w
itc
h
es [
2
0
,
2
1
]
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
A
m
u
lti
-
s
o
u
r
ce
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
s
y
s
te
m
(
s
o
lar
ce
ll
a
n
d
b
atter
y
)
is
a
n
e
f
f
ic
ien
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
co
m
p
e
n
s
ate
f
o
r
th
e
n
o
n
-
li
n
ea
r
it
y
o
f
lo
ad
s
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
T
HD.
T
h
is
s
y
s
te
m
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
h
i
g
h
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
2
6
]
.
A
ls
o
,
it
n
ee
d
s
a
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
an
d
e
v
al
u
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
s
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
S
R
F a
n
d
u
n
it
v
ec
to
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
r
e
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t d
es
ig
n
.
2
.
1
.
Sche
m
e
o
f
DST
A
T
CO
M
f
ed
f
ro
m
(
P
V
a
nd
ba
t
t
er
y
)
T
h
e
VSC
f
o
r
DST
A
T
C
OM
is
f
ee
d
in
g
f
r
o
m
m
u
lti
-
r
e
n
e
w
ab
l
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
P
V
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
cir
cu
it
an
d
b
atter
y
b
u
c
k
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
)
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
.
t
h
e
DST
A
T
C
O
M
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
b
et
w
ee
n
g
r
id
a
n
d
n
o
n
-
li
n
ea
r
lo
ad
f
o
r
co
m
p
e
n
s
a
tio
n
.
A
ls
o
,
th
e
f
ig
u
r
e
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
r
ip
p
le
f
ilter
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
f
il
ter
in
g
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
DC
-
lin
k
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
(
)
in
th
e
VSC
in
v
er
ter
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
i
n
s
ta
n
ta
n
eo
u
s
p
o
w
er
t
h
at
f
ed
to
th
e
DST
A
T
C
OM
an
d
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
t
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
s
b
elo
w
[
2
7
]
:
=
2
√
2
√
3
∗
(
1
)
A
l
s
o
,
th
e
v
a
lu
e
o
f
ca
p
ac
ito
r
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
e
q
u
atio
n
[
2
8
]
:
0
.
5
[
(
2
)
−
(
2
)
]
=
3
ℎ
(
.
ℎ
)
(
2
)
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
p
h
a
s
e
v
o
lta
g
e
is
g
iv
e
n
b
y
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
eq
u
atio
n
:
.
ℎ
=
√
3
(
3
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
5
1
0
8
-
5122
5110
w
h
er
e:
(
)
is
th
e
in
d
ex
o
f
m
o
d
u
l
atio
n
tak
e
n
1
,
(
)
is
th
e
DC
-
v
o
lt
ag
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
r
ef
er
en
ce
an
d
eq
u
al
680
V,
(
)
is
t
h
e
DC
-
ac
tu
al
v
o
lt
ag
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
f
o
r
VS
C
a
n
d
eq
u
al
6
7
7
.
6
9
V,
(
)
is
th
e
lin
e
to
lin
e
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
s
o
u
r
ce
eq
u
als
4
1
5
V,
(
)
is
DC
-
ca
p
ac
ito
r
co
n
n
ec
t
io
n
c
h
a
n
n
el
eq
u
al
3000
,
(
)
is
th
e
f
ac
to
r
o
f
o
v
er
lo
ad
tak
en
1
.
2
,
(
.
ℎ
)
is
th
e
3
-
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
s
o
u
r
ce
eq
u
als
5
8
.
1
4
Am
p
er
e,
(
.
ℎ
)
is
th
e
3
-
p
h
ase
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
s
o
u
r
ce
eq
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al
s
2
4
0
Vo
lt,
th
e
DC
-
r
ec
o
v
er
y
t
i
m
e
v
o
ltag
e
eq
u
al
350
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sch
e
m
e
o
f
th
e
m
u
lti
-
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
P
V
ce
ll a
n
d
s
to
r
e
b
atter
y
)
o
n
t
h
e
DC
-
lin
k
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
f
o
r
DST
A
T
C
OM
2
.
2
.
M
o
delin
g
o
f
ph
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
ce
l
l (
P
V)
P
V
ce
lls
f
ar
m
i
n
clu
d
es
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
m
o
d
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les
(
ar
r
a
y
s
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th
at
co
n
n
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ted
in
p
ar
allel
a
n
d
s
er
ies
m
eth
o
d
s
to
o
b
tain
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
b
y
a
d
esig
n
er
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
P
V
p
an
els
w
h
ic
h
h
av
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
d
esig
n
(
Sa
n
y
o
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T
-
2
4
0
HD
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E
4
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k
in
d
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d
th
e
V
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I
s
p
ec
if
icati
o
n
s
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
i
n
T
ab
le
1
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t c
ir
cu
it o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
lta
ic
ce
ll h
a
s
o
b
tain
ed
in
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
[
2
7
]
.
T
ab
le
1
.
V
-
I
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
m
o
d
el
d
atu
m
at
1
0
0
0
W
/
m
2
-
25
℃
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
rs
S
a
n
y
o
-
H
I
T
-
2
4
0
H
D
-
E4
2
4
0
W
4
3
.
5
V
ℎ
7
.
3
7
A
R
a
t
e
d
o
f
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
)
3
5
.
5
V
R
a
t
e
d
o
f
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
)
6
.
7
7
A
T
e
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e
r
a
t
u
r
e
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
(
T
.
C
)
o
f
s
h
o
r
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
2
.
2
1
mA
/
℃
T
e
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
(
T
.
C
)
o
f
o
p
e
n
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
-
0
.
1
0
9
V
/
℃
C
e
l
l
n
u
mb
e
r
(
N
c
e
l
l
)
60
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
E
q
u
iv
ale
n
t c
ir
cu
it o
f
P
V
ce
ll
T
h
e
ch
an
g
e
i
n
t
h
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
is
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
eq
u
at
io
n
s
b
elo
w
[
2
8
]
:
=
−
[
(
)
−
1
]
−
(
4
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
P
o
w
er q
u
a
lity imp
r
o
ve
men
t b
a
s
ed
o
n
h
yb
r
id
co
o
r
d
i
n
a
ted
d
e
s
ig
n
…
(
A
li N
a
s
s
er Hu
s
s
a
in
)
5111
=
+
(
5
)
T
w
o
f
ac
to
r
is
a
f
f
ec
ts
o
n
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
P
V,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
is
t
h
e
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
i
s
th
e
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
ll a
s
g
i
v
en
i
n
(
6
)
.
=
(
,
+
∆
)
(
6
)
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
,
ca
n
b
e
co
m
p
u
te
d
u
s
in
g
(
7
)
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
eq
u
i
v
ale
n
t
elec
tr
ical
cir
cu
it o
f
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
:
,
=
+
(
7
)
w
h
er
e:
(
)
is
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
lo
tic
cu
r
r
en
t
d
io
d
e,
(
)
is
th
e
s
atu
r
atio
n
cu
r
r
en
t,
(
)
is
th
e
s
eir
es
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ce
lls
,
(
)
is
t
h
e
co
n
s
tan
t
o
f
b
o
ltzm
an
n
eq
u
a
ls
(
1
.
3
8
0
6
5
0
×
10
−
23
J
/
K
)
,
(
)
is
th
e
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
p
-
n
j
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
d
io
d
e,
(
)
is
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
elctr
o
n
ic
(
1
.
6
0
2
1
7
6
4
×
10
−
19
℃
)
,
(
)
is
r
ep
er
s
en
ted
th
e
s
h
u
n
t
r
esis
ta
n
ce
,
th
e
s
er
ies
r
es
is
ta
n
ce
i
n
eq
u
iv
alen
t
cir
c
u
it
is
(
)
,
(
)
is
t
h
e
id
ea
lit
y
f
ac
to
r
r
an
g
e
b
et
w
ee
n
1
≤
≤
1
.
5
an
d
tak
en
i
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
1
,
(
,
)
is
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
o
f
p
h
o
to
-
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
s
tan
t
co
n
s
ta
n
t
2
5
℃
o
f
th
e
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
an
d
1000
W
/
2
o
f
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
,
(
)
is
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
o
f
P
V
-
c
u
r
r
en
t,
(
∆
)
is
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
a
l
o
f
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
an
d
ac
tu
a
l
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e,
(
,
)
is
th
e
ir
r
ad
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
an
e
l
s
u
r
f
ac
e
a
n
d
(
)
is
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
an
el
[
2
7
]
.
2
.
3
.
DC
lin
k
v
o
lt
a
g
e
co
ntr
o
l st
ra
t
eg
ies
T
w
o
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l c
ir
cu
it
s
f
o
r
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
DC
li
n
k
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
2
.
3
.
1
.
P
ho
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
bo
o
s
t
circ
uit
P
V
ce
ll
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
h
as
b
ee
n
ap
p
lied
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
itab
l
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
o
f
DC
-
li
n
k
ca
p
ac
it
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
d
e
m
a
n
d
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t to
b
e
co
m
p
e
n
s
ated
,
an
d
as o
b
tain
ed
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
a.
Ma
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
o
in
t tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MP
PT
)
I
n
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
w
o
r
k
I
n
cr
e
m
e
n
t
al
C
o
n
d
u
ctan
ce
(
I
NC
)
m
eth
o
d
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
,
w
h
ic
h
is
o
n
e
o
f
s
e
v
er
al
m
et
h
o
d
s
h
ad
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
o
b
tain
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
o
i
n
t
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
(
MP
PT
)
.
I
NC
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
m
o
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
th
a
t
u
s
ed
f
o
r
tr
ac
k
in
g
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
s
o
la
r
p
an
els
[
3
0
]
.
I
NC
is
u
s
ed
to
o
b
tain
th
e
s
u
itab
le
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
(
D)
o
f
I
GB
T
p
u
ls
e
s
w
itc
h
[
3
1
]
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
r
ep
r
ese
n
ts
th
e
f
lo
w
ch
ar
t o
f
th
e
I
N
C
alg
o
r
ith
m
[
4
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Flo
w
c
h
ar
t o
f
i
n
cr
e
m
en
tal
co
n
d
u
c
tan
ce
(
I
NC
)
m
et
h
o
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
5
1
0
8
-
5122
5112
T
h
e
MA
T
L
A
B
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
h
a
s
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
s
i
m
u
late
th
e
I
NC
m
e
th
o
d
b
y
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
eq
u
atio
n
s
[
5
]
:
=
−
(
8
)
=
>
(
9
)
=
<
(
1
0
)
w
h
er
e:
(
)
is
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
P
V,
(
)
is
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
P
V,
(
)
is
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
c
h
an
g
e
v
al
u
es
f
o
r
v
o
lta
g
e
,
(
)
is
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
c
h
an
g
e
v
al
u
e
s
f
o
r
cu
r
r
en
t
.
T
h
e
MP
P
is
o
b
tain
ed
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
d
er
iv
ati
v
e
is
ze
r
o
as
in
th
e
(
8
)
.
If
th
e
p
o
w
er
is
le
s
s
t
h
an
t
h
e
MP
P
,
th
e
v
al
u
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
to
r
ea
ch
MPP
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
(
9
)
.
I
f
th
e
p
o
w
er
is
m
u
c
h
th
an
th
e
MP
P
,
th
e
v
alu
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
to
r
ea
ch
MP
P
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
(
1
0
)
.
2
.
3
.
2
.
DC
t
o
DC
bu
ck
-
bo
o
s
t
co
nv
er
t
er
circ
uit
o
f
ba
t
t
er
y
T
h
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
b
atter
y
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
esen
t
d
esig
n
is
a
(
lead
-
ac
i
d
)
,
w
h
ich
is
m
o
r
e
co
m
m
o
n
in
th
e
w
o
r
k
w
it
h
v
ar
io
u
s
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
i
n
v
er
t
er
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
d
ee
p
c
y
cle
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
th
a
t
h
a
s
a
s
u
ita
b
le
lif
e
[
3
2
,
3
3
]
.
As
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
p
o
w
er
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lar
p
an
els
r
is
es
o
v
er
d
e
m
an
d
o
f
lo
ad
,
th
e
b
atter
y
ab
s
o
r
b
s
th
e
ex
ce
s
s
p
o
w
er
v
ia
t
h
e
b
u
c
k
cir
c
u
it.
I
n
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
P
V
ce
ll
p
o
w
er
o
r
l
o
w
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
t
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
ci
r
cu
it
o
p
er
ates
to
co
m
p
e
n
s
ate
f
o
r
p
o
w
er
s
h
o
r
ta
g
es
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e/
c
h
ar
g
e
c
y
cle
o
f
a
lead
ac
id
b
atter
y
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
t
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
s
b
elo
w
[
1
2
]
:
=
−
−
−
(
)
(
(
)
+
)
+
(
)
(
1
1
)
ℎ
=
−
−
[
(
)
−
0
.
1
]
−
[
−
(
)
]
(
)
+
(
)
(
1
2
)
(
)
=
∫
(
)
(
1
3
)
w
h
er
e:
(
_
ℎ
)
ar
e
th
e
b
at
ter
y
ch
ar
g
e
v
o
ltag
e,
(
_
)
is
th
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
b
atter
y
,
(
Vo
lt)
is
th
e
f
i
x
e
d
v
o
ltag
e
o
r
co
n
s
tan
t
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
b
atter
y
(
)
is
t
h
e
p
o
lar
is
atio
n
o
f
b
atter
y
(
Vo
lt/
Ah
)
,
(
)
is
th
e
th
e
a
m
p
lit
u
d
e
o
f
b
atter
y
(
Ah
)
,
(
(
)
)
is
t
h
e
ac
t
u
a
l
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
b
atter
y
(
A
/
h
)
,
is
co
m
p
u
ted
b
y
(
1
6
)
.
(
)
is
th
e
ac
tu
al
o
f
b
atter
y
c
u
r
r
en
t (
Am
p
er
e)
,
(
)
is
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t o
f
f
i
lter
(
Am
p
er
e)
an
d
(
)
is
th
e
ti
m
e
f
ilter
o
f
b
atter
y
(
h
o
u
r
)
.
2
.
3
.
3
.
Co
o
rdina
t
io
n bet
w
ee
n
P
V
ce
ll
a
nd
ba
t
t
er
y
Hig
h
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
is
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
to
m
a
n
a
g
e
th
e
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
er
ated
f
r
o
m
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
P
V
ce
lls
p
o
w
er
,
th
e
p
o
w
e
r
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
,
t
h
e
o
u
t
-
p
u
t
p
o
w
er
o
f
in
v
er
ter
,
an
d
t
h
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
r
s
tat
u
s
o
f
ch
ar
g
e/d
is
c
h
ar
g
e
(
SO
C
%)
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
i
n
th
e
b
atter
y
n
e
ed
s
a
r
eliab
le
co
n
tr
o
l
d
ev
ic
e
to
en
s
u
r
e
g
o
o
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
in
th
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
o
f
DC
-
l
in
k
v
o
lta
g
e.
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
a
lo
g
ical
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
c
ir
cu
it
a
m
o
n
g
P
V
p
an
e
l,
b
atter
y
,
i
n
v
er
ter
an
d
SOC
% [
1
2
]
.
2
.
4
.
Co
ntr
o
l c
ircuit
o
f
DST
AT
C
O
M
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
a
n
y
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
co
n
t
r
o
l
s
ch
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(
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r
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Fig
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ase
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Fig
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Fig
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(
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atter
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ir
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1
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d
(
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atter
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at
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at
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r
e
25
°
.
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